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Automated systems to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching were first introduced in 2018. As of June 2023, five different companies had commercially available in-ovo sexing technology. Some of these technologies involve running an analysis on a sample of allantoic fluid from
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Instrument or machine sexing of chickens has almost disappeared, because the instruments are no longer available, and spare parts cannot be obtained. The Keeler
Optical (English) or Chicktester (Japanese) machine features a blunt-ended telescopic tube, containing a light. The sexer inserts the tube
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The sex-linked silver/gold (Ss) gene can also be used to sex newly hatched chicks. An S female mated to an s male produces offspring where the females have a darker, buff down color, while the males have a lighter, whiter down colour. If not obscured by other coloration (controlled by other genes),
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The eminence or genital organ is found midway on the lower rim of the vent, and looks like a very small pimple. Most males have a relatively prominent eminence, most females have none. However, a small proportion of both males and female have relatively small eminences. Sexing these chickens can be
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industry sex chickens for various reasons. In farms that produce eggs, males are unwanted; for meat production, separate male and female lines for breeding are maintained to produce the hybrid birds that are sold for the table, and chicks of the wrong sex in either line are unwanted. Chicks of an
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slow-feathering gene can be used for crosses where the sex of the chicks can be determined at hatching time by the length of the wing feathers. A cross between a fast-feathering male and a slow-feathering female results in offspring where the female chicks have
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302:. As the chick sexer does not “experience the chicken as being male or female,” the exact nature of the source of their knowledge becomes a matter of discussion to explore the relationship between experience, perception, and inference.
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Small poultry farmers whose operations are not of sufficient size to warrant hiring a chicken sexer must wait until the hatchlings are four to six weeks old before learning the sexes of their chickens. At that time, their
134:) slightly, allowing the chicken sexer to see if the chick has a small "bump", which would indicate that the chick is a male. Some females also have bumps, though they are rarely as large as those of male chicks.
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into the evacuated cloaca and with the help of the light can identify either testis or ovaries. Successful development of this technique depends on the capability of the students and their level of experience.
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Several methods are used to determine the sex of a day-old chick. Some are effective only with certain breeds or crosses, while others are universal. The two chief methods of sexing chicks are
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When learning to sex chickens, it is best to assume that chickens with small eminences are female. The male eminence is solid and will not disappear upon gentle rubbing with one's thumb.
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in 1928. In male chicks the pale head spot spreads over much of the body, which is pale; hen chicks have darker markings to the head. One example of an auto-sexing breed is the
205:, male chicks tend to have a large and distinct pale spot on the head, while hen chicks have a smaller and less defined spot. This is due to the effects of the incompletely
148:. After their discovery, interested poultry breeders hired those who had been trained in Masui and Hashimoto's technique, or sent representatives to Japan to learn it.
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Chick sexing was an important mode of employment for second-generation
Japanese Americans (Nisei), who dominated the trade between the late 1930s and 1950s.
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each egg. Other technology rely on hyperspectral or MRI-based imaging. These technologies are estimated to be used for 15 percent of the layers in Europe.
69:" (most of which are killed within days of hatching because they are irrelevant to egg production). The females and a limited number of males kept for
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A paper about vent sexing was published in Japan in 1933 by
Professors Masui and Hashimoto, which was soon translated into English under the title
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barred (B) gene. Rhode Island Red and New
Hampshire Red chicks with chipmunk stripes are almost always females.
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quite difficult, but with regular practice, the sexer will eventually learn to identify the differences.
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184:. The male chicks have primary wing feathers that are shorter, about the same length as the coverts.
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The effects of the barred gene are more clearly seen in chicks with pale down. From the late 1920s,
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begin to appear, making it possible for anyone with a minimal amount of training to sex a chicken.
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The 'example of the chicken sexers' is famous in several debates in philosophy, especially in the
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production are then put on different feeding programs appropriate for their commercial roles.
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by cross-breeding Barred Rocks with a wide range of other breeds; the first of these was the
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Roessler, J. (1 October 2009). "Perceptual
Experience and Perceptual Knowledge".
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346:. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Queensland). Archived from
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Chicks of some breeds can be sexed with fair accuracy soon after hatching. In
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57:. Chicken sexing is practiced mostly by large commercial hatcheries to
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New
Investigation Reveals Horrific Cruelty at 'Humane' Chicken Hatchery
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524:"Chicken FAQ: How to Magically Select Pullet Chicks at the Feed Store"
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Armstrong, D. M. (1963). "Is
Introspective Knowledge Incorrigible?".
758:- including general signs, breed specific tips and old wives tales.
