1039:, commander of IX Tactical Air Command, supporting the First U.S. Army. He developed the "armored column cover", where on-call fighter-bombers maintained a high-level of availability for important tank advances, allowing armor units to maintain a high tempo of exploitation even when they outran their artillery assets. He also used a modified antiaircraft radar to track friendly attack aircraft to redirect them as necessary, and experimented with assigning fighter pilots to tours as forward air controllers to familiarize them with the ground perspective. In July 1944, Quesada provided VHF aircraft radios to tank crews in Normandy. When the armored units broke out of the Normandy beachhead, tank commanders were able to communicate directly with overhead fighter-bombers. However, despite the innovation, Quesada focused his aircraft on CAS only for major offensives. Typically, both British and American attack aircraft were tasked primarily to interdiction, even though later analysis showed them to be twice as dangerous as CAS.
133:
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switch communications seamlessly from one brigade to another – hence Rover. Incoming strike aircraft arrived with pre-briefed targets, which they would strike 20 minutes after arriving on station only if the Rovers had not directed them to another more pressing target. Rovers might call on artillery to mark targets with smoke shells, or they might direct the fighters to map grid coordinates, or they might resort to a description of prominent terrain features as guidance. However, one drawback for the Rovers was the constant rotation of pilots, who were there for fortnightly stints, leading to a lack of institutional memory. US commanders, impressed by the
British tactics at the Salerno landings, adapted their own doctrine to include many features of the British system.
966:(USAAF) had, as its principal mission, the doctrine of strategic bombing. This incorporated the unerring belief that unescorted bombers could win the war without the advent of ground troops. This doctrine proved to be fundamentally flawed. However, during the entire course of the war the USAAF top brass clung to this doctrine, and hence operated independently of the rest of the Army. Thus it was initially unprepared to provide CAS, and in fact, had to be dragged "kicking and screaming" into the CAS function with the ground troops. USAAF doctrinal priorities for tactical aviation were, in order, air superiority, isolation of the battlefield via supply interdiction, and thirdly, close air support. Hence, during the
711:
849:
1236:
931:"tentacle") with the Air Support Control (ASC) Headquarters attached to the corps or armoured division which could summon support through a Rear Air Support Link with the airfields. They also introduced the system of ground direction of air strikes by what was originally termed a "Mobile Fighter Controller" traveling with the forward troops. The controller rode in the "leading tank or armoured car" and directed a "cab rank" of aircraft above the battlefield. This system of close co-operation first used by the Desert Air Force, was steadily refined and perfected, during the campaigns in Italy, Normandy and Germany.
1301:, provided aircraft with an effective ranged anti-tank weapon. These considerations motivated armies to promote the helicopter from a support role to a combat arm. Though the U.S. Army controlled rotary-wing assets, coordination continued to pose a problem. During wargames, field commanders tended to hold back attack helicopters out of fear of air defenses, committing them too late to effectively support ground units. The earlier debate over control over CAS assets was reiterated between ground commanders and aviators. Nevertheless, the US Army incrementally gained increased control over its CAS role.
977:, where American and British forces, working in close cooperation, exchanged CAS techniques and ideas. There, the AAF's XII Air Support Command and the Fifth U.S. Army shared headquarters, meeting every evening to plan strikes and devising a network of liaisons and radios for communications. However, friendly fire continued to be a concern – pilots did not know recognition signals and regularly bombed friendly units, until an A-36 was shot down in self-defense by Allied tanks. The expectation of losses to friendly fire from the ground during the planned invasion of France prompted the black and white
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improvement of Air Force CAS. Jets replaced propeller-driven aircraft with minimal issues. The assumption of responsibility for the air request net by the Air Force improved communication equipment and procedures, which had long been a problem. Additionally, a major step in satisfying the Army's demands for more control over their CAS was the successful implementation of close air support control agencies at the corps level under Air Force control. Other notable adaptations were the usage of airborne
Forward Air Controllers (FACs), a role previously dominated by FACs on the ground, and the
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the abilities of artillery, whereas interdiction provided a unique capability. Ground officers contended there was rarely sufficient artillery available, and the flexibility of aircraft would be ideal for massing firepower at critical points, while producing a greater psychological effect on friendly and hostile forces alike. Moreover, unlike massive, indiscriminate artillery strikes, small aerial bombs would not render ground untrafficable, slowing attacking friendly forces.
1683:, and battlefield data transfer are routinely used to coordinate with a wide variety of air platforms able to provide CAS. The 2003 joint CAS doctrine reflects the increased use of electronic and optical technology to direct targeted fires for CAS. Air platforms communicating with ground forces can also provide additional aerial-to-ground visual search, ground-convoy escort, and enhancement of command and control (C2), assets which can be particularly important for
1053:'s Third Army in its drive across France. Armed reconnaissance was a major feature of XIX TAC close air support, as the rapid advance left Patton's Southern flank open. Such was the close nature of cooperation between the Third Army and XIX TAC that Patton actually counted on XIX TAC to guard his flanks. This close air support from XIX TAC was credited by Patton as having been a key factor in the rapid advance and success of his Third Army.
36:
1520:
1426:, performed admirably in that role, there were a number of compromises that prevented most fighters from making effective CAS platforms. Fighters were usually optimized for high-altitude operations without bombs or other external ordnance – flying at low level with bombs quickly expended fuel. Cannons had to be mounted differently for strafing – strafing required a further and lower
898:, senior RAF commanders in North Africa, created joint RAF-Army Air Support Control staffs at each corps and armored division headquarters, and placed a Forward Air Support Link at each brigade to forward air support requests. When trained tentacle teams arrived in 1942, they cut response time on support requests to thirty minutes. It was also in the North Africa desert that the
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1160:. Though eventually the Air Force supplied sufficient pilots and forward air controllers to provide battlefield support, coordination was still lacking. Since pilots operated under centralized control, ground controllers were never able to familiarize themselves with pilots, and requests were not processed quickly. Harold K. Johnson, then commander of the
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taking place within the Marine Corps during the war was whether to adopt the helicopter gunship as a part of CAS doctrine and what its adoption would mean for fixed-wing CAS in the Marine Corps. The issue would eventually be put to rest, however, as the helicopter gunship proved crucial in the combat environment of
Vietnam.
