419:, since Christians most likely formed only sixteen to seventeen percent of the empire's population at the time of Constantine's conversion, they did not have the numerical advantage to form a sufficient powerâbase to begin a systematic persecution of pagans. However, Brown reminds us "We should not underestimate the fierce mood of the Christians of the fourth century", nor should it be forgotten that repression, persecution and martyrdom do not generally breed tolerance of those same persecutors. Brown says Roman authorities had shown no hesitation in "taking out" the Christian church which they saw as a threat to the peace of the empire, and that Constantine and his successors did the same for the same reasons. Rome had been removing anything it saw as a challenge to Roman identity since Bacchic associations were dissolved in 186 BCE. That military action against a mystical religion became the pattern for the Roman state's response to anything it saw as a religious threat. That position of the state toward internal threats did not change once the emperors were Christian.
330:
401:
616:'s view, is how much anti-pagan legislation was applied and used, which would show how dependable the laws are as a reflection of what actually happened to pagans in history. Brown says that, given the large numbers of non-Christians in every region at this time, local authorities were "notoriously lax" in imposing them. Christian bishops also frequently obstructed their application. The harsh imperial edicts had to face the vast following of paganism among the population, and the passive resistance of governors and magistrates, thereby limiting their impact. Limiting, but not eliminating impact altogether, as Anna Leone says, "Temple closures and the prohibition of sacrifices had an impact... After AD 375 the majority of religious offices disappear completely from the epigraphic record".
731:
life. In 361, the murder of the Arian bishop George of
Cappadocia was committed by a mob of pagans, although there is evidence he had cruelly provoked them; the conflict over the Serapeum involved both a Christian and a pagan mob; the Jews and the Christians each gathered to fight in 415, although the sources indicate it was the upper levels of the Jewish community who decided to massacre the Christians after Cyril made serious threats to their leadership. A Christian mob threw objects at Orestes and, finally, Hypatia was killed by a Christian mob though politics and personal jealousy were probably the primary causes. Mobs were composed of lower-class urban dwellers, upper class educated pagans, Jews and Christians, and in Alexandria, monks from the monastery of Nitria.
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are scattered throughout the catacombs. Jewish and pagan use of sheep and goats, birds in a tree or vine, or eating fruit, especially grapes, seven steps leading up to a tomb, a pair of peacocks, the Robe of sanctity, the reading of scrolls, are all found in pagan art and adapted in the
Christian art to express the hope of immortality in Christian terms. Pagan sarcophagi had long carried shells, and portraits of the dead often had shells over the head of the dead, while some put a shell over a grave. Christians and Jews adapted the convention, identifying it with another symbol â the halo. For the Christians who made the catacombs, these symbols were necessary to convey their message.
30:
605:(r. 360â363) made his trip through Asia Minor to Antioch to assemble an army and resume war against Persia, opposing sacrifice had become the norm among the people. Julian reached Antioch on July 18 which coincided with a pagan festival that had already become secular: it did not include sacrifice. Julian's preference for blood sacrifice found little support, and the citizens of Antioch accused Julian of "turning the world upside down" by reinstituting it, calling him "slaughterer". "When Julian restored altars in Antioch, the Christian populace promptly threw them down again". Julian succeeded in marching to the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon, but during the
443:. Constantine destroyed a few temples and plundered more, converted others to churches, and neglected the rest; he "confiscated temple funds to help finance his own building projects", and in an effort to establish a stable currency, so he was primarily interested in hoards of gold and silver, but he also confiscated temple land; he refused to support pagan beliefs and practices while also speaking out against them; he periodically forbade pagan sacrifices and closed temples, made laws that threatened and menaced pagans while other laws markedly favored Christianity, and he personally endowed Christians with gifts of money, land and government positions.
1060:
532:
of their harsh punishments ever being enforced. As the eastern emperor, Theodosius seems to have practiced this same type of cautious policy from the beginning of his reign. Theodosius declared Nicene
Christianity the official religion of the empire, though this was aimed more at the local Arians in Constantinople than the pagans. For pagans, he reiterated his Christian predecessors' bans on animal sacrifice, divination, and apostasy, but allowed other pagan practices to be performed publicly and temples to remain open. He also turned pagan holidays into workdays, but the festivals associated with them continued.
1048:, Justin used the concept of the "Logos" as a way of arguing for Christianity to non-Jews. These references demonstrate that Justin's knowledge of Stoicism was the knowledge of an ordinary man of his time in ordinary conversation, and that it is unlikely he ever studied Stoicism. However, he calls himself a Platonist, his references to Plato are much more detailed, and parallels to Plato's writings can be found in Justin's, though they do not suggest direct influence. Since a Greek audience would accept references to Greek philosophy, his argument could concentrate on identifying the
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influence, so that laws could be made that were sufficiently intimidating to enable
Christianity to put a stop to animal sacrifice. Blood sacrifice was the element of pagan culture most abhorrent to Christians. If they could not stop the private practice of sacrifice, they could "hope to determine what would be normative and socially acceptable in public spaces". Altars used for sacrifice were routinely smashed by Christians who were deeply offended by the blood of slaughtered victims as they were reminded of their own past sufferings associated with such altars.
462:, written by Eusebius, as a kind of eulogy after Constantine's death. It is not a history so much as a panegyric praising Constantine. The laws as they are stated in the Life of Constantine often do not correspond, "closely, or at all", to the text of the Codes themselves. Eusebius gives these laws a "strongly Christian interpretation by selective quotation or other means". This has led many to question the veracity of the record, and whether, in his zeal to praise Constantine, Eusebius generously attributed actions to Constantine that were not actually his.
1199:
temples and celebrate the occasion with religious feasting. They will sacrifice and eat the animals not any more as an offering to the devil, but for the glory of God to whom, as the giver of all things, they will give thanks for having been satiated. Thus, if they are not deprived of all exterior joys, they will more easily taste the interior ones. For surely it is impossible to efface all at once everything from their strong minds, just as, when one wishes to reach the top of a mountain, he must climb by stages and step by step, not by leaps and bounds.
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prestige of pagan priesthoods and a shift in patterns of in civic life. That shift would have occurred on a lesser scale even without the conversion of
Constantine... It is easy, nonetheless, to imagine a situation in which sacrifice could decline without disappearing. Why not retain, for example, a single animal victim in order to preserve the integrity of the ancient rite? The fact that public sacrifices appear to have disappeared completely in many towns and cities must be attributed to the atmosphere created by imperial and episcopal hostility.
718:, a seminal Christian text. It is alleged that Christians destroyed almost all pagan political literature and threatened to cut off the hands of any copyist who dared to make new copies of the offending writings. Yet there is no evidence any Christian in authority ever "actually punished the expression of pagan sentiments" and there is no known prosecution of any pagan work. Many pagan poets and writers were popular among the still classically educated Christian elite, for example, Seneca was referenced 13 times in Augustine's
1490:
desire to extend their power and prestige, and conversion was not always an element of their plans. However, conversion was part of the language for all these invaders, and conversion was almost always by the direct use of force or the indirect force of a leader who had converted and required conversion of his followers as well. There were often severe consequences for populations that chose to resist. For example, the conquest and conversion of Old
Prussia resulted in the death of much of the native population, whose
609:, he was mortally wounded. The facts of his death have become obscured by the "war of words between Christians and pagans" which followed. It was "principally over the source of the fatal spear... The thought that Julian might have died by the hand of one of his own side... was a godsend to a Christian tradition eager to have the apostate emperor accorded his just desserts. Yet such a rumor was not solely the product of religious polemic. It had its roots in the broader trail of disaffection Julian left in his wake".
539:, who had, contrary to Theodosius' spoken policies, vandalized a number of pagan shrines and temples in the eastern provinces, Theodosius replaced him with a moderate pagan who subsequently moved to protect the temples. During his first official tour of Italy (389â391), the emperor won over the influential pagan lobby in the Roman Senate by appointing its foremost members to important administrative posts. Theodosius also nominated the last pair of pagan consuls in Roman history (
1322:
1318:Ăthelberht, signified that they were come from Rome, and brought a joyful message, which most undoubtedly assured to all that took advantage of it everlasting joys in heaven, and a kingdom that would never end with the living and true God." Ăthelberht was not unfamiliar with Christianity because he had a Christian wife, and Bede says that there was even a church dedicated to St. Martin nearby. Ăthelberht was converted eventually and Augustine remained in Canterbury.
9476:
6682:
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1369:(r. 768â814). Thereafter, the Saxon's Christian conversion slowly progressed into the eleventh century. The Saxon conversion was difficult for a number of reasons including that their pagan beliefs were so strongly tied to their culture that conversion necessarily meant massive cultural change that was hard to accept. Their sophisticated theology was also a bulwark against an immediate and complete conversion to Christianity.
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914:(December 17â23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since Republican times, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts". Historian Stephen Nissenbaum says this choice was a compromise with paganism, arguing there is no avoiding "Roman midwinter parties and Christianity's conscious decision to place a Christmas celebration right in the middle of them" as part of that compromise. Many observers schooled in the
268:
670:
destroyed them all, then he said
Constantine converted them all to churches. "According to Procopius, in the 530s Justinian destroyed the temples of Philae widely identified as the last bastion of paganism in Egypt. But no priests are attested to after the 450s, Christianity was thriving there from the early fourth century, and the temples themselves are among the best preserved in the ancient world".
795:
interpretation. Christian art had something fundamentally new to say as it gave visual expression to the conviction that the human soul can be delivered from death to an everlasting life. Neither
Judaism nor any pagan religion had previously made such a claim. "The Jewish faith puts little emphasis on immortality, and pagan beliefs about the afterlife were vague, uncertain, and sometimes dismal".
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674:
maintain the large temple complexes and their festivals. Lower budgets, with less spent on statuary, monuments, and simple maintenance, meant the physical decline of urban structures of all types. Many
Temples were left to fall into disrepair and in many instances, such as in Tripolitana, this happened before any Christian anti-pagan legislation could have been a factor.
259:). Suetonius, later to the period, does not mention any persecution after the fire, but in a previous paragraph unrelated to the fire, mentions punishments inflicted on Christians, defined as men following a new and malefic superstition. But Suetonius did not specify the reasons for the punishment; he just listed the fact together with other abuses put down by Nero.
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immoderate behavior as improper for people who believed death was not the end, so they attempted to moderate it by singing Psalms, with two groups of singers on opposite sides chanting an antiphonal lament, with rhythm, harmony and order instead. However, this too is similar to the pagan lament sung for
Achilles and one suggested by Plato for his Examiners in the
219:, but were considered as belonging to just another of many foreign cults which had infiltrated the Empire. They gradually became conspicuous by their absence from festival activities where ritual sacrifices for the health of the emperor and well-being of the empire took place, behavior that carried a "whiff of both sacrilege and treason".
1497:"While the theologians maintained that conversion should be voluntary, there was a widespread pragmatic acceptance of conversion obtained through political pressure or military coercion." The church's acceptance of this led some commentators of the time to endorse and approve it, something Christian thought had never previously done.
176:. Here, Christianity came into contact with the dominant Pagan religions. Acts 19 recounts a riot that occurred in Ephesus, instigated by silversmiths who crafted images of Artemis, and were concerned that Paul's success was cutting into their trade. These conflicts are recorded in the works of the early Christian writers such as
1166:
1132:
those combated by the church fathers. Not all Cathars held that The Evil God (or principle) was as powerful as The Good God (also called a principle) as Mani did, a belief also known as absolute dualism. In the case of the Cathars, it seems they adopted the Manichaean principles of church organization, but none of its
200:
could be a priest, and strict control of the cult was thereafter established. In the first century of the common era, there were "periodic expulsions of astrologers, philosophers and even teachers of rhetoric... as well as Jews and...the cult of Isis". Druids also received this treatment, as did Christians.
423:
view. As a result, the fourth century included a focus on heresy as a higher priority than paganism. According to Brown, "In most areas, polytheists were not molested, and apart from a few ugly incidents of local violence, Jewish communities also enjoyed a century of stable, even privileged, existence".
806:
While many new subjects appear for the first time in the Christian catacombs â i.e. the Good Shepherd, Baptism, and the Eucharistic meal â the Orant figures (women praying with upraised hands) probably came directly from pagan art. Pagan symbolism in the form of Victories, cupids, and shepherd scenes
690:
Some scholars have long asserted that not all temples were destroyed but were instead converted to churches throughout the empire. According to modern archaeology, 120 pagan temples were converted to churches in the whole empire, out of the thousands of temples that existed, and only about 40 of them
655:
Problems with this view have arisen in the twenty-first century. Archaeological evidence for the violent destruction of temples in the fourth century, from around the entire Mediterranean, is limited to a handful of sites. Temple destruction is attested to in 43 cases in the written sources, but only
531:
In the Eastern Empire, up until the time of Justinian, the Byzantine emperors practiced a policy of tolerance toward all religions. This pertained to both devotions to the Greco-Roman gods and the religion of barbarians living within the empire. Although there were anti-pagan laws, there is no record
1489:
Dragnea and Christiansen indicate the primary motive for these wars was the noble's desire for territorial expansion and material wealth in the form of land, furs, amber, slaves, and tribute. Medieval historian and political scientist Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt says, the princes were motivated by their
786:
Spontaneous lamentation would break out among those present once the struggle of the soul was over. All evidence suggests this was a violent display of grief â the laceration of the cheeks, tearing one's hair, and the rending of garments along with the wailing of the lament song. The church saw this
730:
Mob violence was an occasional problem in all the independent cities of the empire. There were no police forces as such. Taxes, food and politics were common reasons for rioting. Religion was also a factor though it is difficult to separate from politics since they were intertwined in all aspects of
673:
Archaeology suggests that religious buildings were subject to three different directions of change during the imperial period: early abandonment, destruction and re-use. The financial struggles begun in the third century continued on into the fourth century to negatively impact available funding to
623:
Lastly, on the one hand the laws, and these Christian sources with their violent rhetoric, have had great influence on modern perceptions of this period by creating an impression of continuous violent conflict that has been assumed on an empire-wide scale. Archaeological evidence, on the other hand,
487:
unlikely and unnecessary as an explanation: Gratian was, himself, devout, and "The many differences between Gratian's religious policies and his father's, and the shifts that occurred during his own reign, are to be explained by changed political circumstances , rather than capitulation to Ambrose".
