784:
176:
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31:
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534:
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130:
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758:. Chemical engineers serving as project engineers use their knowledge in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs and maximize safety and profitability. After plant construction, chemical engineering project managers may be involved in equipment upgrades, troubleshooting, and daily operations in either full-time or consulting roles.
636:) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors. On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such as
753:
Chemical engineers may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments, by scaling up theoretical chemical reactions, to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in
289:
were given more focus. In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States. In time, the systematic application
597:
and project managers, depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills or act as a consultant to the project group. In the USA the education of chemical engineering
586:, new plants, or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by several factors, including funding, government regulations, and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process,
81:
in the laboratory to large-scale industrial processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms, and energy into useful forms and products. Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation, including safety and hazard assessments,
155:
puts the use of the term around 1890. "Chemical engineering", describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in
England after 1850. By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States.
1610:
Herbst, Andrew; Hans
Verwijs (Oct. 19-22). "Project Engineering: Interdisciplinary Coordination and Overall Engineering Quality Control". Proc. of the Annual IAC conference of the American Society for Engineering Management 1
1210:
53:
as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of
1942:
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in the first college degree 3 or 4 years of study stresses the principles and practices of process design. The same skills are used in existing chemical plants to evaluate the
746:
and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in
659:
Process design requires the definition of equipment types and sizes as well as how they are connected and the materials of construction. Details are often printed on a
1274:
147:, an English consultant, was credited with having coined the term. Davis also tried to found a Society of Chemical Engineering, but instead, it was named the
2120:
310:
found applications for designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously had to be done manually. The completion of the
2203:
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1933:
1896:
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1719:"On the design and operation of solar photo-Fenton open reactors for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from WWTP effluents at neutral pH"
73:
to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy and materials. The work of chemical engineers can range from the utilization of
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1983:
561:
192:
1846:
1629:
3550:
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191:. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s,
251:
Concerns regarding large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities' safety and environmental impact were also raised during this period.
1995:
113:. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be accredited members of a professional body. Such bodies include the
1185:
118:
3533:
3299:
3161:
2233:
2058:
139:
A 1996 article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of
121:(AIChE). A degree in chemical engineering is directly linked with all of the other engineering disciplines, to various extents.
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17:
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do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or from
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Modeling and analysis of transport phenomena is essential for many industrial applications. Transport phenomena involve
3368:
3363:
1774:"Palladium-based Catalytic Membrane Reactor for the continuous flow hydrodechlorination of chlorinated micropollutants"
1717:
Soriano-Molina, P.; García Sánchez, J.L.; Malato, S.; Plaza-Bolaños, P.; Agüera, A.; Sánchez Pérez, J.A. (2019-11-05).
554:
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1772:
Nieto-Sandoval, Julia; Gomez-Herrero, Esther; Munoz, Macarena; De Pedro, Zahara M.; Casas, Jose A. (2021-09-15).
830:
371:
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165:
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level phenomena. Modeling of transport phenomena, therefore, requires an understanding of applied mathematics.
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A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as
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Chemical engineering involves the application of several principles. Key concepts are presented below.
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Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specifications, and economic analyses for
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McCabe, Warren L.; Smith, Julian C.; Hariott, Peter (1993), Clark, B.J.; Castellano, Eleanor (eds.),
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approach to chemical engineering while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as those of a
87:
211:. Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by the
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1211:
National
Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers
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which is used to control the capacity and reliability of a new or existing chemical factory.
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Chemical engineering design: principles, practice and economics of plant and process design
2005:
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35:
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In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developing
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83:
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1975:
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1867:
Bird, R. Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edwin N. (2002), Kulek, Petrina (ed.),
750:
and research. Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers.
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2098:
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1979:
1950:
1921:
1911:
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1746:
1612:
1580:
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1059:
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716:
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606:. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.
603:
412:
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282:
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3813:
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3743:
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1959:
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653:
440:
402:
307:
200:
188:
2097:, McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series (5th ed.), Singapore: McGraw-Hill,
183:. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cube shape in the center of the image.
