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Governments’ actions on education have led to almost all children now attending school in Ghana, with 4 out 5 in Côte d’Ivoire; and that a more than 60 percent increase in total cocoa production over the past 10 years did not bring a similar surge in child labour. According to the 2022 Chocolate
Scorecard seven of the major chocolate companies are 'leading the industry' on child labour and a further seventeen companies are 'starting to implement good policies'. Companies who claimed to be addressing child labour were asked to provide evidence for this and were scored according to whether their reports were external or internal, whether just numbers or actual impact was measured, and how recently the study was undertaken.
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non-hazardous tasks on the family farm for a limited period of time, under supervision, and without compromising their schooling, is considered as acceptable child work. This type of work is often necessary for the welfare of many families in West
African rural societies. It also contributes to children's development, providing them with skills and experience that help them prepare for their adult farming life. By contrast, activities such as carrying heavy loads or using chemicals are considered as "unacceptable forms of child labour", because they are physically dangerous for children. Child trafficking and any work undertaken by children in bonded labour are extreme and criminal forms of child exploitation.
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cheapest labour to make a profit. In Africa, a cocoa labourer can only make less than 2 dollars per day, which is below the poverty line. Child labourers between the ages 12 to 15 in the cocoa industry work as much as an adult labourer, but they are paid less than adults. Children in cocoa growing areas face the realities of rural poverty (scarcity of land, food insecurity, lack of education infrastructure, access to potable water, poor health services, etc.). The regular practice of children working on cocoa farms is often a natural way of life for cocoa farmers who, for a variety of reasons, want to train their children and at the same time use them to reduce labour costs on the family's farm.
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commissioned by the
Department of Labor and conducted by Tulane University found that an estimated 1.4 million children aged 5 years old to 11 years old worked in agriculture in cocoa-growing areas, while approximately 800,000 of them were engaged in hazardous work, including working with sharp tools and agricultural chemicals and carrying heavy loads. According to the NORC study, methodological differences between the 2018/9 survey and earlier ones, together with errors in the administration of the 2013/4 survey have made it challenging to document changes in the number of children engaged in child labour over the past five years.
222:(ILO) defines child labour as work that "is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; and interferes with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; by obliging them to leave school prematurely; or by requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work." Not all work that children do is child labour. Work done that is not detrimental to children's health, development or schooling is beneficial because it allows children to develop skills, gain experience and prepare them for future positions; these are not considered child labour or abuse.
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2005 deadline was not met, and all parties agreed to a three-year extension of the
Protocol. This extension allowed the cocoa industry more time to implement the Protocol including creating a certification system to address the worst forms of child labour for half of the growing areas in CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana. By 2008, the industry had collected data from over half of the areas, as required, but they did not have proper independent verification. In June 2008, the Protocol was extended until the end of 2010. At that time, the industry was required to have full certifications with independent verifications.
44:, together produce nearly 60% of the world's cocoa each year. During the 2018/19 cocoa-growing season, research commissioned by the U.S. Department of Labor was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago in these two countries and found that 1.48 million children are engaged in hazardous work on cocoa farms including working with sharp tools and agricultural chemicals and carrying heavy loads. That number of children is significant, representing 43 percent of all children living in agricultural households in cocoa growing areas. During the same period cocoa production in
450:. Cocoa harvest is not restricted to one period per year and occurs over a period of several months to the whole year. Pods are harvested at multiple times during the harvest season because they do not all ripen at once. Pod ripening is judged by pod color, and ripe pods are harvested from the trunk and branches of the cocoa tree with a curved knife on a long pole. The pods are opened and wet beans are removed. Wet beans are transported to a facility so they can be fermented and dried.
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officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in CĂ´te d'Ivoire in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold for "just a few dollars" to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves.
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461:. This skill is part of normal development in children 15 to 17 years old, but is a higher risk in younger children. Many have wounds on their legs where they have cut themselves. A survey conducted by U.S. Department of Labour indicates that in 2005, 92 percent of children between the ages of 5 and 15 are involved in heavy load carrying work in the cocoa industry, which can cause open wounds.
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labour. As another result of the
Protocol, the International Cocoa Initiative was created to improve the lives of children in cocoa-growing communities, safeguarding their rights and contributing to the elimination of child labour by supporting the acceleration and scale-up of child-centred community development and of responsible supply chain management throughout the cocoa sector.
500:. Cooperatives pay farmers a fair price for their cocoa so farmers have enough money for food, clothes, and school fees. One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price, but this does not mean that the larger amount of money paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers. The effectiveness of fair trade has been questioned. In a 2014 article,
87:. In it were claims that traffickers promised paid work, housing, and education to children who were forced to labour and undergo severe abuse, that some children were held forcibly on farms and worked up to 100 hours per week, and that attempted escapees were beaten. It quoted a former slave: "The beatings were a part of my life" and "when you didn't hurry, you were beaten."
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Remediation System intended to monitor thousands of farms in Ghana and CĂ´te d'Ivoire for child labour conditions. Despite these efforts, goals to reduce child labour in West Africa by 70% before 2020 are slowed by persistent poverty, absence of schools, expansion of cocoa farmland, and increased demand for coco.
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initiatives, to address concerns about the marginalization of cocoa labourers in developing countries. Traditionally, Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa, which caused poverty to abound. Fairtrade seeks to establish a system of direct
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study, the majority of those with childhood cocoa labour experience were trafficked (75% from
Burkina Faso and 63% from Mali). The majority of those who were trafficked had no interaction with police, and only 0.5% had any contact from institutions that provided social services. Burkina Faso and Togo
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on commercial cocoa farms in CĂ´te d'Ivoire. The documentary featured Kevin Bales, renowned author and professor, who later became the founding board member of the
International Cocoa Initiative, a Geneva-based nonprofit funded by major chocolate makers that focuses on addressing child labour in cocoa
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stated that the Child Labour
Monitoring and Remediation Systems implemented by the International Cocoa Initiative and its partners has been useful, but "they are currently reaching less than 20 percent of the over two million children impacted". According to the 2018 edition of the Cocoa Barometer, a
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In 2001, companies including Mars, Ferrero, the
Hershey Company, Kraft Foods, and Nestlé expressed their collective commitment to combat child labour in cocoa growing communities in West Africa through their support of the Harkin–Engel Protocol, an international agreement aimed at reducing the worst
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For a decade and a half, the big chocolate makers have promised to end child labour in their industry—and have spent tens of millions of dollars in the effort. But as of the latest estimate, 2.1 million West
African children still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa.
