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1088:, Mongolia aligned itself with the Soviet Union and asked for the deployment of Soviet forces, leading to security concerns in China. As a result, bilateral ties remained tense until 1984, when a high-level Chinese delegation visited Mongolia and both nations started to survey and demarcate their borders. Mongolian General Secretary
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On August 14, 1945, the
Chinese government agreed to recognize the independence of Mongolia if Mongolians approved of independence from China in a referendum. Mongolians voted overwhelmingly for independence in a referendum held on October 20, 1945. The government of the Republic of China formally
1104:
in
November 1986 states that "renewing the development of China-Mongolian relations is important for our two countries’ people's common interest". In 1986, a series of agreements to bolster trade and establish transport and air links was signed. In 1988, both nations signed a treaty on border
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1053:, was forced to formally accept Outer Mongolian independence under Soviet pressure. Recognition of Mongolian independence was stipulated in the Sino-Soviet agreement of August 14, 1945. The Chinese government
2811:
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1154:. The BRI has been an important factor in the growing Mongolian view that China is an economic partner rather than a threat to its territorial integrity. Mongolia cooperates in the development of the
139:
in the late 1980s, Chinese-Mongolian relations also began to improve. Since the 1990s, China has become
Mongolia's biggest trading partner, and a number of Chinese businesses operate in Mongolia.
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1139:. Bilateral trade reached US$ 1.13 billion by the first nine months of 2007, registering an increase of 90% from 2006. China offered Mongolia permission to using the
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described relations between
Mongolia and China as at their highest level and described the two countries as working towards a comprehensive strategic partnership.
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in 1279. In 1368, the Ming dynasty successfully overthrew the Yuan dynasty and the remnant Yuan imperial court was forced to retreat north, thereby forming the
3029:
1263:
1014:). However, the Chinese government lacked any stable control over the region due to massive civil wars in the south and the rise of regional warlords in the
1128:
era, China has taken major steps to normalise its relationship with
Mongolia, emphasizing its respect for Mongolia's sovereignty and independence. In 1994,
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of the
Republic of China, as the successor to the Qing, claimed Outer Mongolia as Chinese territory. This claim was provided for in the
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region. China also expanded its investments in
Mongolia's mining industries, giving it access to the country's natural resources.
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was strengthened and the period was characterized by repeated Ming raids into
Northern Yuan territory and vice versa. During the
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Perdue, Peter C. "Boundaries, maps, and movement: Chinese, Russian, and
Mongolian empires in early modern Central Eurasia."
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of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Far Eastern Republic and pro-Soviet Mongolian forces. In 1924, the
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Gerstl, Alfred (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
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signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation. China has become Mongolia's biggest trade partner and source of
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Perdue, Peter C. "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia."
1246:"Mongolia's National Revolution of 1911 and the last emperor of Mongolia – VIII Bogdo Jetsundamba Khutukhtu"
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1673:"Between China and Russia, landlocked Mongolia eyes summit to enhance ties as geopolitical pressures mount"
1342:
Kuzmin, S.L. History of Baron Ungern: an Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow, KMK Sci. Pres, p.156-293. -
927:
132:
1588:"Mongolia and the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor"
1018:. Consequently, Outer Mongolia sought Russian support to claim its independence. In 1919, Chinese general
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control. Mongolia also started a more independent policy and pursued more friendly ties with China.
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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
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in Outer Mongolia declared its independence in 1911 after more than 200 years of Qing rule. The
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with Mongolia on October 16, 1949, and both nations signed a border treaty in 1962. With the
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Reeves, Jeffrey. "Rethinking weak state behavior: Mongolia’s foreign policy toward China."
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The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
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was established in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty. During this period, the
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123:. These relations have long been determined by the relations between China and the
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was constructed to ward off attacks by nomads from the north, notably during the
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1046:, little effort was given to reestablish Chinese control over Outer Mongolia.
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Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
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in 1635. In 1644, the Ming dynasty was overthrown by peasant rebels under
1729:
Ginsburg, Tom. "Political reform in Mongolia: between Russia and China."
