2206:
717:. He felt the thrill of life everywhere, in plants, earth, stars, the total universe. Fechner was a panpsychist; he viewed the entire universe as being inwardly alive and consciously animated, instead of being dead “stuff” as accepted by most of his contemporary colleagues, who had become devotees to what was becoming known as material science. Yet he based his panpsychism on a well thought out description of consciousness as waves. He believed that human beings stand midway between the souls of plants and the souls of stars, who are angels. God, the soul of the universe, must be conceived as having an existence analogous to human beings. Natural laws are just the modes of the unfolding of God's perfection. In his last work Fechner, aged but full of hope, contrasts this joyous "daylight view" of the world with the dead, dreary "night view" of
1485:
503:
821:. The conference is now scheduled to include 22 October to allow psychophysicists to celebrate the anniversary of Fechner's waking up on that day in 1850 with a new approach into how to study the mind. Fechner Day runs annually with the 2021 Fechner Day being the 37th. It is organized annually, by a different academic host each year. During the pandemic resulting from COVID-19, Fechner Day was held online in 2020 and 2021.
31:
2187:
328:, where his father, a maternal uncle, and his paternal grandfather were pastors. His mother, Johanna Dorothea Fechner (b. 1774), née Fischer, also came from a religious family. Some biographers consider, that despite these religious influences, Fechner became an atheist in later life., while the anothers says that Fechner had his own religious system as a synthesis of Christianity and paganism.
395:
and its relations with the body, giving public lectures on the subjects dealt with in his books. Whilst lying in bed, Fechner had an insight into the relationship between mental sensations and material sensations. This insight proved to be significant in the development of psychology as there was now
457:
pointed out that such a law does not account for the fact that perceived relationships among stimuli (e.g., papers coloured black, dark grey, grey, light grey, and white) are unchanged with changes in overall intensity (i.e., in the level of illumination of the papers). He proposed, in his famous
587:
Fechner constructed ten rectangles with different ratios of width to length and asked numerous observers to choose the "best" and "worst" rectangle shape. He was concerned with the visual appeal of rectangles with different proportions. Participants were explicitly instructed to disregard any
588:
associations that they have with the rectangles, e.g. with objects of similar ratios. The rectangles chosen as "best" by the largest number of participants and as "worst" by the fewest participants had a ratio of 0.62 (21:34). This ratio is known as the "golden section" (or
439:
thought that bodily facts and conscious facts, though not reducible one to the other, are different sides of one reality. His originality lies in trying to discover an exact mathematical relation between them. The most famous outcome of his inquiries is the law known as
562:
One of
Fechner's speculations about consciousness dealt with brain. During his time, it was known that the brain is bilaterally symmetrical and that there is a deep division between the two halves that are linked by a connecting band of fibers called the
628:
In 1861, Fechner reported that if he looked at a light with a darkened piece of glass over one eye then closed that eye, the light appeared to become brighter, even though less light was coming into his eyes. This phenomenon has come to be called
489:
for a constant that must be separately determined by experiment in each particular order of sensibility. Fechner's reasoning has been criticized on the grounds that although stimuli are composite, sensations are not. "Every sensation," says
633:. It has been the subject of numerous research papers, including in the 2000s. It occurs because the perceived brightness of the light with both eyes open is similar to the average brightness of each light viewed with one eye.
2221:
339:(1799-1861) and three younger sisters: Emilie, Clementine, and Mathilde. Fechner and his brother were then raised for a few years by his maternal uncle—the pastor, before being reunited with his mother and sistes in
599:
However, there has been some ongoing dispute on the experiment itself, as the fact that
Fechner deliberately discarded results of the study ill-fitting to his needs became known, with many mathematicians, including
452:
The law has been found to be immensely useful, but to fail for very faint and for very strong sensations. Within its useful range, Fechner's law is that sensation is a logarithmic function of physical intensity.