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The chocolate makers were to create programs in West Africa to make Africans aware of the consequences of child labour, keeping their children from an education, and child trafficking. The primary incentive for the companies' voluntary participation would be the addition of a "slave free" label. The
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News reports as recently as 2018, indicate that "most child slaves on cocoa farms (Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana) come from Mali and Burkina Faso, two of the poorest nations on Earth. The children, some as young as ten, are sent by their families or trafficked by agents with the promise of money. They are
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As the overall production of cocoa increased dramatically, cocoa farming spread into areas of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana where infrastructure to monitor child labour was weak and awareness of laws regulating it was low. Interventions to stem hazardous child labour in the cocoa sector should target new,
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The company said it had spent $ 5.5 million on the problem in 2016. Nestlé had also published a report in 2017 on child labour in the cocoa supply chain, Tackling Child Labour, with additional specifics as to their "approach to addressing this significant, complex and sensitive challenge". In a
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Class action lawsuits in the US against companies in the cocoa industry have not achieved much success. In 2015, lawsuits against Mars, Nestlé, and Hershey's alleged that their products' packaging failed to disclose that production may involve child slave labour. All were dismissed in 2016, although
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In April 2018, the Cocoa Barometer 2018 report on the $ 100-billion industry, said this about the child labour situation: "Not a single company or government is anywhere near reaching the sectorwide objective of the elimination of child labour, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction
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formed the Child Labor Cocoa Coordinating Group as a public-private partnership with the governments of Ghana and CĂ´te d'Ivoire to address child labour practices in the cocoa industry. The International Cocoa Initiative involving major cocoa manufacturers established the Child Labour Monitoring and
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The voluntary agreement was a commitment by industry groups to develop and implement voluntary standards to certify cocoa produced without the "worst forms of child labor", and was witnessed by the heads of major chocolate companies, the Ambassador of CĂ´te d'Ivoire, and others concerned with child
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The forms of child labour related to cocoa production includes parents putting their children to work and keeping them out of school to reduce labour cost on family farms. Most children who work on cocoa farms do so within their family structure. However, this does not mean they are not exposed to
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According to the 2015 edition of the Cocoa Barometer, a biennial report examining the economics of cocoa that's published by a consortium of nonprofits, the average farmer in Ghana in the 2013–14 growing season made just 84¢ per day, and farmers in Ivory Coast a mere 50¢. That puts them well below
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Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in CĂ´te d'Ivoire, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian
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The company has built or renovated 42 schools in cocoa-growing communities and has helped support families so they can afford to keep their kids in school rather than sending them off to work and the company has implemented a monitoring system, it says, to identify at-risk children and report the
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began in the late 19th century and in CĂ´te d'Ivoire it began in the early 20th century. Ghana became the largest cocoa producer in the world in 1910. By 1980 CĂ´te d'Ivoire overtook Ghana as the biggest producer. In both countries, the majority of farms are small and family-owned. Family members,
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Income from the cocoa industry for small cocoa farmers is not stable because when the market price of cocoa is low, the price paid to each link in the industry decreases and cocoa farmers who produce raw products get very little in the chain. To keep the cost of cocoa low, cocoa farmers seek the
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with 26,000 farmers mostly located in Côte d'Ivoire – observed a 51% decrease in the number of children doing hazardous jobs in cocoa farming. A separate sub-study conducted by NORC and commissioned by the World Cocoa Foundation in 2019, provides detailed results which demonstrate that hazardous
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Sona Ebai, the former secretary general of the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries, said that eradicating child labour was an immense task and that the chocolate companies' newfound commitment to expanding the investments in cocoa communities are not sufficient: "Best-case scenario, we're only
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The 2016 Global Estimates of Child Labour indicate that one-fifth of all African children are involved in child labour. Nine percent of African children are in hazardous work. It is estimated that more than 1.8 million children in West Africa are involved in growing cocoa. A 2013–14 survey
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has the highest monetary amount of cocoa bean imports (US$ 2.1 billion); it is also one of the main ports into Europe. The US has highest amount of cocoa powder imports ($ 220 million); the US has a large amount of cocoa complementary products. The UK has the highest amount of retail
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A major report released in 2015 by the Payson Center for International Development of Tulane University, funded by the United States Department of Labor, reported a 51% increase in the number of child workers (1.4 million) in the cocoa industry in 2013–14, compared to 2008–09. The report
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2019 research from the International Cocoa Initiative found a strong correlation between higher quality education and lower prevalence of child labour. ICI found that in the communities with the highest quality of education score, child labour prevalence stood at 10%, or 66% lower than in the
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The World Cocoa Foundation, of which all major chocolate manufacturers, buyers and the ICI are members, reported in 2020 that hazardous child labour had been reduced by one-third in communities where company programs such as Child Labour Monitoring and Remediation Systems were in place; that
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The International Cocoa Initiative upholds the International Conventions that promote child rights and that outlaw child labour practices, as well as the relevant supporting national laws. Not all work done by children is classified as child labour. For instance, children carrying out light,
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of cocoa beans were produced. African nations produced 2.45 million tonnes (69%), Asia and Oceania 0.61 million tonnes (17%) and the Americas 0.48 million tonnes (14%). Two African nations, CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana, produce more than half of the world's cocoa, with 1.23 and
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doing 10% of what's needed. Getting that other 90% won't be easy. ... I think child labour cannot be just the responsibility of industry to solve. I think it's the proverbial all-hands-on-deck: government, humane society, the private sector. And there, you really need leadership."
