Children's rights in Iran

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punishment for crimes concerning sex, false accusation, use of alcohol, and caused an injury. Therefore, girls above nine years old and boys above fifteen years old can be subject to flogging. However, if it is recognized that the offenders “do not realize the nature of the crime committed or its prohibition, or if there is uncertainty about their full mental development”, corporal punishment cannot be applied and the offender will either be detained or charged with a fine. However, for Article 91 to be taken into consideration and be applied, it is required that the juvenile offender themselves claims the right to a retrial allowed by the mentioned article. The offenders below eighteen and their families are often unaware of this possibility and unable to afford a lawyer who can inform them about their rights, very few of them apply for a retrial.

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statistics are related to young girls. But research shows that the number of children's marriages is not limited to statistics, since in rural areas children are married and live for years without formal marriage. Also according to the statistics in 2012, 37,000 children aged 10 to 18 were divorced or widowed. Each year, 800 girls from 10 to 14 years old and 15,000 girls aged 15 to 19 are divorced in Iran. Poverty and traditional beliefs are the cause of these early marriages. In most cases, the son-in-law's family pays money to the bride's family, who are often poor to marry their under-aged daughter. The implications of early marriage include increased illiteracy and ill-treatment among women, polygamy, house-venting, and spousal phenomena.

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2011 national census, more than 900,000 were not in schools between the ages of 6 and 14 years. Some of the most common reasons for not being in school were reportedly due to early marriage and child labor, leading to dropouts. There is currently no official data on the number of child laborers, with the most recent official figures available from the 2011 Iranian national census. According to the 2011 census, there were 68,558 child laborers aged 10 to 14, and 696,700 aged 15 to 18. According to the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), up to 3.1 million of Iranian minors are not in school, of which half are in the workforce.

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Iran, “The protection of the person who is under guardianship as well as his legal representation in all matters relating to his property and financial rights, are entrusted to the guardian.” This makes providing justice for children very unlikely when the perpetrator of violence is the guardian, usually the mother. The Iranian Law does not regard the child as an entity with their rights and legal recognition, and therefore does not respect the General Comment No.12 (2009) within the CRC regarding the child's right to be heard.

85:. The NBCRC is responsible for supervising, organizing, and coordinating all issues related to children in Iran, at a national level through ministries and NGOs, and at a local level through the establishment of local offices managed by provincial governors. The NBCRC has established four specialized working groups to fulfill its mandates: the Monitoring and Controlling Group, the Legal and Judicial Working Group, the Training and Information Working Group, and the Protection and Coordination Working Group. 393:

married is still in the hands of their guardian. According to the Civil Code of Iran, after turning thirteen, virgin girls marrying for the first time require a father’s or grandfather’s permission solely. Previously, the minimum age for marriage was 15 years for girls and 18 years for boys, and in special circumstances and with the presentation of a court certificate, girls at the age of 13 and boys at the age of 15 could get married; Therefore, the marriage under the age of 13 was completely prohibited.

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chores per week. (UNICEF, A State of the Worlds Children 2016). Another definition proposed by ILO’s Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor (SIMPOC) defines a child as a child laborer if he/she is involved in economic activity, is under 12 years old, and works one or more hours per week, or is 14 years old or under and works at least 14 hours per week, or is 14 years old or under and works at least one hour per week in hazardous activities, or is 17 or under and works in an “

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majority of these rape victims are then rejected upon returning to their families. Shelters set up for runaways have also become known as a source for finding prostitutes and children for selling. According to the head judiciary of the Tehran province, traffickers usually aim for girls between 13 and 17, although there have been some reports of girls as young as 8 to 10 being trafficked. There have also been reports of several cases of infant trafficking in Iran.

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Iran. The UN experts said, “Iran should immediately and unconditionally abolish the sentencing of children to death, and engage in a comprehensive process of commutation of all death sentences issued against children, in line with juvenile justice standards.” Iran has reportedly executed at least four juvenile offenders from January to October 2017, and at least 86 more are known to be on death row at the time, although the actual figure may be higher.

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Committee on the rights of the child to withdraw its reservation to the Convention, according to the CRC, which states that “A reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.” As a consequence, children are subject to the arbitrary way in which “Islamic criteria” are interpreted by State Authorities, namely the Parliament (Majlis), the Supreme Leader and The Guardian Council.

