557:
different interpretations of the figures of 4,036,000 recorded for the census carried out by
Augustus in 28 BC, 4,233,000 in 8 BC, and 4,937,000 in 14 AD. and almost 6 million during the reign of Claudius, not all of whom lived in Italy. Many lived in Spain, Gaul and other parts of the Empire. If this only represents adult male citizens (or some subset of adult male citizens those over age 13 as the census traditionally did not count children until they were formally enrolled as citizens early in puberty), then the population of Italy must have been around 10 million, not including slaves and foreigners, which was a striking, sustained increase despite the Romans' losses in the almost constant wars over the previous two centuries. Others find this entirely incredible, and argue that the census must now be counting all citizens, male and female over the age of 13 – in which case the population had declined slightly, something which can readily be attributed to war casualties and to the crisis of the Italian peasantry. The majority of historians favour the latter interpretation as being more demographically plausible, but the issue remains contentious.
159:
337:
572:– but the majority were small, with populations of just a few thousand. As much as 40% of the population might have lived in towns (25% if the city of Rome is excluded), on the face of it an astonishingly high level of urbanisation for a pre-industrial society. However, studies of later periods would not count the smallest centres as 'urban'; if only cities of 10,000+ are counted, Italy's level of urbanisation was a more realistic (but still impressive) 25% (11% excluding Rome).
227:
20:
28:
270:
552:
The Romans carried out a regular census of citizens eligible for military service (Polybius 2.23), but for the population of the rest of Italy at this time we have to rely on a single report of the military strength of Rome's allies in 227 BC – and guess the numbers of those who were opposed to Rome
556:
The census of 70/69 B.C. records 910,000 presumably due to the extension of citizenship to the allies after the Social War of 91–88. Still, even if only males this seems like an undercount. For the 1st and 2nd centuries BC, historians have developed two radically different accounts, resting on
567:
Evidence for the population of Rome itself or of the other cities of Roman Italy is equally scarce. For the capital, estimates have been based on the number of houses listed in 4th-century AD guidebooks, on the size of the built-up area, and on the volume of the water supply, all of which are
58:, but in recent decades historians have been more interested in trying to analyse demographic processes such as the birth and death rates or the sex ratio of ancient populations. The period was characterized by an explosion in population with the rise of the
149:
and Attica in the 5th century BC, there were up to 150,000 Athenians of the citizen class, around 30,000 aliens, and 100,000 slaves, most residing outside the city and port., though precise numbers remain unknown and estimates vary widely.
102:, or an escape for vanquished people (or a combination). The population of the areas of Greek settlement from the western Mediterranean to Asia Minor and the Black Sea in the 4th century BC has been estimated at up to 7.5-10 million.
309:
during his lifetime before its annexation by the Roman Empire. Of this, he states that 300,000 citizens lived within the city of
Alexandria. Later historians have queried whether the country could have supported such high numbers.
568:
problematic; the best guess is based on the number of recipients of the grain dole under
Augustus, 200,000, implying a population of around 800,000–1,200,000. Italy had numerous urban centres – over 400 are listed by
1240:
322:
has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million., though others indicate as few as 20 million inhabitants in the whole of
Alexander's earlier empire of which it had been a part.
1279:
949:
678:
560:
Estimates for the population of mainland Italia, including Gallia
Cisalpina, at the beginning of the 1st Century AD range from 6,000,000 according to
182:
was home to a Greek, Latin and native population in the hundreds of thousands. Originally settled by Greek colonists, five important settlements (
564:
in 1886, 6,830,000 according to
Russell in 1958, less than 10,000,000 according to Hin in 2007, and 14,000,000 according to Lo Cascio in 2009.
361:, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 59-76 million as the most accepted range. The population likely peaked just before the
664:
632:
553:
at this time. The citizen count in the second century B.C. hovered between 250 and 325,000 presumably males over the age of 13.
1403:
1306:
1229:
1187:
1043:
601:
979:
1198:
606:
1431:
1382:
1333:
1121:
1066:
984:
743:
708:
134:, although from the 1st millennium BC Ionia was densely populated by Greek-speaking people and an important part of
55:
1224:. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. Vol. 23. Cambridge University Press.