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estimated that over 1.4 million children ages 5 years old to 11 years old were working in agriculture in cocoa-growing areas, approximately 800,000 of them engaged in hazardous work, including working with agricultural chemicals, carrying heavy loads, and working with sharp tools.
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magazine in the U.S. in March 2016, concluded that approximately 2.1 million children in West Africa "still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa". The report suggested that it would be a persistent challenge to improve the
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in the U.S. in March 2016, concluded that approximately 2.1 million children in West Africa "still do the dangerous and physically taxing work of harvesting cocoa". The report was doubtful as to whether the situation can be improved significantly.
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Many of these tasks could be hazardous when performed by children, according to the ILO. Mixing and applying chemicals can be hazardous due to pesticide contamination, especially because no protective clothing is worn during application.
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hazards, and, beyond these situations, illegal and exploitative practices also exist. Studies suggest that in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire's cocoa sector roughly 1% of children in child labour could be in, or at risk of, forced labour.
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estimated there were 15,000 child slaves in cocoa, cotton, and coffee farms in CĂ´te d'Ivoire, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that children were used in the cocoa harvest of cocoa.
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unanimously found that state product labeling laws did not require Nestlé, Mars Inc., or the Hershey Company to disclose on chocolate wrappers if the ingredients used were produced by forced child labor.
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In 2006, a study showed many children working on small farms in CĂ´te d'Ivoire, often on family farms. Over 11,000 people working on small Ivorian cocoa farms were surveyed. A report funded by the U.S.
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The industry's pledge to reduce child labour in Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana by 70%, as per the Framework of Action in 2010, had not been met as of late 2015; the deadline was again extended, to 2020.
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concluded that "Industry and the Governments of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana have taken steps to investigate the problem and are implementing projects that address issues identified in the Protocol."
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In 2019, the International Cocoa Initiative investigated the prevalence of child labour in the cocoa industry. It found 7,319 children identified as involved in one or more hazardous tasks.
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press statement accompanying the release of the NORC report Kareem Kysia, Director of Vulnerable Populations Research at NORC and a lead author of the report, stated,
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findings back to the company and its suppliers. When alerted to instances of child trafficking or slavery, "we report it to appropriate authorities immediately".
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https://www.google.com/search?q=exploitation&rlz=1CAWPBA_enUS1000&oq=exploitation&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i271.4217j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8}
3047:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
3014:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
2981:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
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2879:"First annual report: Oversight of public and private initiatives to eliminate the worst forms of child labour in the cocoa sector in Cote d-Ivoire and Ghana"
2343:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
1947:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
1914:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Cocoa Sector of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
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2841:"First annual report: Oversight of public and private initiatives to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the cocoa sector in CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
1184:"First annual report: Oversight of public and private initiatives to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the cocoa sector in Cote d-Ivoire and Ghana"
851:"Final Report on the Status of Public and Private Efforts to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor (WFCL) in the Cocoa Sectors of Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana"
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passed a resolution in 2012 to fully implement the Harkin–Engel Protocol and fight child labour in cocoa production. The resolution was criticized by the
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1581:, the Cocoa Industry in West Africa A history of exploitation (the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.) {
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mentioned five countries where the cocoa industry used child labour, and two countries where the cocoa industry used child labour and forced labour.
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The United Nations declared 2021 as the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour, and declared 5 September to be "Labour Day".
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A small observational study, published in 2005 and financed by USAID, examines the many health hazards of cocoa production in western Ghana.
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in part due to trafficking for cocoa production. By 2020, West African nations Ghana and CĂ´te d'Ivoire were upgraded to Tier 2 in the 2020
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1313:"Assessment of Effectiveness of Cocoa Industry Interventions in Reducing Child Labor in Cocoa Growing Areas of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana"
3314:, Bitter Chocolate:Investigating the Dark Side of the World's Most Seductive Sweet. Random House Canada (2006), 336 pages, hardcover.
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biennial report examining the economics of cocoa that's published by a consortium of nonprofits, the current farmer income is $ .78.
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the World Bank's new $ 1.90 per day standard for extreme poverty, even if you factor in the 13% rise in the price of cocoa last year.
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proposed an addition to an agriculture bill to label qualified chocolate and cocoa products as "slave free". It was approved in the
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against it, and it did not go to a vote. Instead, the chocolate manufacturers reached agreement with the Congressmen to create the
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1127:"Child labor in Ghana cocoa production: focus upon agricultural tasks, ergonomic exposures, and associated injuries and illnesses"
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1556:"Increase In Hazardous Child Labour In Cocoa Production Amid An Expansion Of Cocoa Farming In Cote D'ivoire And Ghana | NORC.org"
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released a position paper on child labour on West African Cocoa Farms, and launched a website on its Regional Cocoa Initiative.
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678:– Exhibition at the Tropenmuseum Amsterdam (20 September 2018 – 1 September 2019). The exhibition examines personal stories of
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stated that workers on fair trade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the fair trade system.
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Clearing vegetation and harvesting pods can be hazardous because these tasks are often done using machetes, which can cause
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Goodman, Michael K (2004). "Reading fairtrade: political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fairtrade foods".
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1621:, Hinshaw, Drew. 6 October 2010. "Governments Look to End Child Labor in West African Cocoa Farming." Voice of America.
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for having no legally binding measures and two major chocolate manufacturers claimed they were addressing the problem.
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emerging areas of production and focus on efforts to reduce exposure to the component parts of hazardous child labour.
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer f Tulane University (30 September 2011).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (31 October 2007).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (31 October 2007).
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Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer of Tulane University (31 October 2007).
616:(2010). A documentary film about the exploitation and slave trading of African children to harvest chocolate
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among all agricultural households increased 14 percentage points. Attention on this subject has focused on
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56:, which collectively supplies 69% of the world's cocoa, and CĂ´te d'Ivoire, supplying 35%, in particular.
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758:"Assessing Progress in Reducing Child Labor in Cocoa Growing Areas of CĂ´te d'Ivoire and Ghana | NORC.org"
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Robert M. Hecht (March 1983). "The Ivory Coast Economic 'Miracle': What Benefits for Peasant Farmers?".
