496:, which once financed roads to make the Amazon easier to cut down. Their change of heart can be attributed to Mendesâ in-person, extensive lobbying of the organization. Following the increased pressure by the international community in the wake of the violence, the Brazilian government agreed to create extractive reserves and to demarcate Indian lands. The increased local support for Mendesâ activism also saw several of Mendesâ co-campaigners were elected to important government offices over the next decade, which created a more receptive environment for legislation protecting the Amazon forests. Furthermore, The Brazilian government has declared him Patron of the Brazilian Environment. Institutions have been named after him, including the main state agency in charge of conservation â the
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517:, created a special award in 1989 named after Mendes. It was established to recognize "individuals or nongovernmental organizations outside the United States that have exhibited extraordinary courage and leadership in the universal struggle to protect the environment." The first award was presented that year jointly to Brazilian Kayapo Indians Paulinho Paiakan and Kuben-I Kayapo and to American anthropologist Darrell A. Posey, all of whom had worked together to protect the Kayapo homeland from logging and dam-building.
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of their communities, and must be preserved for the whole
Brazilian nation as part of its identity and self-esteem. This Alliance of the Peoples of the Forest, bringing together Indians, rubber tappers, and riverbank communities, and founded here in Acre, embraces all efforts to protect and preserve this immense but fragile life-system that involves our forests, rivers, lakes and springs, the source of our wealth and the basis of our cultures and traditions.
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308:, rubber tappers from all over the country came. The discussion expanded from the threats to their own livelihoods to the larger issues of road paving, cattle ranching, and deforestation. The meeting also caught the attention of the international environmentalist movement, giving the rubber tappers a larger audience for their grievances. The group embraced a larger alliance with environmentalism, rather than strict
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encroachment on traditional lands, and this group also found new footholds in the wake of Mendesâ murder. This political leverage gave the people of the forest (largely rubber tappers and
Indigenous people) access to important victories. One of the most important and tangible victories was the demarcation of
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biased. The conviction was upheld, and they remained in prison. In 1993, they escaped from jail, along with seven other prisoners, by sawing through the bars of their prison window. All were recaptured, including Darly Jr., who served the remainder of his sentence with the other killers before returning to
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The traditional peoples who today trace on the
Amazonian sky the rainbow of the Alliance of the Peoples of the Forest declare their wish to see their regions preserved. They know that the development of the potential of their people and of the regions they inhabit is to be found in the future economy
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In 1988 a man named Darly Alves da Silva bought part of a rubber reserve called
Cachoeira, where relatives of Mendes lived, and which was affiliated to the local Rural Workers Union in Xapuri. While the sale of the section was disputed by the family of the vendor, who claimed he had no legal right to
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was created on 12 March 1990 with the intention of maintaining sustainability of resources within the Amazon forests. The Chico Mendes
Extractive Reserve is the largest extractive reserve within the Amazon, covering nearly one million hectares of land. Its creation marked a shift for reserves within
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The
National Council of Rubber Tappers was founded in 1985 by Mendes and other union members; in March 1989, three months after Mendesâ murder, the council held their third meeting. The Council issued twenty-seven demands on environmental and human rights protection. They also issued the following
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After learning what he could from TĂĄvora, Mendes became a literacy teacher in hopes of educating his community. As his fellow workers became more aware of unjust treatment, they formed the Rural
Workersâ Union, and the more localized Xapuri Rubber Tappers Union. Both of these organizations worked
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Chico Mendesâ death legitimized the struggle for conservation and unionization in the Amazon for a global audience, and support for the movements poured in immediately following his death. The strides forward made by activists in the wake of Mendesâ death are multifaceted, encompassing
Indigenous
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In
December 1990, Silva, his son Darci, and their employee Jerdeir Pereira were sentenced to 19 years in prison for their part in Mendes' assassination. In February 1992, they won a retrial, claiming that the prosecution's primary witness – Mendes' wife Ilsamar – was
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Around his birthday, the gunmen who had been observing him disappeared completely. Their absence gave the community a sense of impending doom, as they had been constantly present since May of the same year. The timing of their disappearance led many to believe they had unsuccessfully attempted to