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2001:
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is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering but
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240:
224:
144:
133:
34:
Chemical engineers design, construct, and operate process plants, such as these
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2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2385:
2360:
2174:
Reynolds, Terry S. (2001), "Engineering, Chemical", in
Rothenberg, Marc (ed.),
1910:, McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series, Canada: General Publishing Company,
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204:
74:
50:
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1963:
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4218:
4174:
3899:
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3728:
3721:
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2403:
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2252:
2077:
2026:, VGM Professional Career Series (2nd ed.), United States: McGraw-Hill,
1815:
1750:
1477:
1014:
999:
979:
874:
696:
692:
466:
461:
323:
253:
140:
78:
27:
Engineering discipline focused on the operation and design of chemical plants
742:
develop economic ways of using materials and energy. Chemical engineers use
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3947:
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3929:
3830:
3765:
3664:
3513:
3178:
2413:
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1134:
1054:
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426:
236:
195:
started to receive greater focus. Along with other novel concepts, such as
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633:
583:
262:
62:
46:
3427:
3252:
1844:
1806:
1771:
1704:
783:
30:
4230:
2990:
1971:
1009:
735:
Chemical engineers use computers to control automated systems in plants
625:
232:
228:
215:; however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in
277:
in India resulted in almost 4,000 deaths. These incidents, along with
109:
Chemical engineers typically hold a degree in
Chemical Engineering or
4292:
3594:
3459:
3284:
2801:
969:
884:
743:
720:
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and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are called
641:
637:
180:
70:
54:
1500:
1468:
1443:
269:
in the United
Kingdom resulted in 28 deaths, as well as damage to a
199:(PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined. Transport phenomena gave an
4314:
3325:
3315:
3173:
1671:
319:
257:, published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects of
129:
2041:
1925:
1888:
4334:
1079:
889:
711:, respectively. Models often involve separate considerations for
354:
66:
58:
2345:
2195:
2112:
49:
field which deals with the study of the operation and design of
1647:
1548:
Introduction to
Process Safety for Undergraduates and Engineers
629:
2556:
322:
as well. Chemical engineering principles were used to produce
2072:(1), Philadelphia: American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
1592:
4309:
1943:"The Early History of Chemical Engineering: A Reassessment"
731:
599:
106:, construction specification, and operating instructions.
1688:
1686:
1275:"Chemical Engineers Who Changed the World: Meet the Daddy"
4319:
258:
1411:
1254:
Swindin, N. (1953). "George E. Davis memorial lecture".
598:
2151:"Chapter 2: Chemical Engineering — the First 100 Years"
2128:
Ogawa, Kōhei (2007), "Chapter 1: Information
Entropy",
1845:
American
Institute of Chemical Engineers (2003-01-17),
1822:
1683:
1399:
294:
began to be considered a specific discipline, known as
2153:, in Darton, R.C.; Prince, R.G.H.; Wood, D.G. (eds.),
1873:(2nd ed.), United States: John Wiley & Sons,
1303:
1527:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1256:
Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers
2177:
History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia
1866:
1677:
1659:
1327:
765:
219:
in the 1940s, for example, found application in the
153:
History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia
1997:
Engineering the Future of Biology and Biotechnology
1339:
1315:
1235:
1223:
2232:American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2003a),
2214:Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics
2092:
2059:"Chemical engineering: A rich and diverse history"
1653:
243:in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".
1568:
1515:
1423:
1351:
246:
4408:
577:
2319:
2159:(1st ed.), Netherlands: Elsevier Science,
170:
151:(1881), with Davis as its first secretary. The
1587:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 2003a
837:
609:
3443:
2572:
2305:
2267:
1705:American Institute of Chemical Engineers 2003
1598:
1272:
555:
1266:
726:
1907:Chemical and Catalytic Reaction Engineering
1196:European Federation of Chemical Engineering
673:and make recommendations for improvements.
