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Balfas notes that Anwar was capable of using foreign "ideas, images, and atmosphere" in his poems, generally from the West but in one poem clearly
Japanese. His writing style is generally not traditional. Many poems have a mixture of short, stand-alone lines with long linked lines; however, in each
161:
with his mother in 1940, where he began to enter the local literary circles. After publishing his first poem in 1942, Anwar continued to write. However, his poems were at times censored by the
Japanese, who were then occupying Indonesia. Living rebelliously, Anwar wrote extensively, often about
385:. He notes that one instance was due to necessity, as at the time Anwar needed the money to pay for a vaccination. Balfas notes that even though Anwar evidently used other people's poems as the basis for some of his, he generally changed them enough and brought new ideas to make them his own.
393:
Teeuw notes that by 1980 more had been written about Anwar than any other
Indonesian writer. He also notes that many of them were essays written by young writers, intent on discovering themselves through Anwar's works. Teeuw himself describes Anwar as "the perfect poet".
294:
Teeuw notes that it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify a single theme which unites all of Anwar's work, as his poems reflect his state of mind at the time of writing. Teeuw writes that the only feature common to all of Anwar's work is an intensity and
211:
After Anwar's poem "Nisan" ("Grave"; reputedly his first), inspired by his grandmother's death, was written in 1942, Anwar gained recognition. However, his poems were at times still rejected. For example, in 1943, when he first approached the magazine
365:, Anwar's western influence is representative of the 1945 Generation. The previous generation had mainly been influenced by traditional verse and nationalism, while the 1945 Generation, including Anwar, dealt with Western-influenced individualism and
299:
that reflects Anwar's radicalism, which permeated all aspects of his life. Individual poems, though at times full of excitement, generally reflect a fear of death or depression, to the point that it is impossible to identify "the true
Chairil ".
220:. However, some poems, including "Diponegoro", were able to pass the censors. During this period he continued associating with other writers, trading ideas and later becoming a leader amongst them. He later established the magazine
373:
individual poem there is a "definite form" which can be seen. Only three of Anwar's poems, "Kepada
Peminta-Peminta" ("To the Askers"), "?", and "Cemara Menderai Sampai Jauh", follow the traditional four line patter.
262:
suggests that Anwar was aware that he would die young, pointing to "Jang
Terampas dan Jang Putus" ("The Seized and the Broken"), which has a theme of surrender, and predicts that he will be buried in Karet.
423:
in 1943 was that Anwar "was thin, pale, and seemed unkempt". Anwar's eyes were "red, somewhat wild, but always like he was lost in thought", while his movements were like "one who simply did not care".
193:
on 26 July 1922. As a child, he was hard-headed and unwilling to lose at anything; this was reflective of his parents' personalities. He was also spoiled by his parents. He attended local schools for
224:. He wrote his last poem, "Cemara Menderai Sampai Jauh" ("Fir Trees Are Sown Off Into the Distance"), in 1949. In January 1949, his father was one of hundreds of civilians killed by the Dutch in the
173:, and were often multi-interpretable. Drawing influence from foreign poets, Anwar used everyday language and new syntax to write his poetry, which has been noted as aiding the development of the
197:, until dropping out at the age of 18 or earlier. Anwar later said that he had known he wanted to be an artist since the age of 15, having already written poetry in the then-dominant style.
358:
influence and showing the influence of Dutch and
English loanwords, influenced the later development of the language, showing the weaknesses of contemporary Indonesian.
204:(Jakarta after Indonesia's independence). Although originally intending to continue his schooling, he eventually dropped out again. In Batavia he mixed with many rich
266:
During his lifetime Anwar wrote approximately 94 works, including 71 poems. Of these, Anwar considered only 13 to be truly good poems. His most celebrated work is "
270:" ("Me"). Most of Anwar's poems were unpublished at the time of his death, but were later collected in posthumous anthologies. The first published anthology was
354:, using prefixes and suffixes to make the language more dynamic and give a stronger impression. His use of the language, shifting away from the classic
208:
children, as well as the local literary scene. Despite him not finishing his schooling, he was capable of actively using
English, Dutch, and German.