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Vent sexing, also known simply as venting, involves squeezing the
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out of the chick, which opens up the chick's anal vent (called a
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Method of distinguishing the sex of chickens and other hatchlings
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Kornblith, Hilary (1 September 1982). "The psychological turn".
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the chicks can accurately be sexed with little or no training.
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415:"Sexing Day-Old Chicks: How to Identify Pullets and Cockerels"
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and other hatchlings, usually by a trained person called a
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1951 news item about breeding and sexing chicks in the
577:"Launched: Method to identify gender in hatching eggs"
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Hatchery
Horrors: The Egg Industry's tiniest victims
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Chicks of different sexes can appear quite similar.
85:almost immediately to reduce costs to the breeder.
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277:Chicken sexing machine used in sexing poultry
751:Poultry: Sexing of day-old chicks as a sport
61:female chicks or "pullets" (destined to lay
960:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
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237:, developed by Dryden Farms in the 1950s.
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168:for a description of the genes involved.)
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554:. Norton Creek Press. pp. 209–212.
501:. Norton Creek Press. pp. 184–186.
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65:for commercial sale) from the males or "
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180:that are significantly longer than the
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522:Plamondon, Robert (20 February 2010).
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471:. Norton Creek Press. pp. 71–73.
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41:is the method of distinguishing the
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1026:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
671:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
575:Mcdougal, Tony (9 November 2018).
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1041:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
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465:Card, Leslie E. (February 2016).
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166:Delayed feathering in chickens
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756:How to tell the sex of Chicks
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248:secondary sex characteristics
1036:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
342:Kemsley, Max (3 June 2010).
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221:breeds were created at the
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403:Retrieved 17 October 2013.
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76:Different segments of the
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762:The art of chicken sexing
683:10.1080/00048408212340661
872:List of poultry feathers
628:The Philosophical Review
602:"In-Ovo Sexing Overview"
548:Hutt, F. B. (May 2003).
495:Hutt, F. B. (May 2003).
34:, with English subtitles
1163:Tibial dyschondroplasia
1158:Squamous cell carcinoma
867:List of chicken colours
392:19 October 2013 at the
223:University of Cambridge
197:Semi-auto-sexing breeds
89:Methods of chick sexing
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122:, Hainan, China (2014)
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413:Robinson Bosk, Beth.
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178:primary wing feathers
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1071:Dermanyssus gallinae
764:- full article (PDF)
551:Genetics of the Fowl
498:Genetics of the Fowl
441:"Sexing Baby Chicks"
203:Barred Rock chickens
718:10.1093/mind/fzp131
419:motherearthnews.com
286:Cultural references
241:Alternative methods
1051:Campylobacteriosis
712:(472): 1013–1041.
606:Innovate Animal Ag
468:Poultry Production
350:on 21 January 2013
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213:Auto-sexing breeds
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146:sexing baby chicks
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348:the original
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1143:Psittacosis
1128:Mycoplasmas
1076:Egg binding
1061:Coccidiosis
1056:Candidiasis
859:Terminology
219:auto-sexing
105:Vent sexing
97:sexing and
51:chick sexer
32:Netherlands
1138:Omphalitis
1081:Erysipelas
983:Cockatrice
895:Free range
809:As poultry
354:13 January
329:References
173:sex-linked
164:(See also
1153:Scaly leg
998:Sarimanok
882:Husbandry
734:170957609
726:0026-4423
691:0004-8402
648:0031-8108
533:18 August
450:30 August
424:30 August
67:cockerels
1185:Category
1148:Pullorum
1103:Gapeworm
1046:Botulism
1013:Diseases
993:Kapparos
950:Candling
935:Hatchery
839:Poularde
445:AG Annex
390:Archived
307:See also
207:dominant
120:Wenchang
101:sexing.
59:separate
47:chickens
1118:Malaria
1091:Fowlpox
978:As pets
970:Culture
905:Yarding
849:Broiler
844:Poussin
817:As food
801:Chicken
656:2183028
611:29 June
586:29 June
182:coverts
95:feather
78:poultry
829:Breeds
822:Dishes
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313:Sexing
227:Cambar
132:cloaca
83:killed
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834:Capon
730:S2CID
652:JSTOR
128:feces
722:ISSN
706:Mind
687:ISSN
644:ISSN
613:2023
588:2023
556:ISBN
535:2016
503:ISBN
473:ISBN
452:2015
426:2015
356:2013
171:The
99:vent
71:meat
63:eggs
714:doi
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298:in
53:or
45:of
43:sex
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