309:, which was intended to be an interpretive section of the Canadian Constitution. The Canada Clause set out general values which it asserted defined the nature of Canadian character and political society. One such value was the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society within Canada. Other aspects of the Canada Clause dealt with the rule of law, Canada as a parliamentary and federal system, Aboriginal Peoples of Canada and their rights, official-language minorities, cultural and racial diversity, individual and collective rights, gender equality, and the equality and diversity of the provinces. The purpose of this Clause was to symbolically recognize what the leaders believed to be the core values of Canada. On a more practical level, it would require the courts to interpret the Constitution in accordance with the basic values outlined.
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order of government, analogous to the federal government and the provinces. In other words, Aboriginal governments would have been granted their own order of government, which would have been constitutionally autonomous from the federal and provincial levels of government. Aboriginal legislation, however, would have been required to be consistent with the principles of "peace, order, and good government in Canada", and would have been subject to judicial review under the
3913:
711:, only considered the consent of provincial legislatures and had no binding referendum mechanism. The government took an ambiguous stance, with speculation that if one or more recalcitrant provinces voted "No," the legislature could be convinced to pass the national package anyway. The minimum standard was generally seen to have been a majority "Yes" vote in Quebec and a majority of voters in favour of "Yes" amongst the other nine provinces collectively.
247:
held through a back channel. Broad agreement was made for the Meech Lake provisions to be included, a recognition of aboriginal self-government, and wholesale Senate reform that allowed for equality of the provinces. A misunderstanding on the back channel regarding Quebec's position on the latter created an impression that the agreement would be acceptable to the
National Assembly, and Clark announced that a consensus had been reached.
812:
25:
535:
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333:. Federal funding would also have been guaranteed for programs under provincial heads of power, such as Medicare, limiting the federal government's authority to negotiate national standards in return for funding increases. The accord also required the federal and provincial governments to harmonize policy in telecommunications, labour development and training, regional development, and immigration.
1950:, were reduced to two seats in the worst defeat of a sitting government at the federal level. They were replaced in most Western ridings by the Reform Party and in Quebec by the Bloc Québécois, parties who had opposed the Accord and who had not previously won seats as parties in any general election. The NDP was cut down to only nine seats. Both the PCs and NDP thereby lost
702:, but Quebec opted to conduct its vote provincially. One of the effects of the arrangement was that Quebecers "temporarily" living outside the province could have two votes, since they were enumerated to the voters' list based on federal rules, whereas people relatively new to Quebec could not vote at all because they had not established residency.
698:, which was duly passed by Parliament to provide a legal framework for the conduct of referendums on constitutional matters. Notably, the law explicitly gave the federal government the power to conduct such votes in only some provinces while excluding others. British Columbia and Alberta agreed to have their referendums overseen by
692:— had recently passed legislation requiring that constitutional amendments be submitted to a public referendum. At risk of a greater perception of unfairness if only three provinces were able to vote, Prime Minister Mulroney decided to go with a national referendum. Mulroney's government subsequently introduced the
881:, he ripped a piece of paper in half with a dramatic flourish to represent the historic gains for Quebec that would be threatened if the accord failed. Many voters, in fact, misinterpreted the action as a reference to the potential breakup of the country, with overtones of belligerence and intimidation.
246:
for pulling together a new constitutional agreement. Clark conducted over the period from
November 1991 to its culmination in August 1992 a series of negotiations with the non-Quebec premiers on a new constitutional accord. Representation for Quebec was not physically present, but communications were
1941:
Probably the most striking result of the referendum was the effect of most of Canada's population voting against an agreement endorsed by every first minister and most other political groups, and most media. Despite sustained political and media pressure, a majority of
Canadian voters were unwilling
292:
Beyond these general principles, the
Charlottetown Accord did not provide any details on the precise form that such Aboriginal self-government would have taken, or how the transition would have been effected. Further, it provided for a breathing period before Aboriginal groups could access the right
889:
gained national prominence by arguing that the accord represented an attempt to permanently cement Canada's power base in the Quebec-Ontario bloc at the expense of fast-growing, wealthy provinces like
Alberta and British Columbia that were challenging its authority. To proponents of such beliefs,
876:
Mulroney was already deeply unpopular with
Canadian voters, and was generally seen to have made a number of mistakes in the referendum campaign. Most famously, he referred to persons against the Accord as "enemies of Canada", and while speaking about the dangers of voting against the agreement in
391:
Changes were also proposed for the House of
Commons. Following the "equalization" of the Senate, the House's seat distribution would also be based more on population than previously, with more seats allotted to Ontario and the Western provinces. In exchange for Quebec losing Senate seats under a
382:
would have been reformed, with senators to be elected either in a general election or by provincial legislatures at the discretion of the provinces. Six would be assigned for every province and one for each territory, with additional seats able to be created for
Aboriginal voters. The enumerated
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The Accord would have substantially altered the status of
Aboriginal groups in Canadian political society. Under the Accord, an Aboriginal right to self-government would have been enshrined in the Canadian Constitution. Moreover, the Accord would have recognized Aboriginal governments as a third
872:
As the campaign progressed, the accord steadily became less and less popular. This is often credited to much of the electorate finding at least some aspect of the lengthy accord with which they disagreed and the extreme unpopularity of Prime
Minister Mulroney in 1992. Canada was experiencing a
738:
groups endorsed it as did some women's groups and business leaders. All ten provincial premiers supported it. Most major media and media figures seemed to support it. All three major party leaders travelled the country supporting the accord while large amounts of money were spent on pro-accord
250:
Mulroney, advised of the agreement while in Paris, was shocked and dismayed, as he believed the Senate arrangements would doom any agreement in Quebec. However, a refusal of the agreement would necessitate the resignation of the popular and influential Clark from Cabinet, crippling his already
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to self-government in the courts. This would have allowed the federal government and the provinces time to negotiate the details in the absence of court decisions. If, however, self-government was not realized during this period, then Aboriginal groups could litigate matters in the courts.