446:
As the emperor, he openly supported Christianity after 324, but there are indications he also remained tolerant of pagans. He never engaged in a purge. Opponents' supporters were not slaughtered when Constantine took the capital; their families and court were not killed. There were no pagan martyrs.
426:
After Constantine, except for the brief period of Julian's rule, paganism never regained its previous status as a state religion. Yet despite its inferior status in the Christian Empire, paganism still existed and was practiced. Up to the time of Justin I and Justinian, there was some toleration for
1409:
became King Olaf I of Norway. Olaf I then made it his priority to convert the country to Christianity. By destroying temples and torturing and killing pagan resisters he succeeded in making every part of Norway at least nominally Christian. Expanding his efforts to the Norse settlements in the west
1194:
Tell Augustine that he should be no means destroy the temples of the gods but rather the idols within those temples. Let him, after he has purified them with holy water, place altars and relics of the saints in them. For, if those temples are well built, they should be converted from the worship of
1131:
and Cathars, in particular, left few records of their rituals or doctrines, and the link between them and Manichaeans is unclear. Regardless of its historical veracity the charge of Manichaeism was leveled at them by contemporary orthodox opponents, who often tried to fit contemporary heresies with
506:
requested the restoration of the altar that Gratian had removed and the restoration of state support for the Vestals. Ambrose campaigned against any financial support for paganism throughout his entire career, and anything like the Altar that required participation in blood sacrifices was anathema.
486:
Gratian and Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, exchanged multiple letters and books on Christianity, and the sheer volume of these writings has often been seen as evidence that Gratian was dominated by Ambrose. Ambrose, therefore, was the 'true source' of Gratian's anti-pagan actions. McLynn finds this
422:
Within this environment, Christians of the fourth century also believed the conversion of Constantine (traditionally 312) showed that Christianity had triumphed over paganism (in Heaven) and little further action against pagans was necessary; everything was done but the sweeping up in the Christian
1198:
Further, since it has been their custom to slaughter oxen in sacrifice, they should receive some solemnity in exchange. Let them therefore, on the day of the dedication of their churches, or on the feast of the martyrs whose relics are preserved in them, build themselves huts around their one-time
954:
stating "He must increase, but I must decrease". The sun's height in the sky and length of the day begins to decrease after the summer solstice and to increase after the winter solstice. Thus 'Johnmas' was held at midsummer and 'Christmas' at midwinter. With the spread of Christianity, some of the
619:
Secondly, the laws reveal the emergence of a language of intolerance. The legal language runs parallel to the writings of the apologists, such as Augustine of Hippo and Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and heresiologists such as Epiphanius of Salamis. Christian writers and imperial legislators both drew on a
596:
Blood sacrifice was a central rite of virtually all religious groups in the pre-Christian Mediterranean, and its gradual disappearance is one of the most significant religious developments of late antiquity. ... Public sacrifices and communal feasting had declined as the result of a decline in the
583:
Anti-pagan legislation reflects what Brown calls "the most potent social and religious drama" of the fourth-century Roman empire. From Constantine forward, the Christian intelligentsia wrote of Christianity as fully triumphant over paganism. It did not matter that they were still a minority in the
199:
because it "took place at night" (also a later Christian practice). Magic and secret plots against the emperor were seen as products of the night. Bacchic associations were dissolved, leaders were arrested and executed, women were forbidden to hold important positions in the cult, no Roman citizen
1317:
conversion and is told by the Venerable Bede in his histories of the conversion of England. In 582 Pope Gregory sent Augustine and 40 companions from Rome to convert the Anglo-Saxons. "They had, by order of the blessed Pope Gregory, brought interpreters of the nation of the Franks, and sending to
681:
Overall data indicates that a number of elements coincided to end the Temples, but none of them were strictly religious. The economy, necessity, and political expressions of power were the primary driving forces for the destruction and conversion of pagan religious monuments. Lavan says: "We must
1602:
Economic struggles meant a "substantially poorer quality of life" from the fourth century onward, and demolition of temples was expensive (if destruction was not the result of natural phenomena like earthquakes or floods). Active destruction of temples by humans was rare. It was not carried out
764:
often remained within Christian culture as aspects of custom and community with very little alteration. A type of song sung at death, the ritual lament, is one of the oldest of all art forms. As soon as death was imminent, the ritual began, then came the "struggle of the soul" and prayer for the
677:
Progressive early decay was accompanied by an increased trade in statuary and salvaged building materials, as the practice of recycling became common in Late Antiquity, resulting in their complete destruction and removal. "Even churches were reused in similar ways". Some temple restorations took
638:
It has been common for much of scholarship to attribute rampant temple destruction to Theodosius through his prefect, Maternus Cynegius. Cynegius did commission the destruction of temples, using the army under his control and nearby monks, especially in the territory around Constantinople in the
591:
The laws were not intended to convert; "the laws were intended to terrorize... Their language was uniformly vehement, and... frequently horrifying". Their intent was to reorder society along religious lines with the 'triumphant' Christian church in charge, and pagans and Jews at the outskirts of
522:
continued to appropriate for the crown the tax revenue collected by the temple custodians, though this may have been more about the empire's ongoing financial difficulties than religion. Urban ritual procession and ceremony was gradually stripped of support and funding. Rather than being removed
490:
Modern scholars have noted that Sozomen is the only ancient source that shows Ambrose and Gratian having any personal interaction. In the last year of Gratian's reign, Ambrose crashed Gratian's private hunting party in order to appeal on behalf of a pagan senator sentenced to die. After years of
352:
at the end of the third and beginning of the 4th century. Beginning with a series of four edicts banning Christian practices and ordering the imprisonment of Christian clergy, the persecution intensified until all Christians in the empire were commanded to sacrifice to the gods or face immediate
1372:
Saxons had gone back and forth between rebellion and submission to the Franks for decades. Charlemagne placed missionaries and courts across Saxony in hopes of pacifying the region, but Saxons rebelled again in 782 with disastrous losses for the Franks. In response, the Frankish King "enacted a
660:
In Gaul, only 2.4% of over 500 known temples and religious sites were destroyed by violence, some of it barbarian. In Africa, the city of Cyrene has good evidence of the burning of several temples; Asia Minor has produced one weak possibility; in Greece the only strong candidate may relate to a
378:
The failure of the Great Persecution of Diocletian was regarded as a confirmation of a long process of religious self-assertion against the conformism of a pagan empire. Freedom to assert a belief not recognized by the State was won and held. 'However much Christian churches and states may have
1341:
mentions one, saying that Oswald's right arm was taken by a raven to an ash tree, which gave the tree ageless vigor; when the bird dropped the arm onto the ground, a spring emerged from the ground. Both the tree and the spring were, according to Reginald, subsequently associated with healing
669:
Trombley and MacMullen say part of why discrepancies between literary sources and archaeological evidence exist is because it is common for details in the literary sources to be ambiguous and unclear. For example, Malalas claimed Constantine destroyed all the temples, then he said Theodisius
794:
Pagans and Jews decorated their burial chambers, so Christians did as well, thereby creating the first Christian art in the catacombs beneath Rome. This art is symbolic, rising out of a reinterpretation of Jewish and pagan symbolism. Christian piety infused the symbols with its own fresh
455:(527-565). Peter Leithart says of Constantine that, "He did not punish pagans for being pagans, or Jews for being Jews, and did not adopt a policy of forced conversion." Pagans remained in important positions at his court. Constantine ruled for 31 years and never outlawed paganism.
1505:
they would become peacefully converted. Ideals of peaceful conversion were rarely realized in these crusades; monks and priests had to work with the secular rulers on their terms, and the military leaders seldom cared about allowing the time necessary for peaceful conversion.
507:
Ambrose responded to Symmachus' and his arguments prevailed; the requests were denied. Pagans became outspoken in their demands for respect, concessions and support from the state, voicing their resentment in historical works, such as the writings of Eunapius and Olympiodorus.
251:(who claimed Nero was in Antium at the time of the fire's outbreak), stated that "to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians, or Chrestians, by the populace" (Tacit.
1181:
The most likely date for Christianity getting its first foothold in Britain is sometime around 200. Recent archaeology indicates that it had become an established minority faith by the fourth century. It was largely mainstream, and in certain areas, had been continuous.
868:
In its first three centuries, Christianity did not celebrate the birth of Christ. Birthdays were seen as pagan, no one knew Jesus's true birthdate, and many early church fathers were against the idea. The earliest source giving December 25 as Jesus's birthdate is the
651:
was killed, (though there is evidence this happened in 415 instead). These examples were seen as the 'tip of the iceberg' by earlier scholars who saw these events as part of a tide of violent Christian iconoclasm that continued throughout the 390s and into the 400s.
1342:
miracles. Aspects of the legend have been considered to have pagan overtones or influences and may represent a fusion of his status as a traditional Germanic warrior-king with Christianity. The cult surrounding him gained prominence in parts of continental Europe.
934:
Some way or another, Christmas was started to compete with rival Roman religions, or to co-opt the winter celebrations as a way to spread Christianity, or to baptize the winter festivals with Christian meaning in an effort to limit their excesses. Most likely all
624:
indicates that, outside of violent rhetoric, there were only isolated incidents of actual violence between Christians and pagans. Non-Christian, (non-heretical), groups such as pagans and Jews enjoyed a tolerance based on contempt through most of Late Antiquity.
3549:, Yale University Press, p.4 quote: "non Christian writings came in for this same treatment, that is destruction in great bonfires at the center of the town square. Copyists were discouraged from replacing them by the threat of having their hands cut off
1189:
wrote that, "When Gregory the Great was taking steps for the conversion of the heathen Saxons, he is said to have warned his missionaries not to interfere with any traditional belief or religious observance which could be harmonized with Christianity".
491:
acquaintance, this indicates Ambrose did not personally feel he had enough influence to take for granted that Gratian would grant a request to see him. Instead, Ambrose had to resort to such maneuverings to make his appeal. Gratian's brother,
1195:
demons to the service of the true God. Thus, seeing that their places of worship are not destroyed, the people will banish error from their hearts and come to places familiar and dear to them in acknowledgement and worship of the true God.
561:
indicates there are several reasons to conclude the Olympic games continued after Theodosius and came to an end under Theodosius II instead. Two scholia on Lucian connect the end of the games with a fire that burned down the temple of the
695:
says the direct conversion of temples into churches did not begin until the mid fifth century in any but a few isolated incidents. In Rome the first recorded temple conversion was the Pantheon in 609. None of the churches attributed to
373:
were inclined to exaggerate the number of martyrs. Since the title of martyr is the highest title to which a Christian can aspire, this tendency is natural". Attempts at estimating the numbers involved are inevitably based on inadequate
523:
outright though, many festivals were secularized, and later, these were incorporated into a developing Christian calendar (often with little alteration). Some had already severely declined in popularity by the end of the 3rd century.
1092:, after eight or nine years of adhering to the Manichaean faith (as an "auditor", the lowest level in the sect's hierarchy), he became a Christian and a potent adversary of Manichaeism. When he turned from Manichaeism, he took up
1520:
The practice of replacing pagan beliefs and motifs with Christian, and purposefully not recording the pagan history (such as the names of pagan gods, or details of pagan religious practices), has been compared to the practice of
4277:
470:
In 382, Gratian was the first Roman emperor to formally, in law, divert into the crown's coffers those public financial subsidies that had previously supported Rome's cults; he appropriated the income of pagan priests and the
4779:
Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. "Pope Honorius III and Mission and Crusades in the Baltic Region". In The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier. Ed. Alan V. Murray. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2009. p.g.24;
427:
all religions; there were anti-pagan and anti-heretical laws, but they were not generally enforced. Thus, up through the sixth century, there still existed centers of paganism in Athens, Gaza, Alexandria, and elsewhere.
1381:
in 785 which prescribes death to those that are disloyal to the king, harm Christian churches or its ministers, or practice pagan burial rites. His harsh methods of Christianization raised objections from his friends
1242:
was Anglo-Saxon for 'Month of Äostre', the month that corresponded to April, so-named "after a goddess of theirs named Äostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month". The German cognate of the goddess
1866:, Christians, is therefore doubtful. On the other hand, Suetonius (Claudius 25) uses the same 'e' transliteration of the Greek Krystos, meaning the anointed one, and associates it with a troublemaker among the Jews]
1404:
The first recorded attempts at spreading Christianity in Norway were made by King Haakon the Good in the tenth century, who was raised in England. His efforts were unpopular and were met with little success. In 995
584:
empire, this triumph had occurred in Heaven; it was evidenced by Constantine; but even after Constantine, they wrote that Christianity would defeat, and be seen to defeat, all of its enemies â not convert them. As
214:
Christianity was persecuted by Roman imperial authorities early on in its history within the greater empire. By the early part of the 2nd century AD Christians were no longer viewed as forming a breakaway sect of
304:
in the mid-3rd century AD. A decree was issued requiring public sacrifice, a formality equivalent to a testimonial of allegiance to the Emperor and the established order. Christians who refused were charged with
4373:
Thomas, Charles. "Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain. The Small Finds. By CF Mawer. BAR British Series 243. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, 1995. Pp. vi+ 178, illus. ISBN 0 8605 4789 2." Britannia 28 (1997):
447:
Laws menaced death, but during Constantine's reign, no one suffered the death penalty for violating anti-pagan laws against sacrifice. There is no evidence of judicial killings for illegal sacrifices before
136:(800â1000), faiths referred to as pagan had mostly disappeared in the West through a mixture of peaceful conversion, natural religious change, persecution, and the military conquest of pagan peoples; the
535:
There is evidence that Theodosius took care to prevent the empire's still substantial pagan population from feeling ill-disposed toward his rule. Following the death in 388 of his praetorian prefect,
5335:
Leonard W Cowie, The Christian calendar: A complete guide to the seasons of the Christian year telling the story of Christ and the saints, from Advent to Pentecost (US: G. & C. Merriam Co, 1974,
3512:
R. P. C. HANSON, THE TRANSFORMATION OF PAGAN TEMPLES INTO CHURCHES IN THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CENTURIES, Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume 23, Issue 2, Autumn 1978, Pages 257â267, Accessed 26 June 2020
1501:
helped with this ideological justification. By portraying the pagans as possessed by evil spirits, they could assert the pagans were in need of conquest, persecution and force in order to free them;
1603:
unless it became necessary. Archaeological evidence for the violent destruction of temples in the fourth and early fifth centuries around the entire Mediterranean is limited to a handful of sites.