653:. His clearest contribution was the demonstration that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as
518:, in 1894, enabled English-speakers to learn of the effect through the invention of the spinning top that bears his name, Benham's top. Whether Fechner and Benham ever actually met face to face is not known.
725:
is also important. He conducted experiments to show that certain abstract forms and proportions are naturally pleasing to our senses, and gave some new illustrations of the working of aesthetic association.
620:, to accommodate the asymmetries he had observed in empirical frequency distributions in many fields. The distribution has been independently rediscovered by several authors working in different fields.
362:
112:
571:, two separate streams of consciousness would result - the mind would become two. Yet, Fechner believed that his theory would never be tested; he was incorrect. During the mid-twentieth century,
1979:. Hartshorne also comments that William James failed to do justice to the theological aspects of Fechner's work. Hartshorne saw also resemblances with the work of Fechner's contemporary
1310:
302:
1497:
387:
at
Leipzig. But in 1839, he injured his eyes in the research on afterimages by gazing at the Sun through colored glasses, while studying the phenomena of color and
494:, "presents itself as an indivisible unit; and it is quite impossible to read any clear meaning into the notion that they are masses of units combined."
335:, teaching them Latin, and being a passionate grower of fruit. He died unexpectedly in 1806, leaving the family destitute. Fechner had an elder brother,
265:), he inspired many 20th-century scientists and philosophers. He is also credited with demonstrating the non-linear relationship between psychological
776:
Fechner's work continues to have an influence on modern science, inspiring continued exploration of human perceptual abilities by researchers such as
2254:
2351:
530:(1876) he used the method of extreme ranks for subjective judgements. Two years later he published a paper which developed the notion of the
448:"In order that the intensity of a sensation may increase in arithmetical progression, the stimulus must increase in geometrical progression."
2341:
2361:
2356:
2285:
1548:
1506:
367:
117:
1999:, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
538:
and attempted to determine the shapes and dimensions of aesthetically pleasing objects, using as a database the sizes of paintings.
331:
Fechner's father, Samuel
Traugott Fischer Fechner (1765-1806) was free-thinking in many ways, for example by having his children be
1953:
2191:
737:
Fechner's position in reference to predecessors and contemporaries is not very sharply defined. He was remotely a disciple of
1915:
2376:
2336:
2311:
462:
entitled "To Honor
Fechner and Repeal His Law", that intensity of stimulation is related to perception via a power-law.
2346:
738:
1764:
Wallis, K.F. (2014). "The two-piece normal, binormal, or double
Gaussian distribution: its origin and rediscoveries".
2152:
2013:
1881:
1856:"My life transparently revealed": interpreting Mahler's worldview through an analysis of his middle-period symphonies
1741:
1354:
1292:
1589:
Campen, Cretien van (1996). De verwarring der zintuigen. Artistieke en psychologische experimenten met synesthesie.
802:
2144:
1806:
514:, whereby colors are seen in a moving pattern of black and white. The English journalist and amateur scientist
2331:
2326:
1790:
762:
2162:
657:
had long stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible.
2260:
672:
also admired his work: in 1904, he wrote an admiring introduction to the
English translation of Fechner's
579:
worked on epileptic patients with sectioned corpus callosum and observed that
Fechner's idea was correct.
534:
and is generally credited with introducing the median into the formal analysis of data. He later explored
2008:
Kreuger, L. E. (1993) Personal
Communication. ref History of Psychology 4th edition David Hothersal 2004
2321:
2215:
746:
617:
829:
Little is known of
Fechner's later years, nor of the circumstances, cause, and manner of his death.
2371:
2316:
2172:
2093:
758:
750:
237:
409:
1837:
692:
688:
535:
254:
151:
592:) and referred to the ratio of a rectangle's width to length that is most appealing to the eye.
833:
731:
391:, and, after much suffering, resigned. Subsequently, recovering, he turned to the study of the
336:
1871:
734:'s philosophy and regretted that Fechner's philosophical work had been neglected for so long.