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and maintained the policy of recognizing Mongolia's independent status.
1057:
Mongolian independence in January 1946. In 1949, the Communists won the
996:: " the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races,
1551:
1050:
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947:
403:
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1616:
1366:. Department of Government, Public Service, and International Studies
1101:
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Following the end of World War II, the Republic of China, led by the
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which would soon be defeated by the Qing dynasty. After 1691,
857:) peoples have been in contact with each other for millennia.
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120:
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1117:
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the
1738:
Imperial rivals: China, Russia, and their disputed frontier
1376:
recognized the independence of Mongolia on January 5, 1946.
993:
783:
667:
969:
Ceremony of the destruction of Mongolia's autonomy in 1920
1262:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
1261:
1554:. 2007-09-12. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11
1143:
to give it and its goods access to trade within the
986:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
1520:""Pan-Mongolism" and U.S.-China-Mongolia relations"
1522:. Jamestown Foundation. 2005-06-29. Archived from
1214:Kristensen, Hans; Norris, Robert (November 2018).
958:were incorporated into the Qing empire during the
3374:
1213:
1034:. Some months later they were driven out by the
3075:
1780:
1026:. In 1921, Chinese forces were driven out by
1009:
938:until Ligdan was defeated by Qing forces and
2995:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
1639:
1080:The People's Republic of China established
3082:
3068:
2796:
1787:
1773:
1161:In January 2024, Mongolian Prime Minister
911:as a Chinese dynasty and conquered all of
186:
1585:
1112:
1068:
964:
890:Protectorate General to Pacify the North
137:rapprochement between the USSR and China
1814:
1548:"China breathes new life into Mongolia"
1207:
1156:China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor
3375:
1610:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1042:was proclaimed. With the onset of the
3063:
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1813:
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1613:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
1604:
1542:
1540:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1309:
1282:
1255:
673:People's Liberation Army Ground Force
621:$ 177.6 billion (1.9% of GDP) (2019)
445:Proclamation of the People's Republic
142:
1474:
1288:
1008:into one great Republic of China" (
868:have had complicated relations. The
860:Throughout history, polities in the
722:0 tactical ballistic missile systems
696:1,531 surface to air missile systems
693:0 tactical ballistic missile systems
690:2,890 multiple-launch rocket systems
276:9,596,961 km (3,705,407 sq mi)
1507:
1400:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
1315:
624:$ 210 million (1.5% of GDP) (2019)
13:
2900:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
1694:
1662:
1640:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
1586:Graceffo, Antonio (15 July 2020).
1537:
1420:
1402:: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from
1381:
1092:, during a meeting with President
950:, who established the short-lived
930:, the last monarch of all Mongols
738:People's Liberation Army Air Force
290:1,564,116 km (603,909 sq mi)
14:
3404:
3025:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1887:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1226:from the original on 18 June 2015
1220:Federation of American Scientists
1022:advanced into Outer Mongolia and
934:allied with the Ming against the
853:(as well as their ancestors, the
3120:
3091:
1796:
1216:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
1108:
793:Total naval strength: 352 ships
725:0 surface to air missile systems
719:0 multiple-launch rocket systems
681:49,350 armored fighting vehicles
634:3,205,000 (0.23% of population)
222:
208:
199:
179:
55:
44:
25:
3393:Bilateral relations of Mongolia
3045:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
2953:Dates of diplomatic recognition
1633:
1579:
1468:
1462:"Wilson Center Digital Archive"
1454:
2968:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