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and, in cases of deadlock, joint sittings between the Senate and the (much larger) House of Commons. On matters related to francophone culture and language, passage of a bill would require a majority in the Senate as a whole and a majority of (self-declared) francophone senators.
1921:
Many thought, from a perspective favouring national unity, that the result given was probably the next-best result to the Accord passing: since both Quebec and English Canada rejected it, there really was not a fundamental disagreement as there was with Meech. A division in the
296:
In addition to the principle of self-government, the Charlottetown Accord would have entrenched existing treaty rights in the Constitution (although it would not have created any additional treaty rights) and it would have given constitutional recognition to MĂ©tis rights.
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to support the Accord. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was a preview of things to come. Mulroney retired from politics in June 1993 after polls showed the Tories would be heavily defeated under his continued leadership. In the
169:) be exempted from the statute because the federal and provincial governments could not agree upon an amending formula for the acts. Negotiations between Ottawa and the provinces were finally successful in 1981, allowing Canada to
884:
The Accord was especially unpopular in Western provinces, where prominent figures argued that the Accord was essentially a document created by the nation's elites to codify their vision of what Canada "should" be. B.C. broadcaster
905:, responding to Mair's comments, said that Bourassa had been "outgunned" in the discussions. Despite a consensus victory by Bourassa in a television debate against Parizeau, the "Oui" campaign stalled at 45% in the polls.
1918:, an honour that usually goes to individual people. CBC said that this was the first time that the "country's newsrooms have selected a symbol instead of a specific person", which was done again in 2006, 2007, and 2020.
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The Accord declared that forestry, mining, natural resources, and cultural policy would become provincial jurisdictions, with the federal government retaining jurisdiction over national cultural bodies such as the
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873:
deepening recession since the Meech Lake Accord process ended on June 23, 1990, and many saw a political elite obsessed with constitutional affairs to the detriment of the health of the economy.
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stated that a referendum would occur in 1992 on either a new constitutional agreement with Canada or sovereignty for Quebec, and citing his dignity, refused to again negotiate as one province.
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On October 26, 1992, two referendums, the Quebec government's referendum in Quebec, and the federal government's referendum in all other provinces and territories, were put to the voters.
251:
unpopular government. Mulroney decided to work with the agreement, and on August 28, 1992, the agreement known as the Charlottetown Accord was reached. It required intense negotiations in
355:, and provided for Aboriginal inclusion in certain circumstances. It also increased the number of matters in the existing constitutional amending formula that required unanimous consent.
901:
saying that Bourassa had "caved" in negotiations was played on a radio station. Further undermining the "Yes" vote in Quebec was when British Columbia's Constitutional Affairs minister
1999:, recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. As of 2023 there have been no further attempts to resolve the status of Quebec through a formal constitutional process.
1981:
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220:
2006:, Quebec received seats that were proportional to its population relative to Canada (23%), slightly fewer than the 25% of seats it would have been guaranteed under the Accord.
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189:, and finally established an amending formula for the Canadian Constitution. These constitutional changes had the consent of all provincial governments except Quebec's.
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advertising. While many advocates of the accord acknowledged that it was a compromise and had many flaws, they also felt that without it the country would break apart.
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w More", opposing recognition of Quebec's "distinct society", Quebec's guarantee of 25% of House seats and arguing that Senate reform did not go far enough.
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could refer a bill passed by a provincial legislature to the federal government for assent or refusal, would have been abolished, and the federal power of
757:, he argued that the accord meant the end of Canada and was the effective disintegration of the federal government. He hosted a press conference at a
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348:, under which the federal government could overrule a provincial law that had already been signed into law, would have been severely limited.
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who promised not to revisit constitutional issues, and won a large majority in the new Parliament. The Liberals won nearly every seat in
424:. It also proposed the elimination of barriers to the free flow of goods, services, labour and capital, and other provisions related to
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2422:
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Changes to Canada's population confirm that Quebec's 25% guarantee clause would have taken effect during seat distributions. During
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Unlike the Meech Lake Accord, the Charlottetown Accord's ratification process provided for a national referendum. Three provinces —
441:
3571:
3017:
723:
89:
2208:
Cernetig, Miro (September 12, 1992). "Mulroney makes bid to turn Alberta tide: Weekend poll finds No side in control". p. D3.