1056:
went much farther, perhaps the farthest "any Orthodox Christian ever did in his appropriation and use of Hellenistic philosophical and ethical concepts for the expression of his Christian faith".
1357:, Chad felt it necessary to fast for forty days in order to cleanse the place. This ritual purification indicates that the new monastery was likely built on the site of a pre-Christian cult.
1899:
1082:
I was taught by them to seek incorporeal truth, so I saw your 'invisible things, understood by the things that are made'." Until the 20th century, most of the Western world's concept of
495:, and his mother disliked Ambrose, but Valentinian II also refused to grant requests from pagans to restore the Altar of Victory and the income of the temple priests and Vestal Virgins.
1230:
is linked, by a single documentary source, to an Anglo-Saxon goddess, though the roots of the Easter celebration predate Christian contact with the Anglo-Saxons. In his eighth-century
1306:
with a mission team from Italy. In both cases, as in other kingdoms of this period, conversion generally began with the royal family and the nobility adopting the new religion first.
1478:
who dwelt by the Baltic shores and their Saxon and Danish neighbors to the north and south had been common for several centuries. The Christianization of the pagan Balts, Slavs and
769:
gives a vivid account of the dying soul seeing angels and demons â "account books in hand" â struggling against each other in a contest for possession of the dying person's soul.
633:
395:
1377:
in 782 when he ordered the decapitation of 4500 Saxon prisoners offering them baptism as an alternative to death. These events were followed by the severe legislation of the
3116:
Harald Hagendahl, Augustine and the Latin Classics, vol. 2: Augustineâs Attitude, Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1967), 601â630.
1482:
was undertaken primarily during the 12th and 13th centuries, in a series of uncoordinated military campaigns by various German and Scandinavian kingdoms, and later by the
8676:
1552:
1461:
191:
The pattern for the Roman state's response to what was seen as a religious threat was established in 186 BC. Roman officials became suspicious of the worshippers of
6984:
6833:
1772:
439:
of 313 finally legalized Christianity, and it gained governmental privileges, such as tax exemptions to Christian clergy, and a degree of official approval under
994:
7257:
8711:
7080:
3193:
Pagans and Christians in Late Antique Rome: Conflict, Competition, and Coexistence in the Fourth Century. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
7095:
209:
7294:
7277:
7272:
7242:
6885:
4756:
2403:
Thompson, Glen L. (28 June 2012). "Constantius II and the first removal of the Altar of Victory". In Aubert, Jean-Jacques; VĂĄrhelyi, Zsuzsanna (eds.).
930:
notes: " has left its traces and found its parallels in great numbers of medieval and modern customs, occurring about the time of the winter solstice."
678:
place throughout the imperial period, but there is no evidence of state participation or support. Restorations were funded and accomplished privately.
7252:
6808:
2033:
1827:
7282:
4724:
910:
in AD 274. Gary Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says "This celebration would have formed a welcome addition to the seven-day period of the
551:
1896:
4218:
5210:
Saradi-Mendelovici, Helen (1990). "Christian Attitudes toward Pagan Monuments in Late Antiquity and Their Legacy in Later Byzantine Centuries".
1486:
and other orders of warrior-monks. It was during these Northern Crusades that armed conversion of paganism first became a part of Christianity.
6964:
4860:
Boockmann, Harmut & Johannes Falkenberg. Der Deutsche Orden und die polnische Politik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975. p.g. 58
575:
389:
9179:
8302:
4693:
7530:
2457:
John Curran, Pagan City and Christian Capital (Oxford 2000), chapter 5, âThe Legal Standing of the Ancient Cults in Rome,â esp. pp. 169-81.
2345:
H. A. Drake, LAMBS INTO LIONS: EXPLAINING EARLY CHRISTIAN INTOLERANCE, Past & Present, Volume 153, Issue 1, November 1996, Pages 3â36,
4442:
3127:
2199:
620:
rhetoric of conquest. These writings were commonly hostile and often contemptuous toward a paganism Christianity saw as already defeated.
329:
4887:
9135:
5592:
682:
rule out most of the images of destruction created by the . Archaeology shows the vast majority of temples were not treated this way".
661:
barbarian raid instead of Christians. Egypt has produced no archaeologically confirmed temple destructions from this period except the
8686:
4107:, p. 268, note 3; Roger Beck, "Ritual, Myth, Doctrine, and Initiation in the Mysteries of Mithras: New Evidence from a Cult Vessel,"
475:, forbid their right to inherit land, confiscated the possessions of the priestly colleges, and was the first to refuse the title of
17:
4194:
309:
and punished by arrest, imprisonment, torture, and/or executions. Some Christians complied and purchased their certificates, called
9505:
8638:
8590:
6639:
1537:
239:, destroying portions of the city and economically devastating the Roman population. Nero himself was suspected as the arsonist by
6657:
1160:
1034:
997:". King noted that the place at Bethlehem selected by early Christians as Jesus's birthplace was an early shrine of a pagan god,
8568:
8558:
8322:
4162:
2127:
Demarsin, Koen (2011). "'Paganism' in Late Antiquity: Thematic studies Introduction". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).
1208:
580:
A number of laws against pagan sacrifice, and against heresy, were issued towards the end of Theodosius' reign in 391 and 392.
4876:, eds, Marek Tamm, Linda Kaljundi, and Carsten Selch Jensen. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2011. pg. 23, 678â79.
857:
on the ruins of a 6th-century Merovingian royal camp, destroyed 50 years earlier by the Saxons, at a ford on the Fulda River.
400:
9147:
8249:
8006:
5482:
5474:
5164:
4984:
4897:
4799:
4676:
4088:
4038:
3147:
2367:
2136:
1925:
1185:
In early Anglo-Saxon England, non-stop religious development meant paganism and Christianity were never completely separate.
779:
740:
643:
staged a procession ridiculing statues of pagan gods. Political complications contributed to turning it into a riot, and the
379:
sinned in later times by their religious coercion, the martyrdoms of the Roman Persecutions belong to the history of freedom.
9272:
7868:
7580:
6880:
4759:. Medieval Germany: 1056â1273. Trans. Helga Braun and Richard Mortimer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. p.g. 157â158
708:
Some pagans blamed the Christian hegemony for the 410 Sack of Rome, while Christians in turn blamed the pagans, provoking
9310:
2742:
Trombley, Frank R. Hellenic Religion and Christianization, C.370-529. Netherlands, Brill Academic Publishers, 2001, p. 53
2202:". The Classical Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 2, 1994, pp. 511â524. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/639654. Accessed 23 June 2020.
1888:
544:
1780:
1140:
and his followers apparently tried to absorb what they thought was the valuable part of Manichaeaism into Christianity.
9520:
9500:
7853:
7421:
6718:
5444:
5429:
5414:
5400:
5370:
5355:
5340:
5314:
5116:
4845:
865:
Many names for months and days of the week â even the concept of a seven-day week â were borrowed from Roman paganism.
588:
says, "Conversion was not the principal aim of a social order that declared the God-given dominance of Christianity".
9196:
8295:
7843:
5738:
5565:
5548:
5523:
5385:
5329:
5267:
5248:
5200:
5067:
5036:
4962:
4926:
4742:
4555:
4535:
4132:
3964:
3860:
3661:
3636:
3410:
3371:
3281:
3239:
3070:
2862:
2442:
2412:
2330:
2302:
2275:
1992:
1735:
1710:
1685:
1657:
1515:
300:
Although there was sporadic local persecution, there was no empire-wide persecution of Christians until the reign of
2975:
9440:
5700:
4940:
4590:, which of course are not a Christian practice, have been found until that time; see: Padberg, Lutz v. (1998), p.59
3391:
Trombley, Frank R. Hellenic Religion and Christianization, C.370-529. Netherlands, Brill Academic Publishers, 2001.
1100:(Against the Skeptics). J. Brachtendorf says Augustine used the Ciceronian Stoic concept of passions to interpret
8707:
8605:
8573:
6662:
5870:
4874:
Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
1399:
640:
563:
2970:
1365:
The conversion of the northern Saxons began with their forced incorporation into the Frankish kingdom in 776 by
9515:
9399:
8648:
8563:
8021:
7736:
7465:
7085:
6652:
5920:
5725:
5585:
4640:
1562:
1044:
875:, which liturgical historians generally agree was written in Rome in AD 336. A supposedly earlier reference by
8366:
2853:
Brown, Peter (1998). "21 Christianization and religious conflict". In Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).
29:
9206:
8528:
7610:
7443:
5467:
Pagans and Christians: In the Mediterranean World from the Second Century AD to the Conversion of Constantine
1567:
1557:
173:
137:
4083:. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 116.
951:
313:, which certified their compliance; others fled to safe havens in the countryside. Several councils held at
9211:
8288:
7848:
5801:
1542:
1107:
The influence of paganism can also be found in the development of many non-Orthodox theologies such as the
943:
550:
Classicist Ingomar Hamlet says that, contrary to popular myth, Theodosius did not ban the Olympic games.
9282:
9063:
8925:
7545:
7489:
6667:
5680:
2048:
1088:
986:
880:
3382:
Trombley, F. R. 1995a. Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370-529. New York. I. 166-8, II. 335-6
3220:
Trombley, F. R. 1995a. Hellenic Religion and Christianisation, c. 370-529. New York. I. 166-8, II. 335-6
2556:
2074:"The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code"
9392:
9354:
8841:
5833:
5828:
4692:
Dr. SĂŠbjĂžrg Walaker Nordeide, Enseignant-Chercheur, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Bergen.
4602:. "Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England." The Harvard Theological Review 53 (1960): 197â217.
979:
503:
5186:, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 22, Berkeley: University of California Press
1801:
639:
diocese of Oriens (the East). Peter Brown says that in 392, inspired by the mood created by Cynegius,
9510:
9435:
9425:
9387:
9142:
8952:
8920:
8874:
8851:
7650:
7431:
7233:
6939:
6685:
5865:
5772:
5765:
5743:
5578:
4972:
773:(fourth century) writes of such a contest which is only resolved by the intervention of the person's
366:
87:, the term was also adapted to refer to religions practiced outside the former Roman Empire, such as
297:
of 197 was ostensibly written in defense of persecuted Christians and addressed to Roman governors.
9415:
9320:
9315:
9130:
9095:
9021:
8977:
8972:
8769:
8595:
8440:
8337:
8332:
7460:
7321:
6843:
5905:
5890:
5705:
5690:
5509:(A primary sourcebook for interaction between Pagans and Christians from the 2nd century to 425 CE)
2405:
A Tall Order. Writing the Social History of the Ancient World: Essays in honor of William V. Harris
1093:
1059:
919:
613:
4700:
2469:"Christian emperor, vestal virgins and priestly colleges: Reconsidering the end of roman paganism"
337:
9100:
8834:
8739:
8628:
8578:
8435:
8352:
8327:
7933:
6917:
6875:
6020:
5910:
5900:
5895:
5715:
5695:
5652:
4994:
Errington, R. Malcolm (1997). "Christian Accounts of the Religious Legislation of Theodosius I".
1387:
1303:
906:, the 'Invincible Sun'), held on the same date. This festival had been instituted by the emperor
854:
837:
regarding Anglo-Saxon holy places, in order to ease the transition to Christianity. According to
585:
4546:
Rollason, David, "St Oswald in Post-Conquest England", in C. Stancliffe and E. Cambridge (eds),
3602:
3087:
9420:
9011:
8869:
8811:
8702:
8681:
8446:
8152:
8078:
8058:
7928:
7863:
7792:
7560:
7368:
7299:
7203:
6848:
6711:
6422:
5855:
5850:
5777:
5672:
2499:
1186:
990:
662:
498:
Between 382 and 384, there was yet another dispute over the Altar of Victory. According to the
9479:
9078:
8804:
8613:
8516:
8471:
8400:
7821:
7799:
7540:
7218:
7075:
7014:
6934:
6902:
5720:
5610:
3139:
1330:
1053:
440:
149:
129:
56:
5277:
Wood, Ian N. (2007). "Some historical re-identifications and the Christianization of Kent".
5241:
Rome is Love Spelled Backward (Roma Amor): Enjoying Art and Architecture in the Eternal City
3654:
Rome is Love Spelled Backward (Roma Amor): Enjoying Art and Architecture in the Eternal City
3254:
Gray, M.W. Hypatia of Alexandria by Maria Dzielska . Math Intelligencer 36, 106â110 (2014).