1195:, to permanently attach an attack squadron to each of the four army corps in Korea. Though the request was denied, Clark allocated many more Navy and Air Force aircraft to CAS. Despite the rocky start, the USAF would also work to improve its coordination efforts. It eventually required pilots to serve 80 days as
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The use of forward air controllers (FAC) was another innovative technique employed during
Operation Avalanche. FACs were first employed in the Mediterranean by the British Desert Air Force in North Africa but not by the AAF until operations in Salerno. This type of C2 was referred to as 'Rover Joe'
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U.S. Marine Corps
Aviation was much more prepared for the application of CAS in the Vietnam War, due to CAS being its central mission. In fact, as late as 1998, Marines were still claiming in their training manuals that "Close air support (CAS) is a Marine Corps innovation." One of the main debates
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while the Army regarded support missions as the main concern for air forces. Then, the Army advocated a degree of decentralization for good reactivity, in contrast with the USAF-favored centralization of CAS. The third point dealt with the lack of training and joint culture, which are necessary for
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instead of close air support, leaving much of the actual work to the older Hs 123 units for the first years of the war). In addition, the reliance on air support over artillery reduced the demand for logistical support through the
Ardennes. Though there were difficulties in coordinating air support
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The observers and participants of these wars would base their CAS strategies on their experience of the conflict. Aviators, who wanted institutional independence from the Army, pushed for a view of air-power centered around interdiction, which would relieve them of the necessity of integrating with
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has evolved into a devastating tactical employment methodology and has changed US doctrinal thinking regarding CAS in general. With significantly longer loiter times, range, and weapon capacity, bombers can be deployed to bases outside of the immediate battlefield area, with 12-hour missions being
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During the late 1950s and early 1960s, the US Army began to identify a dedicated CAS need for itself. The Howze Board, which studied the question, published a landmark report describing the need for a helicopter-based CAS requirement. However, the Army did not follow the Howze Board recommendation
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during the period 1941–1943. Their decline was caused by the growing strength of the Red Air Force and the redeployment of assets to defend against
American and British strategic bombardment. Luftwaffe's loss of air superiority, combined with a declining supply of aircraft and fuel, crippled their
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that plagued other nations' air arms, and friendly fire was not uncommon. For example, on the eve of the Meuse offensive, Guderian's superior cancelled his CAS plans and called for high-altitude strikes from medium bombers, which would have required halting the offensive until the air strikes were
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Close air support was the most difficult mission, requiring identifying and distinguishing between friendly and hostile units. At the same time, targets engaged in combat are dispersed and concealed, reducing the effectiveness of air attacks. They also argued that the CAS mission merely duplicated
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Though helicopters were initially armed merely as defensive measures to support the landing and extraction of troops, their value in this role led to the modification of early helicopters as dedicated gunship platforms. Though not as fast as fixed-wing aircraft and consequently more vulnerable to
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This letter is sent by all the
Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... (reply) In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the
1199:(FACs), which gave them an understanding of the difficulties from the ground perspective and helped cooperation when they returned to the cockpit. The USAF also provided airborne FACs in critical locations. The Army also learned to assist, by suppressing anti-aircraft fire prior to air strikes.
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squadrons; however, by the time the aircraft arrived in the strike area, oftentimes the targets, which were usually trucks, had fled. The initial solution to fleeing targets was the
British "Rover" system. These were pairings of air controllers and army liaison officers at the front but able to
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strategy was developed. It used a series of three aircraft, each in turn directed by the pertinent ground control by radio. One aircraft would be attacking, another in flight to the battle area, while a third was being refuelled and rearmed at its base. If the first attack failed to destroy the
1210:, or the harm of friendly forces. This preference led to the creation of the air liaison officer (ALO) position. The ALO is an aeronautically rated officer that has spent a tour away from the cockpit, serving as the primary adviser to the ground commander on the capabilities and limitations of
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fundamental feature of the system was use of waves of strike aircraft, with pre-briefed assigned targets but required to orbit near the line of battle for 20 minutes, subject to Rover preemption and use against fleeting targets of higher priority or urgency. If the Rovers did not direct the
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Though the Army gained more control over its own CAS due to the development of the helicopter gunship and attack helicopter, the Air Force continued to provide fixed-wing CAS for Army units. Over the course of the war, the adaptation of The
Tactical Air Control System proved crucial to the
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established Forward Air Support Links (FASL), a mobile air support system using ground vehicles. Light reconnaissance aircraft would observe enemy activity and report it by radio to the FASL which was attached at brigade level. The FASL was in communication (a two-way radio link known as a
882:
A. H. Wann RAF and Colonel J.D. Woodall (British Army) issued the Wann-Woodall Report, recommending the creation of a distinct tactical air force liaison officer (known colloquially as "tentacles") to accompany Army divisions and brigades. Their report spurred the RAF to create an
801:", believed the best way to provide cover for the crossing would be a continuous stream of ground attack aircraft on French defenders. Though few guns were hit, the attacks kept the French under cover and prevented them from manning their guns. Aided by the sirens attached to
1168:) commented regarding CAS: "If you want it, you can't get it. If you can get it, it can't find you. If it can find you, it can't identify the target. If it can identify the target, it can't hit it. But if it does hit the target, it doesn't do a great deal of damage anyway."
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were deployed than previously. By that time, effective anti-aircraft tactics were being used by the enemy infantry and pilot casualties were high, although air support was later judged as having been of a critical importance in places where the infantry had got pinned down.
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organized a limited number of air liaison detachments that were attached to ground units of the main effort. These detachments existed to pass requests from the ground to the air, and receive reconnaissance reports, but they were not trained to guide aircraft onto targets.
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The Germans were also quick to adopt this new form of warfare and were able to deploy aircraft in a similar capacity at Cambrai. While the British used single-seater planes, the Germans preferred the use of heavier two-seaters with an additional machine gunner in the aft
452:) – attacking tactical ground targets away from the land battle. As well as strafing with machine-guns, planes engaged in such operations were commonly modified with bomb racks; the plane would fly in very low to the ground and release the bombs just above the trenches.
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anti-aircraft weaponry, helicopters could use terrain for cover, and more importantly, had much greater battlefield persistence owing to their low speeds. The latter made them a natural complement to ground forces in the CAS role. In addition, newly developed
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During the Second World War, a mixture of dive bombers and fighters were used for CAS missions. Dive bombing permitted greater accuracy than level bombing runs, while the rapid altitude change made it more difficult for anti aircraft gunners to track. The
2197:, adapted their own doctrine to include many features of the British system, leading to differentiation of British 'Rover David', US 'Rover Joe' and British 'Rover Frank' controls, the last applying air strikes against fleeting German artillery targets.
1004:. However, there was no training to match the purchases. Though Gen. Lesley McNair, commander of Army Ground Forces, pushed to change USAAF priorities, the latter failed to provide aircraft for even major training exercises. Six months before the
232:, denotes interdiction against units with near-term effects on friendly units, but which does not require integration with friendly troop movements. CAS requires excellent coordination with ground forces, typically handled by specialists such as
374:
The most successful attacks of 1917–1918 had included planning for co-ordination between aerial and ground units, although it was relatively difficult at this early date to co-ordinate these attacks due to the primitive nature of air-to-ground
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tactical target, the aircraft in flight would be directed to continue the attack. The first aircraft would land for its own refuelling and rearming once the third had taken off. The CAS tactics developed and refined by the British during the
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complete. Fortunately for the Germans, his order was issued too late to be implemented, and the Luftwaffe commander followed the schedule he had previously worked out with Guderian. As late as November 1941, the Luftwaffe refused to provide
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advocates crystallized their views on the role of air-power in warfare. Aviators and ground officers developed largely opposing views on the importance of CAS, views that would frame institutional battles for CAS in the 20th century.
1484:, the United States introduced a number of fixed and rotary wing gunships, including several cargo aircraft that were refitted as gun platforms to serve as CAS and air interdiction aircraft. The first of these to emerge was the
1417:
modified with dive brakes, the Americans and British used no dedicated CAS aircraft in the Second World War, preferring fighters or fighter-bombers that could be pressed into CAS service. While some aircraft, such as the
970:, CAS was poorly executed, if at all. So few aerial assets were assigned to U.S. troops that they fired on anything in the air. And in 1943, the USAAF changed their radios to a frequency incompatible with ground radios.