510:
In 1838, he also studied the still-mysterious perceptual illusion of what is still called the
272:
1901:
1552:
696:
646:
459:
454:
377:
305:
134:
1490:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1361:
The study of medicine also contributed to a loss of religious faith and to becoming atheist.
2366:
2306:
2301:
1944:
Marshall, M E (1969), "Gustav Fechner, Dr. Mises, and the comparative anatomy of angels.",
1657:
1616:
770:
572:
380:, the city in which he spent the rest of his life. He earned his PhD from Leipzig in 1823.
63:
1437:
546:
In 1871, Fechner reported the first empirical survey of coloured letter photisms among 73
174:
8:
2269:
1766:
1578:
1014:
1006:
980:
754:
2157:
Robinson, David K. (2010), "Gustav Fechner: 150 years of Elemente der Psychophysik", in
1794:
1661:
1620:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1204:
1195:
1177:
1165:
1156:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1090:
1064:
1039:
1018:
1010:
987:
964:
960:
938:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
893:
873:
2250:
1771:
766:
727:
568:
405:
161:
123:
2246:
1423:
1258:
864:
2201:
2148:
2009:
1957:
1911:
1877:
1822:
1747:
1737:
1350:
1323:
1288:
994:
576:
388:
89:
67:
2237:
1974:
947:
Das Hauslexicon. Vollständiges Handbuch praktischer Lebenskenntnisse für alle Stände
2278:
2210:
1949:
1665:
1624:
1315:
1172:
806:
206:
1996:
317:
55:
2133:
1821:
Ding, J., & Levi, D. M. (2017). Binocular combination of luminance profiles.
1789:
Levelt, W. J. M. (1965). Binocular brightness averaging and contour information.
1213:
1186:
1152:
1143:
1112:
1099:
1077:
1030:
976:
889:
841:
817:
In 1985 the International Society for Psychophysics called its annual conference
564:
465:
Fechner's general formula for getting at the number of units in any sensation is
413:
404:
Fechner published chemical and physical papers, and translated chemical works by
2197:
706:, who refers to Fechner when introducing the concept of psychic locality in his
777:
742:
551:
515:
1399:
1374:
1057:
2295:
2129:
1980:
1897:
1510:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–232.
1501:
1491:
781:
703:
684:
669:
661:
654:
642:
511:
491:
325:
258:
188:
93:
1751:
1319:
2141:
Nature From Within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview
1961:
1347:
Nature from within: Gustav Theodor Fechner and his Psychophysical Worldview
1327:
785:
687:
read Fechner as a student, and he identified with Fechner when writing his
589:
250:
1954:
10.1002/1520-6696(196901)5:1<39::AID-JHBS2300050105>3.0.CO;2-C
2228:
2126:
2025:
1907:
1731:
1686:
837:
718:
601:
593:
547:
246:
16:
German experimental psychologist, physicist, and philosopher (1801–1887)
1733:
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number
1162:
Einige Ideen zur Schöpfungs- und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Organismen
722:
665:
650:
59:
1854:
2169:
The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900
1826:
1810:
1670:
1645:
1629:
1381:(Summer 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1373:
Beiser, Frederick C. (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
242:
1859:. University of Texas at Austin, PhD dissertation. pp. 265–270.
1604:
1314:, vol. 57, no. Pt 1 (published May 2004), pp. 53–72,
396:
a quantitative relationship between the mental and physical worlds.
1775:
502:
2043:
714:
384:
373:
340:
332:
85:
30:
2068:
2026:"Fechner Day 2018 – The International Society for Psychophysics"
1976:
Aquinas to Whitehead – Seven Centuries of Metafysics of Religion
1948:, vol. 5, no. 1 (published Jan 1969), pp. 39–58,
616:(1897), Fechner introduced the Zweiseitige Gauss'sche Gesetz or
351:
2186:
531:
436:
416:. He also wrote several poems and humorous pieces, such as the
355:
321:
168:
1805:
Robinson, T. R. (1896). Light intensity and depth perception.