1346:
1310:
942:
was said to be six months older than Jesus, thus the Church began holding the feast of the
9300:
9250:
9235:
9112:
8821:
8721:
8671:
8666:
8623:
8583:
8511:
8189:
7918:
7858:
7555:
7535:
7378:
7331:
7262:
7247:
7223:
7208:
7181:
7122:
5811:
5782:
5685:
4869:
4317:
1751:
1271:
1119:
of Satanic origin. Whether this was due to influence from Manichaeism or another strand of
1071:
1049:
927:
448:
4526:
Tudor, Victoria, "Reginald's Life of St Oswald", in C. Stancliffe and E. Cambridge (eds),
4079:
Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010). "Bacchanalia and Saturnalia".
8:
9469:
9445:
9430:
9349:
9339:
9325:
9305:
9295:
9265:
9245:
9174:
8905:
8734:
8661:
8491:
8420:
8347:
8254:
7981:
7976:
7923:
7893:
7888:
7772:
7448:
7373:
7336:
7137:
7034:
6818:
6647:
5860:
5046:
1577:
1256:
1216:
1133:
1112:
915:
280:
272:
153:
64:
3011:
Errington, R. Malcolm. "Constantine and the Pagans." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
2799:
Hamlet, Ingomar. "Theodosius I. And The Olympic Games". Nikephoros 17 (2004): pp. 53-75.
1623:
227:
The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of the Christians in the
9344:
9290:
9201:
9191:
8982:
8897:
8846:
8456:
8194:
8098:
7913:
7826:
7804:
7687:
7635:
7575:
7470:
7228:
7196:
7186:
7147:
7142:
7112:
7102:
6959:
6030:
5882:
5821:
5710:
5642:
5618:
5227:
5170:
5133:
5098:
5013:
4792:
The Wendish Crusade, 1147: The Development of Crusading Ideology in the Twelfth Century
4409:
4231:
3798:
3459:
3063:
The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa
2689:
2233:
2168:
2085:
1965:
1961:
1374:
1338:
1067:
876:
871:
829:
into a Christian church, a practice similar to that recommended eight years earlier by
540:
515:
236:
647:
in Alexandria, Egypt was destroyed. Some scholars think this is when the philosopher
9381:
9260:
9166:
9090:
8989:
8962:
8881:
8829:
8779:
8538:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8486:
8476:
8425:
7814:
7677:
7657:
7565:
7482:
7477:
7453:
7353:
7346:
7314:
7309:
7176:
7171:
7159:
7117:
6979:
6949:
6704:
5806:
5657:
5632:
5561:
5544:
5519:
5478:
5470:
5440:
5425:
5410:
5396:
5381:
5366:
5351:
5336:
5325:
5310:
5263:
5244:
5196:
5174:
5160:
5137:
5063:
5032:
5017:
4980:
4958:
4922:
4893:
4841:
4795:
4738:
4718:
4672:
4551:
4531:
4337:
4212:
4084:
4034:
3960:
3856:
3657:
3632:
3406:
3367:
3277:
3235:
3143:
3066:
2858:
2468:
2438:
2408:
2363:
2326:
2298:
2271:
2132:
1988:
1921:
1731:
1706:
1681:
1653:
1523:
1455:
1435:
1291:
1002:
815:
770:
665:. In Italy there is one; Britain has the highest percentage with 2 out of 40 temples.
606:
556:
536:
318:
157:
133:
92:
88:
68:
7570:
4177:
479:. The colleges of pagan priests lost privileges and immunities. He also ordered the
283:
was preceded by mob violence, including assaults, robberies and stonings (Eusebius,
9125:
8967:
8942:
8521:
8481:
8236:
8177:
8026:
8011:
8001:
7712:
7682:
7550:
7436:
7426:
7363:
7152:
7129:
7107:
6954:
6828:
6813:
6229:
5601:
5530:
5437:
The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries: Cosmology and Salvation in the Ancient World
5219:
5152:
5125:
5090:
5005:
4936:
4329:
3790:
3451:
3135:
3099:
2511:
2480:
2225:
1957:
1547:
1498:
1483:
1149:
1101:
1078:, wrote in the late 4th and early 5th century: "But when I read those books of the
960:
939:
811:
602:
480:
476:
256:
161:
96:
634:
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire § Temple destruction and conversion
9334:
9240:
9031:
8729:
8182:
8130:
8050:
7883:
7754:
7692:
7630:
7585:
7358:
7304:
7289:
7213:
7191:
7164:
7090:
6929:
6922:
6912:
6770:
6731:
6696:
5838:
5816:
5760:
5730:
5614:
5146:
5026:
4952:
4666:
4278:"L'enseignement juif, paĂŻen, hĂ©rĂ©tique et chrĂ©tien dans l'Ćuvre de Justin Martyr"
1903:
1892:
1411:
1406:
1295:
947:
918:
have noted similarities between the Saturnalia and historical revelry during the
884:
766:
761:
714:
709:
697:
692:
408:
102:
From the point of view of the early Christians, these religions all qualified as
80:
48:
4917:
Alexiou, Margaret (2002). Roilos, Panagiotis; Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (eds.).
3627:
Alexiou, Margaret (2002). Roilos, Panagiotis; Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios (eds.).
1942:
1438:
in 1000 there was a partial relapse to paganism in Norway under the rule of the
970:
in 1889, is that Christmas was calculated as nine months after a date chosen as
890:
A widely-held theory is that the Church chose December 25 as Christ's birthday (
287:
5.1.7). Further state persecutions were desultory until the 3rd century, though
37:
9330:
9230:
9026:
8915:
8861:
8794:
8774:
8533:
8374:
8269:
8264:
8226:
7986:
7707:
7667:
7662:
7645:
7640:
7494:
7383:
7009:
6512:
6296:
5960:
5647:
5461:
5009:
4996:
4737:
Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 8.
4599:
3524:
Krautheimer, R. 1980. Rome, Profile of a City, 312-1308. Princeton, New Jersey.
2555:"Letter of Gratian to Ambrose," The Letters of Ambrose Bishop of Milan, 379 AD.
1582:
1350:
1333:
came to be regarded as a saint, and the spot where he died was associated with
1299:
1124:
1014:
967:
923:
846:
830:
822:
774:
492:
472:
436:
362:
4823:
Forstreuter, Kurt. Deutschland und Litauen. Königsberg: Ost-europa, 1938. p. 9
3821:
3603:"Leadership, Ideology and Crowds in the Roman Empire of the Fourth Century AD"
3103:
1885:
383:
9494:
9255:
9186:
9036:
8744:
8384:
8379:
8147:
7906:
7672:
7625:
7029:
6974:
6969:
6897:
6803:
6271:
6234:
6194:
6060:
5789:
5748:
5062:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 26.
4944:
4341:
3959:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 26.
2538:
1773:"BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: Christianity and the Roman Empire"
1439:
1174:
1170:
1039:
1013:
converted the Christian site above the Grotto into a shrine dedicated to the
975:
354:
177:
140:
in the 15th century is typically considered to mark the end of this process.
103:
7809:
6373:
3925:
Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).
3455:
3255:
2931:
Hunt, David (1998). "2, Julian". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.).
2515:
1165:
950:. John the Baptist "was understood to be preparing the way for Jesus", with
9068:
9016:
8947:
8937:
8618:
8550:
8415:
8311:
8259:
8199:
8162:
8063:
8016:
7878:
7831:
7702:
5965:
5955:
5938:
5755:
5378:
The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom
5287:
5129:
4333:
2360:
The rise of Western Christendom : triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000
2323:
Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom
1572:
1491:
1467:
1321:
1267:
1259:, however, speculated that the name Easter might come from the Anglo-Saxon
971:
903:
416:
293:
228:
72:
60:
5156:
2484:
849:
and used the lumber to build a church dedicated to St. Peter. Around 744,
810:
Many previously pagan holy places were converted to Christian use. In 609
9370:
9120:
9083:
8932:
8784:
8759:
8656:
6863:
6748:
6447:
6405:
6328:
6241:
6109:
6099:
6010:
5794:
4587:
1366:
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The early Christians adapted many elements of paganism. Ancient pagan
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All records of anti-pagan legislation by Constantine are found in the
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9041:
8999:
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Christianity and Paganism, 350-750: The Conversion of Western Europe
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4443:"Origin of Easter: From pagan rituals to bunnies and chocolate eggs"
3794:
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1886:"The 'Afterlife' of the New Testament and Postmodern Interpretation"
1270:
was begun at about the same time in both the north and south of the
8764:
8633:
8103:
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7873:
6907:
6853:
6838:
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6368:
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358:
349:
314:
192:
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47:
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44:
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3748:
3746:
3733:
3731:
3729:
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Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire
750:
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6999:
6743:
6609:
6597:
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6547:
6527:
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6492:
6432:
6390:
6363:
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6214:
6209:
6189:
6179:
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University, © Stanford; Stanford; California 94305 (2014-12-17).
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Lund, James. "RELIGION AND THOUGHT." Modern Germany (2022): 113.
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1828:"Why Did Early Christians And Pagans Fight Over New Year's Day?"
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in two unconnected initiatives. Irish missionaries led by Saint
8280:
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7326:
7024:
6944:
6892:
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6582:
6567:
6532:
6507:
6472:
6467:
6400:
6385:
6323:
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1446:, pagan remnants were stamped out and Christianity entrenched.
1419:
1415:
1390:. Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.
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The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute
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Christianity & Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries
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In the earliest extant manuscript, the second Medicean, the
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Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries
3232:
Alexandria in Late Antiquity Topography and Social Conflict
3021:
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2907:
2267:
Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion
2214:"Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice"
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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
1462:
History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
734:
656:
4 of them have been confirmed by archaeological evidence.
612:
One of the first things that is important about this, in
83:
practiced both inside and outside the empire. During the
5262:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press.
4814:
The German Hansa, P. Dollinger, page 34, 1999, Routledge
4691:
4560:
4420:
4195:"The Influence of the Mystery Religions on Christianity"
3596:
3594:
3592:
3332:
2990:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2108:
1028:
317:
debated the extent to which the community should accept
5424:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985,
5051:
The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity
4872:. "Henry of Livonia and the Ideology of Crusading," in
4460:
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McNamara, Edward. "Advent Prayer and the Incarnation",
3577:
3565:
3260:
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2895:
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2724:
2617:
2565:
2563:
2254:
2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 74.
1854:
in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, has been changed into an
4935:
4487:
3315:
2787:
2244:
2013:
1042:
was a pagan who became a Christian around 132. In his
995:
The Influence of the Mystery Religions on Christianity
5348:
A Million and One Gods: The Persistence of Polytheism
4892:(in Polish). Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 60.
4646:
4508:
4355:
3897:
3697:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3589:
3527:
3470:
3175:
3163:
2757:
2657:
2645:
2376:
2189:(New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55â56.
1313:, king of Kent is the first account of any Christian
700:
can be proven to have existed in the fourth century.
7744:
7407:
6780:
5507:
Paganism and Christianity 100â425 C.E.:A Sourcebook.
4752:
4750:
4605:
4254:, 1923 (reprint on demand BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 61.
3770:
3344:
3079:
3002:
2560:
896:) to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival
5031:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4377:
4246:
4244:
4137:, Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc., New York, 1956
3948:
3419:
2001:
1353:land upon which to build a monastery. According to
222:
210:
Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire
6726:
5209:
5193:The Carolingians : a family who forged Europe
4072:
3670:
3645:
3488:
3302:
3296:
2362:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
1726:Beard, Mary; North, John S.; Price, Simon (1998).
1373:variety of draconian measures" beginning with the
203:
7516:
5560:, 1966. Dorset Press, New York, NY. 171 pp.
5279:Christianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals
4831:
4829:
4747:
4078:
3405:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press.
3394:
3088:"So debate the world of Late Antiquity revisited"
2608:
2528:Ambrose Epistles 17-18; Symmachus Relationes 1-3.
172:(non-Jews), Christianity rapidly spread into the
9492:
5533:of Europe are also easily available in English.)
5114:: The Roman Visit of Theodosius in Summer 389".
4241:
3539:
2678:"Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian"
2642:2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003)
2632:
2596:. United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2015.
2460:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2289:
2287:
2157:"Paganism and the State in the Age of Justinian"
1251:, and likewise the word for Easter in German is
1144:Christianization during the European Middle Ages
966:Another theory, first proposed by French writer
369:states that "Ancient, medieval and early modern
180:as well as hostile reports by writers including
5076:
5028:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius
4238:Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n.
3839:
3827:
3815:
3737:
3600:
3552:
3310:The Destruction of Paganism in the Roman Empire
2500:"The Altar of Victory â Paganism's Last Battle"
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2150:
2148:
1730:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 341.
1725:
845:, about 723, the missioner cut down the sacred
691:are dated before the end of the fifth century.
324:
263:Persecution from the 2nd century to Constantine
5057:
4826:
4297:. 20 (3): 217â240. doi:10.1086/482574., p. 217
4120:
4050:
3056:
1052:with Jesus. Scholars generally recognize that
576:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
390:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
148:Early Christianity arose as a movement within
9180:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
8879:
8296:
6712:
5586:
5238:
4322:Revue d'Ătudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques
3764:
3752:
3720:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2421:
2339:
2284:
2047:. Oxford University Press: 90. Archived from
5516:Die Christianisierung Europas im Mittelalter
5110:Graf, Fritz (2014). "Laying Down the Law in
4835:
4723:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4629:
4389:
4367:
4315:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3878:
3431:
2963:
2811:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity
2675:
2307:
2154:
2145:
1934:
1678:Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity, 350-450
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
712:, a Christian bishop, to respond by writing
5617:origin primarily identified as speakers of
5144:
5053:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4548:Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint
4528:Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint
4217:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4147:
3979:
3855:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3601:Manders, Erika; Slootjes, Daniëlle (2020).