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In 1988, Mendes launched a campaign to stop Silva from logging the area that its inhabitants wanted demarcated as an extractive reserve. Mendes not only managed to stop the planned deforestation and create the reserve, but also gained a warrant for Darly's arrest for a murder committed in another
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Mendes was taught to read and write by a man named
Euclides Fernando TĂĄvora, an activist turned rubber tapper. Most of his practice came from newspaper clippings on social and political issues within Brazil. These articles opened Chico's eyes to the widespread injustices in society, adding to his
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Mendes' murder made international headlines and led to an outpouring of support for the rubber tappers' and environmental movements. In March 1989, a third meeting was held for the National Council of Rubber Tappers, and the Alliance of Forest Peoples was created to protect rubber tappers, rural
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Rubber tappers additionally faced a severe lack of education. Schools were frequently forbidden on and near plantations, as the owners did not want the workers to be able to read and do arithmetic. For this reason, Mendes did not learn to read until he was 18 years old, when he sought out help
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This indicates an increase in perceived support and an ensuing increase in demands by the National Council, responding to the context of Mendesâ death. 1986 marks the creation of the Alliance of Forest Peoples, tasked with protecting rubber tappers, rural workers, and Indigenous peoples from
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To save the rainforest, Chico Mendes and the rubber workers union asked the government to set up reserves as they wanted people to use the forest without damaging it. They also used a very effective technique they called the 'empate' where rubber tappers blocked the way into rubber reserves,
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Mendes also played a central role in the creation of the National Council of Rubber Tappers in the mid-1980s. Mendes' group also had strong ties with the National Campaign for the Defence and Development of the Amazon, and helped organize local
492:- forest land set aside by the Brazilian government to be managed cooperatively by locals, who keep it healthy while gathering its rubber, nuts, and other products to sell. These extractive reserves are funded in part by the
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administration. However, despite the successes Indigenous peoples saw in land recognition during this time, the sovereign nations experienced intense violence within their borders by outsiders during the following years.
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Mendes had received death threats for years before his murder. However, in the months prior to his death, various pairs of gunmen hired by Silva observed Mendes from a square near his house and the town union hall.
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At age 9, Chico began work as a rubber tapper alongside his father. At the time, the rubber industry across the nation was in decline, and land was frequently sold and burned for cattle pastures.
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Barbosa, Luiz C. (1996). "The People of the Forest against International Capitalism: Systemic and Anti-Systemic Forces in the Battle for the Preservation of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest".
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systems that used a variety of forest products, such as nuts, fruit, oil, and fibers; and that they needed to focus on building strong communities with quality education for their children.
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312:, in spite of the bourgeois associations of the former. Another result of these discussions was the coining of the concept and the term "extractive reserves". In November of that year,
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de SĂĄ Cordeiro, W.P.F., AthiĂȘ-Souza, S.M., Buril, M.T. et al. Chicomendes (Euphorbiaceae, Tragiinae): a new Amazonian genus segregated from Tragia. Plant Syst Evol 307, 46 (2021).
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Mendes was the 90th rural activist murdered that year in Brazil. Many felt that although the trial was proceeding against Mendes' killers, the roles of the ranchers' union, the
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home by Darci, the son of Darly Alves da Silva. The shooting took place exactly one week after Mendes' 44th birthday when he had predicted he would "not live until Christmas".
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By the mid-1980s, Chico was known as both a radical unionist and an activist, though he also ran for several local political positions such as state deputy and city councilor.
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The years after Mendesâ murder also saw a focus on Mendesâ personal advocacy projects. One of Mendesâ main ideas, and a lasting impact of his life and activism, is Brazil's
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sell it, Silva tried to drive them off their land and increase his ranch holdings. The rubber tappers of Cachoeira stood firm and set up road blocks to keep Silva out.
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The Rubber Tappers' Union was created in 1975 in the nearby town of Brasileia, with Wilson Pinheiro elected as the union's president and Mendes as its secretary.