1183:
Erinnerungen an die letzen Tage der Odlehre und ihres Urhebers
649:, is recognized as one of the founders of modern experimental
224:
347:
266:
1910:. Mineola New York: Courier Dover Publications. p. 35.
1070:
Zend-Avesta oder über die Dinge des Himmels und des Jenseits
1873:
Thinking the Unconscious: Nineteenth-Century German Thought
1438:"Chronological table to the life of Gustav Theodor Fechner"
836:
and of Clementine Wieck Fechner, who was the stepmother of
664:, the actual disciples of his general philosophy were few.
392:
262:
218:
215:
1311:
British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology
872:("Results of plant analyses undertaken to date") (1829).
269:
and the physical intensity of a stimulus via the formula:
175:
De variis intensitatem vis Galvanicae metiendi methodis
2233:
from the Classics in the History of Psychology website.
856:("Advances in the general theory of organisms") (1823).
361:
In 1817 Fechner studied medicine for six months at the
1287:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1083:
Ueber die physikalische und philosophische Atomenlehre
870:
Resultate der bis jetzt unternommenen Pflanzenanalysen
2121:
Heidelberger, M. (2001), "Gustav Theodor Fechner" in
1795:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1965.tb00939.x
1770:, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.106-112. DOI: 10.1214/13-STS417
1308:
Sheynin, Oscar (2004), "Fechner as a statistician.",
275:
221:
212:
1870:
Nicholls, Angus; Liebshcher, Martin (24 June 2010).
1719:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. pp. 190–202.
1344:
1259:"Gustav Fechner - German psychologist and physicist"
607:
1151:("The three motives and reasons of faith") (1863).
311:
209:
1869:
1424:Fechner, Gustav Theodor at vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de
1340:
1338:
1336:
710:that he illustrates with the microscope-metaphor.
296:
1973:For Hartshorne's appreciation of Fechner see his
1946:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
1462:(2nd ed.). (pp. 284-295) Appleton-Century-Crofts.
1345:Michael Heidelberger (2004). "1: Life and Work".
241:; 19 April 1801 – 18 November 1887) was a German
2293:
1688:Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
1546:
550:. His work was followed in the 1880s by that of
2255:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
2098:Fechner Day 2023 - Patrizio Paoletti Foundation
1333:
1429:
1349:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 21.
2247:Biography, bibliography and digitized sources
1785:
1783:
888:("Protective equipment for cholera") (1832).
1842:(Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1046:Nanna oder über das Seelenleben der Pflanzen
879:Maassbestimmungen über die galvanische Kette
582:
485:for the stimulus numerically estimated, and
426:
1876:. Cambridge University Press. p. 272.
1637:
1596:
1520:Schultz, P.D., & Schultz, S.E. (2008).
1435:
1210:Die Tagesansicht gegenüber der Nachtansicht
809:on the far side of the Moon after Fechner.
668:was inspired by his work on psychophysics.
497:
1780:
1736:(1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books.
1678:
1577:. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Hartel. Website:
1527:
854:Praemissae ad theoriam organismi generalem
29:
2161:, Vol 13(4), Nov 2010, pp. 409–410.
2143:(trans. Cynthia Klohr), Pittsburgh, PA:
1684:
1669:
1628:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1226:Revision der Hauptpuncte der Psychophysik
604:, refuting the result of the experiment.
1943:
1643:
1602:
1038:("Concerning the Highest Good") (1846).
824:
557:
501:
1852:
1840:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1714:
1379:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1307:
1282:
1149:Die drei Motive und Gründe des Glaubens
420:(1825), written under the pseudonym of
363:Medizinische Akademie Carl Gustav Carus
113:Medizinische Akademie Carl Gustav Carus
2294:
1465:
1372:
383:In 1834 he was appointed professor of
1983:. See also: Hartshorne – Reese (ed.)
