3037:
599:, ruled Aleppo between 1193 CE and 1215 CE. During this time, the citadel went through major reconstruction, fortification and addition of new structures that create the complex of the Citadel in its current form today. Sultan Ghazi strengthened the walls, smoothed the surface of the outcrop and covered sections of the slope at the entrance area with stone cladding. The depth of the moat was increased, connected with water canals and spanned by a tall bridge-cum-viaduct, which today still serves as the entrance into the Citadel. During the first decade of the 13th century CE, the citadel evolved into a palatial city that included functions ranging from residential (palaces and baths), religious (mosque and shrines), military installations (arsenal, training ground, defence towers and the entrance block) and supporting elements (water cisterns and granaries). The most prominent renovation is the entrance block rebuilt in 1213 CE. Sultan Ghazi also had the two mosques on the Citadel restored, and expanded the city walls to include the southern and eastern suburbs, making the citadel the centre of the fortifications, rather than alongside the wall.
71:
800:
235:
243:
291:
808:
640:
546:
773:
781:
259:
275:
251:
862:
267:
55:
1579:
162:
687:(1920 CE – 1945 CE). The French began archaeological excavations and extensive restoration work in the 1930s CE, particularly on the perimeter wall. The Mamluk Throne Hall was also completely restored during this time and given a new flat roof decorated in 19th-century CE Damascene style. A modern amphitheater was constructed on a section of an unexcavated surface of the citadel in 1980 to hold events and concerts.
696:
453:, who undertook the revival of the city under the name Beroia. Medieval Arab historians say that the history of the citadel as a fortified acropolis began under Seleucus I Nicator. In some areas of the citadel there are up to two meters of remains of Hellenistic settlement. A colonnaded street led up to the citadel hill from the west, where the south area of Aleppo still retains the Hellenistic grid street plan.
581:, who was held for two years. In addition to his many works in both Aleppo and Damascus, Nur ad-Din rebuilt the Aleppo city walls and fortified the citadel. Arab sources report that he also made several other improvements, such as a high, brick-walled entrance ramp, a palace, and a racecourse likely covered with grass. Nur ad-Din additionally restored or rebuilt the two mosques and donated an elaborate wooden
78:
1372:
707:(1,480 feet) and width of 325 metres (1,066 feet). At the top this ellipse measures 285 metres (935 feet) by 160 metres (520 feet) with the height of this slanting foundation measuring 50 metres (160 feet). In the past, the entire mound was covered with large blocks of gleaming limestone, some of which still remain today.
1368:
718:
government in the 16th century CE. A succession of five right-angle turns and three large gates (with carved figures) leads to the main inner castle entrance. In the interior of the
Citadel, are the Weapons' Hall, the Byzantine Hall and the Throne Hall, with a restored decorated ceiling. Prior to the
651:
period, the military role of the citadel as a defense fortress slowly diminished as the city began to grow outside the city walls and was taking its form as a commercial metropolis. The
Citadel was still used as a barracks for Ottoman soldiers, although it is not known exactly how many were stationed
488:
in the 7th century CE, the population of Aleppo is said to have taken refuge in the
Citadel because the city wall was in a deplorable state. Currently, very few remains from the Byzantine period have been found on the Citadel Hill, although the two mosques inside the Citadel are known to be converted
751:
used the
Citadel as a military base, and according to the opposition fighters, with the walls acting as cover while shelling surrounding areas and ancient arrow slits in walls being used by snipers to target rebels. As a result of this contemporary usage, the Citadel has received significant damage.
473:, in his 363 CE visit to Aleppo noted "I stayed there for a day, visited the acropolis, offered a white bull to Zeus according to imperial customs, and held a short talk with the town council about worshiping the deities." Very few physical remains have been found from the Roman age in the Citadel.