624:(2000). Produced by True Vision of London, exposes slavery in the cocoa plantations in the Cote d’Ivoire
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279:'s TIP Report in part for their respective progress to curb child labour abuses in the cocoa sector.
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In 2021, several companies were named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former children from
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1735:"About Kevin Bales, Author & Speaker on Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking & Climate Change"
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chocolate ($ 1.3 billion) and is one of the biggest chocolate consumption per capita markets.
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Transport of the wet beans can also be hazardous due to long transport distances and heavy loads;
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Rooting out child labour from cocoa farms – A manual for training education practitioners: Ghana
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1332:. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC. 2018
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In 2002, CĂ´te d'Ivoire had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were
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child labour has been reduced by one-third in communities where company programs are in place.
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Labor practices in the cocoa sector of southwest Nigeria with a focus on the role of children
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In the 2018–2019 growing year (which runs October through September), 4.78 hundred thousand
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2751:"Une éducation de qualité: un élément crucial dans la lutte contre le travail des enfants"
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https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020-TIP-Report-Complete-062420-FINAL.pdf
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901:"Final Report: 2013/14 Survey Research on Child Labor in West African Cocoa Growing Areas"
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3237:"Book review: Chocolate Nations: Living and Dying for Cocoa in West Africa, by Orla Ryan"
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Labor practices in the cocoa sector of Ghana with a special focus on the role of children
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forms of child labour in the cocoa sector in Ivory Coast and Ghana by 70 percent by 2020.
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Because of the delicate nature of the cocoa tree species, cocoa trees are treated with
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1247:"Regional Initiative combating worst forms of child labour on West African coca farms"
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Recent Case: First Circuit Holds that Product Packages Need Not Disclose Labor Abuses
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970:"Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa"
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2167:"The Modern Slavery Bill is a start, but it won't guarantee us sweeter chocolate"
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1887:"Child trafficking in CĂ´te d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend"
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School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University (30 July 2015).
328:
2043:
938:
4193:
4142:
3743:
3688:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3595:
3580:
3570:
3480:
1767:
1142:
582:
396:
144:
Reported in 2018, a three-year pilot program – conducted by Nestlé through the
3621:
2650:
2319:
1714:
1108:
4526:
4353:
4209:
4062:
3827:
3769:
3728:
3626:
3590:
3485:
3356:
2814:
2722:
1150:
692:
534:
502:
356:
238:
2251:"Trinidad, Brazil, and Ghana: three melting moments in the history of cocoa"
4385:
4118:
3832:
3748:
3530:
3505:
3427:
3422:
2149:"Department of Labor List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"
1168:
496:
One solution for fair labour practices is for farmers to become part of an
259:
213:
29:
4031:
4480:
4150:
4086:
3837:
3789:
3500:
3470:
1603:, Kramer, Anna. 6 March 2013. "Women and the big business of chocolate.".
1436:"Cocoa has a poverty problem. You can help by eating more dark chocolate"
530:
412:
387:
291:
283:
53:
37:
2668:
4456:
4361:
4281:
4166:
4078:
3515:
3510:
3490:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3407:
1734:
1389:"Falling cocoa prices threaten child labor spike in Ghana, Ivory Coast"
538:
529:
To combat child slavery in cocoa production, in 2001 US Representative
489:
3104:
3083:"EU resolution on cocoa child labour has 'no bite', says Labour group"
323:
who alleged that the companies aided and abetted their enslavement on
4468:
4313:
3397:
3334:"VOICE Network – A watchdog and catalyst for a reformed cocoa sector"
3311:
1085:
627:
546:
447:
443:
115:
reported that "little progress has been made", and in June 2009, the
2377:. International Cocoa Organization. 30 November 2011. Archived from
533:
introduced a legislative amendment to fund the development of a "no
348:
3774:
3525:
3520:
3475:
3455:
2550:"Child Labour Investigations and Interventions in the Cocoa Sector"
2483:. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. pp. 11–15.
2415:. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. pp. 10–11.
733:"Child Labor in the Production of Cocoa | U.S. Department of Labor"
558:
554:
493:
trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system.
408:
0.73 million tonnes respectively (35% and 21%, respectively).
344:
287:
3291:
Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics & the Ethics of Business
537:" label for chocolate products sold in the United States. Senator
4110:
3784:
3723:
3196:
2449:. Tropical agriculture series (4 ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
1719:
332:
301:
issued a report on labour conditions around the world in which a
101:
3333:
1678:. Geneva: International Labour Organization. 2004. p. 16.
565:
to remove child forced labour from the industry by July 2005.
465:
2186:"Mars, Nestlé and Hershey to face child slavery lawsuit in US"
16:
Controversial use of children in the production of cacao beans
3718:
1510:"Your Halloween Candy's Hidden Ingredient: Child Slave Labor"
856:. Tulane University. 31 March 2011. p. 7. Archived from
458:
434:
404:
400:
including children, are often expected to work on the farms.
41:
3366:
21:
2637:
Brown, Michael Barratt (2007). "'Fair Trade' with Africa".
320:
263:
116:
1000:"Chocolate Firms Launch Fight Against 'Slave Free' Labels"
604:
488:
In the 2000s, some chocolate producers began to engage in
411:
Different metrics are used for chocolate consumption. The
3137:"Slavery: A Global Investigation - Top Documentary Films"
2596:, Forced Child Labor and Cocoa Production in West Africa.
2509:. Geneva: International Labour Office. 2007. p. 20.
967:
515:
communities with the lowest quality of education score.
382:
3348:
Fourth Annual Report of Tulane University Payson Center
2718:"Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda: Not so fair trade"
2135:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"
1849:
1357:"Chocolate industry accused of failure on child labour"
48:
and Ghana increased 62 percent while the prevalence of
1483:"Nestle Sued Again Over Child Labor to Make Chocolate"
1120:
1118:
968:
Raghavan, Sudarsan; Sumana Chatterjee (24 June 2001).