2197:
Cernetig, Miro (September 12, 1992). "Mulroney makes bid to turn Alberta tide: Weekend poll finds No side in control". p. D3.
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1946:, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum, the Progressive Conservatives under Mulroney's successor, Prime Minister
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61:
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3165:
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In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several matters relating to the status of Quebec were pursued through Parliament (e.g., the
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337:
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42:
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1526:
Do you agree that the Constitution of Canada should be renewed on the basis of the agreement reached on August 28, 1992?
484:
Do you agree that the Constitution of Canada should be renewed on the basis of the agreement reached on August 28, 1992?
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1933:
75:
3651:
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2254:
2153:
Picard, Andre (October 26, 1992). "Both sides preach unity to Quebec: CROP poll gives No side wide lead". p. A4.
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859:
326:
108:
841:
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2063:
Discussed in "The Challenge of Direct Democracy", Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitt
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Acceptez-vous que la Constitution du Canada soit renouvelée sur la base de l'entente conclue le 28 août 1992 ?
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4211:
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57:
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2186:
Gagnon, Lysiane (September 12, 1992). "For Bourassa, the Yes campaign has got off to a shaky start". p. D3.
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46:
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Acceptez-vous que la Constitution du Canada soit renouvelée sur la base de l'entente conclue le 28 août 1992 ?
255:, Prince Edward Island, between federal, provincial and territorial governments, and representatives from the
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2046:
396:(dropping from 24 to 6), Quebec was guaranteed never to be allotted less than 25% of the seats in the House.
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powers of the Senate would be reduced, with the body's power to defeat legislation removed and replaced with
330:
3832:
3646:
1996:
371:
were to be constitutionally entrenched, ending the ambiguity surrounding the inclusion of the Court in the
204:
were not able to ratify the document by the deadline established. This was followed by a resurgence in the
154:
714:
The campaign began with the accord popular across English Canada, with a statistical dead heat in Quebec.
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4411:
3991:
3786:
3308:
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205:
1980:
One of the Accord's reforms dealing specifically with New Brunswick was successfully enacted in 1993 as
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3287:
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1992:
352:
162:
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3705:
3688:
3137:
2408:
2027:
1682:
256:
201:
268:
3142:
3120:
1973:, and in spite of the Reform and Bloc breakthroughs won respectable numbers of seats in Quebec and
1955:
822:
705:
The referendum's measure of success was an open question, as the amending formula in Part V of the
260:
82:
4624:
4619:
3870:
3812:
3700:
3125:
3073:
3022:
826:
735:
727:
364:
264:
35:
2235:
3875:
3827:
3661:
3363:
3152:
3109:
3001:
772:
707:
181:
166:
134:
2400:
4526:
2918:
2436:
2125:
Bryden, Joan (November 6, 1991). "Support for proposals on the wane, poll finds". p. A6.
1951:
1814:
421:
142:
2349:
2175:
Picard, Andre (September 24, 1992). "Prominent businessman says Yes in Quebec". p. A10.
4495:
3822:
3817:
1923:
1748:
798:, both strongly opposed the Accord, as they believed it did not give Quebec enough powers.
795:
3353:
8:
4061:
3762:
3160:
2432:
787:
417:
341:
318:
722:
The campaign saw an alignment of disparate groups in support of the new amendments. The
4131:
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2298:
2080:
368:
228:
193:
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4101:
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1616:
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681:
379:
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1962:
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restaurant, the transcript of which was published and distributed in book form as
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2074:
2023:
1970:
1530:
783:
768:
393:
384:
209:
175:
126:
317:
The Charlottetown Accord attempted to resolve long-standing disputes around the
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Attempts to appease Quebec's enduring resentment and demands resulted in the
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The Accord proposed a number of major reforms to Federal institutions. The
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The accord formally institutionalized the federal-provincial-territorial
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federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public
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The Liberals, despite their support for the accord, had a new leader in
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The accord also proposed a social charter to promote such objectives as
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3068:
902:
891:
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2219:"Rejection of Charlottetown accord ended era of constitutional reform"
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was a prominent opponent of the Accord. In a piece first published in
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Fraser, Graham (August 31, 1992). "Not a 'clean launch'". p. A4.
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413:
235:
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The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister
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24:
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1898:, not by the federal Chief Electoral Officer as in other provinces.
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758:
442:
Referendums in Canada § Referendum on the Charlottetown Accord
197:
2391:: A clip of Brian Mulroney speaking after the defeat of the Accord
2351:
The Charlottetown Accord, the referendum, and the future of Canada
2111:"Few risks in referendum, poll says". August 31, 1992. p. A4.