763:
on
February 6, 2023 CE. On 17 February 2024 CE, Citadel of Aleppo was reopened after the completion of the first and second phase of the restoration of southern forward tower (the entrance to the citadel), which was greatly affected by the earthquake. Also other phases of the citadel’s restoration
622:
In 1415 CE, the Mamluk governor of Aleppo, prince Sayf al-Din, was authorized to rebuild the citadel, which by then stood at the centre of a significant trading city of between 50,000–100,000 inhabitants. Sayf al-Din's additions included two new advance towers on the north and south slopes of the
836:
Ghazi's "palace of glory" burned down on his wedding night and he escaped with the queen, but it was later rebuilt and today stands as one of the most important and impressive monuments in the citadel crown. The
Ayyubids were not the first to build a palace on the citadel. Today, numerous
848:
has three sections. The first was used for dressing, undressing, and resting. The second was an unheated but warmer room, and this was followed by a hot room, and a steam room equipped with alcoves. Hot and cold water was piped through to the hammam with earthenware pipes.
497:
Arab armies ruled over Aleppo in 636 CE. Written sources document repairs being made on the citadel after a major earthquake. Little is known about the citadel in the period of early
Christianity and Islam, except that Aleppo was a frontier town on the edges of the
827:
above. Secret passageways wind through the complex, and the main passages are decorated with figurative reliefs. The
Ayyubid block is topped by the Mamluk "Throne Hall", a hall where Mamluk sultans entertained large audiences and held official functions.
857:
The construction in the citadel was not confined to above-ground. Several wells penetrate down to 125 m (410 ft) below the surface of the crown. Underground passageways connect to the advance towers and possibly under the moat to the city.
746:
to gain control over the citadel. In July 2015 CE, a bomb was set off in a tunnel under one of the outer walls causing further damage to the citadel, in an attempt for the Free Syrian Army to dislodge the Syrian Army. During the conflict, the
1302:
334:. It is considered to be one of the oldest and largest castles in the world. Usage of the Citadel hill dates back at least to the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE. Occupied by many civilizations over time – including the
378:. It was reopened to the public in early 2018 CE with repairs to damaged parts underway, though some of the damage will be purposefully preserved as part of the history of the citadel. The citadel was damaged by the
520:
prince, conquered the city in 944 CE, and it subsequently rose to a political and economic renaissance. The
Hamdanids built a reputedly splendid palace on the banks of the river, but moved to the Citadel after
565:(ruled 1147 CE – 1174 CE) – successfully unified Aleppo and Damascus and held back the Crusaders from their repeated assaults on the cities. Several famous crusaders were imprisoned in the citadel, among them
1233:
3036:
1294:
1326:"Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo"
627:
palace was almost completely abandoned during this period. The Mamluk period also administered restoration and preservation projects on the
Citadel. The final Mamluk sultan, al-Ashraf
362: – the majority of the construction as it stands today is thought to originate from the Ayyubid period. An extensive conservation work took place in the 2000s CE by the
3073:
2147:
1688:
1241:
2856:
2991:
70:
3021:
3016:
2534:
1481:
1447:
2921:
2861:
2000:
1354:
837:
architectural details remain from the Ayyubid period, including an entrance portal with muqarnas, or honeycomb vaulting, and a courtyard on the
2876:
1457:
995:
671:, used stones from destroyed buildings in the citadel to build a barracks in the north of the crown. It was later restored under the rule of
1333:
714:, dating from the 12th century. Notable is the fortified gateway, accessible though an arched bridge. This feature was an addition from the
3078:
3083:
2821:
101:
2037:
1980:
414:
to at least the 9th century BCE, as evidenced by reliefs discovered at it during excavations by German archaeologist Kay Kohlmeyer.
2018:
945:
1271:
3103:
3068:
1495:
1465:
1439:
652:
there. An anonymous Venetian traveler mentions some 2,000 people living in the Citadel in 1556 CE. In 1679 CE, the French
3093:
1944:
1545:
819:
complex. Would-be assailants to the castle would have to take over six turns up a vaulted entrance ramp, over which were
656:
reports 1,400 people there, 350 of whom were Janissaries, the elite military corps in the service of the Ottoman Empire.
2167:
1985:
1535:
1077:
553:
The citadel rose to the peak of its importance in the period during and after the Crusader presence in the Near East.
1990:
1954:
1180:
684:
586:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2519:
2010:
1995:
1567:
760:
731:
675:
in 1850 CE – 1851 CE. A windmill, also on the northern edge of the crown, was probably built around the same time.
379:
375:
1934:
764:
have been revealed, including the entrance, the minaret of Great Ayyubid Mosque, and the façade of Throne Hall.