595:
161:
of child labour by 2020". A report later that year by
3293:, Ohio University Press (2005), 308 pages, hardcover
3167:"Scholar Series: Dr. Kristy Leissle, Author of Cocoa"
1852:"Chocolate and Slavery: Child Labor in Cote d'Ivoire"
1291:"Child labour: the true cost of chocolate production"
304:
List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor
81:
A Taste of Slavery: How Your Chocolate May be Tainted
2872:
2870:
2868:
2555:(6). International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
2037:
2035:
1790:
1788:
376:
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
25:
Boy collecting cocoa after the beans have been dried
1115:
993:
991:
989:
872:
870:
294:promised that they will end cocoa slavery by 2020.
2009:. US State Department. June 2009. pp. 282–284
1355:
879:"Lawsuit: Your Candy Bar Was Made by Child Slaves"
799:. World Cocoa Foundation. May 2010. Archived from
2865:
2755:International Cocoa Initiative Annual Report 2019
2612:International Cocoa Initiative Annual Report 2019
2543:
2541:
2408:
2249:Leiter, Jeffrey; Harding, Sandra (January 2004).
2112:Child slavery and chocolate: All too easy to find
2032:
1996:
1785:
1219:
997:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
311:made to work long hours for little or no money."
4524:
2935:
2476:
1984:. US State Department. June 2009. pp. 90–91
1675:Child labour: a textbook for university students
986:
867:
643:WKND Chocolate Dr. Kristy Leissle Scholar Series
545:by a vote of 291–115, but before it went to the
232:
2305:
2165:Dumay, John; Guthrie, James (16 October 2018).
1971:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1438:. New Food Economy. 7 July 2018. Archived from
1386:
509:
419:
3080:
2812:
2538:
1353:
775:
100:In 2008, in a report featuring responses from
4047:
3382:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2884:. pp. 78–93 (Appendix 1). Archived from
2248:
1884:
1878:
1668:
1666:
1664:
2834:
2832:
2547:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2164:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1497:
1288:
1125:Mull, L. Diane; Kirkhorn, Steven R. (2005).
1124:
894:
892:
369:intentional infliction of emotional distress
4061:
3038:
3005:
2409:Abenyega, Olivia; Gockowski, James (2003).
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
1380:
936:
549:the chocolate makers hired former senators
4054:
4040:
3389:
3375:
3150:Letters: Slaves to our taste for chocolate
3076:
3074:
2967:
2497:
2334:
1938:
1905:
1661:
1215:
1213:
1211:
207:
2943:"Where does all our chocolate come from?"
2829:
2658:
2463:
2244:
2242:
1830:"Combating Child Labour in Cocoa Growing"
1817:
1765:
1349:
1347:
1158:
1049:
1024:
932:
930:
928:
889:
63:A major study of the issue, published in
4159:Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat
3362:International CoCoa Farmers Organization
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2442:
2393:
2301:
2299:
2041:
1794:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1715:"The Challenge of Child Labour in Cocoa"
1330:"Child Labor in the Production of Cocoa"
1098:
1058:"Traffickers target boys in cocoa trade"
1055:
1030:
961:
518:
438:Cocoa pods in various stages of ripening
433:
386:
359:, and the plaintiffs sought damages for
282:In 2001, due to pressure applied by the
242:production in West Africa. In 2001, the
20:
3071:
2689:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2090:Nestlé advances child labor battle plan
2044:"Child cocoa workers still 'exploited'"
1208:
1033:"Two boys tell of descent into slavery"
876:
605:Representation in media and exhibitions
4525:
3860:European Cocoa and Chocolate Directive
2239:
2068:Ferrero sets date to end cocoa slavery
1800:"Mali's children in chocolate slavery"
1485:. Confectionery News. 13 February 2018
1406:
1344:
1220:Christian Parenti (15 February 2008).
1175:
925:
661:by Vivian Yenika-Agbaw (2016). Fiction
4035:
3875:International Cocoa Quarantine Centre
3370:
2799:
2748:
2636:
2308:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2296:
2183:
1752:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1368:from the original on 24 December 2022
1282:
956:What will it take to fix the problem?
383:Production and consumption statistics
4234:Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price
3843:Côte d'Ivoire–Ghana Cocoa Initiative
2443:Wood, G. A. R.; Lass, R. A. (2001).
2429:
2205:
1416:. The Cocoa Barometer. 19 April 2018
286:and potential US and United Kingdom
173:Nestlé's website, as paraphrased by
3912:Production in SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2813:Caroline Tiger (14 February 2003).
2639:Review of African Political Economy
2477:Gockowski, J.; Oduwole, S. (2003).
2042:Hawksley, Humphrey (2 April 2007).
1056:Raghavan, Sudarsan (24 June 2001).
1031:Raghavan, Sudarsan (25 June 2001).
998:Sumana Chatterjee (1 August 2001).
877:Haglage, Abby (30 September 2015).
596:Progress in Addressing Child Labour
126:A study of the issue, published in
13:
3283:
2948:. Stop the Traffik. Archived from
2184:Balch, Oliver (12 February 2021).
1624:
325:cocoa plantations in Cote d’Ivoire
14:
4574:
4533:Slavery in the chocolate industry
3326:
2730:from the original on 14 July 2014
2605:
1837:International Labour Organization
1222:"Chocolate's bittersweet economy"
680:cocoa production in Cote d’Ivoire
468:and physical injuries can occur.
244:United States Department of State
237:A 2000 BBC documentary described
220:International Labour Organization
4447:Child labour in cocoa production
4290:Million Calorie March: The Movie
4010:
3997:
3996:
3870:International Cocoa Organization
3821:Child labour in cocoa production
3081:Oliver Nieburg (22 March 2012).
1850:Samlanchith Chanthavong (2002).
1387:Kieran Guilbert (12 June 2017).
1354:Emiko Terazono (18 April 2018).
587:International Labor Rights Forum
258:, likely from neighboring Mali,
170:the plaintiffs filed an appeal.