1896:
1729:
1495:
444:, which may be expressed as follows:
236:
2352:Academic staff of Leipzig University
2069:"Fechner Day 2017 — Welcome (index)"
1460:A history of experimental psychology
953:Das Büchlein vom Leben nach dem Tode
730:saw him as a predecessor on his and
623:
431:Fechner's epoch-making work was his
2342:People from the Province of Silesia
2271:The Little Book of Life after Death
1404:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1003:The Little Book of Life After Death
832:Fechner was the brother of painter
713:Fechner's world concept was highly
13:
2362:19th-century German mathematicians
2357:People educated at the Kreuzschule
2115:
1827:https://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.13.4
1811:https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1411847
1397:
899:Repertorium der Experimentalphysik
840:when Clementine became her father
660:Though he had a vast influence on
14:
2388:
2224:at Projekt Gutenberg-DE. (German)
2179:
1537:(1921), Pt II Ch XVII §5 (p 201).
796:
608:The two-piece normal distribution
596:was a participant in this study.
567:. Fechner speculated that if the
2207:Works by or about Gustav Fechner
2185:
1483:
1127:("Concerning the Soul") (1861).
1096:Professor Schleiden und der Mond
803:International Astronomical Union
674:Büchlein vom Leben nach dem Tode
418:Vergleichende Anatomie der Engel
399:
312:Early life and scientific career
205:
2198:Works by Gustav Theodor Fechner
2086:
2061:
2036:
2018:
2002:
1990:
1967:
1937:
1924:
1890:
1863:
1846:
1831:
1815:
1799:
1758:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1583:
1567:
1551:. /statprob.com. Archived from
1540:
1524:(pp. 81-82).Thompson Wadsworth.
1522:A History of Modern Psychology.
1514:
678:Little Book of Life After Death
2145:University of Pittsburgh Press
2132:) pp. 142–147. New York:
2123:Statisticians of the Centuries
1807:American Journal of Psychology
1591:Psychologie & Maatschappij
1452:
1417:
1391:
1366:
1301:
1276:
1251:
812:
612:In his posthumously published
541:
346:Fechner was educated first at
261:(techniques for measuring the
1:
2262:Founders of modern psychology
1932:Freud: Biologist of the Mind.
1853:Harland, Michael Lee (2019).
1791:British Journal of Psychology
1244:
618:two-piece normal distribution
521:
2277:Gustav Theodor Fechner 1908
2268:Gustav Theodor Fechner 1904
2167:Stigler, Stephen M. (1986),
1903:The Interpretation of Dreams
1838:Pojman, Paul, "Ernst Mach",
1593:, vol. 20, nr. 1, pp. 10–26.
1496:Sturt, Henry Cecil (1911). "
886:Schutzmittel für die Cholera
708:The Interpretation of Dreams
636:
435:(1860). He started from the
304:, which became known as the
7:
1930:Sulloway, Frank J. (1979).
1221:Internet Archive (Stanford)
1205:Internet Archive (Stanford)
1091:Internet Archive (Stanford)
1040:Internet Archive (Stanford)
874:Internet Archive (Stanford)
702:Furthermore, he influenced
506:A sample of a Benham's disk
10:
2393:
2377:Quantitative psychologists
2337:Experimental psychologists
1436:Meischner-Metge, Anneros.
1230:Internet Archive (Harvard)
1201:In Sachen der Psychophysik
1196:Internet Archive (Harvard)
1065:Internet Archive (Harvard)
961:Internet Archive (Harvard)
865:Internet Archive (Harvard)
791:
569:corpus callosum were split
481:stands for the sensation,
2347:Leipzig University alumni
2274:Foreword by William James
2265:p. 125ff archive.org
2240:Elemente der Psychophysik
2230:Elements of Psychophysics
2139:Heidelberger, M. (2004),
1985:Philosophers speak of God
1934:(pp. 66-67). Basic Books.