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At first I thought I was fighting to save rubber trees, then I thought I was fighting to save the Amazon rainforest. Now I realize I am fighting for humanity.
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1636:"Brazilian Rubber Tappers campaign to protest the deforestation of the Brazilian rainforest region, 1977-1988 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"
1489:"Brazilian Rubber Tappers campaign to protest the deforestation of the Brazilian rainforest region, 1977-1988 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"
316:, an English filmmaker, filmed much of the proceedings of this meeting as part of a documentary he was making about Mendes, which aired in 1990.
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the Amazon, after which many other extractive reserves were established. They now account for approximately 13% of the Amazon's total area.
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803:"Filho" is the equivalent to "Junior"; "Chico" is an abbreviative nickname for "Francisco" in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries.
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435:, national president of the party, said he had "no knowledge" it was Chico Mendes' murderer assuming ParĂĄ's party chapter presidency.
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Francisco "Chico" Alves Mendes Filho was born on 15 December 1944, in a rubber reserve called Seringal Bom Futuro, outside of
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sovereignty and alliance, the formation of extractive reserves, and government support for Mendesâ activism.
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The developing world and the environment: making the case for effective protection of the global environment
57: meaning "son", which is used for someone whose name is the same as their father, like "Jr." in English.
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through peaceful protest to stop the logging and burning of the rainforest that acted as their livelihood.
252:, Francisco Mendes, and his wife, IracĂȘ. Chico was one of 17 siblingsâonly six of whom survived childhood.
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of Brazilian peasants and Indigenous people. He was assassinated by a rancher on December 22nd 1988. The
1793:"Empowering Local Communities in Land-Use Management: The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil"
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1377:"'Quem matou Chico Mendes foi ele mesmo', diz Darly ('Who killed Chico Mendes was himself', says Darly)"
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Winnecke, Joycelyn (30 July 1989). "Henderson man, two Kayapo chiefs, honored by Sierra Club".
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1229:"Social Equity and Environmental Politics in Brazil: Lessons from the Rubber Tappers of Acre"
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kill Mendes on his birthday but had failed because of numerous guests present at his house.
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state, ParanĂĄ. He delivered the warrant to the federal police, but it was never acted upon.
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1438:"Assassino de Chico Mendes assume presidĂȘncia do PL em municĂpio do ParĂĄ e Ă© destituĂdo"
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The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest
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The burning season: the murder of Chico Mendes and the fight for the Amazon rain forest
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Mendes believed that relying on rubber tapping alone was not sustainable, and that the
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On February 28, 2024, the son, Darci Alves Pereira, became the president of the
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The Brazilian Amazon rainforest: global ecopolitics, development, and democracy
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Walking the forest with Chico Mendes : struggle for justice in the Amazon
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1519:""Socialist ecology": the life and death of Chico Mendes | Workers' Liberty"
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Tropical forests, international jungle: the underside of global ecopolitics
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248:, a small town in the state of Acre. He was the son of a second-generation
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Integridade ecolĂłgica em cĂłrregos de floresta de galeria do bioma Cerrado
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When the first meeting of this new union was held in 1985 in the capital
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Walking the Forest with Chico Mendes: Struggle for Justice in the Amazon
583:"Wise and Holy Woman" Christy Moore and Wally Page mentions Chico Mendes
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workers, and Indigenous peoples from encroachment on traditional lands.
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1293:"Learn About the Life of and Death of Rainforest Activist Chico Mendes"
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431:. On the same day, the party reported that he was removed from office.
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73:
1974:
1461:"The Struggle of the Seringueiros: Environmental Action in the Amazon"
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In defense of livelihood: comparative studies on environmental action
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In defense of livelihood: comparative studies on environmental action
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Chico Mendes with his wife, Ilsamar, at their home in Xapuri in 1988
1763:"Brazil's Amazon forest is in the crosshairs, as defenders step up"
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1938:
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Sustaining Amazonia: grassroots action for productive conservation
878:
1887:
Into the Amazon: Chico Mendes and the Struggle for the Rainforest
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Into the Amazon: Chico Mendes and the Struggle for the Rainforest
309:
31:
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Janeiro, Jan Rocha Jonathan Watts in Rio de (20 December 2013).