199:), theft and crimes related to drugs have also figured among the reasons for juvenile capital punishment. A recent tendency regarding capital punishment in the Islamic Republic of Iran is that of detaining the offenders until they turn eighteen and only execute them at that time. However, there is no legal obligation according to which executions should be postponed until the offender has reached the age of eighteen. 106:

psychological and emotional punishment and 45 percent are subject to physical punishment. According to the statistics by Shirin Sadr Nuri, a member of the Association for the Protection of Children's Rights, citing to ISNA news agency, 93% of those who contacted the association in 2013, were the mothers of the children, and three percent were the children themselves. Two percent of calls were from their fathers.

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marriage of Iranian women to foreign national men, may, upon attaining the age of 18, apply for acquiring Iranian nationality.” This would be granted providing the child has no criminal or security record, and that they revoke any non-Iranian nationality. The Iranian Majles estimated that the law would assist the approximately 120,000 children left in “citizenship limbo”.

144:. However, there have been recent reports of torture and mistreatment by juvenile offenders, who were forced to confess by means of physical coercion. One of the latest cases was reported by Alireza Tajiki, who was arrested at the age of fifteen and convicted after confessing under torture the rape and the murder of a friend, crimes that he consistently withdrew in court. 1702: 350:

work, shift work, or arduous, harmful or dangerous work”. However, the Labor Law allows businesses with less than 10 staff members to be exempted from certain law provisions, including maximum work-hour requirements, overtime pay, and disability benefits. Iran has ratified the International Labor Office (ILO)

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According to statistics provided by UNICEF, between 2008 and 2014, 3% of Iranian adolescents got married by the age of fifteen, and 17% by the age of eighteen The statistics of 2010 show that 43, 457 cases of children under the age of 15 have been registered officially for marriage. 90 percent of the

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Runaway girls are considered especially vulnerable to trafficking and prostitution. In a BBC interview in 2005, Dr. Hadi Motamedi, the head of the Social Ills Prevention Unit of the Health Ministry, said that most runaway girls are subject to rape within the first 24 hours. According to Motamedi, the

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Iran is used as a source, transit, and destination country for the sex trafficking of children. Young Iranian girls are especially vulnerable to trafficking, which has been argued partly caused by poverty and government laws that are exclusionary towards females. The workforce is very male-dominant,

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prohibits the employment of children under the age of 15. Children aged 15–18, referred to as “young workers”, are required to undergo regular medical exams by the Ministry of Labor to be eligible for partaking in the workforce. Furthermore, employers are prohibited from assigning youth to “overtime

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strongly urged Iran to end the execution of children and persons who committed a crime while under the age of 18. On 18 October 2017, various United Nations human rights experts stated that “Iran was continuing to execute juvenile offenders.” The UN experts deplored the continued child executions in

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While its establishment was considered a positive step, the effectiveness of the NBCRC has been called into question by outside groups. In particular, its lack of independence and its limited powers to influence government policy outside of an advisory capacity has been raised. There is currently no

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The UN defines a child laborer as either a) a child 5-11 years old who either takes part in at least 1 hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores per week or b) a child 12-14 years old who takes part in at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household

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Despite some judicial safeguards to prevent the exploitation of children, Iran has been criticized for its high number of child laborers, and many cases of exploitation have been reported by human rights organizations. Figures regarding the number of child and youth laborers vary. According to the

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Article 20 of the Iranian constitution guarantees the equal protection of the law to both men and women. Nevertheless, Iranian laws contain several practices which reinforce gender discrimination in the country. As noted above, the Iranian Penal and Civil Codes define a child at the age of 9 lunar

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The death penalty is currently in use in Iran, and the percentage of executions has increased by 300% from 2008 to 2015. Iran also detains the worldly record for the country executing the biggest number of juvenile offenders. The percentage of executions of minors substantially increased and later

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Flogging as a criminal punishment is still in use in the Justice system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the law stating the age of criminal responsibility, girls above nine and boys above fifteen are judged and punished according to the Iranian Penal Code, which also implies corporal