346:
Teeuw writes that Anwar used everyday language in his poetry, which is emphasized by using it in an unusual manner. Anwar also exploited the
408:
Anwar's poems have been translated into
English, French, and Dutch. The anniversary of his death is celebrated as National Literature Day.
304:
303:
Aside from that, Anwar's works are multi-interpretable, with every reader able to take what they want from his poems; Teeuw notes that the
441:; Anwar's friend Nasjah Djamin notes that the characterization captured Anwar's nonchalance, impoliteness, and arrogance exactly.
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Anwar died in CBZ Hospital (now R.S. Ciptomangunkusomo), Jakarta, on 28 April 1949; the following day, he was buried at
1130:
487:
1115:
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402:
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to submit his poems, most were rejected for being too individualistic and not keeping with the spirit of the
427:
Yampolsky notes that Anwar provided numerous anecdotes for his friends due to his eccentricities, including
431:, plagiarism, womanizing, and being constantly ill. This was worked into the characterization of Anwar in
1110:
200:
After his parents' divorce, his father continued to financially support him and his mother, who moved to
315:
read "Dimesjid" ("At the Mosque") as proof that Anwar "met with Allah in a mosque and fought with Him".
1120:
311:
read "Doa" ("Prayer") and "Isa" ("Jesus") as proof that Anwar had a positive view of
Christianity, and
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308:
347:
286:). Although several poems in these collections had the same title, they had slight differences.
432:
256:
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1100:
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351:
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146:" of writers. He is estimated to have written 96 works, including 70 individual poems.
231:
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notes that his first impression of Anwar when the latter submitted his poetry to
335:
319:
225:
143:
120:
366:
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notes that Anwar was an "intellectual poet", with his works being "detached".
177:. His poems were often constructed irregularly, but with individual patterns.
142:(26 July 1922 – 28 April 1949) was an Indonesian poet and member of the "
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401:, see Anwar's Westernized individualism as being against the spirit of the
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32:
935:(1976). "Modern Indonesian Literature in Brief". In Brakel, L. F. (ed.).
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Teeuw also notes that Anwar's early works heavily show the influence of
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1049:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University
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244:
538:... telah menemukan Allah di mesjid dan bertengkar dengan Dia.
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Matanya merah, agak liar, tetapi selalu seperti berpikir... .
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186:
150:
52:
711:
684:
615:
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590:... gerak-geriknya ... seperti laku orang yang tidak peduli.
381:
Teeuw writes that Anwar came under fire after his death for
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251:, and some suggesting a combination of the two as well as
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read "Diponegoro" as a challenge to white colonialists,
243:. His cause of death is uncertain, with some suggesting
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1028:] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Ende: Nusa Indah.
945:]. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
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His work dealt with various themes, including death,
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162:death. He died in Jakarta of an unknown illness.
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693:
1076:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
990:[The Last Moments of Chairil Anwar].
971:] (in Indonesian). Tegal: Wacana Bangsa.
405:, which they define as being for the people.
280:Kerikil Tadjam dan Jang Terampas dan Terputus
1069:
986:Djamin, Nasjah; LaJoubert, Monique (1972).
564:... kurus pucat tidak terurus kelihatannya.
284:Sharp Pebbles and the Seized and The Broken
1073:Complete Prose and Poetry of Chairil Anwar
31:
230:
1070:Anwar, Chairil; Raffel, Burton (1970).
988:"Les Derniers Moments de Chairil Anwar"
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218:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1043:"Chairil Anwar: Poet of a Generation"
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397:Leftist critics, including those of
361:According to Tinuk Yampolsky of the
679:Yampolsky 2002, Chairil Anwar: Poet
322:, while other works harken back to
13:
1063:
1041:Yampolsky, Tinuk (15 April 2002).
14:
1142:
505:Anwar on a 2000 Indonesian stamp
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411:
965:Chairil Anwar: Sebuah Pertemuan
582:
569:
556:
543:
530:
517:
451:List of works by Chairil Anwar
403:Indonesian National Revolution
376:
1:
1126:20th-century Indonesian poets
599:
149:Anwar was born and raised in
235:Anwar's grave in Karet Bivak
180:
7:
916:Djamin & LaJoubert 1972
718:Djamin & LaJoubert 1972
694:Djamin & LaJoubert 1972
551:... penyair yang semupurna.