290:of safety principles to chemical and other
3450:
3436:
2579:
2565:
2312:
2298:
2156:Chemical Engineering: Visions of the World
1958:(2), Cambridge University Press: 171–194,
1505:Australian Journal of Emergency Management
562:
548:
281:, affected the reputation of the trade as
3457:
1805:
1467:
179:Demonstration model of a direct-methanol
2173:
1903:
1405:
1309:
1186:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
730:
174:
128:
119:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
29:
2148:
2134:(1st ed.), Netherlands: Elsevier,
2131:Chemical engineering: a new perspective
2095:Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
1533:
1501:"Disasters as Heuristics? A Case Study"
1417:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1333:
1253:
754:designing and constructing plants as a
644:involve the conversion of materials by
14:
4409:
3359:Electrical and electronics engineering
2509:List of chemical engineering societies
2494:Index of chemical engineering articles
2234:"Speeding up the human genome project"
2019:
1828:
1692:
1498:
1247:
1201:Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers
816:List of chemical engineering societies
676:
3431:
2560:
2293:
2210:
2180:, New York City: Garland Publishing,
2127:
1940:
1665:
1357:
1345:
1321:
1241:
1229:
593:Plant construction is coordinated by
4365:
3392:
2268:Towler, Gavin; Sinnott, Ray (2008),
1545:
1441:
4389:
3402:
2514:List of chemical process simulators
2056:
1574:
1521:
1499:Bennet, Simon (September 1, 1999).
1429:
826:List of chemical process simulators
24:
1778:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
1723:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
1678:Bird, Stewart & Lightfoot 2002
353:
301:
25:
4438:
1904:Carberry, James J. (2001-07-24),
1206:Institution of Chemical Engineers
796:
115:Institution of Chemical Engineers
4388:
4376:
4364:
4353:
4352:
3411:
3401:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3251:
2538:
2527:
2526:
2499:Education for Chemical Engineers
2344:
2217:, New York City: Marcel Dekker,
1654:McCabe, Smith & Hariott 1993
1630:"What Do Chemical Engineers Do?"
1115:Semiconductor device fabrication
805:Education for Chemical Engineers
782:
768:
667:Education for chemical engineers
533:
532:
273:and three nearby villages. 1984
2586:
2489:Outline of chemical engineering
2336:History of chemical engineering
1837:
1765:
1710:
1622:
1604:
1539:
1492:
1435:
1273:Flavell-While, Claudia (2012).
1178:
831:Outline of chemical engineering
699:, which are governed mainly by
166:History of chemical engineering
1444:"In retrospect: Silent Spring"
247:Safety and hazard developments
143:. In the same paper, however,
13:
1:
3717:Interface and colloid science
3471:Glossary of chemical formulae
2422:Chemical reaction engineering
2241:Chemical Engineering Progress
2066:Chemical Engineering Progress
2020:Garner, Geraldine O. (2003),
1217:
578:Plant design and construction
96:chemical reaction engineering
2609:List of engineering branches
1798:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120235
1743:10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117801
1191:Chemical Institute of Canada
920:Computational fluid dynamics
171:New concepts and innovations
149:Society of Chemical Industry
124:
7:
3994:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3481:List of inorganic compounds
2274:, United States: Elsevier,
2057:Kim, Irene (January 2002),
945:Electrochemical engineering
838:Related fields and concepts
761:
610:Process design and analysis
329:
197:process systems engineering
10:
4443:
3920:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3891:Enantioselective synthesis
3871:Physical organic chemistry
3824:Organolanthanide chemistry
2504:List of chemical engineers
1941:Cohen, Clive (June 1996),
1442:Dunn, Rob (May 31, 2012).
