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1685:
20:
1835:, the ratio of concentration of the cerium(IV) and cerium(III) ions oscillated, causing the colour of the solution to oscillate between a yellow solution and a colorless solution. This is due to the cerium(IV) ions being reduced by propanedioic acid to cerium(III) ions, which are then oxidized back to cerium(IV) ions by bromate(V) ions.
94:
and it was believed then, and through much of the last century, that homogeneous oscillating systems were nonexistent. While theoretical discussions date back to around 1910, the systematic study of oscillating chemical reactions and of the broader field of non-linear chemical dynamics did not become
1847:
is one of a small number of known oscillating chemical reactions. It is especially well suited for demonstration purposes because of its visually striking color changes: the freshly prepared colorless solution slowly turns an amber color, suddenly changing to a very dark blue. This slowly fades to
1759:
the energy-releasing reaction can follow at least two different pathways, and the reaction periodically switches from one pathway to another. One of these pathways produces a specific intermediate, while another pathway consumes it. The concentration of this intermediate triggers the switching of
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pathways. When the concentration of the intermediate is low, the reaction follows the producing pathway, leading then to a relatively high concentration of intermediate. When the concentration of the intermediate is high, the reaction switches to the consuming pathway.
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which is not at equilibrium, this law requires that the system approach equilibrium and not recede from it. For a closed system at constant temperature and pressure, the thermodynamic requirement is that the
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and an acid. An essential aspect of the BZ reaction is its so-called "excitability" — under the influence of stimuli, patterns develop in what would otherwise be a perfectly quiescent medium. Some
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with far-from-equilibrium behavior. The reactions are theoretically important in that they show that chemical reactions do not have to be dominated by
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published a report of oscillations in a chemical system. He described an electrochemical cell that produced an oscillating current. In 1899,
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In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, periodic color changes can be observed. Examples of oscillating reactions are the
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observed that the rate of chromium dissolution in acid periodically increased and decreased. Both of these systems were
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Theoretical models of oscillating reactions have been studied by chemists, physicists, and mathematicians. In an
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The earliest scientific evidence that such reactions can oscillate was met with extreme scepticism. In 1828,
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must decrease continuously and not oscillate. However it is possible that the concentrations of some
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An introduction to nonlinear chemical dynamics: oscillations, waves, patterns, and chaos.
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is one of several oscillating chemical systems, whose common element is the inclusion of
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Different theoretical models for this type of reaction have been created, including the
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colorless and the process repeats, about ten times in the most popular formulation.
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and the BZ using the chemical ruthenium bipyridyl as catalyst can be excited into
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2057:"A periodic reaction in homogeneous solution and its relation to catalysis"
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1775:. The latter was designed to simulate the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.
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Reacting chemical mixture in which the concentrations change periodically
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is a chemical clock first described by W. C. Bray in 1921 with the
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changes. They are a class of reactions that serve as an example of
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A stirred BZ reaction mixture showing changes in color over time
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Chemical systems cannot oscillate about a position of final
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first noted, sometime in the 1950s, that in a mix of
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2027:"IDEA - Internet Differential Equations Activities"
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2007:Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms
1996:Oxford University Press, USA, 1998, p. 3.
1809:activity through the influence of light.
2061:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1992:Epstein, Irving R., and John A. Pojman.
18:
2102:
95:well established until the mid-1970s.
1752:of formation of products oscillates.
1845:Briggs–Rauscher oscillating reaction
1827:(another name for malonic acid) and
47:of one or more components exhibits
13:
2009:(2nd ed., McGraw-Hill 2002) p.190
1784:Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction
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428:Intensive and extensive properties
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2095:History of oscillating reactions
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1003:Table of thermodynamic equations
2115:Chemistry classroom experiments
1479:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
2110:Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
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53:non-equilibrium thermodynamics
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1979:
1790:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
1748:oscillate, and also that the
1380:Mechanical equivalent of heat
64:Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
1733:second law of thermodynamics
992:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
2031:Washington State University
1952:
1484:Entropy as energy dispersal
1295:"Perpetual motion" machines
1234:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1179:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1124:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
2141:
1912:of iodate back to iodine:
931:{\displaystyle \partial T}
884:{\displaystyle \partial V}
799:{\displaystyle \partial p}
752:{\displaystyle \partial V}
664:{\displaystyle \partial T}
617:{\displaystyle \partial S}
77:
2055:Bray, William C. (1921).