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statement, titled the Declaration of the Peoples of the Forest:
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101:
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408:, and the Brazilian Federal Police in his death were ignored.
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Brazilian trade union leader and environmentalist (1944â1988)
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Greening Brazil: environmental activism in state and society
946:"Chico Mendes | Brazilian labour leader and conservationist"
483:
1851:"Raul Julia, Broadway and Hollywood Actor, Is Dead at 54"
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genus of flowering vines, was named after Mendes in 2021.
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On the evening of Thursday, 22 December 1988, Mendes was
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829:
827:
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586:"Cuando los Ăngeles Lloran" (1995) by Mexican rock band
186:; 15 December 1944 â 22 December 1988), was a Brazilian
1971:âAward-winning documentary about Chico's life and death
1667:"Brazil salutes Chico Mendes 25 years after his murder"
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Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade
213:
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade
908:
579:
Songs inspired directly or in part by Mendes include:
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361:
Mendes won several awards for his work, including the
822:
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Mexico, Central, and South America: Social movements
1199:
1129:
Mexico, Central, and South America: Social movements
1007:
International encyclopedia of environmental politics
694:
369:'s National Conservation Achievement Award in 1988.
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dissatisfaction with the treatment of seringueiros.
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Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
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1987:Extractive Reserve Baixo Rio Branco â Rio Jauaperi
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1161:
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1379:(in Portuguese). G1 Globo.com. 12 December 2008.
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508:
216:or ICMBio), a body under the jurisdiction of the
1993:
1718:"15 New Species of birds discovered in Amazonia"
1463:. In Friedmann, John; Rangan, Haripriya (eds.).
1321:
1062:Hochstetler, Kathryn; Keck, Margaret E. (2007).
1034:
882:Introduction to International and Global Studies
365:Global 500 Roll of Honor Award in 1987, and the
211:
1877:
1440:(in Portuguese). G1 (website). 28 February 2024
38: and the second or paternal family name is
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1904:
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1939:Rodrigues, Gomercindo; Rabben, Linda (2007).
1757:
1755:
1430:
1255:
1119:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1004:. In Barry, John; Frankland, E. Gene (eds.).
879:Smallman, Shawn C.; Brown, Kimberley (2011).
1409:Environmental activism: a reference handbook
1355:. University Press of America. p. 186.
1328:. Manchester University Press. p. 101.
1041:. University Press of America. p. 115.
904:
902:
442:
612:"Sacred Ground" by American hard rock band
1821:
1752:
1748:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-021-01765-0
1260:. In Devine, Carol; Poole, Hilary (eds.).
1082:
72:
1977:âOfficial website of the documentary film
1160:John Friedmann; Haripriya Rangan (1993).
984:
899:
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524:
475:lands in November 1991, overseen by the
451:
235:
227:
1983:âDocumentary from the BBC World Service
1664:
1545:
640:"Ambush" by Brazilian heavy metal band
534:A species of bird, Chico's tyrannulet (
484:Changes within the Brazilian government
1994:
1928:"The Uncertain Legacy of Chico Mendes"
1848:
1290:
1266:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1132:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 68â.
1068:. Duke University Press. p. 111.
974:
19:For the Guinea-Bissau politician, see
1883:
1541:
1539:
1263:Human rights: the essential reference
979:(Thesis). Biblioteca Central da UNB.
835:
569:
218:Brazilian Ministry of the Environment
181:
1235:. Taylor & Francis. p. 68.
940:
938:
790:
529:Bust in Parque Ibirapuera, SĂŁo Paulo
363:United Nations Environmental Program
2072:Workers' Party (Brazil) politicians
1926:Revkin, Andrew (22 December 2008).
1822:Linda Lara, RamĂrez (10 May 2009).
1685:from the original on 5 October 2017
1092:Andrew Revkin (30 September 2004).