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are often used for close air support and are so closely integrated with ground operations that in most countries they are operated by the army rather than the air force. Fighters and ground attack aircraft like the
1113:
paid the Il-2 a great tribute in his own inimitable manner: when a particular production factory fell behind on its deliveries, Stalin sent the following cable to the factory manager: "They are as essential to the
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was the first conflict to make extensive use of CAS, albeit using relatively primitive methods in contrast to later warfare, though it was made evident that proper coordination between aerial and ground forces via
379:. Though most air-power proponents sought independence from ground commanders and hence pushed the importance of interdiction and strategic bombing, they nonetheless recognized the need for close air support.
870:, the Royal Air Force and Army headquarters in France were located at separate positions, resulting in unreliable communications. After the RAF was withdrawn in May, Army officers had to telephone the
728:, like its counterparts, tended to focus on strategic bombing, it was unique in its willingness to commit forces to CAS. Unlike the Allies, the Germans were not able to develop powerful
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2031:
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CAS in defined as air action against targets that are in proximity to friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of these forces
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during the early twenty-first century. Multiple variants of the AC-130 have been developed and it has continued to be modernised, including the adoption of various new armaments.
359:, the first conflict to make significant military use of aerial forces. Air warfare, and indeed aviation itself, was still in its infancy – and the direct effect of rifle caliber
425:. After exhausting their ammunition, the planes returned to base for refueling and rearming before returning to the battle-zone. Other modified planes used in this role were the
1433:
Of the Allied powers that fought in the Second World War, the Soviet Union used specifically designed ground attack aircraft more than the UK and US. Such aircraft included the
1496:. Some commentators have remarked on the high effectiveness of the AC-47 in the CAS role. The USAF developed several other platforms following on from the AC-47, including the
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actual 'offensive' support must come from an even more mobile artillery moving alongside. For this purpose the close co-operation of low-flying aircraft ... is essential
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Although the prevailing view in official circles was largely indifferent to CAS during the interwar period, its importance was expounded upon by military theorists, such as
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At this time, British doctrine came to recognize two forms of air support; trench strafing (the modern-day doctrine of CAS), and ground strafing (the modern-day doctrine of
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ground forces and allow them to operate as an independent military arm. They saw close air support as both the most difficult and most inefficient use of aerial assets.
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warfare, with all of the war's major combatants having developed effective air-ground coordination techniques by the conflict's end. New techniques, such as the use of
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The requirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires or movement is the determining factor. CAS may need to be conducted during shaping operations with
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on the Nationalist side, despite little official support from their government, developed close air support tactics that proved highly influential for subsequent
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Spires, David, Air Power for Patton's Army: The XIX Tactical Air Command in the Second World War (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2002.
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to guide close air support (CAS) aircraft, so as to ensure that their attack hits the intended target and not friendly troops, was first used by the British
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to use air power as a more cost-effective way of controlling large areas than the use of conventional land forces. It was effectively used to suppress the
1312:. Presently, the ALO mainly serves in the liaison role, the intricate details of mission planning and attack guidance left to the enlisted members of the
783:, where the Luftwaffe focused on interdiction and dedicated few assets to close air support. But the value of CAS was demonstrated at the crossing of the
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1463:. Outside of the conflict, there were numerous other occasions that the Sea Fury was used as a ground attack platform. Cuban Sea Furies, operated by the
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690:' tactics, thought that the speed of armoured tanks would render conventional artillery incapable of providing support fire. Instead he proposed that:
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such as conventional bombs, rockets and napalm to dislodge or attack Japanese troops using cave complexes in the latter part of the Second World War.
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served as the basis for the Allied system used to subsequently gain victory in the air over Germany in 1944 and devastate its cities and industries.
371:– presenting a personal threat to enemy troops, while providing friendly forces assurance that their superiors were concerned about their situation.
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of World War II, but CAS aircraft were still able to achieve a powerful psychological impact. The aircraft was a visible and personal enemy – unlike
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Although the RAF was working on its CAS doctrine in London, officers in North Africa improvised their own coordination techniques. In October 1941,
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by harassing Afghani troops and breaking up their formations. Z Force, an RAF air squadron, was also used to support ground operations during the
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for the job were put into service. By that point, the startling and demoralizing effect that attack from the air could have on the troops in the
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805:, the psychological impact was disproportional to the destructive power of close air support (although as often as not, the Stukas were used as
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The American Navy and Marine Corps used CAS in conjunction with or as a substitute for the lack of available artillery or naval gunfire in the
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with the rapid advance, the Germans demonstrated consistently superior CAS tactics to those of the British and French defenders. Later, on the
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As a continental power intent on offensive operations, Germany could not ignore the need for aerial support of ground operations. Though the
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is a well known example of a dive bomber built for precision bombing but which was successfully used for CAS. It was fitted with wind-blown
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in London to arrange for air support. The stunning effectiveness of German air-ground coordination spurred change. On the basis of tests in
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on its landing gear to enhance its psychological effect. Some variants of the Stuka were equipped with a pair of 37 mm (1.5 in)
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to attack incoming transport ships and disembarking ground forces alike. The A-1 Skyraider also saw later use, especially throughout the
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814:, the Germans would devise visual ground signals to mark friendly units and to indicate direction and distance to enemy emplacements.
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Corum, James S. and Johnson, Wray R. "Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists." Kansas University Press: 2003.
185:, CAS requires detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of all forces involved. CAS may be conducted using
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was one of the first aircraft to be used for close air support in 1917 (the observer is demonstrating the use of the rear-firing
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1437:, the single most produced military aircraft at any point in world history. The Soviet military also frequently deployed the
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in 1939, Soviet aircraft had the task of disrupting enemy ground operations. This use increased markedly after the June 1941
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748:, chief of the Luftwaffe's development, initiated procurement of close support dive bombers on the model of the U.S. Navy's
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No 1 Squadron made six heavy raids during the day, dropped three tons of bombs and fired nearly 24,000 machine gun rounds.
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2060:"The Twelfth US Air Force Tactical and Operational Innovations in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 1943–1944"
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if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire and movement of those forces. A closely related subset of
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516:, squadrons of S.E 5a's and D.H. 4s were sent on wide-ranging attacks against German and Turkish positions near the
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regime in Afghanistan, airfields in Afghanistan became available for continuing operations against the Taliban and
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1214:. The Korean War revealed important flaws in the application of CAS. Firstly, the USAF preferred interdiction over
497:, of ground attack fighters and were able to achieve some initial tactical success. The British later deployed the
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524:, three Turkish armies soon collapsed into a full rout. In the words of the attacking squadron's official report:
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The use of information technology to direct and coordinate precision air support has increased the importance of
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and light bombs of World War I aircraft was very limited compared with the power of (for instance) an average
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663:. Marine Aviators experimented with air-ground tactics and in Haiti and Nicaragua they adopted the tactic of
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operations. The success of this improvised assault spurred innovation on both sides. In 1917, following the
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fighter-bombers, the latter attacked their pre-briefed targets. US commanders, impressed by British at the
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1141:, the Navy designation for the German V-1 flying bomb, Marine Captain Marian Cranford Dalby developed the
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Despite these accomplishments, German CAS was not perfect and suffered from the same misunderstanding and
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771:. The Luftwaffe matched its material acquisitions with advances in the air-ground coordination. General
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of 1918, CAS aircraft functioned as an important factor in ultimate victory. After the British achieved
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soldiers coordinating close air support. In the background is the aforementioned close air support, an
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Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta
618:'s insurgency was defeated. Following from these successes, the decision was made to create a unified
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From the commencement of hostilities in 1914, aviators engaged in sporadic and spontaneous attacks on
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an adequate air-ground integration. Finally, USAF aircraft were not designed for CAS: "the advent of
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Since their 1977 introduction into modern military practice for close air support purposes, General
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and to develop tentacle equipment and procedures placing an Air Liaison Officer with each brigade.