1535:A Treatise on Probability
1105:Elemente der Psychophysik
1031:Internet Archive (Oxford)
939:Internet Archive (Oxford)
926:Internet Archive (Oxford)
913:Internet Archive (Oxford)
761:, and decidedly rejected
583:Golden section hypothesis
433:Elemente der Psychophysik
427:Elemente der Psychophysik
194:
184:
167:
157:
147:
140:
130:
108:
100:
74:
37:
28:
21:
2216:William James on Fechner
2173:Harvard University Press
1715:Fechner, Gustav (1876).
1549:"Gustav Theodor Fechner"
1400:"Gustav Theodor Fechner"
1375:"Gustav Theodor Fechner"
1178:Internet Archive (UMich)
1166:Internet Archive (UMich)
1137:Internet Archive (UMich)
1058:Internet Archive (UMich)
988:Internet Archive (UMich)
847:
759:Christian Hermann Weisse
751:Johann Friedrich Herbart
498:The Fechner color effect
297:{\displaystyle S=K\ln I}
2312:People from Żary County
2259:Granville Stanley 1912
2030:www.ispsychophysics.org
1575:Vorschule der Aesthetik
1507:Encyclopædia Britannica
1498:Fechner, Gustav Theodor
1320:10.1348/000711004849196
1283:Fancher, R. E. (1996).
1263:Encyclopedia Britannica
1239:Internet Archive (NYPL)
1192:Vorschule der Aesthetik
1157:Internet Archive (NYPL)
1133:Internet Archive (UCal)
1129:Internet Archive (NYPL)
1120:Internet Archive (NYPL)
1011:Internet Archive (UCal)
965:Internet Archive (NYPL)
935:Internet Archive (NYPL)
922:Internet Archive (NYPL)
909:Internet Archive (NYPL)
536:experimental aesthetics
528:Vorschule der Aesthetik
255:experimental psychology
152:Experimental psychology
2286:Gustav Theodor Fechner
2222:Gustav Theodor Fechner
2192:Gustav Theodor Fechner
1717:Vorschule der Ästhetik
1547:Michael Heidelberger.
1533:Keynes, John Maynard;
1458:Boring, E. G. (1950).
1285:Pioneers of Psychology
834:Eduard Clemens Fechner
732:Alfred North Whitehead
507:
337:Eduard Clemens Fechner
298:
201:Gustav Theodor Fechner
42:Gustav Theodor Fechner
2159:History of Psychology
2048:fechnerdays Webseite!
1730:Livio, Mario (2002).
1646:"Visualized Numerals"
1605:"Visualized Numerals"
1398:Beiser, Frederick C.
1125:Ueber die Seelenfrage
1036:Ueber das höchste Gut
949:(1834–38). 8 volumes.
825:Family and later life
697:Das Lied von der Erde
647:Hermann von Helmholtz
558:Corpus callosum split
505:
410:Louis Jacques Thénard
378:University of Leipzig
376:and from 1818 at the
299:
2332:German psychologists
2327:German statisticians
2236:Robert H. Wozniak's
2194:at Wikimedia Commons
1440:. Leipzig University
771:Rudolf Hermann Lotze
741:, learned much from
721:. Fechner's work in
641:Fechner, along with
512:Fechner color effect
316:Fechner was born at
273:
2175:, pp. 242–254.
2032:. 21 November 2017.
1825:, 17(13, 4), 1-32.
1767:Statistical Science
1662:1880Natur..21..252G
1621:1880Natur..21..494G
1573:Fechner, G. (1876)
1194:(1876). 2 Volumes.
1107:(1860). 2 volumes.
1072:(1851). 3 volumes.
973:On Life After Death
901:(1832). 3 volumes.
755:Arthur Schopenhauer
249:, and experimental
2251:Virtual Laboratory
2094:"Fechner Day 2023"
2044:"FECHNER DAY 2018"
1685:Galton F. (1883).