1966:
1926:
over the accord brought former Liberal youth committee president
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685:
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to discuss Quebec's future and the federal government struck the
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Constitutional Odyssey: can Canadians become a sovereign people?
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2324:
The challenge of direct democracy: the 1992 Canadian referendum
2047:"Charlottetown Accord: History and Overview - Mapleleafweb.com"
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2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), p. 231.
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division of powers between federal and provincial jurisdiction
231:
to find ways to resolve concerns in Canada's other provinces.
2238:(Report). Chief Electoral Office of Canada. 1994. p. 57.
2140:"Results and statistics from the October 26, 1992 referendum"
1836:
1540:
242:
on 21 April 1991, and was made responsible by Prime Minister
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16:
Series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada
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A central component of the Charlottetown Accord was the
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Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
1991:) or through intergovernmental agreements. In 2006 the
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3785:
2297:(3rd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2004:
Canada's 2012 redistribution of House of Commons seats
890:
opposing the accord became portrayed as a campaign of
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Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
2258:, December 25, 2006, URL accessed 16 February 2010.
2164:"Yes side in a slide". October 3, 1992. p. A4.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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775:battled the Accord in the West with the slogan, "K
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3581:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
3373:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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894:activism against the interests of the powerful.
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240:Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
3085:Report on the Affairs of British North America
157:gave Canada legislative independence from the
133:) was a package of proposed amendments to the
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2328:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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2389:History of Quebec and Canada Resource Centre
2384:Draft Legal Text of the Charlottetown Accord
2236:The 1992 Federal Referendum: A Challenge Met
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3079:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
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3038:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
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1895:Directeur général des élections du Québec
860:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2355:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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1910:The impact of the referendum caused the
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3354:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
3247:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
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2250:'Canadian Soldier' voted 2006 Newsmaker
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1892:Quebec's results were tabulated by the
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287:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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1982:section 16.1 of the Charter of Rights
196:, which failed when the provinces of
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3252:Matters of a local or private nature
1944:federal election on October 25, 1993
838:adding citations to reliable sources
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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3881:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
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3861:Provincial constitutions of Canada
3787:Interpretation of the Constitution
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2032:. Random House Canada. p. 11.
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3652:Cabinet collective responsibility
3194:Peace, order, and good government
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2834:29th (1973–1974; no by-elections)
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2255:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2225:, By John D. Whyte. Oct. 26, 2012
624:Results by province and territory
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375:, but not its governing statute.
327:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
215:The Quebec government set up the
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3013:List of constitutional documents
2142:. Élections Québec. 17 May 2021.
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173:its constitution by passing the
145:on October 26 and was defeated.
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1916:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year
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275:Topics addressed by the Accord
187:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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4615:History of Canada (1982–1992)
3768:Other unsuccessful amendments
2378:Charlottetown Accord document
2076:A Mess That Deserves a Big NO
2009:
1934:Action démocratique du Québec
763:A Mess That Deserves a Big No
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340:, under which the provincial
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165:(the written portions of the
155:Statute of Westminster (1931)
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3833:Interjurisdictional immunity
3657:Disallowance and reservation
3309:Statute of Westminster, 1931
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771:'s fledgling, western-based
161:. Canada requested that the
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3992:William Lyon Mackenzie King
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10:
4641:
4505:Front-line workers in the
3798:Indigenous self-government
3288:British North America Acts
3074:Constitutional Act of 1791
3064:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3059:Constitution of New France
1993:House of Commons of Canada
1857:
1835:
1813:
1791:
1769:
1747:
1725:
1703:
1681:
1659:
1637:
1615:
1593:
1573:
1513:
717:
459:October 26, 1992
439:
280:Aboriginal self-government
225:Beaudoin–Edwards Committee
221:Bélanger–Campeau Committee
163:British North America Acts
4600:1992 in Canadian politics
4550:
3967:
3893:
3866:
3855:
3793:
3780:
3743:
3730:
3706:Parliamentary sovereignty
3647:At His Majesty's pleasure
3642:
3629:
3596:
3580:
3564:
3371:
3339:
3326:
3283:
3272:
3242:Administration of justice
3237:Property and civil rights
3217:
3184:
3116:
3103:
3044:
3031:
3008:
2950:Federal political parties
2945:
2917:
2684:
2444:
2397:Canada parliament library
2380:The Canadian encyclopedia
1932:
1894:
1557:
724:Progressive Conservatives
617:
608:
593:Registered voters/turnout
511:
508:
499:
494:
482:
451:
265:Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
257:Assembly of First Nations
4527:Canada convoy protesters
3143:Fathers of Confederation
3023:Quasi-constitutional law
2320:; Nevitte, Neil (1996).
2073:Trudeau, Pierre (1992).