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capabilities, which implied industrial developments they were forbidden to take according to the
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Gordon, Yefim. "Soviet Air Power in World War 2". Hersham-Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2008.
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lead to the creation of five ground-attack groups in 1938, four of which would be equipped with
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1606:. This resulted in a great number of CAS operations being undertaken by aircraft from Belgium (
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3205:. Joint Publication 3-09.3 (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. 3 September 2003. Archived from
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Though the Marine Corps continued its tradition of intimate air–ground cooperation in the
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The British used air power extensively during the interwar period to police areas in the
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1504:. The AC-130 has had a particularly lengthy service, being used extensively during the
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dive bombers, the army version of the Navy's SBD-2, in response to the success of the
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as a specialized ground attack aircraft, although it was too late to see much action.
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Aircraft support was first integrated into a battle plan on a large scale at the 1917
386:, but it was not until 1916 that an air support doctrine was elaborated and dedicated
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2448:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Publication Program. p. 300.
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cannons mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of
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3589:
3559:
3549:
3483:
3291:
2773:
2194:
1769:
1623:
1582:
1497:
1423:
1403:
1325:
1224:
1220:
1188:
1176:
978:
915:
875:
867:
619:
560:
449:
387:
288:
225:
154:
1011:
3512:
3465:
3393:
2759:
2683:
2615:
2330:
2296:
1940:
1858:
1736:
1501:
1448:
1438:
1184:
1046:
985:
951:
927:
863:
806:
753:
679:
615:
603:
556:
509:
320:
256:
198:
2277:
795:, one of the creators of the combined-arms tactical doctrine commonly known as "
575:
The inter-war period saw the use of CAS in a number of conflicts, including the
3641:
3636:
3609:
2794:
2418:
2059:
1772:, a general term for the type of bombing that includes CAS and air interdiction
1672:
1615:
1538:
1419:
1333:
1298:
1145:, a system that enabled radar-guided bomb release at night or in poor weather.
1050:
1036:
955:
792:
594:
The British used air power to great effect in various colonial hotspots in the
588:
521:
513:
476:
402:
364:
221:
166:
1712:
918:
in North Africa, but not by the USAAF until operations in Salerno. During the
3725:
3614:
3544:
3319:"The Battle over Fire Support: The CAS Challenge and the Future of Artillery"
2953:
2473:. Quantico, VA: History Division, United States Marine Corps. pp. 25–27.
2419:"Transforming the Force: The 11th Air Assault Division (Test) from 1963–1965"
1978:"The Battle over Fire Support: The CAS Challenge and the Future of Artillery"
1631:
1434:
1389:
1382:
1357:
1353:
1305:
1192:
1110:
1097:
1085:
989:
934:
879:
866:(RAF) entered the war woefully unprepared to provide CAS. In 1940 during the
757:
749:
630:
430:
383:
280:
2168:
1126:
355:
The use of aircraft in the close air support of ground forces dates back to
3539:
3534:
1668:
1664:
1566:
1554:
1493:
1329:
1215:
1081:
923:
828:
823:
664:
599:
564:
517:
406:
323:
276:
268:
182:
1469:("Revolutionary Air Force"; FAR), were used to oppose the US-orchestrated
832:, because it "would be against the best use of the air force as a whole."
3684:
3631:
2148:
2088:
Air power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45
1639:
1586:
1585:
forced military planners to rely heavily on US bombers, particularly the
1527:
1481:
1474:
1308:
force to handle many of the tasks the ALO was saturated with, to include
1244:
1227:, too big to be used on theatre, rendered CAS much harder to implement".
1088:
quickly recognized the value of ground-support aircraft. As early as the
1065:
1061:
1028:
784:
741:
648:
595:
548:
484:
460:
422:
360:
356:
308:
247:
206:
186:
181:
against hostile targets in close proximity to friendly forces. A form of
3200:"Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support (CAS)"
2867:"Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support (CAS)"
2075:
by the United States and 'Rover David' or 'Rover Paddy' by the British.
1460:
1445:
1251:
initially. Nevertheless, it did eventually adopt the use of helicopter
1207:
1149:
1131:
871:
797:
745:
687:
426:
304:
202:
190:
60: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3277:
P-51 Mustang Mk In Detail & Scale: Part 1; Prototype through P-51C
2322:
2239:"Army Air Forces and the Normandy Invasion, April 1 to July 12, 1944"
2150:
Strike from the sky: the history of battlefield air attack, 1911–1945
1860:
Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945
1649:
1243:
providing close air support for American armored vehicles during the
1203:
724:
660:
634:
368:
348:
279:
marked the universal acceptance of the integration of air power into
272:
174:
35:
2446:
Help From Above: Air Force Close Air Support of the Army, 1946-1973
1603:
1509:
1374:
1211:
1156:(USAF) again moved away from CAS, now to strategic bombers and jet
1115:
1020:
568:
493:
413:, the British debuted the first ground-attack aircraft, a modified
300:
170:
2696:
Cooper, Tom. "Clandestine US Operations: Cuba, 1961, Bay of Pigs".
2526:"Interservice Rivalry and Airpower in the Vietnam War – Chapter 5"
2018:
Strike from Above: The History of Battlefield Air Attack 1911–1945
1519:
840:
ability to provide effective CAS on the western front after 1943.
606:(RAF) contributed to the defeat of the Afghan military during the
3522:
3450:
1599:
1252:
996:
and German CAS. Later, the USAAF developed a modification of the
472:
316:
194:
3262:
F4U Corsair Part 2: F4U-4 Through F4U-7: Detail and Scale Vol 56
938:
British Mobile Fighter Controllers operating during World War II
3529:
2153:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 181–182.
1570:
1530:
provides air support with the use of rockets, machine guns and
1393:
1105:
737:
686:. Hart, who was an advocate of what later came to be known as '
391:
2872:. U.S. Department of Defense. 3 September 2003. Archived from
2762:. United States Air Force, 7 July 2008. Retrieved: 8 May 2012.
2102:"Forward air control: a Royal Australian Air Force innovation"
1614:), the Netherlands (F-16), Norway (F-16), the United Kingdom (
1373:
provide close air support using rockets, missiles, bombs, and
1304:
In the mid-1970s, after Vietnam, the USAF decided to train an
1206:
wanted a dedicated USAF presence on the battlefield to reduce
629:
During the Spanish Civil War German volunteer aviators of the
3013:. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1994.
2032:"Joint Air Operations Interim Joint warfare Publication 3–30"
1676:
1049:
used similar tactics to support the rapid armored advance of
1035:
The USAAF saw the greatest innovations in 1944 under General
652:
455:
376:
252:
214:
3433:
3375:
555:
The close air support doctrine was further developed in the
3328:. 35 bis. Institut français des relations internationales.
3088:"The Nature of Close Air Support in Low Intensity Conflict"
2977:
Airpower in Small Wars – Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists
1987:. 35 bis. Institut français des relations internationales.
1594:
1537:
Usually close support is thought to be only carried out by
1337:
947:
441:
418:
1598:
commonplace since 2001. After the initial collapse of the
1008:, 33 divisions had received no joint air-ground training.