1235:Kollektivmasslehre
1113:Google (ULausanne)
728:Charles Hartshorne
614:Kollektivmasslehre
508:
406:Jean-Baptiste Biot
294:
162:Leipzig University
124:Leipzig University
2322:German Christians
2202:Project Gutenberg
2190:Media related to
2171:, Cambridge, MA:
1917:978-0-486-78942-2
1900:(18 March 2015).
1823:Journal of Vision
1644:Galton F (1880).
1603:Galton F (1880).
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631:Fechner's paradox
624:Fechner's paradox
577:Michael Gazzaniga
306:Weber–Fechner law
198:
197:
142:Scientific career
135:Weber–Fechner law
68:Holy Roman Empire
2384:
2238:Introduction to
2211:Internet Archive
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2016:
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1906:. Translated by
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1187:Google (Harvard)
1173:Kleine Schriften
1153:Google (Harvard)
1144:Google (Harvard)
1139:
1115:
1108:
1086:
1078:Google (Harvard)
1073:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1001:
990:
983:
971:
956:
930:
917:
904:
890:Google (Harvard)
844:'s second wife.
371:
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238:[ˈfɛçnɐ]
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185:Notable students
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78:18 November 1887
51:
49:
33:
19:
18:
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2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
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2381:
2372:Plant cognition
2317:German atheists
2292:
2291:
2288:at statprob.com
2280:The Living Word
2182:
2134:Springer Verlag
2118:
2116:Further reading
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1555:on 4 March 2016
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1214:Google (Oxford)
999:
977:Google (Oxford)
969:
850:
842:Friedrich Wieck
827:
815:
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689:Second Symphony
639:
626:
610:
585:
565:corpus callosum
560:
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253:. A pioneer in
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2180:External links
2178:
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2073:fechnerday.com
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2017:
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1898:Freud, Sigmund
1889:
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1809:, 7, 518-532.
1798:
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1656:(533): 252–6.
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1615:(543): 494–5.
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882:
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861:Stapelia mixta
857:
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807:Fechner crater
798:
797:Fechner Crater
795:
793:
790:
788:, and others.
778:Jan Koenderink
763:G. W. F. Hegel
743:Baruch Spinoza
638:
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82:(aged 86)
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2227:Excerpt from
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2015:
2014:9780072849653
2011:
2005:
1998:
1993:
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1981:Jules Lequier
1978:
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1019:IA (UToronto)
1016:
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1007:IA (UToronto)
1004:
998:
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989:
982:
981:IA (UToronto)
978:
974:
968:
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801:In 1970, the
789:
787:
783:
782:Farley Norman
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:G. W. Leibniz
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
704:Sigmund Freud
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Gustav Mahler
683:The composer
681:
679:
675:
671:
670:William James
667:
663:
662:psychophysics
658:
656:
655:Immanuel Kant
652:
648:
644:
643:Wilhelm Wundt
634:
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492:William James
488:
484:
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476:
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456:
455:S. S. Stevens
447:
446:
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443:
442:Fechner's Law
438:
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415:
411:
407:
400:Contributions
397:
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326:Lower Lusatia
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307:
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288:
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268:
264:
260:
259:psychophysics
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193:
190:
189:Hermann Lotze
187:
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103:
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94:German Empire
91:
87:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:19 April 1801
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2239:
2229:
2168:
2158:
2140:
2122:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2004:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1902:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1817:
1801:
1793:, 56, 1-13.
1765:
1760:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1574:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1505:
1459:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1431:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1383:, retrieved
1378:
1368:
1360:
1346:
1309:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1234:
1225:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1170:(Dr. Mises)
1161:
1148:
1124:
1104:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1045:
1044:(Dr. Mises)
1035:
1026:
1025:(Dr. Mises)
1002:
1000:(in English)
972:
970:(in English)
952:
946:
898:
885:
884:(Dr. Mises)
878:
869:
860:
859:(Dr. Mises)
853:
831:
828:
818:
816:
800:
786:David Heeger
775:
736:
712:
707:
701:
682:
677:
673:
659:
640:
630:
627:
613:
611:
598:
590:golden ratio
586:
573:Roger Sperry
561:
545:
527:
525:
509:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
464:
451:
441:
432:
430:
422:"Dr. Mises."