1070:Pharmaceutical engineering
821:List of chemical engineers
680:
613:
163:
159:
4348:
4251:
4012:
3928:
3849:
3799:
3675:
3618:
3509:Electroanalytical methods
3494:
3466:
3377:
3324:
3308:
3260:
3249:
3024:
2966:
2885:
2810:
2737:
2630:
2617:
2594:
2522:
2481:
2440:
2432:Chemical process modeling
2412:
2384:
2353:
2342:
2328:
1964:10.1017/S000708740003421X
1599:Towler & Sinnott 2008
1130:Crystallization processes
955:Fischer Tropsch synthesis
950:Environmental engineering
895:Chemical process modeling
880:Biotechnology engineering
811:English Engineering units
727:Applications and practice
239:. Meanwhile, progress in
4264:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4180:Supramolecular chemistry
3819:Organometallic chemistry
865:Biomolecular engineering
513:Glossary of engineering
287:environmental protection
4427:Engineering disciplines
4202:Combinatorial chemistry
4113:Food physical chemistry
4076:Environmental chemistry
3960:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3886:Retrosynthetic analysis
3707:Chemical thermodynamics
3690:Spectroelectrochemistry
3633:Computational chemistry
3270:Bachelor of Engineering
3112:Engineering mathematics
2448:Chemical thermodynamics
1284:. 52-54. Archived from
1105:Process miniaturization
845:Biochemical engineering
488:Chemical thermodynamics
221:pharmaceutical industry
217:biochemical engineering
4274:of element discoveries
4120:Agricultural chemistry
4108:Carbohydrate chemistry
3999:Bioinorganic chemistry
3864:Alkane stereochemistry
3809:Coordination chemistry
3638:Mathematical chemistry
3504:Instrumental chemistry
3369:Structural engineering
3364:Mechanical engineering
3107:Engineering management
2149:Perkins, J.D. (2003),
2023:Careers in engineering
1135:Distillation processes
1040:Natural gas processing
935:Earthquake engineering
870:Bioprocess engineering
860:Biomedical engineering
855:Biological engineering
736:
358:
223:, and allowed for the
213:petrochemical industry
184:
136:
104:biological engineering
39:
4269:Timeline of chemistry
4166:Post-mortem chemistry
4151:Clandestine chemistry
4081:Atmospheric chemistry
4004:Biophysical chemistry
3836:Solid-state chemistry
3786:Equilibrium chemistry
3695:Photoelectrochemistry
3349:Aerospace engineering
3262:Engineering education
2453:Chemical plant design
2211:Silla, Harry (2003),
1552:John Wiley & Sons
1282:The Chemical Engineer
1124:separation of mixture
1065:Petroleum engineering
1025:Molecular engineering
925:Corrosion engineering
905:Chemical technologist
734:
640:, hydrogenation, and
509:Glossary of chemistry
357:
326:in large quantities.
178:
132:
36:fractionating columns
33:
4417:Chemical engineering
4259:History of chemistry
4214:Chemical engineering
3989:Bioorganic chemistry
3739:Structural chemistry
3476:List of biomolecules
3290:Graduate certificate
2321:Chemical engineering
1120:Separation processes
1075:Plastics engineering
1045:Nuclear reprocessing
990:Industrial chemistry
985:Industrial catalysts
661:Process Flow Diagram
493:Reaction engineering
446:Separation processes
347:Chemical engineering
312:Human Genome Project
267:Flixborough disaster
43:Chemical engineering
18:Chemical Engineering
4422:Process engineering
4282:The central science
4236:Ceramic engineering
4161:Forensic toxicology
4134:Chemistry education
4032:Radiation chemistry
4014:Interdisciplinarity
3967:Medicinal chemistry
3905:Fullerene chemistry
3781:Microwave chemistry
3650:Molecular mechanics
3645:Molecular modelling
3275:Bachelor of Science
3117:Engineering physics
3101:Engineering drawing
2623:Interdisciplinarity
2473:Transport phenomena
2247:(1), Philadelphia,
1870:Transport Phenomena
1790:2021AppCB.29320235N
1735:2019AppCB.25617801S
1460:2012Natur.485..578D
1162:Transport phenomena
1152:Textile engineering
1100:Process engineering
1095:Process development
1035:Natural environment
683:Transport phenomena
677:Transport phenomena
418:Transport phenomena
316:genetic engineering
193:transport phenomena
111:Process Engineering