10:
1147:
943:Handbook of Orientalistics
938:Handbuch der Orientalistik
455:
448:
1131:20th-century male writers
1026:New Indonesian Literature
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278:), which was followed by
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969:Chairil Anwar: A Meeting
525:Chairil yang sebenarnya.
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341:
469:Anwar, by Dolf Verspoor
255:. The Dutch scholar of
1004:10.3406/arch.1972.1012
481:Anwar, by Sutadji S.A.
433:Achdiat Karta Mihardja
309:Indonesia's Christians
236:
1116:Indonesian male poets
1021:Sastra Baru Indonesia
257:Indonesian literature
234:
276:Roar Mixed with Dust
241:Karet Bivak Cemetery
807:, pp. 209–210.
771:, pp. 204–205.
756:, pp. 203–204.
639:, pp. 202–203.
622:, pp. 115–116.
313:Indonesia's Muslims
175:Indonesian language
157:, before moving to
1111:Minangkabau people
1018:Teeuw, A. (1980).
324:Rainer Maria Rilke
305:Japanese overlords
237:
195:native Indonesians
185:Anwar was born in
1121:People from Medan
1083:978-0-87395-061-9
978:978-979-23-9918-9
952:978-90-04-04331-2
918:, pp. 52–53.
363:Lontar Foundation
272:Deru Tjampur Debu
137:
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117:Literary movement
57:Dutch East Indies
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336:Muhammad Balfas
320:Hendrik Marsman
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226:Rengat massacre
222:Gema Gelanggang
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144:1945 Generation
121:1945 Generation
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16:Indonesian poet
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961:Budiman, Arief
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906:, p. 202.
896:
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884:
882:, p. 215.
872:
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367:existentialism
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214:Pandji Pustaka
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445:Notable works
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412:Personal life
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328:J. Slauerhoff
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297:joie de vivre
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191:North Sumatra
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167:individualism
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155:North Sumatra
152:
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140:Chairil Anwar
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127:Notable works
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66:28 April 1949
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25:Chairil Anwar
22:
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1053:30 September
1051:. Retrieved
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1020:
1009:30 September
1007:. Retrieved
998:(4): 49–73.
995:
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925:Bibliography
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620:Budiman 2007
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68:(1949-04-28)
50:26 July 1922
18:
1106:1949 deaths
1101:1922 births
853:Balfas 1976
829:Balfas 1976
817:Balfas 1976
793:Balfas 1976
742:Balfas 1976
706:Balfas 1976
652:Balfas 1976
588:Original: "
575:Original: "
562:Original: "
549:Original: "
536:Original: "
523:Original: "
493:Anwar, 1949
429:kleptomania
377:Controversy
101:Nationality
1095:Categories
904:Teeuw 1980
892:Teeuw 1980
880:Teeuw 1980
868:Teeuw 1980
841:Teeuw 1980
805:Teeuw 1980
781:Teeuw 1980
769:Teeuw 1980
754:Teeuw 1980
730:Teeuw 1980
637:Teeuw 1980
600:References
383:plagiarism
352:Indonesian
348:morphology
104:Indonesian
95:Indonesian
83:Occupation
46:1922-07-26
1034:222168801
605:Footnotes
435:'s novel
417:HB Jassin
181:Biography
112:1942–1949
77:Indonesia
963:(2007).
332:Xu Zhimo
260:A. Teeuw
249:syphilis
91:Language
73:Djakarta
1047:SEAsite
992:Achipel
456:Gallery
247:, some
202:Batavia
159:Batavia
1080:
1032:
975:
949:
438:Atheis
389:Legacy
330:, and
290:Themes
245:typhus
169:, and
133:(1943)
109:Period
1024:[
967:[
941:[
511:Notes
399:Lekra
356:Malay
342:Style
187:Medan
151:Medan
53:Medan
1078:ISBN
1055:2011
1030:OCLC
1011:2011
973:ISBN
947:ISBN
206:Indo
86:Poet
63:Died
40:Born
1000:doi
350:of
268:Aku
131:Aku
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44:(
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