3364:Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100â400
3196:
3128:"The Religious History of the Roman Empire"
2848:
2846:
2844:
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2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2751:
2599:
2407:(illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter.
2398:
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2295:Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100-400
1648:RĂŒpke, Jörg (2007). Gordon, Richard (ed.).
1021:, to honour his favourite, the Greek youth
1009:132â136 CE) was crushed, the Roman emperor
897:
891:
8303:
8289:
6719:
6705:
5593:
5579:
5543:, 2006. Clements Publishing. 172 pp.
5439:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991,
4885:
4572:
4152:. University of Toronto Press. p. 83.
3984:. Manchester University Press. p. 85.
3853:The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny
3776:
3119:
3033:
2919:
2129:The Archaeology of Late Antique 'Paganism'
1703:The Archaeology of Late Antique "paganism"
1510:Absorption and erasure of pagan traditions
1115:and felt that the world was the work of a
1104:doctrine of universal sin and redemption.
5493:The Church Fathers and the Oriental Cults
5365:(Cambridge: Yale University Press, 2015,
5350:(Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014,
5324:(Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014,
5024:
4993:
4783:
4010:
3988:
3929:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4â10.
3909:
3256:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00283-014-9470-4
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2706:
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2078:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Alte Geschichte
1976:
1719:
1632:
1294:, who landed in 596, did the same to the
353:execution. This persecution lasted until
34:The Triumph of Christianity over Paganism
5045:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4566:
4514:
4466:
4426:
4001:
3944:. Kok Pharos Publishing. pp. 83â86.
3924:
3620:
3385:
3223:
3132:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
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2957:
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2913:
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2889:
2877:
2855:The Cambridge Ancient History, volume 13
2829:
2808:
2802:
2626:
2497:
2432:
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2320:
2211:
2205:
2126:
1671:
1669:
1538:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
1320:
1164:
1058:
797:
749:
399:
328:
266:
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7609:
6658:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
5477:; Penguin Books Ltd new edition, 2006,
5260:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
4971:
4921:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4789:
4664:
4069:(Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 259
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3631:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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2663:
2651:
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2257:
2071:
1173:, depicting the pan-Germanic legend of
1161:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1070:(354â430), who ultimately systematized
1035:Hellenistic philosophy and Christianity
777:â which is roughly parallel to Plato's
14:
9493:
5455:The Mystery Religions and Christianity
5309:(Boston: Yale University Press, 1999,
5257:
5243:. Northern Illinois University Press.
5181:
4478:
4437:
4435:
4395:
4361:
4318:"Cicero and Augustine on the Passions"
3954:
3903:
3656:. Northern Illinois University Press.
3437:
3356:
3140:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.114
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2569:
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1878:
1728:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, A History
1675:
1209:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1127:has been impossible to determine. The
1074:after converting to Christianity from
735:Pagan influences on early Christianity
8284:
8250:Christianization of saints and feasts
8007:European Congress of Ethnic Religions
7961:
7752:
7608:
7515:
7406:
7060:
6788:
6700:
5574:
5190:
4762:
4652:
4623:
4611:
4306:Augustine of Hippo. Confessions 7. 20
4023:
3651:
3533:
3500:
3476:
3450:(1). Oxford University Press: 53â78.
3425:
3350:
3338:
3271:
3187:
3125:
3085:
3060:
2852:
2594:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
2466:
2387:
2357:
2114:
2102:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1982:
1940:
1915:
1700:
1666:
1647:
1029:Influence on early Christian theology
741:Christianization of saints and feasts
627:
5600:
5537:Stanley E. Porter, Stephen J. Bedard
5276:
5195:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5109:
4919:The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition
4493:
4383:
4020:, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 80â81.
3939:
3629:The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition
3514:https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/23.2.257
3229:
2933:Cambridge Ancient History, volume 13
2930:
2730:
2347:https://doi.org/10.1093/past/153.1.3
2185:R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz,
2084:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 362â378.
1694:
1449:
1223:developed out of a like adaptation.
685:
5457:(New York: University Books, 1966).
5148:Theodosius and the Limits of Empire
4916:
4432:
4316:Brachtendorf, J. (1 January 1997).
3703:
3691:
3679:
2971:"Ancient Rome: The reign of Julian"
2676:Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1964).
2155:Constantelos, Demetrios J. (1964).
1860:Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch
1414:credit him with Christianizing the
1325:Reliquary of St. Oswald, Hildesheim
703:
24:
5407:The Pagan Dream Of The Renaissance
5299:
5117:Journal of Early Christian Studies
4637:Charlemagne: Father of a Continent
3444:The Journal of Theological Studies
3234:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2041:Proceedings of the British Academy
1962:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1961.tb02436.x
1858:; cf. Gerd TheiĂen, Annette Merz,
974:: March 25, the Roman date of the
959:traditions were incorporated into
946:on 24 June, the Roman date of the
601:By the time the pro-pagan emperor
334:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer
25:
9532:
5285:
4954:Consuls of the Later Roman Empire
3980:O'Neill, William Matthew (1976).
2718:
2034:"The Problem of Christianization"
1516:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism
1111:of the Middle Ages. Cathars were
500:Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity
344:The persecutions culminated with
71:, religious philosophies such as
9475:
9474:
9463:
8591:State church of the Roman Empire
8310:
7408:Middle-Eastern and North African
6681:
6680:
4879:
4863:
4854:
4817:
4731:
4694:"The Christianization of Norway"
4685:
4658:
4593:
4581:
4540:
4520:
4499:
4472:
4309:
4300:
4287:
4270:
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4056:
3973:
3933:
3927:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas
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3518:
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2539:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gratian"
1825:
1652:(illustrated ed.). Polity.
1379:Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae
1123:, and whether it was originally
223:Persecution under Nero, 64â68 AD
143:
9506:Ancient Christian controversies
8574:First seven ecumenical councils
6663:Christianization of Scandinavia
5495:, The Classical Journal (1918).
4282:Revue des Ătudes Augustiniennes
4006:. Routledge. pp. 113, 123.
3942:Towards the Origin of Christmas
3376:
3366:, Yale University Press, 1984,
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2025:
1920:. Fortress Press. p. 319.
1909:
1869:
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1400:Christianization of Scandinavia
1154:
725:
204:Persecution of early Christians
174:greater Roman empire and beyond
9441:Relations with other religions
8847:Church of the East (Nestorian)
8842:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
8022:Polytheistic reconstructionism
6653:Christianization of the Franks
5726:Continental Germanic mythology
5083:Journal of Biblical Literature
5025:Errington, R. Malcolm (2006).
4641:University of California Press
4398:"DECEMBER 25th, CHRISTMAS DAY"
4396:WESTON, ARTHUR HAROLD (1942).
3851:MacDonald, William L. (1976).
3830:, pp. 116, 119, 126, 134.
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2857:. Cambridge University Press.
2682:The Catholic Historical Review
2161:The Catholic Historical Review
1987:. Princeton University Press.
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1794:
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1563:Jesus in comparative mythology
1393:
569:
430:
13:
1:
7517:Oceanian and Pacific Islander
5288:"Theodosius I (379â395 A.D.)"
5077:Goodenough, Erwin R. (1962).
4668:2,000 Years of Christ's Power
4483:. Penguin UK. pp. 30â33.
4265:The Theology of Justin Martyr
4252:The Theology of Justin Martyr
3777:Goodenough, Erwin R. (1962).
3065:(illustrated ed.). OUP.
2935:. Cambridge University Press.
2813:. Cambridge University Press.
2435:Eusebius' Life of Constantine
1610:
1568:Neoplatonism and Christianity
1558:History of early Christianity
1494:subsequently became extinct.
1434:. After Olaf's defeat at the
1006:
853:established the monastery of
526:
405:Triumph of Christian religion
156:, following the teachings of
138:Christianization of Lithuania
7061:
5380:(New York: HarperOne, 2015,
5058:Forbes, Bruce David (2008).
4635:Barbero, Alessandro (2004).
4148:Ă CarragĂĄin, Ăamonn (2005).
3955:Forbes, Bruce David (2008).
1543:Christianity and neopaganism
1442:. In the following reign of
944:Nativity of John the Baptist
510:After Gratian, the emperors
325:The Diocletianic Persecution
237:great fire broke out in Rome
7:
9148:Views on poverty and wealth
6668:Christianization of Iceland
5322:Between Pagan and Christian
5060:Christmas: A Candid History
4979:. Oxford University Press.
4957:. Oxford University Press.
4836:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
3957:Christmas: A Candid History
3562:, p.279, Viking and Compass
3276:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
2321:Leithart, Peter J. (2010).
1862:, 2001, p. 89. The reading
1680:. Oxford University Press.
1676:Kahlos, Maijastina (2019).
1530:
1466:Armed conflict between the
1286:. The court of Anglo-Saxon
1282:(from 563), converted many
987:Crozer Theological Seminary
860:
10:
9537:
9393:World Evangelical Alliance
9355:Traditionalist Catholicism
7753:
5541:Unmasking the Pagan Christ
5529:(History textbooks on the
5145:Hebblewhite, Mark (2020).
5010:10.1524/klio.1997.79.2.398
4910:
4886:Strzelczyk, Jerzy (1987).
4133:Weiser, S.J., Francis X.,
3230:Haas, Christopher (2002).
2467:TESTA, RITA LIZZI (2007).
1752:"Notes & Commentaries"
1650:The Religion of the Romans
1513:
1459:
1453:
1397:
1158:
1147:
1096:. In AD 386, he published
1032:
899:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
738:
631:
573:
465:
393:
387:
207:
9521:Persecution of Christians
9501:Christianity and paganism
9458:
9408:
9388:World Council of Churches
9363:
9281:
9165:
9156:
9111:
8896:
8880:
8875:Latter Day Saint movement
8860:
8820:
8720:
8701:
8647:
8604:
8549:
8455:
8434:
8393:
8361:
8318:
8245:Christianity and paganism
8235:
8049:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7957:
7765:
7761:
7748:
7735:
7621:
7617:
7604:
7526:
7522:
7511:
7417:
7413:
7402:
7071:
7067:
7056:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6784:
6767:
6739:
6676:
6638:
5919:
5881:
5671:
5625:
5608:
4840:. London: Penguin books.
3545:MacMullen, Ramsay (1997)
3104:10.1080/00397679708590917
2264:Bayliss, Richard (2004).
1360:
367:New Catholic Encyclopedia
18:Christianity and Paganism
9416:Anti-Christian sentiment
8596:Christian biblical canon
5906:North Germanic languages
5891:Germanic parent language
5409:(US: Weiser Books, 2005,
5292:De Imperatoribus Romanis
5258:Thomas, Charles (1981).
5182:McLynn, Neil B. (1994),
4889:Od PrasĆowian do PolakĂłw
4479:Sharpe, Richard (1995).
4284:45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259
4109:Journal of Roman Studies
4018:The Origins of Christmas
3308:Grindle, Gilbert (1892)
2809:Remijsen, Sofie (2015).
2270:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
2212:Bradbury, Scott (1995).
1918:The rise of Christianity
1916:Frend, W. H. C. (1984).
1589:
1345:Some time prior to 655,
1298:. They had been sent by
1169:Part of seventh-century
920:Twelve Days of Christmas
814:obtained leave from the
641:Theophilus of Alexandria
9470:Christianity portal
8629:Investiture Controversy
5911:West Germanic languages
5901:East Germanic languages
5896:Proto-Germanic language
5716:Proto-Germanic folklore
5653:Romano-Germanic culture
5469:(London: Viking, 1986,
4977:The Last Pagans of Rome
4790:Dragnea, Mihai (2020).
4665:Needham, N. R. (2000).
4295:The Journal of Religion
4081:The Classical Tradition
4002:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
3940:Roll, Susan K. (1995).
3489:Saradi-Mendelovici 1990
3403:The Last Pagans of Rome
3297:Saradi-Mendelovici 1990
2640:The Rise of Christendom
2584:, pp. 80, 90, 105.
2516:10.3406/antiq.1966.1466
2498:Sheridan, J.J. (1966).
2200:Libanius on Constantine
1802:"Pagans and Christians"
1304:Augustine of Canterbury
993:wrote an essay titled "
118:, the term translating
9421:Christian universalism
8812:Western Rite Orthodoxy
8657:Protestant Reformation
8153:Religion and mythology
8079:Dying and rising deity
8059:Veneration of the dead
7793:Native American Church
5320:Christopher P. Jones,
5191:Riché, Pierre (1993).
5130:10.1353/earl.2014.0022
4334:10.1484/J.REA.5.104767
3982:Time and the Calendars
3873:Life of Saint Boniface
3438:Fowden, Garth (1978).
3401:Cameron, Alan (2011).
2325:. InterVarsity Press.
2198:Wiemer, Hans-Ulrich. â
2105:, p. 634,640,651.
1983:Stark, Rodney (2020).
1329:After his death, King
1326:
1266:The conversion of the
1214:
1178:
1064:
991:Martin Luther King Jr.
937:
898:
892:
879:is considered a later
843:Life of Saint Boniface
803:
757:
745:
667:
599:
412:
411:(1582), Vatican Palace
381:
363:legalized Christianity
341:
285:Ecclesiastical History
276:
195:and their practice of
41:
9516:Persecution of Pagans
9079:Anointing of the Sick
5721:Anglo-Saxon mythology
5611:Ethnolinguistic group
5395:Macmillan USA. 2020.
5212:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
5157:10.4324/9781315103334
5151:. London: Routledge.
4838:The Northern Crusades
4402:The Classical Outlook
4263:Erwin R. Goodenough.
4250:Erwin R. Goodenough.
3456:10.1093/jts/XXIX.1.53
3272:Brown, Peter (1992).
3086:Brown, Peter (1997).