100:nuclear engineering
92:control engineering
4325:Chemical substance
4187:Chemical synthesis
4156:Forensic chemistry
4037:Actinide chemistry
3979:Clinical chemistry
3660:Molecular geometry
3655:Molecular dynamics
3610:Elemental analysis
3563:Separation process
2877:Telecommunications
2782:Naval architecture
2545:Portal:Engineering
1848:AIChE Constitution
1291:on 28 October 2016
1140:Membrane processes
1020:Mineral processing
790:Engineering portal
740:Chemical engineers
737:
359:
185:
137:
40:
4404:
4403:
4340:Quantum mechanics
4305:Chemical compound
4288:Chemical reaction
4226:Materials science
4144:General chemistry
4139:Amateur chemistry
4067:Photogeochemistry
4052:Stellar chemistry
4022:Nuclear chemistry
3943:Molecular biology
3910:Polymer chemistry
3881:Organic synthesis
3876:Organic reactions
3841:Ceramic chemistry
3831:Cluster chemistry
3761:Chemical kinetics
3749:Molecular physics
3628:Quantum chemistry
3541:Mass spectrometry
3425:
3424:
3354:Civil engineering
3300:Licensed engineer
3295:Engineer's degree
3247:
3246:
3079:Building services
3062:Health technology
2923:Chemical reaction
2872:Signal processing
2554:
2553:
2427:Chemical kinetics
2394:Momentum transfer
2371:Chemical engineer
2281:978-0-7506-8423-1
2141:978-0-444-53096-7
2121:TP155.7.M393 1993
1951:Br. J. Hist. Sci.
1831:, pp. 49–50.
1695:, pp. 47–48.
1561:978-1-118-94950-4
1550:. Hoboken, N.J.:
1454:(7400): 578–579.
1420:, pp. 32–33.
1147:Syngas production
1060:Paper engineering
1005:Materials science
707:and transport of
701:momentum transfer
654:process engineers
604:graduate programs
595:project engineers
590:, and equipment.
572:
571:
283:industrial safety
189:chemical reactors
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4392:
4391:
4380:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4355:
4300:Chemical element
3955:Chemical biology
3814:Magnetochemistry
3791:Mechanochemistry
3744:Chemical physics
3685:Electrochemistry
3590:Characterization
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3255:
2842:Electromechanics
2628:
2627:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2376:Chemical process
2348:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2263:
2261:
2255:, archived from
2238:
2227:
2206:
2204:Q127.U6 H57 2000
2169:
2144:
2123:
2088:
2086:
2080:, archived from
2063:
2052:
2050:TA157.G3267 2002
2015:
2014:
2013:
2004:, archived from
1990:
1988:
1982:, archived from
1947:
1936:
1934:TP155.7.C37 2001
1899:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1851:, archived from
1832:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1632:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1471:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1172:Water technology
965:Food engineering
940:Electrochemistry
910:Chemical weapons
900:Chemical reactor
792:
787:
786:
778:
776:Chemistry portal
773:
772:
771:
756:project engineer
748:waste management
709:chemical species
564:
557:
550:
536:
535:
441:Chemical reactor
334:
333:
308:computer science
306:Advancements in
117:(IChemE) or the
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4344:
4247:
4241:Polymer science
4197:Click chemistry
4192:Green chemistry
4086:Ocean chemistry
4062:Biogeochemistry
4008:
3924:
3896:Total synthesis
3859:Stereochemistry
3845:
3795:
3712:Surface science
3702:Thermochemistry
3671:
3614:
3585:Crystallography
3490:
3462:
3456:
3426:
3421:
3373:
3320:
3304:
3280:Master's degree
3256:
3243:
3157:Instrumentation
3020:
2962:
2928:Electrochemical
2881:
2867:Radio frequency
2806:
2733:
2697:Municipal/Urban
2621:
2619:
2613:
2590:
2585:
2555:
2550:
2518:
2477:
2436:
2408:
2386:Unit operations
2380:
2361:Unit operations
2349:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2288:
2282:
2259:
2236:
2225:
2188:
2167:
2142:
2105:
2084:
2061:
2034:
2011:
2009:
2002:Rice University
1994:
1986:
1945:
1918:
1881:
1858:
1856:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1770:
1766:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1680:, pp. 1–2.