1364:University of Central Arkansas
1352:
1336:
1238:
1010:
992:on behalf of the six-year-old
884:, following its defeat of the
1:
3098:Foreign relations of Mongolia
2889:
1200:
1195:2015 China Victory Day Parade
1150:Mongolia participates in the
840:
789:People's Liberation Army Navy
648:170,000 (5.2% of population)
129:other neighbour and main ally
3388:Bilateral relations of China
2924:Diplomatic missions of China
1752:International History Review
1720:Resources in other libraries
1396:International Boundary Study
1360:"China/Mongolia (1911-1946)"
928:transition from Ming to Qing
608:3,088,000 (millions of USD)
7:
3362:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2912:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1168:
1064:
1040:Mongolian People's Republic
899:In 1271, the Mongols under
742:2,378 fighters/interceptors
710:0 armored fighting vehicles
515:$ 1.843 trillion (2018 Q4)
168:People's Republic of China
10:
3409:
2983:Political status of Taiwan
1803:Foreign relations of China
1433:"Mongolia-China relations"
1044:Japanese invasion of China
1032:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
439:People's Republic declared
427:Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
3349:
3329:
3313:
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2884:
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2691:
2500:
2246:
2100:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1715:Resources in your library
1571:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1483:Stanford University Press
1389:"China-Mongolia Boundary"
1180:Mongolia-Taiwan relations
1163:Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene
1024:annulled its independence
1011:仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國
684:3,710 self-propelled guns
604:Foreign exchange reserves
528:$ 27.438 trillion (2019)
502:$ 14.216 trillion (2019)
330:
108:
100:
76:
71:
67:
54:
43:
33:
24:
20:China–Mongolian relations
3383:China–Mongolia relations
3009:Major historical splits
2933:Belt and Road Initiative
1872:Central African Republic
1706:China–Mongolia relations
1644:. New Haven and London:
1481:. Stanford, California:
1152:Belt and Road Initiative
1119:Belt and Road Initiative
678:18,910 main battle tanks
611:3,697 (millions of USD)
537:GDP (nominal) per capita
531:$ 52.467 billion (2023)
505:$ 16.908 billion (2023)
93:China–Mongolia relations
2958:Foreign policy of China
2872:China and the Antarctic
2837:China–Japan–South Korea
1475:Zhao, Suisheng (2023).
1398:(173). The Geographer,
764:6 fighters/interceptors
563:Human Development Index
511:External debt (nominal)
109:Монгол-Хятадын харилцаа
3337:Diplomatic missions of
3040:Wolf warrior diplomacy
2867:Arctic policy of China
2807:BCIM Economic Corridor
2797:Multilateral relations
1892:Congo, Republic of the
1759:International Politics
1289:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
1121:
1077:
990:Empress Dowager Longyu
970:
754:446 attack helicopters
702:Mongolian Ground Force
643:660,000 (paramilitary)
518:$ 25.2 billion (2017)
391:Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat
313:145/km2 (375.5/sq mi)
3357:Third neighbor policy
2963:Foreign Relations Law
2938:China's peaceful rise
2027:São Tomé and Príncipe
1761:51.2 (2014): 254–271.
1754:20.2 (1998): 263–286.
1747:30.4 (1996): 757–793.
1733:35.5 (1995): 459–471.
1646:Yale University Press
1491:10.1515/9781503634152
1185:Battle of Baitag Bogd
1175:China–Mongolia border
1116:
1072:
1055:officially recognized
968:
942:was conquered by the
917:Northern Yuan dynasty
713:0 self-propelled guns
687:6,945 towed artillery
617:Military expenditures
420:Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
316:2.07/km2 (5.4/sq mi)
2470:United Arab Emirates
1745:Modern Asian Studies
1592:Jamestown Foundation
1316:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
1082:diplomatic relations
1074:Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal
1030:forces led by Baron
776:0 attack helicopters
550:GDP (PPP) per capita
460:current constitution
452:current constitution
3330:Diplomatic missions
2988:Chinese unification
2948:Confucius Institute
2485:Northern Domination
2223:Trinidad and Tobago
2108:Antigua and Barbuda
1815:Bilateral relations
1437:Library of Congress
892:in 647 to rule the
799:2 aircraft carriers
760:Mongolian Air Force
745:550 attack aircraft
707:0 main battle tanks
467:Official languages
437:21 September 1949 (
113:bilateral relations
21:
16:Bilateral relations
2163:Dominican Republic
1740:(ME Sharpe, 1996).