374:
World Heritage Site since 1986 CE. During the 2010s, the Citadel received significant damage during the lengthy
2814:
2197:
1789:
1050:
1023:
886:
2946:
2767:
2757:
2202:
3098:
2772:
2717:
2529:
2524:
2499:
1501:
1471:
971:
2274:
2029:
1658:
2777:
2712:
2539:
2279:
2177:
2157:
2065:
1919:
1487:
1453:
363:
1525:
366:, in collaboration with Aleppo Archeological Society. Dominating the city, the Citadel is part of the
3088:
2807:
2762:
2727:
2697:
2305:
2162:
1949:
1804:
2830:
2612:
2494:
1972:
1900:
1769:
1708:
992:
525:
troops attacked in 962 CE. A period of instability followed Hamdanid rule, marked by Byzantine and
3108:
2055:
1939:
1764:
1607:
703:
The citadel in its present form is on a mound, which has an elliptical base with a length of 450
578:
574:
2981:
2976:
2747:
2677:
2672:
2284:
2047:
1824:
1784:
1728:
1718:
1638:
1597:
1325:
756:
668:
664:
367:
312:
1067:
1040:
1013:
738:, the external gate of the citadel was damaged after being shelled during a clash between the
623:
citadel, and the new Mamluk palace built on top of the higher of the two entrance towers. The
2647:
2565:
2509:
2504:
2243:
2152:
2124:
2060:
1779:
1774:
785:
667:. After the earthquake only soldiers lived in the citadel. The Ottoman Governor of the time,
570:
430:
2682:
2555:
2345:
2182:
2172:
2129:
1869:
1819:
1794:
1759:
1754:
1744:
1617:
1560:
916:
653:
1575:
723:, the citadel was a tourist attraction and a site of archaeological digs and studies. The
672:
8:
2961:
2901:
2891:
2737:
2400:
2360:
1849:
1683:
1668:
446:
426:
149:
2866:
2604:
2514:
2289:
2223:
1879:
1874:
1844:
1749:
1673:
815:
The enormous stone bridge constructed by Sultan Ghazi over the moat led to an imposing
476:
The Roman Empire was divided into two parts in 395 CE. Aleppo was in the eastern half,
450:
1263:
937:
912:
657:
469:
dynasty in 64 BCE, the citadel hill continued to have religious significance. Emperor
3026:
2841:
2471:
2375:
1884:
1859:
1663:
1491:
1461:
1435:
1348:
1176:
1073:
1046:
1019:
558:
434:
1540:
968:"Aleppo Citadel reopens its doors as thousands of visitors regain their memories in"
3049:
2662:
2657:
2590:
2466:
2395:
2380:
2370:
2325:
2320:
2228:
1864:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1449:
The Citadel of Aleppo: Description, History, Site Plan and Visitor Tour (Guidebook)
993:
DayPress News, "Temple of Hadad in Aleppo Citadel Sheds Light on Important Periods"
838:
799:
739:
735:
720:
628:
562:
477:
470:
347:
242:
226:
290:
2986:
2971:
2906:
2851:
2790:
2722:
2580:
2570:
2415:
2355:
2264:
1678:
1553:
1529:
1169:
999:
807:
710:
The mound is surrounded by a 22-metre-deep (72-foot) and 30-metre-wide (98-foot)
639:
596:
566:
545:
481:
411:
303:
234:
537:
were said to have converted the two churches into mosques.
394:
dates use of the hill to the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, as referenced in
2966:
2956:
2916:
2871:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2667:
2461:
2446:
2390:
2385:
2365:
2335:
2330:
2238:
2187:
1854:
1703:
1648:
1622:
648:
772:
3062:
3001:
2951:
2941:
2886:
2881:
2846:
2687:
2560:
2456:
2310:
2269:
2218:
2109:
2099:
1905:
1698:
1693:
1602:
820:
816:
791:
There are many structural remains inside the citadel. Notable sites include:
513:
359:
116:
103:
2192:
780:
2652:
2617:
2441:
2436:
2405:
2350:
2340:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2089:
845:
724:
612:
585:(prayer niche) to the Mosque of Abraham. The mihrab disappeared during the
462:
343:
913:"Video: rebels blow up historic building in front of Aleppo citadel today"
489:from churches originally built by the Byzantines.