421:
417:
403:
382:
360:
345:
330:
318:Groß Särchen
315:
251:psychologist
200:
199:
173:
158:Institutions
141:
80:(1887-11-18)
56:Groß Särchen
2367:Panpsychism
2307:1887 deaths
2302:1801 births
2163:APA PsycNet
2127:C. C. Heyde
1908:A. A. Brill
1691:. Macmillan
838:Clara Wieck
819:Fechner Day
813:Fechner Day
719:materialism
602:Mario Livio
594:Carl Stumpf
548:synesthetes
542:Synesthesia
366: [
354:in Western
247:philosopher
126:(PhD, 1835)
116: [
101:Nationality
2296:Categories
2078:18 January
2053:18 January
1695:2008-06-17
1579:chuoft.pdf
1385:2024-09-07
1268:18 January
1245:References
805:named the
723:aesthetics
666:Ernst Mach
651:psychology
522:The median
460:1961 paper
333:vaccinated
48:1801-04-19
2220:Works of
2130:E. Seneta
1776:1405.4995
1559:5 January
1015:IA (Ucal)
739:Schelling
715:animistic
637:Influence
289:
267:sensation
243:physicist
109:Education
2147:, 2004.
1962:11610088
1752:49226115
1328:15171801
1237:(1897).
1228:(1882).
1219:, 1904.
1212:(1879).
1203:(1877).
1185:(1876).
1176:(1875).
1164:(1873).
1142:, 1907.
1116:Volume 2
1109:Volume 1
1098:(1856).
1089:, 1864.
1085:(1855).
1076:, 1906.
1063:, 1908.
1056:, 1903.
1052:, 1899.
1048:(1848).
1029:(1841).
1027:Gedichte
1005:(1904).
993:, 1914.
986:, 1906.
975:(1882).
959:, 1906.
955:(1836).
931:Volume 3
918:Volume 2
905:Volume 1
863:(1824).
767:monadism
765:and the
477:, where
437:monistic
2253:of the
2249:in the
2209:at the
2136:, 2001.
1997:Fechner
1658:Bibcode
1617:Bibcode
1504:(ed.).
1494::
1444:16 July
1409:13 July
1217:2nd ed.
1140:2nd ed.
1087:2nd ed.
1074:3rd ed.
1061:4th ed.
1054:3rd ed.
1050:2nd ed.
991:3rd ed.
984:2nd ed.
957:6th ed.
881:(1831).
792:Honours
526:In his
469:=
385:physics
374:Dresden
341:Dresden
320:, near
234:German:
86:Leipzig
2151:
2103:24 May
2012:
1960:
1914:
1880:
1750:
1740:
1650:Nature
1609:Nature
1500:". In
1488:
1353:
1326:
1291:
1009:1905,
945:(ed.)
757:, and
695:, and
691:, his
532:median
414:French
389:vision
356:Poland
322:Muskau
179:(1835)
177:
169:Thesis
148:Fields
104:German
90:Saxony
64:Saxony
60:Muskau
58:(near
2125:(ed.
1772:arXiv
848:Works
693:Third
412:from
370:]
350:(now
348:Sorau
324:, in
120:]
2149:ISBN
2105:2023
2080:2019
2055:2019
2010:ISBN
1958:PMID
1912:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1748:OCLC
1738:ISBN
1561:2014
1446:2022
1411:2022
1351:ISBN
1324:PMID
1289:ISBN
1270:2019
645:and
575:and
408:and
393:mind
352:Żary
263:mind
75:Died
38:Born
2200:at
1950:doi
1666:doi
1625:doi
1316:doi
769:of
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372:in
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