255:
made attacks more effective. Several conflicts during the
2790:
Coalition Isn't Coordinating Strikes With Rebels, US Says
1680:
1524:
1130:
F4U-5 Corsairs providing CAS for U.S. Marines during the
291:, also emerged at this time, being heavily shaped by the
3264:. Carrolton, Texas: Squadron Signal Publications, 1998.
3250:
THE HELICOPTER INNOVATION IN UNITED STATES ARMY AVIATION
2065:. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.
1191:, formally requested the United Nations Commander, Gen.
1103:
proved highly effective in blunting the activity of the
3380:
3296:
First To Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps
433:– the latter was particularly successful in this role.
299:. CAS continued to advance during the conflicts of the
2666:. Vol. 61, no. 5. 2 August 1954. p. 15.
2506:
Krueger, Colonel S.P. (May 1966). "Attack or Defend".
1589:, to fill the CAS role. Bomber CAS, relying mainly on
602:
during the immediate postwar period. The newly formed
2186:. Forward Air Controllers Association. Archived from
1459:
were operated in a ground attack capacity during the
3279:. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1996.
3165:
Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945
2562:
2057:
1656:(JAGM) via an AH-64 Apache Longbow at Cibola Range,
2146:
1916:
1573:have successfully filled close support roles using
1364:Various aircraft can fill close air support roles.
405:planes strafed the enemy trenches after conducting
2931:
2904:
2655:
2550:
1297:, demonstrated to great effectiveness in the 1973
1230:
1175:excluded USAF aircraft from the airspace over the
3074:. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1969.
954:. They were then able to pre-schedule strikes by
779:These preparations did not prove fruitful in the
3723:
3183:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
2979:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
2859:
2701:
2677:Mario E. "Bay of Pigs: In the Skies Over Girón".
2351:
2290:"Whistling Death: The Chance-Vought F4U Corsair"
643:was used as an intervention force in support of
520:. Combined with a ground assault led by General
311:; major milestones included the introduction of
2998:North Branch, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 2002.
2820:"A Spookier Spooky, 30 mm at a Time? Nope"
3298:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3181:Combined Arms Warfare in the Twentieth Century
2934:The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953
2621:
2367:
2344:
2342:
3419:
3167:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1982.
2471:Close Air Support and the Battle for Khe Sanh
1406:-cored ammunition, for anti-tank operations.
559:. Most theorists advocated the adaptation of
3367:Can Our Jets Support the Guys on the Ground?
3116:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2856:, October 2008, Volume 91, Number 10, p. 24.
2670:
2495:. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY. U.S. Marine Corps.
1796:. United States Department of Defense, 2014.
835:German CAS was also extensively used on the
169:actions—often air-to-ground actions such as
3387:Operation Anaconda: An Airpower Perspective
2618:Army, May 2000. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
2469:Callahan, Lieutenant Colonel Shawn (2009).
2339:
1938:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
740:in 1934, the Germans were first exposed to
27:Air missions coordinated with ground combat
3426:
3412:
2181:
2140:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1720:. Joint Chiefs of Staff. 25 November 2014.
1319:
981:painted on all Allied aircraft from 1944.
417:fighter carrying 20 lb (9.1 kg)
3316:
2975:Corum, James S.; Wray R. Johnson (2003).
2184:"The Ancestry of Forward Air Controllers"
1975:
1852:
1850:
756:, which was later replaced by the famous
512:over the German aircraft sent to aid the
440:, where a significantly larger number of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2771:
2468:
2443:
1822:
1644:
1518:
1347:
1273:
1234:
1223:, too fast to adjust their targets, and
1125:
1010:
933:
847:
709:
542:
491:, the Germans employed 30 squadrons, or
454:
338:
131:
3347:. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988.
3086:Haun, LtCol Phil M., USAF (Fall 2006).
3055:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch.
2996:Hawker Sea Fury (Warbird Tech Vol. 37).
2786:
2518:
2505:
2270:
1856:
1799:
14:
3724:
3376:The Forward Air Controller Association
3343:Thomas, Chris and Christopher Shores.
3247:Keener, J. Kristopher (January 2001).
3246:
3072:Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Mustang
3050:
3028:. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996.
2938:. New York: Times Books/Random House.
2830:from the original on 21 September 2013
2568:
2556:
2483:
2058:Matthew G. St. Clair (February 2007).
1971:
1969:
1942:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History
1847:
1179:in September 1950, instead relying on
287:to guide CAS aircraft and identifying
3407:
3198:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2428:from the original on October 7, 2012.
2208:
1622:) and the United States (A-10, F-16,
1441:biplane as a ground attack aircraft.
1096:. Purpose-built aircraft such as the
2958:Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939
2689:
2477:
2127:Short History of the Royal Air Force
2099:
1890:
1183:for CAS. In December 1951, Lt. Gen.
826:with an air liaison officer for the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2801:from the original on 9 October 2014
2657:"U.S. Alert to New Red Air Attacks"
2072:from the original on June 4, 2011.
2037:. MoD. pp. 4–5. Archived from
1966:
567:into the role. During this period,
532:
475:. The Germans adopted the powerful
146:provide close air support during a
24:
3507:Airborne early warning and control
3383:The home of the current ground FAC
3024:Dorr, Robert F. and Chris Bishop.
2787:McGarry, Brendan (28 March 2011),
2598:Thomas and Shores 1988, pp. 23–26.
2432:
2129:. RAF. p. 147. Archived from
1893:The Scramble in the Horn of Africa
1884:
1787:
1706:. U.S. Marine Corps. 30 July 1998.
984:In 1944, USAAF commander Lt. Gen.
973:The situation improved during the
626:and various other tribal revolts.
479:and built the first purpose-built
25:
3743:
3360:
2974:
2336:, 2003. Retrieved: 27 March 2010.
1922:
1760:Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance
1744:, a specific type of CAS aircraft
1514:US military intervention in Libya
1094:Axis invasion of the Soviet Union
238:joint terminal attack controllers
140:joint terminal attack controllers
3317:Tenenbaum, Elie (October 2012).
3143:. U.S. Air Force. Archived from
2848:Michael Sirak with Marc Schanz,
2707:Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 34–35.
2236:
1976:Tenenbaum, Elie (October 2012).
1593:guided weapons and laser-guided
1075:
843:
714:A flight of Ju 87 D-5s over the
34:
3400:, United States Airforce, 2005.
3256:. MIT Security Studies Program.
2922:
2842:
2812:
2780:
2765:
2752:"Hurlburt Field: AC-119 Shadow"
2745:
2727:
2710:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2531:. Carl.army.mil. Archived from
2499:
2462:
2411:
2383:
2315:
2306:
2283:
2261:
2257:– via Rutgers University.
2230:
2202:
2175:
2112:
2093:
2080:
2051:
2024:
2010:
2001:
1863:. University of Alabama Press.
1569:, but even large high-altitude
1488:, which was converted from the
1332:the doctrinal cover for use in
1231:Vietnam and the CAS role debate
1171:It is unsurprising, then, that
1137:From Navy experiments with the
1045:, under the command of General
698:
45:needs additional citations for
2915:Air & Space Power Journal.
2772:Kreisher, Otto (1 July 2009).
2609:"Army Aviation and Firepower".
2484:RHODES, J. E. (30 July 1998).