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The law of Protection of without Guardian Children Act, adopted by Iran in 1975, underwent changes in 2013. In the new version, article 27 states that “If the head of the family wants to marry the adopted child, he should send her details to a court for approval. If the marriage has already taken

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In the official census of Iran in 1996, more than 4% of the working population of Iran was between 10 – 14 years old. In these statistics, the working population of Iran was 14.5 million people, so the number of children working aged 10–14, which was 4%, is about 600 thousand. In 1996, there were

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Corporal punishment of children is not allowed in daycare centers according to article 8 (23) of the Amended Regulations for Establishment, Management, and Dissolution of All Forms of Day Care Centres (2008). The same law applies to juvenile correction centers. In fact, according to the Executive

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It is possible for individual children to bring to court cases of abuse experienced by them. However, this does not apply to criminal cases. Children under the age of fifteen usually need to present their case in court through their guardian. According to the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of

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Currently, the minor age of marriage for girls in Iran is thirteen lunar years while it is fifteen lunar years for boys. However, for a male individual, it is still possible to petition a court to marry a child below the minimum age of marriage as the decision whether or not the child should get

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The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states that the government is responsible for providing all citizens with free education up to secondary school The central government, through the Ministry of Education, is responsible for financing and administering K-12 education. It supervises

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This law has been criticized for not going far enough to protect the rights of children. Many non-Iranian fathers are Afghan or Iraqi undocumented migrants or refugees. Iranian law requires that an Iranian woman receives permission to marry a foreign national, and as asylum-seekers are often not

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as long as the perpetrator is the guardian of the child. According to the Iranian Civil Code, “parents are entitled to punish their children, but they must not abuse this right by punishing their children beyond the limits of correction”. Furthermore, the Islamic Penal Code states that “the acts

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Recognizing this, in the Third Periodic Report on the CRC the Iranian government pointed out the 2006 Single Article Act on Deciding on the Nationality of Children Born as a Result of Marriage of Iranian Women and Foreign National Men, which states that children born in Iran “as a result of the

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Article 907 of the Civil Code, on inheritance, also discriminates based on gender by granting male heirs twice as much as female heirs in the case of multiple children. Furthermore, Article 911 of the Civil Code states that in the case of the deceased having no surviving children, grandchildren

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Although the Islamic Republic of Iran has ratified the CRC, the law in Iran operates and gains legitimation only within an Islamic framework, which implies that any law has to conform to certain “Islamic criteria”. The Islamic Republic of Iran has been urged multiple times by the United Nations

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has claimed that individuals should not be subject to imprisonment under the age of 18 and should not be actively participating in conflicts under the age of 15. The age of criminal responsibility is directly connected to the age of majority. On 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament changed the

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In 2013, more than 2,400 child abductions were reported to the Association for the Protection of the Rights of the Child in Iran. The Children's Rights Advocacy Association, which manages the telephone counseling line, (Sedayeh Yara) says 55 percent of the children have been subjected to

24:(CRC) in 1991 and ratified it in 1994. Upon ratification, Iran made the following reservation: "If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case, the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it." 330:

national examinations, monitors standards, organizes curricula and the training of teachers, produces educational materials, and upholds and develops infrastructure. Education is supervised through provincial authorities and district offices at the local level.

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Regulations of the Prisons Organisation, Correction and Security Measures (2005), “Aggressive behavior, verbal abuse of the accused and convicts or administering harsh and insulting disciplinary measures are forbidden in any manner in institutions and prisons”.

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Early marriage is one of the main contributors to the school dropout rate, as Iranian regulations limit access to school for married children, as they are only allowed to participate in final exams, and are not eligible to attend classes or night schools.

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is based on, differences in length from the solar year by eleven to twelve days. Therefore, nine lunar years correspond to approximately eight solar years and eight months and fifteen lunar years are approximately fourteen solar years and seven

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committed by parents and legal guardians of minors and insane people to chastise or protect them provided that such actions are exercised within the customary limits, and religious limits for chastisement and protection”.

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will be exempt from execution. They will be subject to the detention of various durations, or fines of various values, depending on the seriousness of the offenses. However, when the crime committed is categorized under

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In spite of the fact that the UN has condemned executions as a criminal punishment in Iran and has stressed the gravity of carrying out executions publicly, the perpetration of this practice in Iran has been reported.