1956:35th Canadian Parliament
1879:
261:Native Council of Canada
3871:Constitution of Alberta
3813:Equal authenticity rule
3701:Parliamentary privilege
3138:London Conference, 1866
3126:Quebec Conference, 1864
2269:Constitutional Odyssey,
1997:Québécois nation motion
564:Invalid or blank votes
365:Supreme Court of Canada
131:Accord de Charlottetown
4605:Constitution of Canada
3876:Constitution of Quebec
3828:Implied Bill of Rights
3662:Responsible government
3364:Constitution Act, 1982
3344:Fulton–Favreau formula
3314:Newfoundland Act, 1949
3304:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
3232:Works and undertakings
3153:Constitution Act, 1867
3002:Constitution of Canada
747:Former Prime Minister
734:supported the accord.
708:Constitution Act, 1982
487:
373:Constitution Act, 1982
269:MĂ©tis National Council
234:Former Prime Minister
182:Constitution Act, 1982
167:Constitution of Canada
135:Constitution of Canada
130:
58:"Charlottetown Accord"
4610:Referendums in Canada
3737:Constitutional debate
3049:Iroquois constitution
2079:. Robert Davies Pub.
1952:official party status
1815:Northwest Territories
1567:Breakdown by province
1409:British Columbia only
422:collective bargaining
369:governing legislation
336:The federal power of
179:, which included the
4496:Jody Wilson-Raybould
4382:The Canadian Soldier
3758:Charlottetown Accord
3054:Mi'kmaq constitution
2395:Charlottetown Accord
2343:McRoberts, Kenneth;
1924:Quebec Liberal Party
1749:Prince Edward Island
834:improve this section
732:New Democratic Party
359:Institutional reform
353:consultative process
123:Charlottetown Accord
43:improve this article
3763:Calgary Declaration
3161:Canadian federalism
2909:44th (2021–present)
2345:Monahan, Patrick J.
2318:Gidengil, Elisabeth
2312:Johnston, Richard;
2053:. 10 February 2009.
1213:September 19, 1992
1183:September 30, 1992
448:
342:lieutenant governor
331:National Film Board
4562:History portal
3843:Dialogue principle
3803:Pith and substance
3672:King-in-Parliament
3597:Part VII – General
3294:Manitoba Act, 1870
3199:Trade and commerce
3131:Quebec Resolutions
3069:Quebec Act of 1774
446:
430:standard of living
137:, proposed by the
4582:
4581:
4574:Canada portal
4507:COVID-19 pandemic
4112:Lester B. Pearson
4082:Lester B. Pearson
4032:Lester B. Pearson
4012:Lester B. Pearson
4002:Louis St. Laurent
3982:Barbara Ann Scott
3927:
3926:
3906:Canada portal
3889:
3888:
3851:
3850:
3776:
3775:
3753:Meech Lake Accord
3726:
3725:
3716:Royal prerogative
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3322:
3321:
3299:Alberta Act, 1905
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3099:
3098:
3091:Act of Union 1840
2968:
2967:
2446:General elections
2362:978-1-4875-7768-1
2335:978-0-7735-1504-8
2304:978-0-8020-3936-1
2287:Russell, Peter H.
2267:Russell, Peter.
1877:
1876:
1564:
1563:
1537:
1511:
1510:
1406:
1405:
1300:
1299:
1271:October 29, 1991
1153:October 22, 1992
1076:
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1047:October 29, 1991
870:
869:
862:
802:Waning popularity
678:
677:
672:
671:
604:
603:
473:
472:
385:suspensive vetoes
229:Spicer commission
217:Allaire Committee
194:Meech Lake Accord
119:
118:
111:
93:
4632:
4595:1992 referendums
4572:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4537:Pierre Poilievre
4486:Humboldt Broncos
4412:Russell Williams
4272:Jacques Parizeau
4102:John Diefenbaker
4042:John Diefenbaker
3954:
3947:
3940:
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3857:
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3838:Purposive theory
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3667:Fusion of powers
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3349:Victoria Charter
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3033:
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2995:
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2981:
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2904:43rd (2019–2021)
2899:42nd (2015–2019)
2894:41st (2011–2015)
2889:40th (2008–2011)
2884:39th (2006–2008)
2879:38th (2004–2006)
2874:37th (2000–2004)
2869:36th (1997–2000)
2864:35th (1994–1997)
2859:34th (1988–1993)
2854:33rd (1984–1988)
2849:32nd (1980–1984)
2839:30th (1974–1979)
2835:
2829:28th (1968–1972)
2824:27th (1965–1968)
2819:26th (1963–1965)
2814:25th (1962–1963)
2809:24th (1958–1962)
2804:23rd (1957–1958)
2799:22nd (1953–1957)
2794:21st (1949–1953)
2789:20th (1945–1949)
2784:19th (1940–1945)
2779:18th (1936–1940)
2774:17th (1930–1935)
2769:16th (1926–1930)
2759:14th (1921–1925)
2754:13th (1918–1921)
2749:12th (1911–1917)
2744:11th (1909–1911)
2739:10th (1905–1908)
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2055:
2054:
2051:mapleleafweb.com
2043:
2034:
2033:
2024:Newman, Peter C.