1137:foreign investment
1122:
1078:
1076:in Beijing in 1952
982:Beiyang government
971:
907:, established the
888:, established the
831:0(?) / 280 (2019)
637:2,035,000 (active)
630:Military personnel
458:13 February 1992 (
309:Population density
143:Country comparison
19:
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3035:Theater diplomacy
3000:Stadium diplomacy
2920:
2908:
2905:General Secretary
2880:
2879:
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2786:
2783:
2782:
1907:Equatorial Guinea
1736:Paine, Sarah CM.
1701:Library resources
1626:978-1-03-239508-1
1500:978-1-5036-3415-2
1348:978-5-87317-692-2
1086:Sino-Soviet split
1059:Chinese Civil War
978:Republic of China
960:Dzungar–Qing Wars
894:Mongolian Plateau
866:Mongolian Plateau
838:
837:
795:
767:0 attack aircraft
716:0 towed artillery
654:135,000 (reserve)
640:510,000 (reserve)
589:Mongolians living
450:4 December 1982 (
373:semi-presidential
261:
90:
89:
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3005:String of Pearls
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1439:. Archived from
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1371:
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1012:
994:Xuantong Emperor
824:Nuclear warheads
794:
577:
570:
557:$ 14,939 (2023)
554:$ 19,559 (2019)
541:$ 10,153 (2019)
471:Standard Chinese
443:1 October 1949 (
397:Current leaders
263:
262:
213:
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3058:
3049:
2978:Panda diplomacy
2943:Chinese Century
2891:
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2744:Solomon Islands
2687:
2496:
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1695:Further reading
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1391:
1387:
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1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:. p. 273.
1314:
1310:
1303:
1295:. p. 190.
1287:
1283:
1276:
1268:. p. 245.
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1171:
1141:Port of Tianjin
1130:Chinese Premier
1111:
1090:Jambyn Batmönkh
1067:
1000:, Han, Mongol,
924:Ming Great Wall
880:dynasties. The
843:
751:980 helicopters
651:35,000 (active)
575:
568:
544:$ 4,814 (2023)
264:
223:
207:
198:
145:
111:) refer to the
60:
56:
49:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
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3390:
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3351:
3350:Related topics
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2543:Czech Republic
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1485:. p. 67.
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1110:
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1066:
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988:signed by the
956:Outer Mongolia
940:Inner Mongolia
903:, grandson of
862:Central Plains
842:
839:
836:
835:
832:
829:
820:
819:
814:
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786:
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771:
768:
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757:
756:
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752:
749:
748:191 transports
746:
743:
735:
733:Air force size
729:
728:
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726:
723:
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714:
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708:
699:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
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664:
663:
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661:
660:(paramilitary)
655:
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645:
644:
641:
638:
632:
626:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:Chinese living
592:
585:
579:
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572:
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500:
494:
493:
488:
483:
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435:
431:
430:
424:Prime minister
414:
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367:
353:
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348:
342:
336:
335:
329:
324:
318:
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298:
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205:
196:
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165:Official name
162:
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144:
141:
88:
87:
81:
80:Tuvshin Badral
74:
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53:
41:
40:
38:
35:
34:
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30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
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3179:
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3147:United States
3145:
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3128:
3123:
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3110:
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2847:Latin America
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2763:Former states
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2255:
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2228:United States
2226:
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2209:
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2179:
2176:
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2171:
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2159:
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2154:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
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2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
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2048:
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2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
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2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1993:
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1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Guinea-Bissau
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1804:
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1790:
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1778:
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1770:
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1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
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1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1678:
1677:Yahoo Finance
1674:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1655:9780300266900
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1526:on 2015-12-27
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1443:on 2017-08-01
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:on 2006-09-16
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1329:9789629372910
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1302:9789629373214
1298:
1294:
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1277:
1275:9780742578159
1271:
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1258:
1247:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1196:
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1191:
1188:
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1178:
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1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1109:Recent period
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:White Russian
1025:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:Proto-Mongols
852:
848:
833:
830:
828:
827:active/total
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:41 submarines
810:
807:
804:
802:16 destroyers
801:
798:
797:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
775:
773:0 helicopters
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
703:
700:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
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674:
671:
669:
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665:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
647:
642:
639:
636:
635:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:
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610:
607:
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602:
601:
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593:
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586:
584:
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573:
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535:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:
498:GDP (nominal)
496:
495:
492:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
466:
465:
461:
457:
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453:
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446:
440:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
421:
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2770:Soviet Union
2683:Vatican City
2465:Turkmenistan
2413:Saudi Arabia
2365:
2052:South Africa
2042:Sierra Leone
1852:Burkina Faso
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1731:Asian Survey
1730:
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1681:. Retrieved
1679:. 2024-01-24
1676:
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1595:. Retrieved
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1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
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1441:the original
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1219:
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1149:
1145:Asia Pacific
1124:In the post-
1123:
1079:
1048:
974:Bogd Khanate
972:
952:Shun dynasty
936:Qing dynasty