1932:
1903:
1352:An A-10 Thunderbolt II firing
1164:, 1st Cavalry Division (later
1023:Japanese positions during the
624:Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920
614:, in which the Darawiish king
334:
13:
1:
3345:The Typhoon and Tempest Story
3092:Air & Space Power Journal
2216:National Air and Space Museum
2120:"RAF & Army Co-operation"
1939:Mearsheimer, John J. (2010).
1776:
1121:
964:United States Army Air Forces
962:At the start of the War, the
950:, the Allies had established
3125:
2209:Janus, Allan (6 June 2014).
2147:Hallion, Richard. P (1989).
1945:. Cornell University Press.
1857:Hallion, Richard P. (2010).
1812:
1781:
885:RAF Army Cooperation Command
703:
506:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
230:battlefield air interdiction
7:
3396:– Close air support during
3290:
3179:House, Jonathan M. (2001).
2357:
1742:Counter-insurgency aircraft
1725:
1690:
1654:Joint Air-to-Ground Missile
1610:), Denmark (F-16), France (
1466:Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria
1343:
998:North American P-51 Mustang
463:, a First World War German
10:
3748:
3178:
3133:A Retrospective Assessment
3131:"Battlefield Air Support:
3011:The Source Book of the RAF
2929:
2850:"Spooky Gun Swap Canceled"
2373:
1837:
1579:Operation Enduring Freedom
1575:precision-guided munitions
1411:North American A-36 Apache
1336:operations such as in the
1314:Tactical Air Control Party
1002:North American A-36 Apache
736:. In joint exercises with
641:U.S. Marine Corps Aviation
536:
411:Second Battle of the Aisne
329:
275:—made notable use of CAS.
3650:
3499:
3492:
3443:
3085:
2962:Stanford University Press
2910:
2758:29 September 2011 at the
2391:"General HH Howze (Obit)"
1295:anti-tank guided missiles
647:ground forces during the
539:Army cooperation aircraft
3051:Griehl, Manfred (2001).
2636:Darling 2002, pp. 51–52.
2424:. dtic.mil. p. 29.
2321:Austerslått, Tor Willy.
1430:than aerial combat did.
1181:Marine Aircraft Group 33
905:campaign in North Africa
3127:Hallion, Dr. Richard P.
3026:Vietnam Air War Debrief
2580:Grunehagen 1969, p. 60.
2444:Schlight, John (2003).
2301:Warfare History Network
1911:Trenchard Man of Vision
1765:Pace-Finletter MOU 1952
1320:NATO and AirLand Battle
1310:terminal attack control
1197:forward air controllers
1154:United States Air Force
1090:Battles of Khalkhyn Gol
1000:with dive brakes – the
489:German spring offensive
242:forward air controllers
211:directed-energy weapons
3732:Aerial warfare tactics
3233:Cite journal requires
3070:Gruenhagen, Robert W.
2892:Cite journal requires
2824:Defense Industry Daily
2698:2007, (18 March 2014.)
2686:2000, (18 March 2014.)
2607:Dunn, Carle E. (LTC).
2348:Hardesty 1982, p. 170.
2211:"The Stripes of D-Day"
2100:Post, Carl A. (2006).
1891:Omar, Mohamed (2001).
1685:low intensity conflict
1660:
1636:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
1543:ground-attack aircraft
1534:
1451:fighters and the U.S.
1361:
1289:
1283:AH-64E Apache Guardian
1247:
1134:
1032:
968:North African Campaign
939:
920:North African Campaign
859:
773:Wolfram von Richthofen
719:
696:
608:Third Anglo-Afghan War
552:
530:
481:ground attack aircraft
467:
465:ground-attack aircraft
352:
150:
2960:. Two volumes; 1985,
2879:on 27 September 2007.
1842:Combined Arms Warfare
1648:
1522:
1490:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
1457:Douglas A-1 Skyraider
1351:
1277:
1238:
1129:
1014:
988:acquired 2 groups of
937:
851:
713:
692:
546:
537:Further information:
526:
458:
394:had been made clear.
342:
135:
3212:on 27 September 2007
2930:Blair, Clay (1987).
2627:Gordon 2008, p. 285.
2508:Marine Corps Gazette
2190:on August 25, 2013.
1608:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1486:Douglas AC-47 Spooky
1471:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1366:Military helicopters
1265:use of B-52s for CAS
1162:8th Cavalry Regiment
1152:, the newly created
1006:invasion of Normandy
986:Henry ("Hap") Arnold
819:interservice rivalry
763:. Experience in the
734:Treaty of Versailles
651:, in places such as
585:Iraqi revolt of 1920
319:, and dedicated CAS
297:invasion of Normandy
54:improve this article
3577:Electronic warfare
3098:on 23 December 2016
2741:on 11 October 2014.
2645:Kinzey 1998, p. 12.
2589:Kinzey 1996, p. 22.
2486:"CLOSE AIR SUPPORT"
2329:15 May 2011 at the
2303:. 16 December 2018.
2237:Shaw, Frederick J.
2020:. pp. 181–182.
2007:Delve 1994, p. 100.
1923:Corum & Johnson
1755:Forward air control
1749:Flying Leathernecks
1658:Yuma Proving Ground
1547:A-10 Thunderbolt II
1371:A-10 Thunderbolt II
1187:, commander of the
1166:Army Chief of Staff
1118:as air and bread".
1025:New Guinea campaign
912:forward air control
752:, resulting in the
612:Somaliland campaign
401:, 18 British armed
399:Battle of the Somme
377:radio communication
285:forward air control
234:artillery observers
144:A-10 Thunderbolt II
69:"Close air support"
3518:Counter-insurgency
3398:Operation Anaconda
3392:2019-07-14 at the
3053:Junker Ju 87 Stuka
2854:Air Force Magazine
2776:. airforcemag.com.
2682:2014-03-18 at the
2614:2008-12-23 at the
2399:. 18 December 1998
2396:The New York Times
2312:Coox 1985, p. 663.
2295:2019-06-25 at the
2249:on August 31, 2019
1732:Artillery observer
1661:
1628:F-15E Strike Eagle
1616:Harrier GR7s, GR9s
1563:attack helicopters
1535:
1506:War in Afghanistan
1453:Vought F4U Corsair
1362:
1340:European theatre.
1290:
1257:attack helicopters
1248:
1135:
1068:used a variety of
1060:. Navy and Marine
1033:
940:
860:
789:Invasion of France
781:invasion of Poland
720:
684:Basil Liddell Hart
657:Dominican Republic
553:
499:Sopwith Salamander
487:. During the 1918
468:
353:
313:attack helicopters
151:
148:live fire exercise
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3572:Close air support
3436:military aircraft
3381:The ROMAD Locator
3335:978-2-36567-083-8
3326:Focus stratégique
3292:Krulak, Victor H.
3045:978-1-85780-304-4
2774:"Gunship Worries"
2735:"AC-47 Factsheet"
2538:on 9 October 2011
2106:Air Power History
1994:978-2-36567-083-8
1985:Focus stratégique
1794:Close Air Support
1714:Close Air Support
1700:CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
1428:convergence point
1286:attack helicopter
1259:in the CAS role.
1225:strategic bombers
892:Sir Arthur Tedder
858:dropping its bomb
791:in 1940. General
765:Spanish Civil War
750:Curtiss Helldiver
730:strategic bombing
718:, winter 1943–44.