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Iran’s expenditure on education is higher than the global average. According to UNESCO, 17% of government expenditure in Iran went to education, a relatively high number compared to the global average of 14.3%.

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controversial law of executing juveniles. In the new law, the age of 18 (solar year) would be considered the minimum age for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law.

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Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15

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1981: 223:, when offenders under eighteen are thought not to have recognized the gravity of the crime, Article 91 of the Iranian Penal Code might be applied, and the offender might be exempt from death penalty. 2227: 2186: 2091: 2196: 365:

Many children in different cities are also involved in street vendors. The parents of most of them are addicted to drugs, and these children are subject to child abuse and sexual exploitation.

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According to the Iranian Civil Code, “a child must obey its parents and must respect them regardless of their age” and in case of disobedience or for educational purposes, Iranian law allows

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Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21

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With regard to the definition of "child", the tendency within international law is that of setting the threshold between childhood and adulthood at eighteen years old. For instance, the

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Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18

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place, Welfare State Organisation must report it to the court, upon which the decision on the continuation of the care by the same family or its cancellation will be decided”.

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years for girls, and 15 lunar years for boys. This grants fewer years of child protection to girls than boys, and denies them some of the protections of the Convention.

1486: 860: 307:. Nationality is passed through the father, meaning that children of Iranian mothers and non-Iranian fathers face difficulty in acquiring Iranian nationality. 1731:. ILO. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour., ILO. Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour. Geneva: ILO. 2002. 594:"Ratification status of the Optional Protocol | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict" 141: 1062: 31:, international human rights organizations and foreign governments have routinely criticized it for failing to uphold its obligations under the treaty. 642:"UNICEF Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Media center - Children's Rights is Everyone's Responsibility, says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary" 89:

National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) in Iran with the power to consider individual complaints and carry out investigations on behalf of children.

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has been limited in the revised version of the Iranian Penal Code (2013). However, the new version of the Penal Code retains the use of stoning as a

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The updated version of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013 includes that youth between fifteen and eighteen who have committed crimes punishable with

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Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45

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Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22

1654: 1113: 425: 137: 544: 1685: 475:” (prostitution, children in bondage or forced labor, armed conflict, trafficked children, pornography, and other illicit activities). 195:

The reasons for which juvenile offenders were subject to the death penalty have mainly been murder and rape but “enmity against God” (

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experts called on the Iranian regime to halt the imminent execution of Mohammad Kalhory, who was 15 when he committed the crime.

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inherit according to how much their parents would have received. Children of sons thus inherit more than children of daughters.

140:, “all forms of torture for the purpose of extracting confession or acquiring information are forbidden”, which conforms to the 1487:

http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor

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Hanging is the most common form of capital punishment in Iran, and it is either carried out in prisons or publicly in squares.

44: 1561:

A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at:

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Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4

410: 895:

Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3

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In 2016, Iran submitted its combined Third and Fourth periodic report on the implementation of the provisions of the CRC.

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also refers to the status of a woman who can have vaginal intercourse with her husband. (Iranian Penal Code, Article 226)

2021: 1971: 1931: 1816: 1736: 1256: 1208: 315:

legally registered, their marriages cannot be registered and as such their children cannot receive birth certificates.

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On 3 January 2010, Iran established the National Body for the Convention on the Rights of the Child (NBCRC) under the

1791: 2066: 2056: 1304: 809:"آمار یکساله "صدای یارا"/ ثبت تنبیه ۲۶۳۴ کودک درسالی که گذشت - ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ - Jebhe Melli Iran – Europe" 2071: 1936: 675:"Refworld | The Third Periodic Report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Islamic Republic of Iran" 157: 48: 785: 757:

Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2

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Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1

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United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict

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Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53

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Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31

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Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30

1848: 1585:“Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: 882: 1858: 1760: 1562: 215:, offenders under the age of eighteen execution are considered legally legitimate. Even in the case of 174: 82: 1865: 374: 593: 1913: 1891: 775:

Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20

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is the status of a married man who can have vaginal intercourse with his wife “whenever he wishes”.