2020:
1937:
1936:
1914:to label it the
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1617:British Columbia
1571:
1570:
1541:
1529:
1453:Official results
1448:October 26, 1992
1436:
1416:Completion Date
1413:
1412:
1347:Official results
1342:October 26, 1992
1330:
1310:Completion Date
1307:
1306:
1123:Official results
1118:October 26, 1992
1106:
1086:Completion Date
1083:
1082:
1017:August 16, 1992
958:Official results
953:October 26, 1992
941:
921:Completion Date
918:
917:
865:
858:
854:
851:
845:
814:
806:
792:Jacques Parizeau
700:Elections Canada
682:British Columbia
665:
659:
653:
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636:
627:
622:
613:
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594:
537:
536:
521:
520:
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478:
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466:
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453:
452:
449:
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420:protection, and
380:Senate of Canada
114:
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27:
19:
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4578:
4568:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4452:Patrice Vincent
4302:Sheldon Kennedy
4282:Lucien Bouchard
3963:
3958:
3928:
3923:
3900:
3898:
3885:
3862:
3847:
3789:
3772:
3748:Triple-E Senate
3739:
3722:
3694:Question Period
3638:
3613:
3592:
3576:
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3027:
3004:
2999:
2969:
2964:
2941:
2913:
2833:
2734:9th (1901–1904)
2729:8th (1896–1900)
2724:7th (1891–1896)
2719:6th (1887–1891)
2714:5th (1883–1887)
2709:4th (1879–1882)
2704:3rd (1874–1878)
2699:2nd (1873–1874)
2694:1st (1867–1872)
2680:
2440:
2429:
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2369:
2363:
2347:, eds. (1993).
2336:
2305:
2281:
2279:Further reading
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2037:
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2017:
2012:
1971:Atlantic Canada
1908:
1903:
1902:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1837:Yukon Territory
1569:
1528:
1516:
1411:
1305:
1081:
916:
911:
866:
855:
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846:
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815:
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796:Parti Québécois
784:Lucien Bouchard
769:Preston Manning
745:
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400:Social Charters
394:Triple-E Senate
361:
315:
303:
282:
277:
210:Robert Bourassa
176:Canada Act 1982
151:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4625:1992 documents
4622:
4620:1992 in Quebec
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4580:
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4577:
4576:
4564:
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4466:Justin Trudeau
4463:
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4456:Nathan Cirillo
4449:
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4439:
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4429:
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4409:
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4407:
4402:Stephen Harper
4399:
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4339:
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4337:
4332:Pierre Trudeau
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:Pierre Trudeau
4319:
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4317:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:Donovan Bailey
4289:
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4277:
4269:
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4257:
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4242:Brian Mulroney
4239:
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4229:
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4222:Michael Wilson
4219:
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4217:
4209:
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4207:
4199:
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4197:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:Brian Mulroney
4179:
4178:
4177:
4169:
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4159:
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4157:
4149:
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4142:Pierre Trudeau
4139:
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4129:
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4122:Pierre Trudeau
4119:
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4052:Joey Smallwood
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3679:Implied repeal
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1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
983:
978:
976:
974:
972:
967:
962:
960:
955:
949:
948:
945:
942:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
915:
912:
910:
907:
868:
867:
818:
816:
809:
803:
800:
788:Bloc Québécois
749:Pierre Trudeau
744:
741:
719:
716:
695:Referendum Act
676:
675:
670:
669:
662:
656:
650:
645:
639:
633:
625:
623:
615:
614:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
589:
588:
583:
578:
572:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
544:
539:
530:
529:
526:
523:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
497:
496:
492:
491:
483:
480:
479:
471:
470:
468:
456:
437:
436:The referendum
434:
401:
398:
360:
357:
314:
311:
302:
299:
281:
278:
276:
273:
244:Brian Mulroney
238:was appointed
159:United Kingdom
150:
147:
117:
116:
99:September 2021
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4637:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:Luka Magnotta
4430:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:Jean Chrétien