1676:
1672:
1668:, pp. 8–9.
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1601:, pp. 2–3.
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1497:
1493:
1469:10.1038/485578a
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1181:
1176:
1167:Unit operations
1085:Process control
1050:Oil exploration
930:Cost estimation
915:Cheminformatics
840:
835:
799:
788:
781:
774:
769:
767:
764:
729:
705:energy transfer
685:
679:
622:crystallization
618:
612:
580:
568:
483:Process control
476:
408:Unit operations
332:
304:
302:Recent progress
279:other incidents
275:Bhopal disaster
249:
241:polymer science
225:mass production
173:
168:
162:
145:George E. Davis
134:George E. Davis
127:
51:chemical plants
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:Soil chemistry
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4103:Food chemistry
4100:
4098:Carbochemistry
4095:
4093:Clay chemistry
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4048:Astrochemistry
4044:Cosmochemistry
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Radiochemistry
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Neurochemistry
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3915:Petrochemistry
3912:
3907:
3902:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Spin chemistry
3773:
3771:Photochemistry
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Femtochemistry
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3568:Chromatography
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3486:Periodic table
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3309:Related topics
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:Sustainability
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3091:Geoengineering
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:Rehabilitation
3069:
3067:Pharmaceutical
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Bioinformatics
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:Semiconductors
3008:
3003:
3001:Nanotechnology
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2717:Transportation
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2468:Process safety
2465:
2463:Process design
2460:
2458:Fluid dynamics
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Unit processes
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2125:
2103:
2090:
2054:
2032:
2017:
1992:
1938:
1916:
1901:
1879:
1864:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1764:
1709:
1707:, Article III.
1697:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1621:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1560:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1491:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1408:, p. 177.
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1348:, p. 185.
1338:
1326:
1324:, p. 186.
1314:
1312:, p. 176.
1302:
1265:
1246:
1244:, p. 174.
1234:
1232:, p. 172.
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Thermodynamics
1154:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1117:
1112:
1110:Process safety
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Process design
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Nanotechnology
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Industrial gas
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
960:Fluid dynamics
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
850:Bioinformatics
847:
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
800:
798:
797:Related topics
795:
794:
793:
779:
763:
760:
728:
725:
689:fluid dynamics
681:Main article:
678:
675:
650:thermochemical
616:Process design
614:Main article:
611:
608:
579:
576:
570:
569:
567:
566:
559:
552:
544:
541:
540:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
519:
511:
503:
502:
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Process design
474:
472:Fluid dynamics
469:
464:
456:
455:
451:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
436:Chemical plant
430:
429:
427:Unit processes
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
387:
386:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
361:
360:
350:
349:
343:
342:
331:
328:
303:
300:
296:process safety
292:process plants
271:chemical plant
248:
245:
209:process design
205:control system
172:
169:
164:Main article:
161:
158:
126:
123:
86:and analysis,
84:process design
75:nanotechnology
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Chemical bond
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:Stoichiometry
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:Nanochemistry
4173:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3931:
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3921:
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3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Semisynthesis
3897:
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3737:
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3734:Sonochemistry
3732:
3730:
3729:Cryochemistry
3727:
3723:
3722:Micromeritics
3720:
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3718:
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3608:
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3600:Wet chemistry
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2798:
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2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Manufacturing
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Biomechanical
2760:
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2685:
2683:
2680:
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2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:Environmental
2658:
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2641:
2640:Architectural
2638:
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2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2404:Mass transfer
2402:
2400:
2399:Heat transfer
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
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2322:
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2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:on 2004-08-21
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:0-8247-4274-5
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:0-8153-0762-4
2183:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2166:0-444-51309-4
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:0-07-044844-2
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:on 2004-08-21
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:0-07-139041-3
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2008:on 2010-07-25
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:on 2012-06-01
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:0-486-41736-0
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:QA929.B% 2001
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:0-471-41077-2
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1855:on 2011-08-13
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
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1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1636:on 2014-05-02
1635:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1617:9781618393616
1614:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1577:, p. 9S.