1803:Briggs–Rauscher reactions
1405:An Inquiry Concerning the
98:
57:equilibrium thermodynamic
1858:Bray–Liebhafsky reaction
1852:Bray–Liebhafsky reaction
1839:Briggs–Rauscher reaction
1778:
1418:Heterogeneous Substances
835:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
703:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
72:Bray–Liebhafsky reaction
68:Briggs–Rauscher reaction
35:is a complex mixture of
1969:Blue bottle experiment
1746:reaction intermediates
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1069:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
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152:Quantum thermodynamics
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1964:Mercury beating heart
1416:On the Equilibrium of
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1134:Helmholtz free energy
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2090:Video of BZ reaction
1959:Catalytic oscillator
1765:Lotka-Volterra model
1737:thermodynamic system
1429:Motive Power of Fire
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997:Bridgman's equations
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1407:Source ... Friction
1339:Loschmidt's paradox
531:Material properties
409:Conjugate variables
66:(BZ reaction), the
33:chemical oscillator
2120:Chemical reactions
1821:cerium(IV) sulfate
1757:oscillating system
1671:Order and disorder
1427:Reflections on the
1334:Heat death paradox
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568:{\displaystyle c=}
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462:Functions of state
385:Thermal efficiency
121:Carnot heat engine
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1825:propanedioic acid
1817:potassium bromate
1742:Gibbs free energy
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987:Maxwell relations
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907:{\displaystyle V}
860:{\displaystyle 1}
815:Thermal expansion
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775:{\displaystyle V}
728:{\displaystyle 1}
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640:{\displaystyle N}
593:{\displaystyle T}
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423:Property diagrams
402:System properties
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357:Endoreversibility
249:Equation of state
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2067:(6): 1262–1267.
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2033:. Archived from
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1319:Entropy and life
1314:Entropy and time
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347:Reversibility
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92:heterogeneous
89:
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46:
45:concentration
43:in which the
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2021:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1907:
1855:
1842:
1811:
1801:such as the
1787:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1726:
1522:Carathéodory
1453:Heat engines
1425:
1414:
1403:
1385:Motive power
1370:
1030:Free entropy
1001:
501:
500: /
490:
489: /
481:introduction
474:
473: /
412:
375:Heat engines
162: /
84:G.T. Fechner
81:
61:
32:
26:
1900:+ 2 H + 4 H
1829:citric acid
1769:Brusselator
1729:equilibrium
1344:Synergetics
1025:Free energy
471:Temperature
332:Quasistatic
327:Isenthalpic
284:Instruments
274:Equilibrium
226:Open system
160:Equilibrium
142:Statistical
2104:Categories
2041:2010-05-16
1980:References
1831:in dilute
1773:Oregonator
1656:Nucleation
1500:Scientists
1304:Philosophy
1017:Potentials
380:Heat pumps
337:Polytropic
322:Isentropic
312:Isothermal
88:W. Ostwald
70:, and the
59:behavior.
1936:+ 2 H → I
1910:reduction
1862:oxidation
1637:Waterston
1587:von Mayer
1542:de Donder
1532:Clapeyron
1512:Boltzmann
1507:Bernoulli
1468:Education
1439:Timelines
1223:−
1168:−
956:Equations
923:∂
876:∂
827:α
791:∂
744:∂
698:−
692:β
656:∂
609:∂
317:Adiabatic
307:Isochoric
293:Processes
254:Ideal gas
137:Classical
41:compounds
39:chemical
29:chemistry
1953:See also
1908:and the
1771:and the
1735:. For a
1689:Category
1627:Thompson
1537:Clausius
1517:Bridgman
1371:Vis viva
1353:Theories
1287:Gas laws
1079:Enthalpy
487:Pressure
302:Isobaric
259:Real gas
147:Chemical
130:Branches
49:periodic
37:reacting
1794:bromine
1612:Smeaton
1607:Rankine
1597:Onsager
1582:Maxwell
1577:Massieu
1282:Entropy
1277:General
1268:History
1258:Culture
1255:History
479: (
476:Entropy
413:italics
214:Systems
78:History
2013:
1870:iodate
1866:iodine
1767:, the
1602:Planck
1592:Nernst
1567:Kelvin
1527:Carnot
817:
682:
550:
492:Volume
407:Note:
366:Cycles
195:Second
185:Zeroth
99:Theory
1944:+ 6 H
1940:+ 5 O
1779:Types
1650:Other
1617:Stahl
1572:Lewis
1562:Joule
1552:Gibbs
1547:Duhem
240:State
200:Third
190:First
2011:ISBN
1924:+ 2
1888:→ 2
1856:The
1843:The
1750:rate
1622:Tait
452:Heat
447:Work
177:Laws
31:, a
2069:doi
1916:5 H
1884:+ I
1876:5 H
1868:to
1864:of
1465:Art
411:in
27:In
2106::
2065:43
2063:.
2059:.
2029:.
1926:IO
1890:IO
1872::
1823:,
1819:,
1788:A
74:.
2075:.
2071::
2044:.
1948:O
1946:2
1942:2
1938:2
1931:3
1922:2
1920:O
1918:2
1904:O
1902:2
1895:3
1886:2
1882:2
1880:O
1878:2
1716:e
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1211:p
1208:,
1205:T
1202:(
1199:G
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1147:(
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1113:+
1110:U
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1104:)
1101:p
1098:,
1095:S
1092:(
1089:H
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1061:V
1058:,
1055:S
1052:(
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902:V
879:V
855:1
830:=
794:p
770:V
747:V
723:1
695:=
659:T
635:N
612:S
588:T
563:=
560:c
483:)
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