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:Stockwell Day
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:Jean Chrétien
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:Elijah Harper
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:Wayne Gretzky
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:René Lévesque
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:Lucien Rivard
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:RĂ©al Caouette
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:Igor Gouzenko
3970:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Double aspect
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:Reserve power
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:Powers under
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:Confederation
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2204:
2193:
2182:
2171:
2160:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2121:
2119:
2107:
2096:
2088:
2086:9782890192508
2082:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Jean Chrétien
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1661:New Brunswick
1658:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:October 1992
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:Polling firm
1418:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:October 1992
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:Polling firm
1312:
1309:
1308:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:August, 1992
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:Polling firm
1088:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:August, 1992
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
924:Polling firm
923:
920:
919:
914:All of Canada
909:Opinion polls
906:
904:
900:
895:
893:
888:
882:
880:
874:
864:
861:
853:
843:
839:
835:
829:
828:
824:
819:This section
817:
813:
808:
807:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
740:
737:
736:First Nations
733:
729:
725:
715:
712:
710:
709:
703:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
649:
646:
632:
629:
628:
621:
616:
607:
599:
596:
591:
590:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
532:
531:
527:
524:
516:
515:
503:
502:
498:
493:
489:
481:
469:
467:
457:
455:
454:
450:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:environmental
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
389:
386:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
356:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
322:
320:
310:
308:
307:Canada Clause
301:Canada Clause
298:
294:
290:
288:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Charlottetown
248:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
183:
178:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4262:Kim Campbell
4251:
4022:Marilyn Bell
3916:
3897:
3757:
3204:Criminal law
3185:Powers under
2936:
2686:By-elections
2674:
2350:
2323:
2314:Blais, André
2292:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2230:
2223:Toronto Star
2222:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2106:
2095:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2028:
2018:
2001:
1986:
1979:
1960:
1948:Kim Campbell
1940:
1930:to form the
1928:Mario Dumont
1920:
1909:
1888:
1858:Nation total
1793:Saskatchewan
1683:Newfoundland
1574:Jurisdiction
1558:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1493:
1475:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1439:Sample Size
1388:
1370:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1333:Sample Size
1303:Alberta only
1282:
1251:
1224:
1194:
1164:
1146:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1109:Sample Size
1055:
1025:
998:
980:
969:
964:
957:
952:
896:
883:
875:
871:
856:
847:
832:Please help
820:
781:
776:
773:Reform Party
767:
762:
752:
746:
721:
713:
706:
704:
693:
679:
666: 70–79%
660: 60–69%
654: 50–59%
647:
643: 60–69%
637: 50–59%
630:
585:
580:
575:
553:Valid votes
546:
541:
458:
403:
390:
377:
372:
362:
350:
346:disallowance
335:
323:
316:
306:
304:
295:
291:
286:
283:
249:
233:
214:
202:Newfoundland
191:
180:
174:
152:
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4476:Gord Downie
4422:Jack Layton
4372:John Gomery
4362:Paul Martin
4212:Ben Johnson
4202:Rick Hansen
4192:Steve Fonyo
4062:James Coyne
3823:Living tree
3818:Paramountcy
3636:Conventions
3290:, 1867–1982
3176:Section 125
3171:Section 121
2919:Referendums
2844:31st (1979)
2764:15th (1926)
2437:referendums
1995:passed the
1989:Clarity Act
1705:Nova Scotia
1485:Angus Reid
1380:Angus Reid
1274:Angus Reid
1246:Environics
1079:Quebec only
1050:Angus Reid
899:bureaucrats
850:August 2021
597:18,598,931
576:Total votes
556:13,736,634
406:health care
338:reservation
4589:Categories
3333:Patriation
3220:Section 92
3187:Section 91
2010:References
1431:Undecided
1325:Undecided
1143:3,945,189
1101:Undecided
936:Undecided
903:Moe Sihota
892:grassroots
879:Sherbrooke
743:Opposition
730:, and the
581:13,873,364
525:6,185,902
463:1992-10-26
440:See also:
426:employment
313:Federalism
208:. Premier
149:Background
143:referendum
69:newspapers
4480:2016–2017
4406:2008–2009
4366:2003–2004
4206:1986–1987
4186:1983–1984
4166:1980–1981
4162:Terry Fox
4152:Joe Clark
4136:1976–1977
4126:1968–1975
4086:1963–1964
4046:1957–1960
4036:1955–1956
4016:1950–1953
3227:Licensing
2439:in Canada
2433:elections
2248:CBC.ca, "
1938:in 1994.
1906:Aftermath
1864:5,325,049
1861:4,482,031
1778:2,236,114
1775:1,709,075
1734:2,395,465
1731:2,409,713
1624:1,139,127
1577:Yes votes
1550:Yes/Oui:
887:Rafe Mair
821:does not
754:Maclean's
542:7,550,732
414:education
236:Joe Clark
4442:Rob Ford
3918:Category
3381:Preamble
3166:Preamble
2431:Federal
2289:(2004).
2026:(2005).