921:
913:China proper
909:Yuan dynasty
905:Genghis Khan
898:
882:Tang dynasty
859:
844:
826:
816:
808:50 corvettes
792:
770:9 transports
657:
598:in Mongolia
449:
442:
434:Established
422:
406:
340:Largest city
334:(1,612,005)
277:
150:Common name
125:Soviet Union
92:
91:
86:Shen Minjuan
3341:in Mongolia
3213:Philippines
3203:South Korea
3198:North Korea
3163:Afghanistan
2857:Third World
2822:Arab League
2724:New Zealand
2668:Switzerland
2618:Netherlands
2423:South Korea
2403:Philippines
2381:North Korea
2254:Afghanistan
2173:El Salvador
2057:South Sudan
1947:Ivory Coast
1190:Vostok 2018
1098:state visit
1096:while on a
1094:Kim Il sung
1020:Xu Shuzheng
1016:Warlord Era
932:Ligdan Khan
901:Kublai Khan
805:33 frigates
587:~6,300,000
583:Expatriates
352:Government
332:Ulaanbaatar
278:(including
135:. With the
3377:Categories
3321:Yugoslavia
3193:Kyrgyzstan
3188:Kazakhstan
2775:Yugoslavia
2714:Micronesia
2648:San Marino
2613:Montenegro
2603:Luxembourg
2475:Uzbekistan
2450:Tajikistan
2341:Kyrgyzstan
2336:Kazakhstan
2289:East Timor
2269:Bangladesh
2264:Azerbaijan
2153:Costa Rica
2037:Seychelles
2002:Mozambique
1987:Mauritania
1972:Madagascar
1867:Cape Verde
1683:2024-04-19
1597:2020-07-16
1558:2008-06-16
1552:Asia Times
1530:2013-04-07
1447:2008-06-15
1413:2008-06-16
1370:2024-02-14
1201:References
1051:Kuomintang
948:Li Zicheng
870:Great Wall
841:Background
404:Xi Jinping
386:Mao Zedong
303:3,227,863
296:Population
133:early 1990
84:Ambassador
78:Ambassador
3305:Australia
3223:Singapore
3178:Indonesia
2890:Diplomacy
2832:Caribbean
2699:Australia
2598:Lithuania
2435:Sri Lanka
2418:Singapore
2398:Palestine
2304:Indonesia
2238:Venezuela
2203:Nicaragua
2113:Argentina
1992:Mauritius
1617:Routledge
1319:政治憲法與未來憲制
1102:Pyongyang
886:Xueyantuo
784:Navy size
668:Army size
591:in China
524:GDP (PPP)
482:Currency
476:Mongolian
417:President
401:President
362:socialist
359:one-party
280:Hong Kong
171:Mongolia
105:Mongolian
3254:Bulgaria
3208:Malaysia
3130:Americas
3030:Treaties
2928:in China
2709:Kiribati
2633:Portugal
2528:Bulgaria
2455:Thailand
2393:Pakistan
2366:Mongolia
2361:Maldives
2356:Malaysia
2284:Cambodia
2218:Suriname
2188:Honduras
2148:Colombia
2123:Barbados
2101:Americas
2092:Zimbabwe
2067:Tanzania
1917:Ethiopia
1897:Djibouti
1862:Cameroon
1847:Botswana
1567:cite web
1224:Archived
1169:See also
1126:Cold War
1065:Cold War
1036:Red Army
864:and the
594:~40,000
411:Li Qiang
376:republic
365:republic
345:Shanghai
159:Mongolia
117:Mongolia
115:between
101:中国—蒙古国关系
51:Mongolia
3298:Oceania
3269:Germany
3238:Vietnam
3018:Albania
2852:Oceania
2812:BIMSTEC
2754:Vanuatu
2692:Oceania
2673:Ukraine
2638:Romania
2608:Moldova
2583:Ireland
2578:Iceland
2573:Hungary
2563:Germany
2553:Finland
2548:Denmark
2533:Croatia
2523:Belgium
2518:Belarus
2513:Austria
2508:Albania
2480:Vietnam
2428:History
2386:History
2371:Myanmar
2351:Lebanon
2329:history
2294:Georgia
2259:Armenia
2233:Uruguay
2193:Jamaica
2178:Grenada
2168:Ecuador
2128:Bolivia
2118:Bahamas
2077:Tunisia
2047:Somalia
2032:Senegal
2017:Nigeria
2007:Namibia
1997:Morocco
1962:Liberia
1957:Lesotho
1912:Eritrea
1882:Comoros
1857:Burundi
1832:Algeria
1230:25 July
1133:Li Peng
1006:Tibetan
944:Manchus
817:No Navy
791:(2019)
704:(2019)
675:(2019)
658:unknown
567:0.752 (
408:Premier
370:Unitary
356:Unitary
327:Beijing
322:Capital
218:Anthem
97:Chinese
3314:Former
3284:Poland
3279:Norway
3274:Kosovo
3264:France
3247:Europe
3233:Turkey
3228:Taiwan
3218:Russia
3142:Mexico
3137:Canada
3105:Africa
3013:Soviet
2817:Africa
2663:Sweden
2653:Serbia
2643:Russia
2628:Poland
2623:Norway
2593:Kosovo
2568:Greece
2558:France
2538:Cyprus
2501:Europe
2460:Turkey
2445:Taiwan
2319:Israel
2279:Brunei
2274:Bhutan
2208:Panama
2198:Mexico
2138:Canada
2133:Brazil
2087:Zambia
2082:Uganda
2022:Rwanda
1977:Malawi
1937:Guinea
1927:Gambia
1837:Angola
1825:Africa
1703:about
1652:
1623:
1497:
1346:
1326:
1299:
1292:憲法何以中國
1272:
1004:, and
998:Manchu
851:Mongol
574:0.739(
491:Tögrög
131:until
99::
3183:Japan
3173:India
3168:China
3112:Egypt
2827:BRICS
2749:Tonga
2739:Samoa
2719:Nauru
2658:Spain
2588:Italy
2492:Yemen
2440:Syria
2408:Qatar
2376:Nepal
2324:Japan
2299:India
2183:Haiti
2143:Chile
2062:Sudan
2012:Niger
1967:Libya
1952:Kenya
1932:Ghana
1922:Gabon
1902:Egypt
1842:Benin
1407:(PDF)
1392:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
576:high)
284:Macau
195:Flag
154:China
121:China
72:Envoy
62:China
3156:Asia
2729:Niue
2704:Fiji
2346:Laos
2314:Iraq
2309:Iran
2247:Asia
2213:Peru
2158:Cuba
2072:Togo
1982:Mali
1877:Chad
1650:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1573:link
1495:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1232:2019
922:The
878:Ming
876:and
849:and
845:The
569:high
486:Yuan
282:and
272:Area
119:and
1487:doi
1100:to
1002:Hui
874:Han
847:Han
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