50:child labour in cocoa production
4298:The World According to Monsanto
4011:
3353:Sources of Fair Trade chocolate
3254:
3229:
3215:
3189:
3159:
3143:
3129:
3115:
3097:
2903:
2773:
2742:
2710:
2683:
2630:
2599:
2588:
2367:
2221:
2199:
2177:
2158:
2141:
2127:
2105:
2083:
2061:
2021:
2004:"Trafficking in Persons Report"
1979:"Trafficking in Persons Report"
1843:
1766:Liz Blunt (28 September 2000).
1727:
1707:
1606:
1588:
1573:
1548:
1530:
1475:
1458:
1428:
1322:
1305:
1260:
1239:
1092:
1074:
939:"Behind a bittersweet industry"
937:O'Keefe, Brian (1 March 2016).
826:"Child labour in Africa (IPEC)"
703:Cocoa production in Ivory Coast
621:Slavery: A Global Investigation
74:
4370:Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken!
1885:Blue Chevigny (14 June 2007).
843:
818:
750:
725:
713:International Cocoa Initiative
146:International Cocoa Initiative
1:
3885:Philippine chocolate industry
3396:
3085:. William Reed Business Media
3052:. p. 221. Archived from
3019:. p. 218. Archived from
2275:10.1016/s0743-0167(03)00034-2
2229:Tomasella v. Nestlé USA, Inc.
1768:"The bitter taste of slavery"
1414:"2018 Cocoa Barometer Report"
1289:Oliver Balch (20 June 2018).
718:
483:
478:
233:Child slavery and trafficking
3156:, retrieved at 30 March 2016
2986:. p. 28. Archived from
2846:. p. 20. Archived from
2704:10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.013
2348:. p. 26. Archived from
1952:. p. 16. Archived from
1919:. p. 15. Archived from
572:
510:Education of child labourers
420:Cocoa harvest and processing
7:
4127:My Secret Life on the McJob
2548:J. Gockowski (March 2006).
1856:TED Case Studies Number 664
1268:"Regional Cocoa Initiative"
708:Cocoa production in Nigeria
686:
355:, of knowingly engaging in
314:
10:
4579:
4563:Agriculture in Ivory Coast
4330:The Dark Side of Chocolate
3849:The Dark Side of Chocolate
3262:"BITTER Chocolate Stories"
1143:10.1177/003335490512000613
1101:"Chocolate worker slavery"
1063:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1038:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
975:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
614:The Dark Side of Chocolate
522:
423:
211:
4499:
4486:Genetically modified food
4439:
4396:
4177:
4070:
3991:
3925:
3902:Production in Ivory Coast
3803:
3757:
3614:
3539:
3443:
3406:
3105:"The Chocolate Scorecard"
2660:10.1080/03056240701449653
2651:10.1080/03056240701449653
2320:10.1017/s0022278x0002303x
2236: (1st Cir. 2020).
1005:The Philadelphia Inquirer
698:Cocoa production in Ghana
391:Cocoa bean output in 2012
198:
3880:Manufacturers (vertical)
2817:. Salon Media Group, Inc
2255:Journal of Rural Studies
2207:
1466:"Cocoa Barometer Report"
676:Bitter Chocolate Stories
659:The Bitter Side of Sweet
543:House of Representatives
498:agricultural cooperative
299:U.S. Department of Labor
32:is a recurring issue in
4322:Big Boys Gone Bananas!*
3739:Chocolate-covered foods
3109:The Chocolate Scorecard
2911:"Harkin Engel Protocol"
2815:"Bittersweet chocolate"
2781:"Harkin Engel Protocol"
1639:"Child Labour in Cocoa"
1099:Foldvary, Fred (2001).
208:Child labour definition
4135:The Omnivore's Dilemma
3917:World Cocoa Foundation
3223:"Bitter Side of Sweet"
2916:. 2016. Archived from
2749:admin (12 June 2019).
2576:Cite journal requires
2073:25 August 2017 at the
1599:10 August 2014 at the
1084:. 2002. Archived from
650:by Simran Sethi (2016)
439:
392:
266:. According to a 2009
196:
186:
154:US Department of Labor
138:
26:
4538:Business ethics cases
4452:Ethics of eating meat
3907:Production in Nigeria
3865:Harkin–Engel Protocol
3654:Chocolate chip cookie
2375:"ICCO Press Releases"
1617:25 April 2016 at the
1131:Public Health Reports
1082:"SAJAers in the News"
982:on 17 September 2006.
794:"Cocoa Market Update"
563:Harkin–Engel Protocol
525:Harkin–Engel Protocol
519:Harkin–Engel Protocol
437:
390:
365:negligent supervision
191:
181:
133:
24:
4553:Agriculture in Ghana
4346:A Place at the Table
3855:Environmental impact
3714:Cioccolato di Modica
2095:13 July 2017 at the
1695:on 22 September 2021
1649:on 23 September 2020
1643:ICI Cocoa Initiative
1045:on 15 February 2005.
79:In 2001, the report
3972:Military chocolate
3933:Chocolate addiction
3890:Production in Ghana
3679:Chocolate ice cream
3496:Tetramethylpyrazine
2692:Political Geography
2267:2004JRurS..20..113L
2234:962 F.3d 60
2121:, 19 January 2012,
2117:20 May 2019 at the
1866:on 10 February 2012
1860:American University
1362:The Financial Times
1111:on 17 October 2005.