1639:Manitoba
1589:Turnout
1580:No votes
1544:No/Non:
1367:484,472
1020:Insight
759:Montreal
728:Liberals
567:136,730
486:French:
367:and its
329:and the
267:and the
227:and the
219:and the
198:Manitoba
185:and the
171:patriate
139:Canadian
1967:Ontario
1954:in the
1800:251,441
1797:203,525
1727:Ontario
1712:229,690
1709:218,967
1687:133,583
1668:114,885
1665:234,469
1646:320,918
1643:199,905
1621:528,773
1602:732,457
1599:484,472
1595:Alberta
1514:Results
1422:Source
1316:Source
1092:Source
944:Sample
927:Source
842:removed
827:sources
718:Support
686:Alberta
600:74.59%
586:100.00%
559:99.01%
528:45.03%
495:Results
461: (
410:welfare
83:scholar
3087:(1839)
3081:(1838)
2359:
2332:
2301:
2083:
1819:14,723
1771:Quebec
1756:17,128
1753:48,541
1690:77,742
1583:Yes(%)
1531:French
1235:1,016
1205:1,016
1186:Leger
1175:1,016
1069:1,500
726:, the
690:Quebec
688:, and
668:
664:
658:
652:
641:
635:
570:0.99%
547:54.97%
509:Votes
505:Choice
263:, the
259:, the
127:French
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1880:Notes
1873:71.8
1853:70.0
1844:6,916
1841:5,360
1831:70.4
1822:9,280
1809:68.7
1787:82.8
1765:70.5
1743:71.9
1721:67.8
1699:53.3
1677:72.2
1655:70.6
1633:76.7
1611:72.6
1586:No(%)
1552:45.7%
1546:54.3%
1442:Lead
1336:Lead
1216:CROP
1199:28.4
1191:28.8
1156:CROP
1112:Lead
990:CROP
965:45.7%
947:Lead
90:JSTOR
76:books
4541:2023
4531:2022
4521:2021
4511:2020
4500:2019
4490:2018
4470:2015
4460:2014
4454:and
4446:2013
4436:2012
4426:2011
4416:2010
4396:2007
4392:RCMP
4386:2006
4376:2005
4356:2002
4346:2001
4336:2000
4316:1998
4306:1997
4296:1996
4286:1995
4276:1994
4266:1993
4256:1992
4246:1991
4236:1990
4226:1989
4216:1988
4196:1985
4176:1982
4156:1979
4146:1978
4116:1967
4106:1966
4096:1965
4076:1962
4066:1961
4056:1959
4026:1954
4006:1949
3996:1948
3986:1947
3976:1946
3466:16.1
2937:1992
2932:1942
2927:1898
2675:Next
2669:2021
2664:2019
2659:2015
2654:2011
2649:2008
2644:2006
2639:2004
2634:2000
2629:1997
2624:1993
2619:1988
2614:1984
2609:1980
2604:1979
2599:1974
2594:1972
2589:1968
2584:1965
2579:1963
2574:1962
2569:1958
2564:1957
2559:1953
2554:1949
2549:1945
2544:1940
2539:1935
2534:1930
2529:1926
2524:1925
2519:1921
2514:1917
2509:1911
2504:1908
2499:1904
2494:1900
2489:1896
2484:1891
2479:1887
2474:1882
2469:1878
2464:1874
2459:1872
2454:1867
2435:and
2357:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2081:ISBN
1969:and
1870:54.3
1867:45.7
1850:56.3
1847:43.7
1828:38.7
1825:61.3
1806:55.3
1803:44.7
1784:56.7
1781:43.3
1762:26.2
1759:73.9
1740:49.9
1737:50.1
1718:51.2
1715:48.8
1696:36.8
1693:63.2
1674:38.2
1671:61.8
1652:61.6
1649:38.4
1630:68.3
1627:31.7
1608:60.2
1605:39.8
1476:36.6
1465:68.3
1460:31.7
1425:Yes
1371:13.4
1359:60.2
1354:39.8
1319:Yes
1195:42.8
1147:13.4
1135:56.7
1130:43.3
1095:Yes
1066:2.5
981:8.6%
970:54.3
930:Yes
825:any
823:cite
790:and
522:Yes
378:The
200:and
153:The
121:The
62:news
2252:,"
1507:20
1490:30
1428:No
1402:20
1393:10
1385:35
1322:No
1296:14
1287:25
1279:23
1259:18
1256:39
1229:33
1221:38
1208:14
1178:14
1169:17
1161:31
1098:No
1063:20
1060:40
1042:47
1033:13
1030:20
1003:33
995:37
933:No
836:by
794:'s
786:'s
648:Yes
538:No
45:by
4591::
3609:59
3604:52
3588:36
3572:35
3556:34
3551:33
3546:32
3541:31
3536:30
3531:29
3526:28
3521:27
3516:26
3511:25
3506:24
3501:23
3496:22
3491:21
3486:20
3481:19
3476:18
3471:17
3461:16
3456:15
3451:14
3446:13
3441:12
3436:11
3431:10
2316:;
2221:.
2131:^
2117:^
2049:.
2038:^
1984:.
1977:.
1958:.
1533::
1504:—
1501:—
1498:9
1494:61
1435:ME
1399:6
1396:—
1389:55
1329:ME
1293:—
1290:—
1283:52
1266:5
1252:43
1238:8
1232:3
1225:46
1202:3
1172:3
1165:52
1105:ME
1072:1
1056:41
1039:—
1036:—
1026:67
1012:7
1009:—
1006:—
999:37
940:ME
777:NO
765:.
684:,
631:No
512:%
428:,
416:,
412:,
408:,
321:.
289:.
271:.
129::
3953:e
3946:t
3939:v
3426:9
3421:8
3416:7
3411:6
3406:5
3401:4
3396:3
3391:2
3386:1
2994:e
2987:t
2980:v
2424:e
2417:t
2410:v
2365:.
2338:.
2307:.
2089:.
1559:â–˛
863:)
857:(
852:)
848:(
844:.
830:.
465:)
125:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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