2504:L'Antiquité Classique
2485:10.1484/J.AT.2.303121
2358:Brown, Peter (2003).
2032:Brown, Peter (1993).
1941:Brown, Peter (1961).
1454:Further information:
1398:Further information:
1331:Oswald of Northumbria
1324:
1232:The Reckoning of Time
1192:
1168:
1062:
980:God's act of Creation
932:
802:Noah catacomb (orans)
801:
753:
739:Further information:
658:
632:Further information:
594:
483:to be removed again.
403:
376:
332:
270:
235:(37â68). In AD 64, a
162:missionary commitment
150:Second Temple Judaism
130:Second Temple Judaism
79:, and more localized
57:Greco-Roman religions
32:
9400:Nondenominationalism
9273:Role in civilization
8740:Independent Catholic
8682:Relations with Islam
8662:Catholic Reformation
7422:Ancient Near Eastern
7209:Hellenistic religion
5391:Brian C. Muraresku,
4870:Tyerman, Christopher
4626:, pp. 105, 161.
4236:Vita di GesĂč Cristo,
4062:Williams, Craig A.,
3560:God Against the Gods
3126:North, John (2017).
3061:Leone, Anna (2013).
2709:, pp. 245, 251.
2614:Symmachus Relatio 3.
1388:Paulinus of Aquileia
1272:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
1072:Christian philosophy
928:William Warde Fowler
893:Dies Natalis Christi
449:Tiberius Constantine
124:, later rendered as
9446:Unlimited atonement
9431:Cultural Christians
8870:Jehovah's Witnesses
8492:Sermon on the Mount
8421:Christian tradition
8348:Lists of Christians
8255:Constantinian shift
7977:Neopagan witchcraft
7611:Sub-Saharan African
6648:Gothic Christianity
5513:Lutz E. von Padberg
4165:Scientific American
4150:Ritual and the Rood
4067:: Epigrams Book Two
3840:Erwin R. Goodenough
3828:Erwin R. Goodenough
3816:Erwin R. Goodenough
3738:Erwin R. Goodenough
3503:, pp. xixâxxi.
3341:, pp. 165â181.
3030:, pp. 133â139.
2948:, pp. 354â355.
2916:, pp. 355â356.
2826:, pp. 330â333.
2733:, pp. 229â232.
2721:, Religious Policy.
2252:Rise of Christendom
1906:). Yale University.
1217:Richard A. Fletcher
1134:religious cosmology
972:Christ's conception
916:classical tradition
460:Life of Constantine
407:(over paganism) by
281:Persecution in Lyon
273:Alexamenos graffito
154:Hellenistic Judaism
128:) in contrast with
65:Roman imperial cult
9291:Crusading movement
8559:Ante-Nicene period
8195:Trees in mythology
8190:Supernatural magic
8099:Magic and religion
6031:Germani cisrhenani
5739:Funerary practices
5643:Pre-Roman Iron Age
5619:Germanic languages
5305:Ramsay MacMullen,
4481:Life of St Columba
4276:Philippe Bobichon,
4232:Giuseppe Ricciotti
4182:, December 6, 2005
4121:Bruce David Forbes
4111:90 (2000), p. 268.
4051:Bruce David Forbes
4016:Kelly, Joseph F.,
3558:Kirsch, R. (1997)
2778:, pp. 56, 64.
2117:, p. 641-643.
1902:2016-08-12 at the
1897:lecture transcript
1891:2016-06-08 at the
1375:massacre at Verden
1347:Ćthelwald of Deira
1339:Reginald of Durham
1327:
1309:The conversion of
1179:
1068:Augustine of Hippo
1065:
1063:Augustine of Hippo
877:Hippolytus of Rome
872:Chronograph of 354
804:
758:
628:Temple destruction
566:during his reign.
413:
342:
277:
42:
9488:
9487:
9454:
9453:
9382:Charta Oecumenica
8892:
8891:
8882:Iglesia ni Cristo
8697:
8696:
8677:French Revolution
8667:Thirty Years' War
8539:Apostolic fathers
8507:Great Commandment
8278:
8277:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7507:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7347:Mysteries of Isis
7052:
7051:
7048:
7047:
6694:
6693:
5866:Gothic and Vandal
5658:Germanic Iron Age
5633:Nordic Bronze Age
5615:Northern European
5483:978-0-14-102295-6
5475:978-0-670-80848-9
5420:J. N. Hillgarth,
5405:Joscelyn Godwin,
5281:. pp. 27â35.
5166:978-1-138-10298-9
5047:Fletcher, Richard
4986:978-0-19-974727-6
4937:Bagnall, Roger S.
4899:978-83-03-02015-4
4801:978-0-367-36696-4
4794:. NY: Routledge.
4757:Haverkamp, Alfred
4678:978-0-946462-56-8
4550:, p. 170. (1995).
4496:, pp. 20â22.
4090:978-0-674-03572-0
4053:, pp. 26â31.
4039:978-3-406-47288-6
3765:Judith Anne Testa
3755:, pp. 80â81.
3753:Judith Anne Testa
3721:Judith Anne Testa
3706:, pp. 28â29.
3694:, pp. 25â26.
3149:978-0-19-934037-8
2543:www.newadvent.org
2473:Antiquité Tardive
2433:Eusebius (1999).
2369:978-0-631-22137-1
2138:978-90-04-19237-9
1927:978-0-8006-1931-2
1884:Martin, D. 2010.
1628:, August 21, 2018
1524:damnatio memoriae
1456:Northern Crusades
1450:Northern Crusades
1436:Battle of Svolder
1292:Gregorian mission
1098:Contra Academicos
1003:Bar Kokhba revolt
816:Byzantine Emperor
771:Macarius of Egypt
755:Hermes Kriophoros
686:Temple conversion
614:Malcolm Errington
607:Battle of Samarra
319:lapsed Christians
158:Jesus of Nazareth
134:Early Middle Ages
93:Egyptian paganism
89:Germanic paganism
69:mystery religions
16:(Redirected from
9528:
9511:Christianization
9478:
9477:
9468:
9467:
9311:Environmentalism
9261:Church buildings
9163:
9162:
8978:Eastern Orthodox
8973:Eastern Catholic
8885:
8884:
8852:Eastern Catholic
8830:Eastern Orthodox
8718:
8717:
8639:Age of Discovery
8624:EastâWest Schism
8522:Great Commission
8453:
8452:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8282:
8281:
8237:Christianization
8027:Secular paganism
8012:Goddess movement
7982:Cochrane's Craft
7970:
7969:
7959:
7958:
7763:
7762:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7619:
7618:
7606:
7605:
7524:
7523:
7513:
7512:
7415:
7414:
7404:
7403:
7219:Sacred mysteries
7069:
7068:
7058:
7057:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6771:ethnic religions
6721:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6697:
6684:
6683:
6640:Christianization
6230:Ripuarian Franks
5602:Germanic peoples
5595:
5588:
5581:
5572:
5571:
5555:
5538:
5531:Christianization
5528:
5514:
5504:
5500:
5499:Ramsay MacMullen
5490:
5464:
5452:
5295:
5282:
5273:
5254:
5235:
5206:
5187:
5178:
5141:
5106:
5073:
5054:
5042:
5021:
4990:
4968:
4945:Seth R. Schwartz
4932:
4904:
4903:
4883:
4877:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4833:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4760:
4754:
4745:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4699:. Archived from
4698:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4530:(1995). p. 190,
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4291:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4239:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4135:The Holyday Book
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4070:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4029:Manfred Clauss,
4027:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3598:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2850:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2752:Hebblewhite 2020
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2318:
2305:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2022:, p. 73â75.
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1956:(157): 100â101.
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1913:
1907:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1604:
1600:
1578:Saint John's Eve
1548:Christo-Paganism
1499:Dominican friars
1484:Teutonic Knights
1302:and were led by
1263:, meaning east.
1257:Richard Fletcher
1212:
1150:Christianization
1008:
985:While attending
940:John the Baptist
901:
895:
812:Pope Boniface IV
704:Rival literature
560:
481:Altar of Victory
477:Pontifex Maximus
338:Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂŽme
257:Tacitus on Jesus
81:ethnic religions
63:, including the
36:, a painting by
21:
9536:
9535:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9525:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9484:
9462:
9450:
9404:
9359:
9277:
9158:
9152:
9107:
9032:One true church
8888:
8856:
8816:
8705:
8693:
8643:
8600:
8545:
8472:in Christianity
8458:
8444:
8438:
8430:
8389:
8365:
8357:
8314:
8309:
8279:
8274:
8231:
8131:Myth and ritual
8051:Myth and ritual
8045:
8044:
8031:
7964:
7945:
7898:Turko-Mongolic
7757:
7738:
7731:
7730:
7717:
7613:
7592:
7518:
7499:
7409:
7390:
7063:
7044:
6913:Hindu mythology
6791:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6735:
6732:modern paganism
6725:
6695:
6690:
6672:
6634:
5915:
5877:
5839:Gothic alphabet
5731:Norse mythology
5667:
5621:
5604:
5599:
5554:J. M. Robertson
5553:
5536:
5526:
5518:, 1998. Reclam
5512:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5460:
5450:
5435:David Ulansey,
5361:Ronald Hutton,
5302:
5300:Further reading
5270:
5251:
5224:10.2307/1291617
5203:
5167:
5095:10.2307/3264749
5070:
5039:
4987:
4965:
4929:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4884:
4880:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4736:
4732:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4663:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4600:Chaney, William
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4488:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4249:
4242:
4230:
4226:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4167:, June 21, 2013
4161:
4157:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4105:Roman Festivals
4102:
4098:
4091:
4077:
4073:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3989:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3953:
3949:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3842:, pp. 128.
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:, pp. 133.
3814:
3810:
3795:10.2307/3264749
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3744:
3740:, pp. 138.
3736:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3625:
3621:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3586:, pp. 209.
3582:
3578:
3574:, pp. 207.
3570:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3270:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3059:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:, pp. 344.
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:, pp. 346.
2900:
2896:
2892:, pp. 343.
2888:
2884:
2880:, pp. 331.
2876:
2872:
2865:
2851:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2629:, pp. 353.
2625:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2496:
2492:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2401:
2394:
2390:, p. xxiv.
2386:
2377:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2308:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2230:10.2307/1088885
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2187:Medieval Worlds
2184:
2180:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1914:
1910:
1904:Wayback Machine
1893:Wayback Machine
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1646:
1633:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1407:Olaf Tryggvason
1402:
1396:
1363:
1296:Kingdom of Kent
1213:
1203:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1037:
1031:
955:local Germanic
948:summer solstice
885:winter solstice
863:
821:to convert the
767:John Chrysostum
762:funeral rituals
748:
743:
737:
728:
715:The City of God
710:Saint Augustine
706:
698:Martin of Tours
693:R. P. C. Hanson
688:
636:
630:
578:
572:
554:
529:
468:
433:
409:Tommaso Laureti
398:
392:
386:
327:
271:Drawing of the
265:
225:
212:
206:
146:
97:Baltic paganism
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9534:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9482:
9472:
9459:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9373:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9328:
9323:
9321:Fundamentalism
9318:
9316:Existentialism
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9287:
9285:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9216:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9207:God the Father
9204:
9199:
9194:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9171:
9169:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9093:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9027:Body of Christ
9024:
9014:
9009:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8992:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8862:Restorationist
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8826:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8726:
8724:
8715:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8610:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8571:
8566:
8564:Late antiquity
8561:
8555:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8534:Church fathers
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8463:
8461:
8450:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8308:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8270:Virtuous pagan
8267:
8265:Religio licita
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8227:Animal worship
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8192:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7987:Feri Tradition
7984:
7979:
7973:
7966:
7965:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7802:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7766:
7759:
7758:
7743:
7741:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7628:
7622:
7615:
7614:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7520:
7519:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7429:
7424:
7418:
7411:
7410:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7132:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7105:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7078:
7072:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6985:Tibeto-Burmese
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6793:
6792:
6779:
6777:
6774:(existing and
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6724:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6297:Thracian Goths
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Roman Iron Age
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5551:
5534:
5510:
5496:
5486:
5462:Robin Lane Fox
5458:
5448:
5445:978-0195067880
5433:
5430:978-0812212136
5418:
5415:978-1578633470
5403:
5401:978-1250207142
5389:
5376:Candida Moss,
5374:
5371:978-0300205466
5359:
5356:978-0674728837
5344:
5341:978-0877790402
5333:
5318:
5315:978-0300080773
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:Woods, David.
5283:
5274:
5268:
5255:
5249:
5236:
5207:
5201:
5188:
5179:
5165:
5142:
5124:(2): 219â242.
5107:
5089:(2): 113â142.
5079:"Catacomb Art"
5074:
5068:
5055:
5043:
5037:
5022:
5004:(2): 398â443.
4991:
4985:
4969:
4963:
4933:
4927:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4878:
4862:
4853:
4847:978-0140266535
4846:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4800:
4782:
4761:
4746:
4730:
4684:
4677:
4657:
4655:, p. 299.
4645:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4571:
4569:, p. 255.
4559:
4539:
4519:
4507:
4498:
4486:
4471:
4459:
4447:www.abc.net.au
4431:
4429:, p. 254.
4419:
4388:
4376:
4366:
4354:
4328:(2): 289â308.
4308:
4299:
4286:
4269:
4256:
4240:
4224:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4140:
4125:
4123:, pp. 30.
4113:
4096:
4089:
4071:
4055:
4043:
4022:
4009:
3987:
3972:
3965:
3947:
3932:
3908:
3906:, pp. 25.
3896:
3877:
3864:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3789:(2): 113â142.
3779:"Catacomb Art"
3769:
3767:, pp. 82.
3757:
3742:
3725:
3723:, pp. 80.