1576:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:CCPS (2016).
1542:
1536:, p. 35.
1535:
1530:
1524:, p. 8S.
1523:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1432:, p. 7S.
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1406:Reynolds 2001
1402:
1396:, p. 31.
1395:
1390:
1384:, p. 30.
1383:
1378:
1372:, p. 29.
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1336:, p. 20.
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1310:Reynolds 2001
1306:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
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1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
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1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
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1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Microfluidics
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Mass transfer
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Heat transfer
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:Biotechnology
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:
802:
801:
791:
785:
780:
777:
766:
759:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
733:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:mass transfer
694:
693:heat transfer
690:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
607:
605:
601:
596:
591:
589:
585:
575:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
545:
543:
542:
539:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
500:
499:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:Mass transfer
465:
463:
462:Heat transfer
460:
459:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
425:
424:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
384:
383:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
356:
352:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
327:
325:
324:DNA sequences
321:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
254:Silent Spring
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
177:
167:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:sulfuric acid
135:
131:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
79:nanomaterials
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4213:
4207:Biosynthesis
4057:Geochemistry
3972:Pharmacology
3948:Cell biology
3938:Biochemistry
3766:Spectroscopy
3665:VSEPR theory
3514:Spectroscopy
3458:Branches of
3333:Engineering
3179:Mechatronics
3032:Agricultural
2886:
2682:Geotechnical
2650:Construction
2543:
2531:
2414:Unit process
2320:
2270:
2257:the original
2244:
2240:
2213:
2176:
2155:
2130:
2094:
2082:the original
2069:
2065:
2022:
2010:, retrieved
2006:the original
1996:
1984:the original
1955:
1949:
1906:
1868:
1857:, retrieved
1853:the original
1847:
1838:Bibliography
1824:
1807:10486/700639
1781:
1777:
1767:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1700:
1673:
1661:
1656:, p. 4.
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:the original
1624:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1547:
1541:
1534:Perkins 2003
1529:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1425:
1418:Perkins 2003
1413:
1401:
1394:Perkins 2003
1389:
1382:Perkins 2003
1377:
1370:Perkins 2003
1365:
1360:, p. 2.
1353:
1341:
1334:Perkins 2003
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1281:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1179:Associations
1055:Oil refinery
975:Gasification
803:
752:
738:
686:
665:
658:
619:
592:
584:pilot plants
581:
573:
385:Fundamentals
346:
305:
252:
250:
237:streptomycin
231:, including
186:
152:
138:
108:
42:
41:
4395:WikiProject
3620:Theoretical
3605:Calorimetry
3407:Wikiproject
3162:and Control
3152:Information
2976:Biomaterial
2906:Bioresource
2897:/Bioprocess
2895:Biochemical
2847:Electronics
2618:Specialties
2588:Engineering
1829:Garner 2003
1693:Garner 2003
1122:(see also:
717:microscopic
713:macroscopic
646:biochemical
634:evaporation
265:. The 1974
263:insecticide
261:, a potent
229:antibiotics
227:of various
63:mathematics
47:engineering
4411:Categories
4231:Metallurgy
3930:Biological
3496:Analytical
3326:Glossaries
3147:Industrial
3127:Facilities
3122:Explosives
3047:Biomedical
3042:Automation
2991:Metallurgy
2901:Biological
2852:Microwaves
2812:Electrical
2757:Automotive
2739:Mechanical
2712:Structural
2677:Geological
2665:Ecological
2655:Earthquake
2042:2002027208
2012:2011-08-07
1926:2001017315
1889:2001023739
1859:2011-08-13
1784:: 120235.
1729:: 117801.