17: 1097: 1661: 1498: 1209:"OHCHR | UN rights experts condemn recent upsurge in executions in Iran, many of them unreported" 290: 1549: 520: 1098:

UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar

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UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar

68:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure

1832: 420: 1110:"UN RIGHTS EXPERTS URGE IRAN TO HALT IMMINENT EXECUTION OF JUVENILE AMIRHOSSEIN POURJAFAR" 8: 2211: 1884: 1853: 1381: 1754: 1619: 1783: 2266: 1876: 1787: 1742: 1732: 1679: 1063:"Iran: Hanging of teenager shows authorities' brazen disregard for international law" 957: 492: 346: 324: 40: 28: 1779: 60:

Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

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ratified the treaty on 13 July 1994. In addition, Iran has signed and ratified the

1778:, Handbook of Development Economics, vol. 4, Elsevier, pp. 3607–3709, 1524: 1454:"Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Iran (Islamic Republic of)" 1356: 674: 1382:"Expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure (%) | Data" 443: 257: 55: 54:

Iran signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 5 September 1991. The

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dropped in 2015. However, at the beginning of 2016, 160 offenders were on

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Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47.

1233:"Iran's children look on and families cry for pardons at daily hangings" 1801: 1257:

Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts

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category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code

1043:

Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6

1443:

Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.

1404:

Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.

913:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7

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in Iran for crimes that they had committed before they had turned 18.

989:

Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26

808: 181: 1703:"افزایش نگران‌کننده ازدواج و طلاق کودکان در ایران - DW - 22.08.2012" 1563:

http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf

924:"Iran: Teenager tortured into 'confessing' days away from execution" 303: 51:

adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child without a vote.

1328:

Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2

618:"Committee on the Rights of the Child examines the report of Iran" 64:

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

739:

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2

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about 380,000 children aged 10 to 14 in Iran who had fixed work.

230: 569: 1729:

Every child counts : new global estimates on child labour

212: 208: 203: 833:

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a)

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A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011.

514: 512: 510: 284: 242: 842:

Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38

507: 1034:

Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)

1906: 1606:

Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043.

1597:

Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041.

1485:

National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at:

1267:

Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20

1025:

Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179

1016:

Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177

904:

Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38

766:

Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235

295:

Iranian nationality law contains principles of both

142:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

43:, of which Iran was a founding member, endorsed the 1276:

Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146

92: 1422:Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. 1164:Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89 998:Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91 164: 151: 875:"Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited" 706:Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4 114: 109: 2283: 1614: 1612: 1525:"فروش و استفاده جنسی از كودكان كار دروازه ‌غار!" 1431:Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119 673:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 442:A lunar year, which is the measurement that the 245:of a man and a woman who meet the conditions of 1572: 1570: 27:Although Iran is bound by the Convention under 380:as only 15 percent of all females have a job. 1892: 1817: 1620:"سن قانونی ازدواج و ثبت نکاح در قوانین ایران" 1609: 950:"Iran urged to call off teenager's execution" 853:"Iran changes law for execution of juveniles" 266: 237:punishment. The Article 225 states that “the 1567: 1439: 1437: 426:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran 352:convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 1175:"Iran: Proposed Penal Code Retains Stoning" 845: 1899: 1885: 1824: 1810: 1587:http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm 1305:"Some Iranians still dream of citizenship" 668: 666: 368: 1550:Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016 1434: 1831: 1346:Iranian constitution (1979), article 30. 285:Citizenship and the right to nationality 271: 22:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1773: 1697: 1695: 947: 786:"Convention on the Rights of the Child" 663: 473:unconditional worst form of child labor 189:UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 2284: 1684:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1198:Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013 518: 416:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 127: 62:and has signed (but not ratified) the 45:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1880: 1805: 1552:, The United States State Department. 411:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1692: 948:Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (2016-05-13). 672: 121:Committee on the Rights of the Child 495:. Library of Congress. 4 April 2011 13: 1413:Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79. 1151:The list of crimes that fall into 881:. 13 February 2012. Archived from 859:. 10 February 2012. Archived from 14: 2308: 1522: 387: 76: 47:on 26 November 1924. In 1959 the 2265: 2256: 2255: 256:On 21 February 2019, a group of 93:Legal status of children in Iran 1767: 1721: 1647: 1638: 1600: 1591: 1579: 1555: 1543: 1516: 1491: 1479: 1470: 1446: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1374: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1297: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1261: 1250: 1225: 1201: 1192: 1167: 1158: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1102: 1091: 1080: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1010: 1001: 992: 983: 974: 941: 916: 907: 898: 889: 867: 836: 827: 801: 778: 769: 760: 751: 742: 733: 709: 700: 165:Execution of juvenile offenders 158:corporal punishment in the home 152:Corporal punishment in the home 49:United Nations General Assembly 2223:British Indian Ocean Territory 1626:(in Persian). 25 November 1395 691: 634: 610: 586: 562: 537: 485: 466: 451: 438: 341: 115:Age of criminal responsibility 110:Children in the justice system 1: 1784:10.1016/s1573-4471(07)04057-0 857:Iran Independent News Service 525:OutRight Action International 521:"Rights of the Child in Iran" 479: 249:shall be stoning to death”. 2297:Children's rights by country 318: 39:The General Assembly of the 7: 879:Ghanoon Online (in Persian) 404: 66:. Iran has yet to sign the 10: 2313: 1357:"Education in Iran - WENR" 372: 322: 288: 267:Civil and political rights 175:Capital punishment in Iran 168: 34: 2251: 2210: 2170: 1912: 1907:Children's rights in Asia 1839: 1774:Edmonds, Eric V. (2007), 493:"Children's Rights: Iran" 375:Human trafficking in Iran 1972:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 717:"Treaty bodies Download" 431: 18:Islamic Republic of Iran 2233:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 369:Trafficking of children 291:Iranian nationality law 1776:Chapter 57 Child Labor 1759:: CS1 maint: others ( 519:kmills (2015-03-06). 272:Gender discrimination 2292:Human rights in Iran 2147:United Arab Emirates 1833:Human rights in Iran 885:on 13 February 2012. 863:on 11 February 2012. 721:tbinternet.ohchr.org 574:indicators.ohchr.org 421:Human rights in Iran 138:Iranian Constitution 2174:limited recognition 1849:Freedom of religion 813:www.jebhemelli.info 570:"- OHCHR Dashboard" 128:Corporal punishment 83:Ministry of Justice 1859:Transgender rights 1386:data.worldbank.org 1179:Human Rights Watch 2279: 2278: 2216:other territories 1874: 1873: 1844:Children's rights 325:Education in Iran 136:According to the 41:League of Nations 29:international law 2304: 2269: 2259: 2258: 2228:Christmas Island 1914:Sovereign states 1901: 1894: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1750: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1660:. Archived from 1659: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1503:www.beytoote.com 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1112:. Archived from 1106: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 990: 987: 981: 978: 972: 971: 969: 968: 945: 939: 938: 