3708:
3696:
3684:
3682:, pp. 25.
3669:
3662:
3644:
3637:
3619:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3536:, p. 178.
3526:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3479:, p. xxx.
3469:
3430:
3418:
3411:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3362:R. MacMullen,
3355:
3353:, p. xxv.
3343:
3331:
3329:, p. 110.
3314:
3301:
3289:
3282:
3259:
3247:
3240:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3148:
3118:
3109:
3078:
3071:
3032:
3020:
3001:
2999:, p. 398.
2997:Errington 1997
2989:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2828:
2816:
2801:
2792:
2790:, p. 317.
2788:Bagnall et al.
2780:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2707:Errington 2006
2699:
2688:(3): 372â380.
2668:
2656:
2644:
2631:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2559:
2548:
2530:
2521:
2490:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2420:
2413:
2392:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2306:
2293:MacMullen, R.
2283:
2276:
2256:
2243:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2167:(3): 372â380.
2144:
2137:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2064:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1993:
1975:
1933:
1926:
1908:
1877:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1764:
1743:
1736:
1718:
1711:
1693:
1686:
1665:
1658:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1583:Virtuous pagan
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1511:
1508:
1451:
1448:
1395:
1392:
1362:
1359:
1351:Chad of Mercia
1300:Pope Gregory I
1236:venerable Bede
1219:suggests that
1201:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1148:Main article:
1145:
1142:
1030:
1027:
976:spring equinox
968:Louis Duchesne
924:Feast of Fools
862:
859:
831:Pope Gregory I
775:guardian angel
747:
744:
736:
733:
727:
724:
705:
702:
687:
684:
629:
626:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
552:Sofie Remijsen
528:
525:
493:Valentinian II
473:Vestal Virgins
467:
464:
437:Edict of Milan
432:
429:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
326:
323:
264:
261:
224:
221:
208:Main article:
205:
202:
145:
142:
67:, the various
55:, such as the
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9533:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9481:
9473:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9274:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9256:Popular piety
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9155:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:People of God
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8883:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8703:Denominations
8700:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8672:Enlightenment
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8548:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8385:New Testament
8383:
8381:
8380:Old Testament
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8294:
8292:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8148:Reincarnation
8146:
8144:
8141:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7956:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7907:Vattisen Yaly
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7740:
7734:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7603:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Cook Islander
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7401:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Baltic Finnic
7367:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7337:Imperial cult
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7055:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Sunda Wiwitan
6896:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Austroasiatic
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6722:
6717:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6687:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:Crimean Goths
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6235:Salian Franks
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6062:
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6019:
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5699:
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5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5673:Early culture
5670:
5664:
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5654:
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5591:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5566:0-8216-0136-9
5563:
5559:
5558:Pagan Christs
5552:
5550:
5549:1-894667-71-9
5546:
5542:
5535:
5532:
5525:
5524:3-15-017015-X
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5497:
5494:
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5480:
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5468:
5463:
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5416:
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5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:9780062104557
5383:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5363:Pagan Britain
5360:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5346:Page duBois,
5345:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5330:9780674725201
5327:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
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5293:
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5280:
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5269:9780520043923
5265:
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5246:
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5225:
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5217:
5213:
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5202:0-8122-3062-0
5198:
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5189:
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5180:
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5158:
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5131:
5127:
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5118:
5113:
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5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5069:9780520258020
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5038:0-8078-3038-0
5034:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4973:Cameron, Alan
4970:
4966:
4964:1-55540-099-X
4960:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4949:Klaas A. Worp
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4928:9781461645481
4924:
4920:
4915:
4914:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4839:
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4830:
4820:
4811:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4743:0-14-026653-4
4740:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4706:on 2018-12-22
4702:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4614:, p. 87.
4613:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4568:
4567:Fletcher 1999
4563:
4557:
4556:1-871615-51-8
4553:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4536:1-871615-51-8
4533:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4515:Fletcher 1999
4511:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4475:
4469:, p. 56.
4468:
4467:Fletcher 1999
4463:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4428:
4427:Fletcher 1999
4423:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4386:, p. 34.
4385:
4380:
4370:
4364:, p. 34.
4363:
4358:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4296:
4290:
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4266:
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4228:
4220:
4214:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3966:9780520258020
3962:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:0-674-01019-1
3858:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3663:9780875805764
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3638:9781461645481
3634:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3491:, p. 49.
3490:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3428:, p. 60.
3427:
3422:
3414:
3412:9780199747276
3408:
3404:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3372:0-300-03642-6
3369:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3299:, p. 47.
3298:
3293:
3285:
3283:9780299133443
3279:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3241:9780801870330
3237:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3184:, p. 65.
3183:
3178:
3172:, p. 68.
3171:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3072:9780199570928
3068:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3028:Bradbury 1995
3024:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2958:Bradbury 1995
2954:
2947:
2946:Bradbury 1995
2942:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:Bradbury 1995
2910:
2903:
2902:Bradbury 1995
2898:
2891:
2890:Bradbury 1995
2886:
2879:
2878:Bradbury 1995
2874:
2866:
2864:9780521302005
2860:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2766:, p. 57.
2765:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2666:, p. 39.
2665:
2660:
2654:, p. 35.
2653:
2648:
2641:
2638:Peter Brown,
2635:
2628:
2627:Bradbury 1995
2623:
2621:
2611:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2572:, p. 80.
2571:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2444:9780191588471
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2414:9783110931419
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2332:9780830827220
2328:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2303:0-300-03642-6
2300:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2277:1-84171-634-0
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2250:Peter Brown,
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2054:on 2022-03-03
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2010:, p. 73.
2009:
2004:
1996:
1994:9780691214290
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1826:Bond, Sarah.
1822:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1783:on 2019-08-05
1782:
1778:
1777:www.bbc.co.uk
1774:
1768:
1754:. 30 May 2009
1753:
1747:
1739:
1737:0-521-30401-6
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1712:9789004192379
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1687:9780190067267
1683:
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1659:9780745630144
1655:
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1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
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1469:
1463:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:Jarls of Lade
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
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1348:
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1301:
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1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:Arthur Weston
1183:
1176:
1175:Weyland Smith
1172:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1136:. Similarly,
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:First Apology
1041:
1040:Justin Martyr
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
963:festivities.
962:
961:St John's Eve
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:(birthday of
900:
894:
888:
886:
882:
881:interpolation
878:
874:
873:
866:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
808:
800:
796:
792:
790:
784:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
763:
756:
752:
742:
732:
723:
721:
717:
716:
711:
701:
699:
694:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
635:
625:
621:
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
598:
593:
589:
587:
581:
577:
567:
565:
564:Olympian Zeus
558:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
501:
496:
494:
488:
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482:
478:
474:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
428:
424:
420:
418:
415:According to
410:
406:
402:
397:
391:
380:
375:
372:
371:hagiographers
368:
364:
360:
357:, along with
356:
355:Constantine I
351:
347:
339:
335:
331:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
286:
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274:
269:
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258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
220:
218:
211:
201:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:Justin Martyr
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
144:Early history
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
31:
27:
19:
9380:
9175:Architecture
9069:Confirmation
9017:Ecclesiology
8948:Original sin
8938:Nicene Creed
8735:Old Catholic
8619:Papal States
8551:Great Church
8517:Resurrection
8459:Christianity
8416:New Covenant
8367:(Scriptures)
8312:Christianity
8260:Neoplatonism
8244:
8200:Tree of life
8163:Sacred grove
8064:Bear worship
8017:Neoshamanism
7879:Zalmoxianism
7832:Adyghe Habze
7737:Modern pagan
7444:Mesopotamian
7300:Paleo-Balkan
7234:Samothracian
7113:Old Prussian
7010:Bongthingism
5966:Anglo-Saxons
5956:Adrabaecampi
5939:Bucinobantes
5681:Architecture
5557:
5540:
5515:
5506:
5492:
5489:Gordon Laing
5466:
5454:
5451:Samuel Angus
5436:
5421:
5406:
5392:
5377:
5362:
5347:
5321:
5306:
5291:
5278:
5259:
5240:
5215:
5211:
5192:
5183:
5147:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5086:
5082:
5059:
5050:
5027:
5001:
4995:
4976:
4953:
4941:Alan Cameron
4918:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4856:
4837:
4819:
4810:
4791:
4785:
4733:
4708:. Retrieved
4701:the original
4687:
4667:
4660:
4648:
4636:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4574:
4562:
4547:
4542:
4527:
4522:
4510:
4501:
4489:
4480:
4474:
4462:
4451:. Retrieved
4449:. 2017-04-14
4446:
4422:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4379:
4369:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4325:
4321:
4311:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4235:
4227:
4202:. Retrieved
4198:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4164:
4158:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4128:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4080:
4074:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4003:
3981:
3975:
3956:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3926:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3852:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3760:
3699:
3687:
3653:
3647:
3628:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3584:Cameron 2010
3579:
3572:Cameron 2010
3567:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3529:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3421:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3363:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3327:Bayliss 2004
3309:
3304:
3292:
3273:
3250:
3231:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3182:Bayliss 2004
3177:
3170:Bayliss 2004
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3131:
3121:
3112:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3062:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2992:
2980:. Retrieved
2974:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2932:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2854:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2795:
2783:
2776:Cameron 2010
2771:
2764:Cameron 2010
2759:
2754:, chapter 8.
2747:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2664:Bayliss 2004
2659:
2652:Bayliss 2004
2647:
2639:
2634:
2610:
2605:Zosimus 4.59
2601:
2593:
2589:
2577:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2434:
2404:
2359:
2353:
2341:
2322:
2294:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2044:
2040:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1984:
1978:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1808:. 2014-10-03
1806:Ross Douthat
1805:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1776:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1746:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1696:
1677:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1598:
1573:Sol Invictus
1522:
1519:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1468:Baltic Finns
1465:
1412:kings' sagas
1403:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1344:
1328:
1308:
1268:Anglo-Saxons
1265:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1238:wrote that "
1231:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1155:Anglo-Saxons
1106:
1097:
1087:
1066:
1043:
1038:
1001:. After the
984:
965:
938:
933:
904:Sol Invictus
889:
870:
867:
864:
842:
809:
805:
793:
788:
785:
778:
759:
729:
726:Mob violence
719:
713:
707:
689:
680:
676:
672:
668:
659:
654:
637:
622:
618:
611:
600:
595:
590:
582:
579:
549:
534:
530:
509:
499:
497:
489:
485:
469:
459:
457:
445:
434:
425:
421:
417:Rodney Stark
414:
404:
377:
365:in 313. The
343:
333:
310:
299:
294:Apologeticus
292:
284:
278:
252:
244:
231:begins with
229:Roman Empire
226:
213:
190:
147:
125:
119:
115:
111:
101:
73:Neoplatonism
61:Roman Empire
43:
38:Gustave Doré
33:
26:
9436:Persecution
9371:Christendom
9364:Cooperation
9301:Charismatic
9212:Holy Spirit
9121:Natural law
9084:Holy orders
8933:Christology
8926:Holy Spirit
8795:Pentecostal
8775:Evangelical
8770:Charismatic
8614:Monasticism
8606:Middle Ages
8569:Constantine
8512:Crucifixion
8394:Foundations
7869:Italo-Roman
7773:Ausar Auset
7541:Micronesian
7332:Gallo-Roman
7182:Anglo-Saxon
6980:Satsana Phi
6864:Momolianism
6768:Historical
6749:Panentheism
6406:Nahanarvali
6329:Hilleviones
6242:Frisiavones
6110:Cananefates
6100:Burgundians
6011:Banochaemae
5861:Anglo-Saxon
5812:Anglo-Saxon
5778:Anglo-Saxon
5761:Anglo-Saxon
5744:Anglo-Saxon
5527:(in German)
4639:, page 46.
4588:Grave goods
4362:Thomas 1981
3904:WESTON 1942
3871:Willibald.
3312:, pp.29-30.
3098:(1): 5â30.
2824:McLynn 1994
2582:McLynn 1994
2570:McLynn 1994
2479:: 251â262.
1864:Christianos
1624:"Ephesus",
1394:Scandinavia
1367:Charlemagne
1288:Northumbria
1278:, based in
1240:ÄosturmĆnaĂŸ
1138:Priscillian
1125:Zoroastrian
1089:Confessions
1084:Manichaeism
1076:Manichaeism
851:Saint Sturm
847:Donar's Oak
720:City of God
586:Peter Brown
570:Legislation
555: [
453:Justinian I
441:Constantine
431:Constantine
197:Bacchanalia
85:Middle Ages
53:Middle Ages
9495:Categories
9350:Prosperity
9326:Liberation
9266:Cathedrals
9251:Pilgrimage
9236:Literature
9113:Philosophy
9049:Sacraments
9022:Four marks
8983:Protestant
8958:Born again
8755:Anabaptist
8745:Protestant
8687:Influences
8649:Modern era
8353:By country
8222:Witchcraft
8205:World tree
8143:Orthopraxy
7992:Stregheria
7939:Udmurt Vos
7902:Burkhanism
7810:Dievturība
7788:Mexicayotl
7556:Polynesian
7536:Melanesian
7531:Australian
7449:Babylonian
7263:Lusitanian
7258:Gallaecian
7248:Cantabrian
7224:Eleusinian
7138:Circassian
7134:Caucasian
7123:Lithuanian
7040:Sanamahism
7020:Donyi-Polo
6881:Philippine
6859:Kaharingan
6844:Vietnamese
6759:Polytheism
6625:Vinoviloth
6413:Marcomanni
6396:Helveconae
6374:HeaĂ°obards
6344:Istvaeones
6334:Ingaevones
6319:Hermunduri
6287:Ostrogoths
6277:Greuthungi
6155:Chattuarii
5981:Angrivarii
5976:Ampsivarii
5944:Lentienses
5773:Literature
5663:Viking Age
5503:Robin Lane
5112:Ferragosto
4710:2019-04-28
4653:Riché 1993
4624:Riché 1993
4612:Riché 1993
4453:2021-05-01
4204:2019-04-22
3887:FornvÀnnen
3534:Lavan 2011
3501:Lavan 2011
3477:Lavan 2011
3426:Brown 2003
3351:Lavan 2011
3339:Lavan 2011
2510:(1): 187.