1132:
778:
331:
114:
is always considered part of the Greek world, in the
Classical period it was a distinct entity and even though
1476:
238:
1449:
115:
111:
1481:
1058:
611:
1367:(2001). "Recruitment and the Size of the Roman Population From the Third to the First Century BC". In
75:
1153:
1078:
735:
700:
119:
71:
649:
727:
692:
46:. It often focuses on the absolute number of people who were alive in civilizations around the
1317:
158:
1140:
1031:
591:
581:
1393:
74:. Demographic questions play an important role in determining the size and structure of the
1175:
290:
286:
203:
195:
187:
95:
8:
586:
43:
1271:
1263:
1095:
1001:
966:
378:
274:
167:
1131:
Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late ancient and medieval population". Philadelphia, PA:
1014:
1427:
1399:
1378:
1352:
1329:
1302:
1275:
1225:
1183:
1117:
1062:
1039:
774:
739:
704:
672:
629:
596:
67:
47:
66:
civilizations followed by a steep decline caused by economic and social disruption,
1255:
1087:
993:
958:
302:
131:
1455:
1343:
Kron, Geoffrey (2005). "The
Augustan Census Figures and the Population of Italy".
1055:
Metropolis and
Hinterland: the City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC–AD 200
1421:
1417:
1413:
1372:
1368:
1321:
1219:
1202:
1111:
1107:
636:
569:
362:
319:
1195:
110:
The geographical definition of Greece has fluctuated over time. While today the
1364:
1027:
59:
1259:
1091:
1470:
1356:
183:
135:
90:
From around 800 BC, Greek city-states began colonizing the
Mediterranean and
79:
336:
358:
345:
141:
Estimates of the Greek-speaking population in the coast and islands of the
63:
1180:
The Shotgun Method: The Demography of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture
191:
1318:"More is Worse: Some Observations on the Population of the Roman Empire"
226:
1267:
1099:
1005:
257:
Phoenicia also established colonies along the Mediterranean, including
211:
142:
51:
39:
970:
202:) formed a pentapolis. The fertility of the land, the exportation of
175:
163:
91:
1076:
Morley, Neville (2001). "The transformation of Italy, 225–28 B.C.".
997:
1345:
Estratto da Athenaeum: Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell'Antichita
962:
491:
Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:
382:
381:
1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of
370:
258:
207:
199:
19:
1301:. An economic survey of ancient Rome. Vol. 1. Octagon Books.
145:
during the 5th century BC vary from 800,000 to over 3,000,000. In
434:
Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:
99:
27:
561:
349:
146:
127:
1395:
Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic
269:
94:
coasts. Suggested reasons for this dramatic expansion include
1241:"Slavery and Supervision in Comparative Perspective: A Model"
306:
282:
179:
123:
1116:. Mnemosyne. Vol. 211. Leiden: Brill. pp. 139–60.
217:
947:
Delia, Diana (1988). "The population of Roman Alexandria".
116:
Macedonian language was part of the Greek dialect continuum
1450:
Walter Scheidel on Roman demography and population history
1416:(2001). "Progress and Problems in Ancient Demography". In
369:
An estimated population of the empire during the reign of
980:"Historical estimates of world population: an evaluation"
264:
122:. Similarly, almost all modern residents of historical
950:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
118:, it was not considered as a part of Greece by some
85:
1036:
Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems
732:
The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra
697:
The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra
357:There are many estimates of the population for the
652:. Ohio State University Department of Linguistics.
325:
1468:
1022:. Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics.
677:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
305:estimated that 7,000,000 inhabitants resided in
1448:Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics:
722:
720:
281:When urbanization began to take place, it was
931:Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt
1217:
717:
1218:Bagnall, Roger S.; Frier, Bruce W. (2006).
667:. Archived from the original on 2008-12-31.
153:
1391:
1034:. In Bowman, Alan; Wilson, Andrew (eds.).
823:
821:
819:
16:Study of the human population in Antiquity
1363:
1238:
1026:
889:
218:Ancient Phoenicia and Phoenician colonies
1106:
867:
348:at its greatest extent, in the reign of
335:
268:
157:
26:
18:
1130:
827:
816:
769:Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978,
31:Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC
1469:
1398:. University of North Carolina Press.
1174:
1075:
1052:
977:
928:
912:
900:
863:
810:
799:
265:Demography of the Hellenistic kingdoms
1315:
1296:
946:
937:
850:
838:
758:
726:
691:
662:
602:Deforestation during the Roman period
178:in the eastern region of present-day
170:(in red) around 8th to 6th century BC
1342:
607:List of states by population in 1 CE
221:
1032:"Urbanization as a proxy of growth"
1012:
940:Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.- A.D. 14
878:
734:. History of Civilisation. London:
699:. History of Civilisation. London:
630:Population of the Greek city-states
285:which became the largest city. The
13:
1162:
647:
538:European areas outside the Empire
481:European areas outside the Empire
313:
296:
14:
1493:
1442:
985:Population and Development Review
771:Atlas of World Population History
214:made it a magnet for settlement.