936: 935: 920: 914: 911: 905: 902: 896: 893: 887: 886: 871: 865: 864: 849: 843: 840: 834: 831: 825: 824: 822: 820: 805: 799: 798: 796: 795: 790: 782: 776: 773: 767: 764: 758: 755: 749: 746: 740: 737: 731: 730: 728: 727: 713: 707: 704: 698: 695: 689: 688: 686: 685: 670: 661: 660: 658: 657: 648:. Archived from 638: 632: 631: 629: 628: 614: 608: 607: 605: 604: 590: 584: 583: 581: 580: 566: 560: 559: 557: 556: 547:. Archived from 541: 535: 534: 532: 531: 516: 505: 504: 502: 500: 489: 469: 454: 441: 347:Iran’s Labor Law 229:The practice of 2312: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2247: 2215: 2206: 2187:Northern Cyprus 2173: 2166: 1908: 1905: 1875: 1870: 1835: 1830: 1800: 1794: 1772: 1768: 1752: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1655:"Archived copy" 1653: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1069:. 2 August 2016 1067:www.amnesty.org 1061: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 984: 979: 975: 966: 964: 946: 942: 933: 931: 928:www.amnesty.org 922: 921: 917: 912: 908: 903: 899: 894: 890: 873: 872: 868: 851: 850: 846: 841: 837: 832: 828: 818: 816: 807: 806: 802: 793: 791: 788: 784: 783: 779: 774: 770: 765: 761: 756: 752: 747: 743: 738: 734: 725: 723: 715: 714: 710: 705: 701: 696: 692: 683: 681: 671: 664: 655: 653: 640: 639: 635: 626: 624: 616: 615: 611: 602: 600: 592: 591: 587: 578: 576: 568: 567: 563: 554: 552: 543: 542: 538: 529: 527: 517: 508: 498: 496: 491: 490: 486: 482: 434: 407: 390: 377: 371: 344: 327: 321: 293: 287: 274: 269: 241:punishment for 177: 167: 154: 130: 117: 112: 95: 79: 37: 12: 11: 5: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2263: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1866:Women's rights 1863: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1766: 1738:978-9221131137 1737: 1720: 1691: 1646: 1637: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1578: 1566: 1554: 1542: 1515: 1490: 1478: 1469: 1445: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1373: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1249: 1224: 1200: 1191: 1166: 1157: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1101: 1090: 1079: 1054: 1045: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1000: 991: 982: 973: 940: 915: 906: 897: 888: 866: 844: 835: 826: 800: 777: 768: 759: 750: 741: 732: 708: 699: 690: 662: 646:www.unicef.org 633: 609: 585: 561: 536: 506: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 463: 448: 444:lunar calendar 433: 430: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 406: 403: 389: 388:Early marriage 386: 370: 367: 343: 340: 320: 317: 286: 283: 273: 270: 268: 265: 258:United Nations 166: 163: 153: 150: 129: 126: 116: 113: 111: 108: 94: 91: 78: 77:Implementation 75: 56:Iranian Majlis 36: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2309: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197:South Ossetia 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 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1238: 1234: 1228: 1214: 1213:www.ohchr.org 1210: 1204: 1195: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1116:on 2017-10-19 1115: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1049: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1004: 995: 986: 977: 963: 959: 955: 951: 944: 930:. 12 May 2016 929: 925: 919: 910: 901: 892: 884: 880: 876: 870: 862: 858: 854: 848: 839: 830: 814: 810: 804: 787: 781: 772: 763: 754: 745: 736: 722: 718: 712: 703: 694: 680: 676: 669: 667: 652:on 2019-02-18 651: 647: 643: 637: 623: 622:www.ohchr.org 619: 613: 599: 595: 589: 575: 571: 565: 551:on 2017-05-05 550: 546: 540: 526: 522: 515: 513: 511: 494: 488: 484: 474: 468: 464: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 435: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 402: 398: 394: 385: 381: 376: 366: 363: 359: 355: 353: 348: 339: 335: 331: 326: 316: 312: 308: 306: 305: 300: 299: 298:jus sanguinis 292: 282: 278: 264: 262: 259: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 200: 198: 193: 190: 187:In 2016, the 185: 183: 176: 172: 171:Crime in Iran 162: 159: 149: 145: 143: 139: 134: 125: 122: 107: 103: 99: 90: 86: 84: 74: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 50: 46: 42: 32: 30: 25: 23: 19: 2212:Dependencies 2142:Turkmenistan 2107:Saudi Arabia 1996: 1775: 1769: 1728: 1723: 1711:. Retrieved 1709:(in Persian) 1706: 1669:. Retrieved 1662:the original 1649: 1640: 1628:. Retrieved 1623: 1602: 1593: 1581: 1557: 1545: 1533:. Retrieved 1531:(in Persian) 1528: 1518: 1506:. Retrieved 1502: 1499:"کودکان کار" 1493: 1481: 1472: 1461:. Retrieved 1457: 1448: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1389:. Retrieved 1385: 1376: 1365:. Retrieved 1363:. 2017-02-07 1361:wenr.wes.org 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1313:. Retrieved 1311:. 2015-10-27 1308: 1299: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1252: 1241:. Retrieved 1239:. 2012-09-15 1237:The Guardian 1236: 1227: 1216:. Retrieved 1212: 1203: 1194: 1183:. Retrieved 1181:. 2013-06-03 1178: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1118:. Retrieved 1114:the original 1104: 1093: 1082: 1071:. Retrieved 1066: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1003: 994: 985: 976: 965:. Retrieved 954:The Guardian 953: 943: 932:. Retrieved 927: 918: 909: 900: 891: 883:the original 878: 869: 861:the original 856: 847: 838: 829: 817:. Retrieved 815:(in Persian) 812: 803: 792:. 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Children's rights in Iran

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