2388:Lavan 2011
2224:(4): 353.
2115:Brown 1998
2103:Brown 1998
2058:2022-06-04
1837:2019-04-22
1812:2019-04-22
1787:2019-04-22
1758:2019-04-22
1611:References
1514:See also:
1460:See also:
1444:Saint Olaf
1311:Ăthelberht
1290:, and the
1247:is called
1221:holy wells
1121:Gnosticism
1094:skepticism
1080:Platonists
1033:See also:
912:Saturnalia
547:) in 391.
527:Theodosius
520:Theodosius
394:See also:
346:Diocletian
289:Tertullian
77:Gnosticism
9426:Criticism
9376:Ecumenism
9340:Mysticism
9306:Democracy
9296:Anarchism
9283:Movements
9246:Mythology
9224:Catechism
9219:Education
9136:Evolution
9059:Eucharist
9042:Canon law
9000:Theotokos
8995:Mariology
8953:Salvation
8943:Tradition
8790:Methodist
8750:Adventist
8584:Chalcedon
8173:Sacrifice
8168:Holy well
8136:Mythology
8119:Stone row
7929:Hungarian
7859:Hellenism
7854:Heathenry
7822:Caucasian
7784:American
7778:Godianism
7739:movements
7471:Canaanite
7374:Hungarian
7342:Mithraism
7273:Camunnian
7214:Hero cult
7081:Anatolian
6995:Benzhuism
6990:Bathouism
6918:Dravidian
6849:Indonesia
6819:Mongolian
6754:Pantheism
6620:Vidivarii
6615:Victohali
6605:Vangiones
6538:Thuringii
6443:Nuithones
6339:Irminones
6302:Visigoths
6292:Thervingi
6252:Gambrivii
6205:Dulgubnii
6200:Dauciones
6150:Chasuarii
6090:Brondings
6016:Bastarnae
6006:Baiuvarii
5986:Armalausi
5949:Raetovari
5883:Languages
5851:Symbology
5711:Folklore
5706:Festivals
5218:: 47â61.
5175:213344890
5138:159641057
5018:159619838
4494:Wood 2007
4408:(3): 26.
4384:Wood 2007
4342:1768-9260
3893:(4): 229.
3017:(3): 317.
2982:23 August
2731:Graf 2014
2020:Brown2003
2008:Brown2003
1705:. Brill.
1432:Greenland
1315:bretwalda
1226:The word
957:Midsummer
952:John 3:30
839:Willibald
545:Symmachus
504:Symmachus
243:. In his
241:Suetonius
186:Suetonius
160:. With a
132:. By the
49:Antiquity
9480:Category
9345:Pacifism
9159:features
9143:Politics
9096:Ablution
9064:Marriage
8968:Catholic
8898:Theology
8805:Reformed
8785:Lutheran
8780:Holiness
8760:Anglican
8730:Catholic
8634:Crusades
8579:Nicaea I
8529:Apostles
8502:Miracles
8497:Parables
8487:Ministry
8477:Nativity
8441:timeline
8338:Prophets
8333:Glossary
8104:Megalith
8094:Idolatry
8089:Folklore
7919:Estonian
7874:Kemetism
7849:Canarian
7800:Armenian
7769:African
7688:Malagasy
7658:Dahomean
7636:Bushongo
7581:Tahitian
7576:Rapa Nui
7566:Hawaiian
7454:Sumerian
7432:Egyptian
7354:Scythian
7315:Thracian
7310:Illyrian
7278:Ligurian
7187:Frankish
7177:Germanic
7172:Etruscan
7148:Ossetian
7143:Georgian
7103:Armenian
7096:Phrygian
7076:Albanian
7062:European
7030:Kiratism
6950:Ryukyuan
6908:Hinduism
6854:Parmalim
6839:Sarnaism
6824:Tengrism
6776:extinct)
6728:Paganism
6686:Category
6593:Hasdingi
6578:Usipetes
6558:Tubantes
6543:Toxandri
6523:Tencteri
6498:Suarines
6483:Sicambri
6478:Semnones
6458:Reudigni
6428:Mattiaci
6418:Marsacii
6369:Lombards
6359:Lacringi
6354:Juthungi
6185:Corconti
6170:Cherusci
6145:Charudes
6125:Chaedini
6095:Bructeri
6080:Bateinoi
6051:Eburones
6046:Condrusi
6041:Caeroesi
6036:Atuatuci
5971:Ambrones
5934:Brisgavi
5929:Alemanni
5807:Paganism
5696:Clothing
5691:Calendar
5638:Germania
5049:(1999).
4975:(2010).
4951:(1987).
4719:cite web
4414:44006370
4374:506-507.
4213:cite web
4103:Fowler,
4041:, p. 250
3464:23960254
2694:25017472
2173:25017472
1970:24405338
1900:Archived
1889:Archived
1531:See also
1492:language
1424:Shetland
1335:miracles
1202:â
1129:Bogomils
1117:demiurge
1113:dualists
1023:Antinous
989:c.1950,
922:and the
908:Aurelian
861:Calendar
835:Mellitus
823:Pantheon
663:Serapeum
645:Serapium
541:Tatianus
537:Cynegius
516:Honorius
512:Arcadius
374:sources.
359:Licinius
350:Galerius
315:Carthage
275:, c. 200
255:XV, see
193:Dionysus
170:Gentiles
164:to both
116:gentilis
112:ethnikos
51:and the
45:Paganism
9409:Related
9202:Trinity
9167:Culture
9131:Science
9101:Hygiene
9091:Mission
9074:Penance
9054:Baptism
8990:Worship
8963:Liturgy
8911:Trinity
8822:Eastern
8800:Quakers
8765:Baptist
8722:Western
8712:members
8482:Baptism
8436:History
8426:Worship
8328:Outline
8074:Tumulus
8002:Druidry
7934:Mordvin
7924:Finnish
7889:Semitic
7837:Uatsdin
7698:Odinani
7678:Lugbara
7546:Nauruan
7483:Persian
7478:Iranian
7466:Arabian
7461:Semitic
7427:Hurrian
7295:Nuragic
7283:Umbrian
7269:Italic
7243:Iberian
7153:Vainakh
7118:Latvian
7086:Hittite
7015:Burmese
7000:Bimoism
6935:Punjabi
6903:Chinese
6886:Tagalog
6871:KejawĂšn
6744:Animism
6610:Varisci
6598:Silingi
6588:Vandals
6563:Tulingi
6553:Triboci
6548:Treveri
6528:Teutons
6518:Taifals
6493:Sitones
6433:Nemetes
6391:Helisii
6364:Lemovii
6282:Gutones
6215:Firaesi
6210:Favonae
6190:Cugerni
6180:Cobandi
6135:Chamavi
6130:Chaemae
6120:Casuari
6115:Caritni
6085:Betasii
6056:Paemani
5991:Auiones
5856:Warfare
5834:Scripts
5802:Numbers
5626:History
5505:(ed.),
5232:1291617
5103:3264749
4911:Sources
4347:29 July
4065:Martial
3803:3264749
3704:Alexiou
3692:Alexiou
3680:Alexiou
3155:19 June
2238:1088885
2218:Phoenix
2090:4436297
1950:History
1875:Nero 16
1626:History
1428:Iceland
1276:Columba
1109:Cathars
1054:Clement
1011:Hadrian
765:dying.
649:Hypatia
466:Gratian
311:libelli
307:impiety
249:Tacitus
217:Judaism
182:Tacitus
126:paganus
108:gentile
59:of the
9126:Ethics
9007:Saints
8916:Father
8835:Church
8447:spread
8411:Gospel
8401:Church
8343:People
8217:Virtue
8178:animal
8158:Ritual
8114:Menhir
8109:Dolmen
7914:Uralic
7894:Slavic
7884:Romani
7844:Celtic
7827:Abkhaz
7815:Romuva
7805:Baltic
7755:Ethnic
7713:Somali
7683:Maasai
7586:Tongan
7551:Papuan
7490:Berber
7437:Nubian
7364:Uralic
7359:Slavic
7327:Cybele
7305:Dacian
7290:Minoan
7253:Castro
7229:Orphic
7192:Gothic
7160:Celtic
7130:Basque
7108:Baltic
7091:Lydian
7025:Heraka
6955:Korean
6945:Shinto
6930:Kalash
6893:Marapu
6829:Turkic
6814:Manchu
6809:Altaic
6630:Warini
6583:Vagoth
6568:Tungri
6533:Thelir
6513:Swedes
6508:Sunici
6473:Saxons
6468:Rugini
6401:Manimi
6386:Diduni
6324:Heruli
6262:Gepids
6247:Frisii
6225:Franks
6175:Cimbri
6165:Chauci
6160:Chatti
6073:Nervii
6068:Morini
6026:Belgae
6021:Batavi
5996:Avarpi
5961:Angles
5921:Groups
5871:Viking
5817:Gothic
5795:Gothic
5701:Family
5564:
5547:
5522:
5481:
5473:
5443:
5428:
5413:
5399:
5384:
5369:
5354:
5339:
5328:
5313:
5266:
5247:
5230:
5199:
5173:
5163:
5136:
5101:
5066:
5035:
5016:
4983:
4961:
4947:&
4925:
4896:
4844:
4798:
4741:
4675:
4554:
4534:
4412:
4340:
4087:
4037:
3963:
3859:
3801:
3660:
3635:
3462:
3409:
3370:
3280:
3238:
3146:
3069:
2861:
2692:
2441:
2411:
2366:
2329:
2301:
2274:
2236:
2171:
2135:
2088:
1991:
1968:
1924:
1832:Forbes
1734:
1709:
1684:
1656:
1430:, and
1420:Orkney
1416:Faroes
1384:Alcuin
1361:Saxons
1261:eastan
1253:Ostern
1249:Ostara
1245:Eostre
1228:Easter
1211:(1.30)
1171:casket
1102:Paul's
1019:Adonis
999:Adonis
935:three.
819:Phocas
780:daimon
603:Julian
340:(1883)
302:Decius
253:Annals
245:Annals
104:ethnic
40:(1899)
9335:Right
9241:Music
9192:Jesus
9157:Other
9012:Angel
8467:Jesus
8457:Early
8406:Creed
8375:Canon
8363:Bible
8323:Index
8212:Totem
8183:human
8084:Ethos
7997:Wicca
7963:Other
7864:Hindu
7708:Serer
7693:Mbuti
7673:Hausa
7663:Dinka
7641:Kongo
7631:Bantu
7571:MÄori
7495:Punic
7322:Roman
7204:Greek
7197:Norse
7165:Irish
7035:Qiang
6940:Vedic
6923:Tamil
6876:Malay
6790:Asian
6730:(and
6503:Suebi
6488:Sciri
6463:Rugii
6453:Quadi
6438:Njars
6423:Marsi
6381:Lugii
6349:Jutes
6314:Harii
6309:Gutes
6267:Goths
6257:Geats
6195:Danes
6140:Chali
6061:Segni
6001:Baemi
5844:Runes
5829:Rings
5822:Norse
5790:Names
5783:Norse
5766:Norse
5749:Norse
5228:JSTOR
5171:S2CID
5134:S2CID
5099:JSTOR
5014:S2CID
4704:(PDF)
4697:(PDF)
4410:JSTOR
4180:Zenit
3799:JSTOR
3606:(PDF)
3460:JSTOR
2719:Woods
2690:JSTOR
2234:JSTOR
2169:JSTOR
2086:JSTOR
2052:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1966:JSTOR
1946:(PDF)
1590:Notes
1480:Finns
1476:Slavs
1472:Balts
1349:gave
1284:Picts
1050:Logos
1015:Greek
855:Fulda
559:]
121:goyim
9331:Left
9231:Flag
9197:Mary
8708:list
8126:Myth
8069:BlĂłt
7668:Efik
7651:Zulu
7646:Lozi
7626:Akan
7384:Sami
7379:Mari
6970:Ahom
6960:Miao
6804:Ainu
6573:Ubii
6220:Fosi
6105:Buri
5562:ISBN
5545:ISBN
5520:ISBN
5501:and
5479:ISBN
5471:ISBN
5441:ISBN
5426:ISBN
5411:ISBN
5397:ISBN
5382:ISBN
5367:ISBN
5352:ISBN
5337:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5311:ISBN
5264:ISBN
5245:ISBN
5197:ISBN
5161:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5033:ISBN
4997:Klio
4981:ISBN
4959:ISBN
4923:ISBN
4894:ISBN
4842:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4780:119.
4739:ISBN
4725:link
4673:ISBN
4552:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4349:2021
4338:ISSN
4219:link
4085:ISBN
4035:ISBN
3961:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3658:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3236:ISBN
3157:2021
3144:ISBN
3067:ISBN
2984:2018
2859:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2133:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1503:then
1474:and
1410:the
1386:and
1355:Bede
1280:Iona
1234:the
1205:Bede
1017:god
827:Rome
789:Laws
543:and
518:and
435:The
348:and
279:The
233:Nero
184:and
168:and
166:Jews
152:and
106:(or
95:and
75:and
9187:Art
8921:Son
8906:God
7703:San
7005:Bon
6965:Tai
6448:Osi
5756:Law
5686:Art
5613:of
5220:doi
5153:doi
5126:doi
5091:doi
5006:doi
4330:doi
3791:doi
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