86:Ancient Greece and Greek colonies
1182:. University of Missouri Press.
225:
105:
56:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1038:. OUP Oxford. pp. 87–106.
921:
906:
894:
883:
872:
856:
844:
832:
804:
289:had 4 million people after the
1299:Rome and Italy of the Republic
1133:American Philosophical Society
793:
784:
763:
752:
685:
656:
641:
623:
547:
332:Demography of the Roman Empire
326:Demography of the Roman Empire
174:The ancient Roman province of
1:
1221:The Demography of Roman Egypt
617:
38:refers to the study of human
929:Beloch, Karl Julius (1886).
112:ancient kingdom of Macedonia
70:, and a return to primarily
7:
1392:Rosenstein, Nathan (2005).
1248:Journal of Economic History
1239:Fenoaltea, Stefano (1984).
575:
318:The population of the vast
206:, and its location between
10:
1498:
1426:. Brill. pp. 139–60.
1377:. Brill. pp. 139–60.
1328:. Brill. pp. 139–60.
1059:Cambridge University Press
942:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
938:Brunt, P. A. (1971).
773:, Penguin, Harmondsworth,
665:"Cyrene and the Cyrenaica"
612:Pre-modern human migration
329:
23:Map of the world in 323 BC
1456:"Roman Empire Population"
1423:Debating Roman Demography
1374:Debating Roman Demography
1326:Debating Roman Demography
1260:10.1017/S0022050700032307
1211:Roman Republic and Empire
1113:Debating Roman Demography
1092:10.1017/s0075435800015847
736:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
701:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
501:Population (in millions)
444:Population (in millions)
395:Population (in millions)
76:economy of Ancient Greece
1316:Frier, Bruce W. (2001).
1079:Journal of Roman Studies
1053:Morley, Neville (1996).
978:Durand, John D. (1977).
154:Other Greek colonization
790:Scheidel, "Demography".
72:subsistence agriculture
1297:Frank, Tenney (1975).
1148:Cite journal requires
354:
278:
171:
32:
24:
1176:Hansen, Mogens Herman
592:Colonies in antiquity
582:Historical demography
339:
277:kingdoms in c. 301 BC
272:
161:
30:
22:
1013:Hin, Saskia (2007).
635:5 March 2007 at the
291:Wars of the Diadochi
287:Kingdom of Macedonia
36:Classical demography
1477:Demographic history
587:Medieval demography
530:North African part
473:North African part
424:North African part
1201:2018-04-13 at the
915:, pp. 174–183
853:, pp. 121–130
703:. pp. 21–24.
355:
279:
237:. You can help by
172:
33:
25:
1482:Classical studies
1405:978-0-8078-6410-4
1308:978-0-374-92848-3
1231:978-0-521-02596-6
1189:978-0-8262-1667-0
1045:978-0-19-956259-6
663:Lendering, Jona.
648:Joseph, Brian D.
597:Roman agriculture
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48:Mediterranean Sea
1489:
1463:
1437:
1418:Scheidel, Walter
1414:Scheidel, Walter
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1388:
1369:Scheidel, Walter
1360:
1339:
1322:Scheidel, Walter
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1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1278:. Archived from
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1235:
1193:
1157:
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1127:
1108:Scheidel, Walter
1103:
1072:
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903:, pp. 33–39
898:
892:
890:Lo Cascio (2009)
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841:, pp. 44–60
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303:Diodorus Siculus
301:Greek historian
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166:(in yellow) and
132:Turkish language
120:Athenian writers
44:Classical period
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1203:Wayback Machine
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1028:Lo Cascio, Elio
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1016:Counting Romans
998:10.2307/1971891
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919:
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899:
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873:
868:Scheidel (2001)
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857:
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637:Wayback Machine
628:
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620:
578:
570:Pliny the Elder
550:
363:Antonine Plague
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341:
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328:
320:Seleucid Empire
316:
314:Seleucid Empire
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297:Ptolemaic Egypt
267:
251:
245:
242:
235:needs expansion
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156:
108:
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21:
1460:UNRV History
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1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
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1210:
1209:
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1471:Categories
1289:2016-08-20
879:Hin (2007)
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164:Phoenician
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