410:
and was known as the "City of Hadad". The temple remained in use from the
2911:
2642:
2637:
2451:
2431:
2410:
2248:
1713:
748:
743:
403:
2585:
1723:
485:
258:
274:
2632:
1653:
852:
824:
549:
The roof of the baths, with the mosque and minaret in the background.
534:
522:
499:
395:
339:
250:
216:
1394:
Aleppo Citadel reopens to visitors after restoring its main entrance
1292:
882:
861:
266:
54:
2996:
2799:
2627:
2575:
2233:
1612:
1393:
611:
invasion of 1260 CE and again destroyed by the invasion led by the
530:
517:
466:
422:
351:
323:
3011:
3006:
2926:
2315:
920:
624:
592:
507:
503:
418:
355:
695:
631:, replaced the flat ceiling of the Throne Hall with nine domes.
2936:
2931:
2622:
1583:
1522:
967:
715:
608:
582:
554:
526:
421:
milked his sheep on the citadel hill. After the decline of the
407:
371:
335:
327:
41:
1578:
1536:
Historic Cities Support Programme, Aga Khan Trust for Culture
704:
683:
Soldiers continued to be stationed in the citadel during the
616:
391:
331:
283:
167:
45:
529:
attacks, as well as a short-term rule by the Egyptian-based
844:
Laid out in traditional medieval Islamic style, the palace
711:
399:
279:
1295:"Ancient Syrian castles serve again as fighting positions"
1065:
938:"Syrian heritage destruction revealed in satellite images"
1432:
Die Zitadelle von Aleppo und der Tempel des Wettergottes
1369:"آثار سوريا لم تسلم من الزلزال.. تضرر قلعتي حلب والمرقب"
1264:"Syria civil war: Bomb damages Aleppo's ancient citadel"
727:
was often used for musical concerts or cultural events.
390:
The recently discovered temple of the ancient storm-god
1323:
1240:. Agence France Presse. 11 August 2012. Archived from
429:
ruled the area (8th–7th century BCE), followed by the
3074:
13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate
317:
187:
Partially ruined (some parts repaired and destroyed)
1293:Abigail Hauslohner and Ahmed Ramadan (5 May 2013).
663:Aleppo and the citadel were heavily damaged in the
1168:
853:Satura, Hellenistic Well, and underground passages
326:fortified palace in the centre of the old city of
2535:Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex
1234:"Aleppo citadel hit by shelling, says opposition"
660:ordered a restoration of the citadel in 1521 CE.
619:which swept through Aleppo in 1400 CE – 1401 CE.
3060:
1066:Gülru Necipoğlu,Karen Leal (11 November 2010).
1038:
1483:Syria: Medieval Citadels Between East and West
1458:Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
1430:Julia Gonella, Wahid Khayyata, Kay Kohlmeyer:
823:for pouring hot liquids on attackers from the
456:
2815:
1561:
1042:Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria
906:
904:
540:
2178:Mamoun University for Science and Technology
831:
602:
29:
1353:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1011:
910:
755:The citadel was extensively damaged by the
2822:
2808:
1568:
1554:
1371:(in Arabic). Al Arabiya. 6 February 2023.
901:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1361:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
932:
930:
77:
1445:
860:
806:
798:
779:
771:
694:
638:
544:
445:After Aleppo was ruled by the armies of
289:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
2001:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption
1166:
1140:Monuments of Syria; An Historical Guide
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
492:
3061:
1541:Extensive photo site about the citadel
1479:
1407:
1210:
1198:
1189:
1146:
1122:
1102:
927:
811:The entrance of the citadel of Aleppo
2803:
1549:
2829:
1375:from the original on 6 February 2023
1086:
974:from the original on 18 January 2020
948:from the original on August 13, 2022
200:3rd millennium BCE – 12th century CE
3079:Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects
1945:Church of the Dormition of Our Lady
889:from the original on August 5, 2011
307:
30:
13:
3084:Buildings and structures in Aleppo
2168:Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts
1099:Bianca and Gaube, 2007, pp. 73–103
440:
14:
3120:
1981:Church of Saint Francis of Assisi
1516:
1274:from the original on May 16, 2018
1137:
1015:The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria
794:
767:
678:
634:
406:. The city became the capital of
3035:
2743:Aleppo Artillery School massacre
2520:Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex
2038:Church of the Holy Mother of God
1577:
1305:from the original on 21 May 2014
278:Entrance to the Throne Hall: an
160:
76:
69:
59:The Citadel of Aleppo in 2010 CE
53:
2019:Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet
1935:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites
1398:
1387:
1336:from the original on 2019-07-22
1317:
1286:
1256:
1226:
1160:
1131:
607:The citadel was damaged by the
238:Hadad Temple Inside the Citadel
2198:International School of Aleppo
1434:. Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2005,
1059:
1032:
1005:
986:
960:
875:
730:In August 2012 CE, during the
480:. During the clashes with the
1:
3104:World Heritage Sites in Syria
1171:A History of the Arab Peoples
911:@edwardedark (29 July 2014).