1105:The Progress Report
913:on 21 December 2017
667:(2011) by Orla Ryan
609:Video productions:
337:The Hershey Company
327:. The suit accused
277:US State Department
179:magazine, states:
95:Department of Labor
4218:The Future of Food
3943:Chocolate fountain
3669:Chocolate crackles
3301:, trade paperback
3177:on 28 October 2021
2761:on 21 October 2020
2618:on 21 October 2020
2284:on 13 October 2021
1796:Hawksley, Humphrey
1442:on 23 October 2019
806:on 13 October 2011
440:
393:
374:In June 2020, the
353:Olam International
27:
4520:
4519:
4338:Forks Over Knives
4226:We Feed the World
4029:
4028:
3953:Chocolate museums
3948:Legal definitions
3895:Ghana Cocoa Board
3811:Organic chocolate
3765:Aerated chocolate
3709:Chocolate truffle
3694:Chocolate pudding
3684:Chocolate liqueur
3644:Chocolate brownie
3639:Chocolate biscuit
3320:978-0-679-31319-9
3289:Lowell J. Satre,
3203:. 6 December 2016
3152:, 17 April 2001,
2923:on 29 August 2021
2516:978-92-2-119730-0
2490:978-978-131-215-1
2456:978-0-632-06398-7
2422:978-978-131-218-2
2077:, 20 April 2012,
1798:(12 April 2001).
1685:978-92-2-115549-2
1518:. 31 October 2016
1070:on 12 April 2008.
863:on 12 April 2012.
665:Chocolate Nations
361:unjust enrichment
268:snowball sampling
85:George Polk Award
4570:
4548:Cocoa production
4258:Fast Food Nation
4095:Fast Food Nation
4056:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3816:Fair trade cocoa
3699:Chocolate spread
3543:
3418:Chocolate liquor
3410:
3400:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3173:. Archived from
3163:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3059:on 19 March 2012
3058:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:on 19 March 2012
3025:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:on 19 March 2012
2992:
2985:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2955:on 11 March 2012
2954:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:on 19 March 2012
2890:
2883:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2853:on 19 March 2012
2852:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2783:. Archived from
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2757:. Archived from
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:. Archived from
2603:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2519:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2494:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:on 19 March 2012
2354:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2277:. Archived from
2246:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2216:2257 (2021).
2211:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:The Conversation
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2099:, 29 June 2012,
2087:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:on 19 March 2012
1958:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1926:on 19 March 2012
1925:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1889:. Archived from
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1862:. Archived from
1847:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
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1749:
1747:
1745:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1688:. Archived from
1670:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1635:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1552:
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1320:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:on 18 June 2012.
1274:. Archived from
1264:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1196:on 19 March 2012
1195:
1189:. Archived from
1188:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1107:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:. Archived from
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:. Archived from
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
995:
984:
983:
978:. Archived from
965:
959:
958:
952:
950:
934:
923:
922:
920:
918:
912:
906:. Archived from
905:
896:
887:
886:
874:
865:
864:
862:
855:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
805:
798:
790:
773:
772:
770:
768:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
729:
430:Cocoa processing
426:Cocoa harvesting
163:New Food Economy
34:cocoa production
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4558:Labour in Ghana
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4495:
4435:
4392:
4242:Our Daily Bread
4202:The Corporation
4173:
4066:
4060:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4003:
3987:
3963:Cocoa smuggling
3938:Chocolate bloom
3921:
3799:
3753:
3704:Chocolate syrup
3674:Chocolate gravy
3664:Chocolate coins
3610:
3541:
3535:
3439:
3434:Theobroma cacao
3408:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3322:(0-679-31319-2)
3286:
3284:Further reading
3281:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2688:
2684:
2645:(112): 267–77.
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2475:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2247:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:Wayback Machine
2110:
2106:
2097:Wayback Machine
2088:
2084:
2075:Wayback Machine
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1848:
1844:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:Wayback Machine
1611:
1607:
1601:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1123:
1116:
1097:
1093:
1088:on 12 May 2008.
1080:
1079:
1075:
1054:
1050:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1012:on 8 March 2012
996:
987:
966:
962:
948:
946:
935:
926:
916:
914:
910:
903:
897:
890:
883:The Daily Beast
875:
868:
860:
853:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
824:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
796:
792:
791:
776:
766:
764:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
731:
730:
726:
721:
689:
607:
598:
575:
551:George Mitchell
527:
521:
512:
486:
481:
432:
424:Main articles:
422:
385:
329:Barry Callebaut
317:
235:
216:
210:
201:
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4143:Eating Animals
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4103:Reefer Madness
4099:
4091:
4083:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:Mint chocolate
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Chocolate milk
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3659:Chocolate chip
3656:
3651:
3649:Chocolate cake
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Phenethylamine
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3345:
3328:
3327:External links
3325:
3324:
3323:
3309:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3253:
3228:
3225:. 3 July 2017.
3214:
3188:
3171:WKND Chocolate
3158:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3096:
3070:
3037:
3004:
2966:
2934:
2902:
2864:
2828:
2798:
2772:
2741:
2709:
2698:(7): 891–915.
2682:
2629:
2598:
2587:
2578:|journal=
2537:
2526:on 2 June 2015
2515:
2496:
2489:
2462:
2455:
2428:
2421:
2392:
2366:
2333:
2295:
2261:(1): 113–130.
2238:
2220:
2198:
2176:
2157:
2140:
2126:
2104:
2082:
2060:
2031:
2020:
1995:
1970:
1937:
1904:
1877:
1842:
1816:
1784:
1751:
1726:
1706:
1684:
1660:
1623:
1605:
1587:
1572:
1547:
1529:
1496:
1474:
1457:
1427:
1405:
1379:
1343:
1321:
1304:
1281:
1259:
1238:
1207:
1174:
1137:(6): 649–655.