645:U.S. Marine Corps
581:Spanish Civil War
577:Polish–Soviet War
438:Battle of Cambrai
303:, especially the
265:Spanish Civil War
261:Polish–Soviet War
179:military aircraft
159:close air support
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Close Air Support
16:(Redirected from
3739:
3580:
3497:
3496:
3479:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3339:
3323:
3309:
3257:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3140:Airpower Journal
3121:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3094:. Archived from
3066:
2990:
2949:
2937:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2826:. 1 March 2012.
2816:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2737:. Archived from
2731:
2725:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2304:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2245:. Archived from
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:Salerno landings
2182:Charles Pocock.
2179:
2173:
2172:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1854:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1817:Airpower Journal
1810:
1797:
1791:
1770:Tactical bombing
1721:
1719:
1707:
1705:
1624:AV-8B Harrier II
1583:fighter aircraft
1498:Fairchild AC-119
1424:P-47 Thunderbolt
1404:tungsten carbide
1356:rounds from its
1326:Crosbie E. Saint
1189:Eighth U.S. Army
979:invasion stripes
975:Italian Campaign
944:Italian Campaign
942:By the time the
916:Desert Air Force
896:Arthur Coningham
878:in August 1940,
876:Northern Ireland
868:Battle of France
807:tactical bombers
620:RAF Iraq Command
533:Inter-war period
450:air interdiction
293:Italian Campaign
289:invasion stripes
226:air interdiction
165:) is defined as
155:military tactics
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3646:
3622:Maritime patrol
3595:Air superiority
3578:
3488:
3477:
3439:
3438:types and roles
3432:
3394:Wayback Machine
3371:Popular Science
3363:
3358:
3336:
3321:
3306:
3253:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3191:
3163:Hardesty, Von.
3153:
3151:
3150:on 22 June 2006
3147:
3129:(Spring 1990).
3109:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3063:
2987:
2946:
2925:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2785:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2760:Wayback Machine
2750:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2684:Wayback Machine
2675:
2671:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2616:Wayback Machine
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2331:Wayback Machine
2323:"Ilyushin Il-2"
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2297:Wayback Machine
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2098:
2094:
2086:Ian Gooderson,
2085:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2044:on 2011-06-08.
2041:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1909:Boyle, Andrew.
1908:
1904:
1895:. p. 402.
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1848:
1836:
1823:
1811:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1737:Attack aircraft
1728:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1652:testing of the
1539:fighter-bombers
1532:Guided Ordnance
1502:Lockheed AC-130
1449:Hawker Sea Fury
1439:Polikarpov Po-2
1409:Other than the
1401:armour-piercing
1346:
1322:
1233:
1185:James Van Fleet
1124:
1078:
1058:Pacific theater
1047:Otto P. Weyland
952:air superiority
928:Royal Air Force
864:Royal Air Force
846:
754:Henschel Hs 123
708:
701:
680:J. F. C. Fuller
604:Royal Air force
557:interwar period
541:
535:
510:air superiority
337:
332:
259:—including the
257:interwar period
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3668:Reconnaissance
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3642:Strike fighter
3639:
3637:Fighter-bomber
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3362:
3361:External links
3359:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3275:Kinzey, Bert.
3273:
3260:Kinzey, Bert.
3258:
3244:
3235:|journal=
3196:
3189:
3176:
3161:
3123:
3083:
3068:
3061:
3048:
3037:
3022:
3007:
2994:Darling, Kev.
2992:
2985:
2972:
2954:Coox, Alvin D.
2951:
2944:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2903:
2894:|journal=
2858:
2841:
2811:
2779:
2764:
2744:
2726:
2709:
2700:
2688:
2669:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2517:
2498:
2476:
2461:
2454:
2431:
2410:
2382:
2366:
2364:, pp. 113–119.
2362:First to Fight
2350:
2338:
2334:break-left.org
2314:
2305:
2282:
2269:
2260:
2243:U.S. Air Force
2229:
2201:
2174:
2159:
2139:
2136:on 2011-08-06.
2111:
2092:
2079:
2050:
2023:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1965:
1952:978-0801476310
1951:
1931:
1915:
1902:
1883:
1869:
1846:
1821:
1798:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1708:
1692:
1689:
1675:in using CAS.
1673:reconnaissance
1581:, the lack of
1545:, such as the
1420:Hawker Typhoon
1345:
1342:
1334:AirLand Battle
1321:
1318:
1299:Yom Kippur War
1241:F-4 Phantom II
1232:
1229:
1177:Inchon Landing
1123:
1120:
1077:
1074:
1051:General Patton
1037:Elwood Quesada
956:fighter-bomber
845:
842:
793:Heinz Guderian
707:
702:
700:
697:
589:Gran Chaco War
534:
531:
522:Edmund Allenby
477:Hannover CL.II
403:reconnaissance
365:fighter bomber
336:
333:
331:
328:
222:special forces
167:aerial warfare
137:U.S. Air Force
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3744:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
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3686:
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3678:
3674:
3671:
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3666:
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3661:
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3656:
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3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
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3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Medium bomber
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3353:0-85368-878-8
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3305:0-87021-785-2
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:1-888974-02-8
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:1-888974-09-5
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:0-7006-1081-2
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3173:1-56098-071-0
3170:
3166:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3080:0-668-03912-4
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3062:1-84037-198-6
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:1-874023-78-6
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:1-85310-451-5
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:1-58007-063-9
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:0-7006-1240-8
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2970:0-8047-1160-7
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2945:9780812916706
2941:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2886:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2722:0-7006-1239-4
2719:
2713:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2663:Aviation Week
2658:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2571:, p. 286
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2455:0-16-051552-1
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2378:Forgotten War
2375:
2370:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:Barber 1946,
2273:
2267:Spires 2002.
2264:
2253:September 12,
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:0-87474-452-0
2156:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1872:
1870:9780817356576
1866:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1696:MCWP 3-23.1:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:F/A-18 Hornet
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:or dedicated
1540:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:Ilyushin Il-2
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:Junkers Ju 87
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1358:GAU-8 Avenger
1355:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:provided the
1327:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:Joseph Stalin
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1098:Ilyushin Il-2
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Red Air Force
1083:
1076:Red Air Force
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
936:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
881:
880:Group Captain
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
856:SBD Dauntless
854:
850:
844:RAF and USAAF
841:
838:
837:Eastern Front
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
813:
812:Eastern front
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
758:Junkers Ju 87
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
717:
716:Eastern Front
712:
706:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
631:Condor Legion
627:
625:
621:
617:
616:Diiriye Guure
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
565:light bombers
562:
558:
550:
545:
540:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:Ottoman Turks
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
462:
457:
453:
451:
446:
443:
439:
434:
432:
431:Sopwith Camel
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:ground forces
380:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
341:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:combined arms
278:
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110:December 2009
102:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3680:Surveillance
3658:Experimental
3571:
3540:Light bomber
3535:Heavy bomber
3370:
3344:
3325:
3295:
3276:
3261:
3249:
3226:cite journal
3214:. Retrieved
3207:the original
3180:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3138:
3132:
3112:cite journal
3100:. Retrieved
3096:the original
3091:
3071:
3052:
3025:
3010:
3009:Delve, Ken.