869:
690:
577:, and the King of Jerusalem,
246:The inner gate of the citadel
3069:1230s establishments in Asia
2718:Aleppo International Airport
2530:Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex
2525:Aleppo International Stadium
1012:Lluís Feliu (January 2003).
761:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
643:Inside the Citadel of Aleppo
380:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
7:
2148:Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre
1689:Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili
1659:Central Synagogue of Aleppo
457:Roman and Byzantine periods
318:
10:
3125:
3094:Military history of Aleppo
2540:Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena
2280:Saadallah al-Jabiri Square
2158:National Library of Aleppo
1986:Church of the Holy Trinity
1523:Syrian Ministry of Tourism
1488:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
1454:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
1424:
541:Zengid and Ayyubid periods
447:Alexander III of Macedonia
385:
364:Aga Khan Trust for Culture
3044:
3033:
2837:
2788:
2698:Massacre of Aleppo (1850)
2603:
2548:
2500:Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium
2487:
2480:
2424:
2306:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
2298:
2257:
2211:
2163:National Museum of Aleppo
2138:
2082:
2046:
2028:
2009:
1991:Cathedral of Saint Joseph
1971:
1964:
1950:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church
1927:
1918:
1893:
1812:
1803:
1737:
1631:
1590:
832:Ayyubid Palace and Hammam
603:Mongol and Mamluk periods
222:
212:
204:
196:
191:
183:
173:
155:
145:
140:
132:
95:
64:
52:
39:
26:
21:
1996:Church of the Holy Cross
1709:Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower
1480:Bianca, Stefano (2007),
1446:Gonnella, Julia (2008),
1418:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 46 48
1404:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 31 35
1207:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 21–24
1195:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 19–20
1157:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 14–19
1119:Gonnela, 2008, pp. 12–13
1039:Hugh N. Kennedy (2006).
883:"Ancient City of Aleppo"
803:Stone bridge and passage
425:centered in Aleppo, the
2768:September 2012 bombings
1940:Forty Martyrs Cathedral
1608:New Aleppo Neighborhood
589:when it was destroyed.
2982:Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
2977:Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
2758:February 2012 bombings
2748:Siege of Aleppo (1980)
2738:Chemins de Fer Syriens
2678:Siege of Aleppo (1260)
2673:1138 Aleppo earthquake
1955:Saint Elijah Cathedral
1825:Great Mosque of Aleppo
1729:Grand Serail of Aleppo
1719:Aleppo railway station
1639:Ancient City of Aleppo
1598:Ancient City of Aleppo
1238:The Daily Star Lebanon
1072:. BRILL. p. 114.
1045:. BRILL. p. 166.
1018:. BRILL. p. 192.
970:. SANA. 16 June 2018.
944:. September 19, 2014.
866:
812:
804:
788:
777:
700:
644:
561:– followed by his son
550:
449:, Aleppo was ruled by
368:Ancient City of Aleppo
295:
287:
271:
270:The fortified entrance
263:
255:
247:
239:
2857:Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle
2773:October 2012 bombings
2648:Siege of Aleppo (637)
2510:Al-Hamadaniah Stadium
2505:Al-Assad Sports Arena
2203:Lycée français d'Alep
2153:Aleppo Citadel Museum
864:
810:
802:
786:Aleppo Citadel Museum
783:
775:
698:
642:
548:
431:Neo-Babylonian Empire
293:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
208:Until 21st century CE
117:36.19917°N 37.16250°E
2683:Battle of Marj Dabiq
2346:Levon Ter-Petrossian
2183:Al-Shahba University
2173:University of Aleppo
1870:Al-Saffahiyah Mosque
1820:Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque
1618:Salaheddine District
1175:. New York: Warner.