557:The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve
520:
13:
1861:from the original on 9 August 2018
1769:. 21 December 2018. Archived from
1536:
1402:Switzer, Jaqueline Vaughn (2003).
1206:. Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 38.
1098:. Island Press. pp. 201â205.
540:), was named after Mendes in 2013.
240:Chico Mendes with his son, Sandino
14:
2083:
1960:
1728:from the original on 20 June 2016
1383:from the original on 4 March 2016
935:
427:, a municipality in southwestern
323:needed to develop more holistic,
1830:from the original on 18 May 2014
1231:. In DomĂnguez, Jorge I. (ed.).
1010:. Taylor & Francis. p.
885:. UNC Press Books. p. 378.
739:
725:
711:
697:
633:(1990) (the song is named after
380:
1849:Gussow, Mel (25 October 1994).
1842:
1803:from the original on 5 May 2019
1785:
1710:
1697:
1658:
1646:from the original on 5 May 2019
1628:
1616:from the original on 5 May 2019
1590:
1511:
1499:from the original on 5 May 2019
1481:
1467:. Kumarian Press. p. 120.
1452:
1395:
1369:
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1315:
1303:from the original on 5 May 2019
1284:
1249:
1220:
1193:
1055:
956:from the original on 5 May 2019
909:Rodrigues, Gomercindo. (2007).
563:Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve
344:Inter-American Development Bank
1028:
993:
968:
872:
856:
797:
513:The U.S. environmental group,
509:Sierra Club Chico Mendes Award
342:in an attempt to convince the
290:preventing their destruction.
1:
2012:Assassinated Brazilian people
1945:. University of Texas Press.
1200:Smouts, Marie-Claude (2003).
975:Kisaka, Tiago Borges (2015).
913:. University of Texas Press.
810:
775:José Clåudio Ribeiro da Silva
616:, from the compilation album
223:
2017:Assassinated trade unionists
1878:General and cited references
1722:The Internet Bird Collection
1705:Evansville Courier and Press
1459:Melone, Michelle A. (1993).
815:
367:National Wildlife Federation
336:National Wildlife Federation
198:. He fought to preserve the
171:Francisco Alves Mendes Filho
88:Francisco Alves Mendes Filho
7:
2057:Indigenous rights activists
2037:Deaths by firearm in Brazil
2022:Brazilian environmentalists
1824:"Cuando Los Ăngeles Lloran"
1349:Ramlogan, Rajendra (2004).
1126:Jorge I. DomĂnguez (2001).
690:
354:to support the creation of
273:
10:
2088:
1404:"Chico Mendes (1944â1988)"
1227:Keck, Margaret E. (2001).
1168:. Kumarian Press. p.
332:Environmental Defense Fund
44:
25:
18:
2032:Brazilian trade unionists
1640:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
1548:Sociological Perspectives
1493:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
1322:Hall, Anthony L. (1997).
1035:Barbosa, Luiz C. (2000).
631:Lembranças (Remembrances)
593:Cuando los Ăngeles Lloran
561:Following his death, the
503:
443:Post-assassination impact
220:, is named in his honor.
179:Portuguese pronunciation:
156:
148:
138:
128:
112:
83:
71:
64:
1981:Living with Chico Mendes
1797:www.culturalsurvival.org
986:10.26512/2015.03.d.18596
673:Mendes was portrayed by
574:
259:interpreting his bills.
202:, and advocated for the
30:, the first or maternal
1905:Revkin, Andrew (2004).
1884:Dwyer, Augusta (1990).
1598:"Chico Mendes's Legacy"
1000:Palmer, Joy A. (2002).
950:Encyclopedia Britannica
836:Dwyer, Augusta (1990).
765:List of peace activists
667:
2042:Environmental killings
1975:Children of the Amazon
1523:www.workersliberty.org
1256:Devine, Carol (1999).
653:"The Tallest Tree" by
537:Zimmerius chicomendesi
530:
464:
406:Rural Democratic Union
287:
241:
233:
212:
183:[ËÊikuËmáșœdÊis]
760:Environment of Brazil
637:, Mendes' home town).