1666:Silla 2003
1640:2015-08-23
1358:Ogawa 2007
1346:Cohen 1996
1322:Cohen 1996
1295:27 October
1242:Cohen 1996
1230:Cohen 1996
1218:References
1010:Metallurgy
671:efficiency
626:filtration
501:Glossaries
233:penicillin
201:analytical
4293:Catalysis
3801:Inorganic
3595:Titration
3460:chemistry
3285:Doctorate
3199:Packaging
3169:Logistics
3142:Geomatics
3103:/graphics
2996:Molecular
2986:Corrosion
2968:Materials
2948:Petroleum
2938:Molecular
2820:Broadcast
2802:Tribology
2752:Aerospace
2687:Hydraulic
2253:0360-7275
2078:0360-7275
1980:145005140
1816:0926-3373
1759:195424881
1751:0926-3373
1478:0028-0836
970:Fuel cell
885:Catalysts
744:chemistry
721:molecular
642:oxidation
638:nitration
588:materials
181:fuel cell
125:Etymology
71:economics
55:chemistry
4359:Category
4315:Molecule
4252:See also
3677:Physical
3387:Category
3316:Engineer
3224:Software
3219:Security
3194:Ontology
3184:Military
3174:Robotics
3137:Forensic
3057:Clinical
3016:Surfaces
3006:Polymers
2981:Ceramics
2958:Reaction
2887:Chemical
2825:Computer
2747:Acoustic
2702:Offshore
2670:Sanitary
2533:Category
2441:Branches
2354:Concepts
2196:99043757
2113:92036218
1619:): 15–21
1575:Kim 2002
1522:Kim 2002
1511:(3): 32.
1430:Kim 2002
1080:Polymers
890:Ceramics
762:See also
538:Category
413:Kinetics
398:Engineer
393:Industry
339:a series
337:Part of
330:Concepts
320:genomics
88:modeling
4371:Commons
4335:Alchemy
3851:Organic
3397:Commons
3239:Textile
3234:Systems
3204:Privacy
3189:Nuclear
2953:Process
2911:Genetic
2857:Optical
2837:Control
2830:outline
2797:Thermal
2787:Railway
2727:Railway
2722:Traffic
2645:Coastal
2604:Outline
2599:History
2329:History
1972:4027832
1786:Bibcode
1731:Bibcode
1486:4429741
1456:Bibcode
454:Aspects
403:Process
372:History
367:Outline
160:History
67:biology
59:physics
4383:Portal
3529:UV-Vis
3417:Portal
3214:Survey
3209:Safety
3096:Design
2916:Tissue
2792:Sports
2777:Marine
2767:Energy
2692:Mining
2482:Others
2323:topics
2278:
2251:
2221:
2202:
2194:
2184:
2163:
2138:
2119:
2111:
2101:
2076:
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2040:
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1978:
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1932:
1924:
1914:
1895:
1887:
1877:
1814:
1757:
1749:
1615:
1558:
1484:
1476:
1448:Nature
630:drying
69:, and
45:is an
3556:MALDI
3524:Raman
3037:Audio
3025:Other
2943:Paper
2862:Power
2707:River
2632:Civil
2260:(PDF)
2237:(PDF)
2085:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1976:S2CID
1968:JSTOR
1946:(PDF)
1755:S2CID
1482:S2CID
1289:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
377:Index
4310:Atom
3578:HPLC
3132:Fire
2933:Food
2276:ISBN
2249:ISSN
2219:ISBN
2192:LCCN
2182:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2109:LCCN
2099:ISBN
2074:ISSN
2038:LCCN
2028:ISBN
1922:LCCN
1912:ISBN
1885:LCCN
1875:ISBN
1812:ISSN
1747:ISSN
1613:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1474:ISSN
1297:2016
719:and
695:and
632:and
600:ABET
318:and
285:and
235:and
207:and
77:and
4320:Ion
3551:ICP
3534:NMR
3342:M–Z
3337:A–L
3084:MEP
2620:and
2200:LCC
2117:LCC
2046:LCC
1960:doi
1930:LCC
1893:LCC
1802:hdl
1794:doi
1782:293
1739:doi
1727:256
1464:doi
1452:485
522:M–Z
517:A–L
259:DDT
4413::
4050:/
4046:/
3898:/
3573:GC
3546:EI
3519:IR
2245:99
2243:,
2239:,
2198:,
2190:,
2115:,
2107:,
2070:98
2068:,
2064:,
2044:,
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1974:,
1966:,
1956:29
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