1167:Hourani, A. (1992).
575:Raynald of Châtillon
493:Early Islamic period
168:Syrian Arab Republic
3099:Tells (archaeology)
2902:Citadel of Damascus
2892:Krak des Chevaliers
2778:University bombings
2763:March 2012 bombings
2605:Historical timeline
2401:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2361:Mustafa Bey Barmada
2275:Sabaa Bahrat Square
2258:Streets and squares
1850:Al-Sahibiyah Mosque
1684:Khanqah al-Farafira
1669:Hammam Bab al-Ahmar
1664:Al-Shibani building
1223:Gonnela, 2008, p.25
1128:Gonnela, 2008, p.11
699:The restored square
427:Neo-Assyrian Empire
150:Government of Syria
113: /
2867:Bani Qahtan Castle
2733:1947 Aleppo pogrom
2515:Al-Ittihad Stadium
2290:King Faisal Street
2224:Aleppo Public Park
1880:Al-Adiliyah Mosque
1875:Khusruwiyah Mosque
1845:Altun Bogha Mosque
1674:Hammam al-Nahhasin
1632:Historic landmarks
1528:2019-11-16 at the
1332:. pp. 34–56.
1330:unesdoc.unesco.org
998:2020-05-07 at the
867:
813:
805:
789:
778:
701:
665:earthquake of 1822
645:
573:, who died there,
551:
451:Seleucus I Nicator
423:Neo-Hittite Empire
296:
288:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
156:Controlled by
122:36.19917; 37.16250
3056:
3055:
3027:Citadel of Tartus
3017:Qalaat al-Shaghur
2897:Citadel of Aleppo
2797:
2796:
2599:
2598:
2472:Sabkhat al-Jabbul
2376:Ronaldo Mouchawar
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2030:Oriental Orthodox
1914:
1913:
1885:Behramiyah Mosque
1860:Al-Tawashi Mosque
1654:Al-Jdayde quarter
1644:Citadel of Aleppo
1497:978-2-940212-02-6
1467:978-2-940212-02-6
1440:978-3-930454-44-0
1270:. July 12, 2015.
673:Sultan Abdülmecid
597:al-Zahir al-Ghazi
559:Imad ad-Din Zengi
435:Achaemenid Empire
316:
300:Citadel of Aleppo
254:View from outside
232:
231:
84:Citadel of Aleppo
22:Citadel of Aleppo
3116:
3089:Castles in Syria
3050:Castles in Syria
3039:
2831:Castles in Syria
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2753:Battle of Aleppo
2613:Rulers of Aleppo
2591:Shorta Aleppo SC
2485:
2484:
2467:Limestone Massif
2396:Qustaki al-Himsi
2381:Rushdi al-Kikhya
2371:Qustaki al-Himsi
2326:Hilarion Capucci
2321:Harut Sassounian
2229:Al-Snoubari Park
2021:(Greek Orthodox)
2011:Eastern Orthodox
1969:
1968:
1925:
1924:
1901:Ar-Rahman Mosque
1865:Al-Otrush Mosque
1840:Mahmandar Mosque
1835:Al-Qaiqan Mosque
1830:Al-Nuqtah Mosque
1810:
1809:
1770:Al-Shadbakhtiyah
1582:
1581:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1532:, Arabic section
1511:
1510:
1509:
1500:, archived from
1475:
1470:, archived from
1419:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1324:UNESCO (2017).