1114:
1091:
1073:
1048:
1023:
985:
960:
924:
888:
866:
842:
817:
774:
749:
723:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
688:
685:
684:
683:
669:
668:
662:
652:
651:
645:
636:
635:
632:Modern Slavery
625:
617:
606:
603:
597:
594:
583:European Union
574:
571:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
511:
508:
485:
482:
480:
477:
421:
418:
397:cocoa industry
395:In Ghana, the
384:
381:
316:
313:
234:
231:
212:Main article:
209:
206:
200:
197:
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4575:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4490:controversies
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:Organizations
4395:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:Super Size Me
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4063:Food industry
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3981:United States
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Big Chocolate
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Dutch process
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Broma process
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Hot chocolate
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:Chocolate bar
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Raw chocolate
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Phenylalanine
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Green America
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:0-8214-1626-X
3304:
3300:
3299:0-8214-1625-1
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3202:
3201:The Slow Melt
3198:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3123:"Methodology"
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2787:on 8 May 2021
2786:
2782:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:The Economist
2719:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2570:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2381:on 2 May 2012
2380:
2376:
2370:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
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3958:Chocolatiers
3926:Other topics
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3833:Chocolaterie
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3531:Valeric acid
3506:Theophylline
3432:
3428:Cocoa solids
3423:Cocoa butter
3339:24 September
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4481:Food safety
4151:Wheat Belly
4087:Modern Meat
3976:Switzerland
3838:Chocolatier
3790:Sugar crust
3622:Caffè mocha
3501:Theobromine
3471:Flavan-3-ol
3271:27 December
2821:12 November
2559:11 December
2385:11 December
2191:13 February
1777:15 December
1739:Kevin Bales
1293:. Raconteur
943:Fortune.com
830:www.ilo.org
810:11 December
737:www.dol.gov
531:Eliot Engel
459:lacerations
413:Netherlands
284:US Congress
54:West Africa
38:Ivory Coast
4527:Categories
4500:By country
4457:Fair trade
4414:McDonald's
4362:Cowspiracy
4282:Food, Inc.
4266:Black Gold
4250:Earthlings
4186:The Jungle
4167:Meat Atlas
4079:The Jungle
3566:Couverture
3516:Tryptophan
3511:Tryptamine
3491:Salsolinol
3466:Enkephalin
3461:Endorphins
3451:Anandamide
3444:Components
3409:Cocoa bean
2791:8 February
2608:"Homepage"
1565:27 October
767:27 October
719:References
682:and Ghana.
638:Podcasts:
539:Tom Harkin
490:fair trade
484:Fair trade
479:Prevention
448:fungicides
444:pesticides
256:trafficked
131:situation:
4474:criticism
4469:Fast food
4404:Coca-Cola
4314:Bananas!*
4274:King Corn
4065:criticism
3795:Tempering
3758:Processes
3734:beverages
3399:Chocolate
3312:Carol Off
2677:219715395
2328:154817388
1809:2 January
1522:8 January
1489:8 January
1420:8 January
1398:7 January
1372:8 January
1336:7 January
1297:7 January
1151:0033-3549
949:7 January
945:. Fortune
628:Channel 4
573:Criticism
4440:Concepts
4378:Dominion
4170:(annual)
4004:Category
3804:Industry
3775:Conching
3615:Products
3586:Modeling
3576:Gianduja
3561:Compound
3526:Tyrosine
3521:Tyramine
3476:Lecithin
3456:Caffeine
3089:19 April
3063:23 April
3030:23 April
2997:23 April
2959:19 April
2895:19 April
2857:19 April
2728:Archived
2669:20406397
2359:23 April
2288:23 April
2115:Archived
2093:Archived
2071:Archived
2053:4 August
2048:BBC News
2013:23 April
1988:23 April
1963:23 April
1930:23 April
1804:BBC News
1615:Archived
1597:Archived
1366:Archived
1231:19 April
1200:19 April
1169:16350335
917:25 March
687:See also
555:Bob Dole
345:Mondelez
315:Lawsuits
288:boycotts
113:magazine
68:magazine
4424:boycott
4409:Cargill
4194:McLibel
4111:Shopped
4018:Outline
3968:History
3785:Enrober
3724:Ganache
3556:Belgian
3266:Paradox
3197:"About"
2606:admin.
2530:5 March
2263:Bibcode
2154:. 2018.
1897:4 April
1870:4 April
1839:. 2005.
1720:YouTube
1699:5 March
1538:"Cocoa"
1393:Reuters
1226:Fortune
1160:1497785
1016:4 April
654:Books:
466:hernias
333:Cargill
292:Ferrero
128:Fortune
111:Fortune
106:Hershey
102:Cargill
66:Fortune
4512:Taiwan
4462:coffee
4419:Nestlé
4389:(2023)
4381:(2018)
4373:(2017)
4365:(2014)
4357:(2014)
4354:Fed Up
4349:(2013)
4341:(2011)
4333:(2010)
4325:(2011)
4317:(2009)
4309:(2009)
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4285:(2008)
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4237:(2005)
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4205:(2003)
4197:(1997)
4189:(1914)
4162:(2014)
4154:(2011)
4146:(2009)
4138:(2006)
4130:(2006)
4122:(2006)
4114:(2004)
4106:(2003)
4098:(2001)
4090:(1984)
4082:(1906)
3632:brands
3551:Baking
3318:
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2734:3 July
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2206:Note,
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1542:Nestlé
1446:7 July
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634:(2000)
547:Senate
405:tonnes
367:, and
351:, and
349:Nestlé
273:Tier 2
199:Income
83:won a
4507:China
4431:Tesco
4306:Fresh
4178:Films
4071:Books
3719:Fudge
3606:White
3601:Swiss
3542:Types
3057:(PDF)
3050:(PDF)
3024:(PDF)
3017:(PDF)
2991:(PDF)
2984:(PDF)
2953:(PDF)
2946:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
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2889:(PDF)
2882:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2844:(PDF)
2673:S2CID
2665:JSTOR
2553:(PDF)
2524:(pdf)
2446:Cocoa
2353:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
2282:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1982:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1950:(PDF)
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559:lobby
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3749:Mole
3596:Ruby
3581:Milk
3571:Dark
3341:2020
3316:ISBN
3303:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3273:2018
3248:2020
3209:2020
3183:2020
3091:2012
3065:2012
3032:2012
2999:2012
2961:2012
2929:2020
2897:2012
2859:2012
2823:2016
2793:2020
2767:2020
2736:2014
2624:2020
2582:help
2561:2011
2532:2012
2511:ISBN
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2361:2012
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2193:2021
2055:2010
2015:2012
1990:2012
1965:2012
1932:2012
1899:2012
1872:2012
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1338:2019
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1272:OECD
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1233:2012
1202:2012
1165:PMID
1147:ISSN
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951:2018
919:2016
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