2995:
2976:
2957:
2933:
2923:Bibliography
2914:
2906:
2885:cite journal
2874:the original
2861:
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2803:, retrieved
2789:
2782:
2767:
2747:
2739:the original
2729:
2712:
2703:
2691:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2564:
2559:, p. 63
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2533:the original
2520:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2445:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2377:
2369:
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2333:
2317:
2308:
2300:
2285:
2272:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2247:the original
2242:
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2220:. Retrieved
2214:
2204:
2191:
2188:the original
2177:
2149:
2142:
2131:the original
2126:
2114:
2105:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2053:
2045:
2039:the original
2026:
2017:
2012:
2003:
1984:
1956:. Retrieved
1941:
1934:
1929:, pp. 23-40.
1926:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1859:
1841:
1816:
1793:
1789:
1747:
1713:
1699:
1669:surveillance
1665:intelligence
1662:
1620:Tornado GR4s
1612:Mirage 2000D
1567:AH-64 Apache
1565:such as the
1556:
1550:
1536:
1494:Douglas DC-3
1479:
1464:
1443:
1432:
1415:P-51 Mustang
1408:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1363:
1330:AH-64 Apache
1323:
1303:
1291:
1269:
1261:
1249:
1221:jet fighters
1216:fire support
1201:
1170:
1158:interceptors
1147:
1136:
1104:
1100:
1082:Soviet Union
1079:
1066:F4U Corsairs
1062:F6F Hellcats
1055:
1041:
1034:
993:
983:
972:
961:
946:had reached
941:
924:British Army
922:in 1941 the
909:
889:
861:
834:
829:Afrika Korps
827:
824:Erwin Rommel
816:
802:
796:
778:
768:
760:
742:dive-bombing
723:
721:
704:
699:World War II
693:
677:
673:
669:
665:dive bombing
639:
628:
600:North Africa
593:
574:
554:
527:
518:Jordan river
503:
492:
469:
447:
435:
423:machine-guns
421:and mounted
407:surveillance
396:
381:
373:
361:machine guns
354:
277:World War II
269:Iraqi Revolt
246:
229:
219:
207:machine guns
187:aerial bombs
183:fire support
162:
158:
152:
142:watching an
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3632:Interdictor
3600:Interceptor
3509:(AEW&C)
3102:11 February
2569:Griehl 2001
2557:Griehl 2001
2493:MCWP 3-23.1
2222:20 November
1710:JP 3-09.3:
1640:UH-1Y Venom
1587:B-1B Lancer
1528:Harrier GR9
1482:Vietnam War
1475:Vietnam War
1245:Vietnam War
1029:Pacific War
910:The use of
787:during the
785:Meuse River
649:Banana Wars
596:Middle East
549:Middle East
504:During the
485:Junkers J.I
461:Junkers J.I
357:World War I
335:World War I
309:Vietnam War
248:World War I
209:, and even
203:autocannons
191:glide bombs
3651:Non-combat
3627:Multi-role
3560:Pathfinder
3555:Penetrator
3471:Helicopter
3461:Fixed-wing
1958:7 February
1927:Small Wars
1876:7 February
1777:References
1461:Korean War
1446:Royal Navy
1395:Bordkanone
1208:fratricide
1193:Mark Clark
1150:Korean War
1139:KGW-1 Loon
1132:Korean War
1122:Korean War
872:War Office
798:blitzkrieg
746:Ernst Udet
688:Blitzkrieg
637:doctrine.
427:Airco DH.5
305:Korean War
271:, and the
175:airstrikes
80:newspapers
3707:Transport
3605:Emergency
3550:Strategic
3476:Unmanned
3216:12 August
3154:23 August
2795:Bloomberg
2724:. p. 337.
2380:, p. 577.
1782:Citations
1650:U.S. Army
1577:. During
1279:U.S. Army
1204:U.S. Army
1173:MacArthur
1143:AN/MPQ-14
1101:Sturmovik
1019:aircraft
1017:U.S. Navy
853:U.S. Navy
725:Luftwaffe
705:Luftwaffe
661:Nicaragua
635:Luftwaffe
369:artillery
349:Lewis gun
273:Chaco War
3726:Category
3585:Intruder
3390:Archived
3294:(1984).
2913:(2006),
2834:21 April
2828:Archived
2799:archived
2756:Archived
2680:Archived
2612:Archived
2542:16 April
2426:Archived
2403:16 April
2376:(1987),
2327:Archived
2293:Archived
2169:19590167
2067:Archived
1840:(2001),
1815:(1990),
1726:See also
1691:Doctrine
1604:Al-Qaeda
1557:Frogfoot
1512:and the
1510:Iraq War
1500:and the
1422:and the
1375:strafing
1344:Aircraft
1306:enlisted
1253:gunships
1212:airpower
1116:Red Army
1070:ordnance
1021:strafing
926:and the
900:cab rank
587:and the
569:airpower
561:fighters
494:Schlasta
392:trenches
388:fighters
317:gunships
307:and the
301:Cold War
295:and the
213:such as
195:missiles
3702:Trainer
3697:Testbed
3663:Liaison
3590:Fighter
3567:Carrier
3523:Gunship
3484:Stealth
3456:Balloon
3451:Airship
3434:Modern
2805:8 March
2278:Table 2
2090:, p. 26
1913:p. 371.
1819:, p. 8.
1813:Hallion
1600:Taliban
1571:bombers
1555:Su-25 (
1551:Warthog
1480:In the
1239:A USAF
1106:Panzers
1043:XIX TAC
1027:of the
473:cockpit
397:At the
330:History
199:rockets
171:strafes
94:scholar
3692:Tanker
3610:Escort
3530:Bomber
3513:Attack
3500:Combat
3466:Glider
3351:
3332:
3302:
3283:
3268:
3187:
3171:
3078:
3059:
3043:
3032:
3017:
3002:
2983:
2968:
2942:
2720:
2452:
2358:Krulak
2167:
2157:
1991:
1949:
1867:
1671:, and
1508:, the
1397:BK 3,7
1390:sirens
1377:runs.
1031:, 1942
803:Stukas
769:Stukas
738:Sweden
655:, the
583:, the
579:, the
483:, the
415:F.E 2b
345:F.E 2d
321:attack
267:, the
263:, the
240:, and
215:lasers
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3685:Scout
3673:Scout
3615:Night
3493:Roles
3478:(UAV)
3444:Types
3322:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3210:(PDF)
3203:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
2877:(PDF)
2870:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2529:(PDF)
2514:: 47.
2489:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2374:Blair
2134:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2070:(PDF)
2063:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
2035:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1838:House
1718:(PDF)
1704:(PDF)
1677:Laser
1595:JDAMs
1553:) or
1386:Stuka
1354:30 mm
994:Stuka
761:Stuka
653:Haiti
442:tanks
419:bombs
253:radio
101:JSTOR
87:books
3579:(EW)
3349:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3281:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3239:help
3218:2007
3185:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3156:2018
3118:link
3104:2007
3076:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3030:ISBN
3015:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2911:Haun
2898:help
2836:2012
2807:2017
2718:ISBN
2544:2012
2450:ISBN
2405:2012
2255:2020
2224:2016
2165:OCLC
2155:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1960:2013
1947:ISBN
1878:2013
1865:ISBN
1618:and
1523:The
1455:and
1444:The
1413:, a
1338:NATO
1255:and
1202:The
1080:The
1064:and
990:A-24
948:Rome
894:and
862:The
682:and
659:and
598:and
459:The
429:and
343:The
324:jets
177:—by
73:news
1681:GPS
1642:).
1591:GPS
1561:or
1525:RAF
1360:gun
1084:'s
563:or
173:or
163:CAS
153:In
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