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:on 21 March 2018
1230:
1224:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1142:, London: Tauris
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
934:
925:
924:
908:
899:
898:
896:
894:
879:
839:four-iwan layout
740:Free Syrian Army
736:Syrian Civil War
732:Battle of Aleppo
721:Syrian civil war
654:consul d’Arvieux
629:Qansuh al-Ghawri
478:Byzantine Empire
412:24th century BCE
376:Battle of Aleppo
321:
311:
309:
227:Syrian Civil War
166:
164:
163:
141:Site information
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
80:
79:
73:
57:
48:
33:
32:
19:
18:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3031:
2992:Qulay'ah Castle
2987:Qasr Ibn Wardan
2972:Qalaat al-Madiq
2907:Citadel of Homs
2852:Castle of al-Al
2833:
2828:
2798:
2793:
2791:Category:Aleppo
2784:
2723:State of Aleppo
2713:Baghdad Railway
2618:Kingdom of Armi
2595:
2581:Ommal Aleppo SC
2571:Al-Herafyeen SC
2544:
2495:7 April Stadium
2476:
2420:
2416:Simeon Stylites
2356:Moustapha Akkad
2294:
2265:Al-Hatab Square
2253:
2244:Sheraton Aleppo
2207:
2140:
2134:
2070:
2066:Martyrs' Church
2056:Emmanuel Church
2042:
2024:
2005:
1960:
1910:
1889:
1799:
1765:Al-Muqaddamiyah
1733:
1679:Hammam Yalbugha
1627:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1530:Wayback Machine
1519:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1468:
1456:and the Syrian
1427:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1346:
1345:
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1337:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1299:Washington Post
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
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1261:
1257:
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1183:
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1123:
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1103:
1098:
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1080:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1010:
1006:
1002:, Jan 16, 2010.
1000:Wayback Machine
991:
987:
977:
975:
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965:
961:
951:
949:
936:
935:
928:
909:
902:
892:
890:
881:
880:
876:
872:
865:View of the top
855:
841:, with tiling.
834:
797:
770:
693:
681:
658:Sultan Süleyman
637:
605:
567:Count of Edessa
543:
495:
459:
443:
441:Seleucid period
437:(539–333 BCE).
388:
294:The Throne Hall
176:the public
175:
161:
159:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
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81:
60:
40:
35:
17:
16:Castle in Syria
12:
11:
5:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3109:Forts in Syria
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:Qal'at Sukkara
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Palmyra Castle
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Khariba Castle
2919:
2917:Al-Kahf Castle
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Bourzey castle
2869:
2864:
2862:Areimeh Castle
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:People's Party
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Qudud Halabiya
2705:
2703:Aleppo Vilayet
2700:
2695:
2693:Levant Company
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
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2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
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2583:
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2573:
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2558:
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2537:
2532:
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2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Aleppo plateau
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Kurd Mountains
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Paul of Aleppo
2388:
2386:Omar Abu-Riche
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Nazim al-Kudsi
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:Jerry Seinfeld
2333:
2331:Ibrahim Hananu
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2299:Notable people
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:Liberty Square
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Aleppo College
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2083:Historic gates
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1961:
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1958:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Bahsita Mosque
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Al-Turantaiyah
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Beit Achiqbash
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Al-Madina Souq
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1623:Sheikh Maqsood
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1591:Neighbourhoods
1588:
1587:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1518:
1517:External links
1515:
1514:
1513:
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1477:
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1397:
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1225:
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1101:
1085:
1079:978-9004185111
1078:
1058:
1051:
1031:
1024:
1004:
985:
959:
926:
919:) – via
900:
873:
871:
868:
854:
851:
833:
830:
821:machicolations
796:
795:Entrance block
793:
769:
768:Internal sites
766:
692:
689:
685:French Mandate
680:
679:French Mandate
677:
636:
635:Ottoman period
633:
604:
601:
587:French Mandate
542:
539:
494:
491:
465:destroyed the
458:
455:
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417:The patriarch
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136:Castle/Citadel
134:
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3038:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Sahyun Castle