599:"How Many People" by
528:
459:
452:Grassroots organizing
277:
239:
231:
2027:Brazilian socialists
1930:. Dot Earth (blog).
1890:. Key-Porter Books.
1604:. 26 December 1998.
1412:. ABC-CLIO. p.
842:. Key-Porter Books.
78:Chico Mendes in 1988
2052:History of Amazonia
1968:Voice of the Amazon
862:Revkin (2004), pp.
606:Flowers in the Dirt
490:extractive reserves
433:Valdemar Costa Neto
356:extractive reserves
330:In March 1987, the
129:Cause of death
55:generational suffix
2062:People from Xapuri
2047:Forestry in Brazil
1932:The New York Times
1855:The New York Times
1602:The New York Times
1291:Lallanilla, Marc.
733:Environment portal
683:The Burning Season
570:In popular culture
531:
242:
234:
173:, better known as
1952:978-0-292-71705-3
1918:978-1-55963-089-4
1897:978-1-55013-223-6
1799:. 19 March 2010.
1474:978-1-56549-020-8
1423:978-1-57607-901-0
1362:978-0-7618-2879-2
1335:978-0-7190-4698-8
1277:978-1-57356-205-8
1242:978-0-8153-3695-2
1213:978-1-4039-6203-4
1179:978-1-56549-020-8
1139:978-0-8153-3695-2
1105:978-1-55963-089-4
1075:978-0-8223-4048-5
1048:978-0-7618-1522-8
1021:978-0-415-20285-5
892:978-0-8078-7175-1
849:978-1-55013-223-6
791:Explanatory notes
657:, from the album
644:, from the album
629:, from the album
603:, from the album
590:, from the album
200:Amazon rainforest
168:
167:
2079:
1956:
1935:
1922:
1911:. Island Press.
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1771:the original
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175:Chico Mendes
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118:(1988-12-22)
66:Chico Mendes
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2007:1988 deaths
2002:1944 births
1767:Environment
780:Rubber tree
545:Chicomendes
515:Sierra Club
325:cooperative
192:trade union
32:family name
1996:Categories
1707:, pg. AA1.
811:References
675:Raul Julia
655:Roy Harper
494:World Bank
348:World Bank
224:Early life
139:Occupation
94:1944-12-15
1865:4 October
1679:0261-3077
1610:0362-4331
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1568:0731-1214
1297:ThoughtCo
929:191107529
816:Citations
679:telemovie
642:Sepultura
550:monotypic
301:support.
1859:Archived
1828:Archived
1801:Archived
1726:Archived
1683:Archived
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1614:Archived
1497:Archived
1444:15 March
1381:Archived
1301:Archived
954:Archived
691:See also
473:Yanomami
306:Brasilia
282:â
274:Activism
157:Children
45:In this
26:In this
1576:1389315
1185:28 June
1145:28 June
1111:28 June
663:(1992).
650:(1996).
622:(1995).
609:(1989).
596:(1995).
393:in his
310:Marxism
51:"Filho"
49:,
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477:Collor
469:Kayapo
414:Xapuri
395:Xapuri
350:, and
246:Xapuri
149:Spouse
106:Brazil
102:Xapuri
40:Mendes
1807:5 May
1777:5 May
1689:5 May
1650:5 May
1620:5 May
1580:S2CID
1572:JSTOR
1528:5 May
1503:5 May
1307:5 May
960:5 May
647:Roots
619:Pride
575:Music
53:is a
36:Alves
1947:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1867:2017
1836:2014
1809:2019
1779:2019
1734:2015
1691:2019
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1418:ISBN
1389:2014
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1309:2019
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1187:2011
1174:ISBN
1147:2011
1134:ISBN
1113:2011
1100:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1016:ISBN
962:2019
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
887:ISBN
844:ISBN
668:Film
588:ManĂĄ
548:, a
471:and
429:ParĂĄ
334:and
113:Died
84:Born
1556:doi
1414:166
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423:in
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