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Qal'at Ja'bar
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Nimrod Castle
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Masyaf Castle
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Maniqa Castle
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Chastel Rouge
2885:
2883:
2882:Chastel Blanc
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Aleika Castle
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
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2818:
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2806:
2805:
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2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Aleppo Eyalet
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
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2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Al-Yarmouk SC
2564:
2562:
2561:Al-Hurriya SC
2559:
2557:
2556:Al-Ittihad SC
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Mount al-Hass
2455:
2453:
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2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
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2317:
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2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Farhat Square
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Al-Sabil Park
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:Entertainment
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
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2110:Bab Qinnasrin
2108:
2106:
2103:
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2100:Bab al-Nairab
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
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2061:Bethel Church
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1933:
1932:
1930:
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1923:
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1906:Tawhid Mosque
1904:
1902:
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1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
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1818:
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1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Al-Uthmaniyah
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Al-Sultaniyah
1778:
1776:
1775:Al-Sharafiyah
1773:
1771:
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2896:
2877:Burj al-Sabi
2653:Aleppo Codex
2442:Mount Simeon
2437:Dhahab River
2406:Sabah Fakhri
2351:Louay Kayali
2341:Joseph Safra
2139:Culture and
2125:Bab al-Faraj
2120:Bab al-Jinan
2115:Bab Antakeya
2105:Bab al-Maqam
2095:Bab al-Ahmar
2090:Bab al-Hadid
1795:Al-Zahiriyah
1760:Al-Kameliyah
1755:Al-Halawiyah
1745:Al-Ahmadiyah
1643:
1506:, retrieved
1502:the original
1482:
1472:the original
1448:
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1363:
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1329:
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1242:the original
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319:Qalʿat Ḥalab
299:
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223:Battles/wars
192:Site history
174:Open to
28:
2967:Qal'at Najm
2947:Montferrand
2912:Hama Castle
2643:Dead Cities
2638:Aleppo soap
2452:Mount Barsa
2432:Queiq River
2411:Saint Maron
2249:Shahba Mall
2239:Club d'Alep
2130:Bab al-Nasr
1714:Baron Hotel
776:The theatre
749:Syrian Army
744:Syrian Army
647:During the
571:Joscelin II
398:texts from
330:, northern
205:In use
120: /
96:Coordinates
3063:Categories
2842:Abu Qubays
2586:Ouroube SC
2311:Al-Ma'arri
2193:École Amal
2048:Protestant
1957:(Maronite)
1750:Al-Firdaws
1724:Villa Rose
1508:2009-07-24
1379:6 February
1340:2019-07-22
1052:9004147136
1025:9004131582
885:. UNESCO.
870:References
691:Modern day
579:Baldwin II
563:Nur ad-Din
486:Khosrow II
461:After the
348:Byzantines
108:37°09′45″E
105:36°11′57″N
3047:Also See:
2663:Mirdasids
2658:Hamdanids
2633:Bit Agusi
2141:education
1248:10 August
825:mezzanine
757:magnitude
535:Mirdasids
523:Byzantine
510:empires.
500:Byzantine
482:Sassanian
396:cuneiform
340:Armenians
313:romanized
217:Limestone
213:Materials
184:Condition
2997:Al-Rahba
2628:Palistin
2576:Jalaa SC
2234:Abu Abdo
1973:Catholic
1928:Historic
1920:Churches
1813:Historic
1738:Madrasas
1613:Ramouseh
1526:Archived
1373:Archived
1349:cite web
1334:Archived
1303:Archived
1278:June 21,
1272:Archived
1268:BBC News
1069:Muqarnas
996:Archived
972:Archived
952:June 21,
946:Archived
942:BBC News
887:Archived
742:and the
595:'s son,
531:Fatimids
518:Hamdanid
467:Seleucid
433:and the
360:Ottomans
352:Ayyubids
324:medieval
308:قلعة حلب
31:قلعة حلب
3012:Shmemis
3007:Shaizar
2927:Khawabi
2668:Zengids
2316:Buhturi
1805:Mosques
1425:Sources
978:12 June
921:Twitter
734:of the
649:Ottoman
625:Ayyubid
615:leader
593:Saladin
508:Abbasid
504:Ummayad
419:Abraham
386:History
356:Mamluks
315::
286:masonry
2937:Margat
2623:Yamhad
2488:Venues
2425:Nature
1965:Modern
1894:Modern
1584:Aleppo
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893:Mar 7,
846:hammam
716:Mamluk
705:metres
609:Mongol
583:mihrab
557:ruler
555:Zengid
533:. The
527:Beduin
471:Julian
463:Romans
408:Yamhad
372:UNESCO
344:Romans
336:Greeks
328:Aleppo
304:Arabic
165:
42:Aleppo
2549:Clubs
2481:Sport
1309:9 May
917:Tweet
617:Timur
484:king
392:Hadad
370:, an
332:Syria
284:ablaq
282:with
197:Built
146:Owner
46:Syria
1492:ISBN
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1381:2023
1355:link
1311:2014
1280:2018
1250:2012
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954:2018
895:2012
784:The
759:7.8
712:moat
516:, a
506:and
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402:and
400:Ebla
358:and
298:The
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133:Type
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