Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

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anti-Western and occasionally, anti-Chinese sentiment, the subsequent brutality of the Japanese military led many of the inhabitants of those regions to regard Japan as being worse than their former colonial rulers. The Japanese government directed that economies of occupied territories be managed strictly for the production of raw materials for the Japanese war effort; a cabinet member declared, "There are no restrictions. They are enemy possessions. We can take them, do anything we want". For example, according to estimates, under Japanese occupation, about 100,000 Burmese and Malay Indian labourers died while constructing the

5215: 5252: 5240: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5313: 5300: 5288: 5276: 5155: 5143: 5083: 5264: 22: 580: 512: 482:– a secret document completed in 1943 for high-ranking government use – laid out that Japan, as the originator and strongest military power within the region, would naturally take the superior position within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, with the other nations under Japan's umbrella of protection. Japanese propaganda was useful in mobilizing Japanese citizens for the war effort, convincing them Japan's expansion was an act of anti-colonial liberation from Western domination. The booklet 541: 3689: 887: 6071: 5119: 5191: 5203: 5071: 5179: 5107: 5095: 5471: 260: 927:. A network of Japanese-sponsored film production, distribution, and exhibition companies extended across the Japanese Empire and was collectively referred to as the Greater East Asian Film Sphere. These film centers mass-produced shorts, newsreels, and feature films to encourage Japanese language acquisition as well as cooperation with Japanese colonial authorities. 455:, raw materials that were vital to Japan's war effort. Without steel and oil imports, Japan's military could not fight for long. As a result of the embargo, Japan decided to attack the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia from 7 to 19 December 1941, seizing the raw materials needed for the war effort. These efforts were successful, with Japanese politician 910:

language. Multi-lingual pamphlets depicted many Asians marching or working together in happy unity, with the flags of all the states and a map depicting the intended sphere. Others proclaimed that they had given independent governments to the countries they occupied, a claim undermined by the lack of power given to these puppet governments.

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If territories were unprofitable, the Japanese would encourage their subjects, including those in mainland Japan, to endure "economic suffering" and prevent outflow of material to the enemy. Nonetheless, they preached the moral superiority of cultivating a "spiritual essence" instead of prioritising material gain like Western powers.

1070:

The plan divided Japan's future empire into two different groups. The first group of territories were expected to become either part of Japan or otherwise be under its direct administration. Second were those territories that would fall under the control of a number of tightly controlled pro-Japanese

1031:

Although the projected extension of the Co-Prosperity Sphere was extremely ambitious, the Japanese goal during the "Greater East Asia War" was not to acquire all the territory designated in the plan at once, but to prepare for a future decisive war some 20 years later by conquering the Asian colonies

909:

Pamphlets were dropped by airplane on the Philippines, Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore, and Indonesia, urging them to join the movement. Mutual cultural societies were founded in all conquered lands to ingratiate with the natives and try to supplant English with Japanese as the commonly used

869:

The militarists saw everything only from a Japanese perspective and, even worse, they insisted that all others dealing with them should do the same. For them, there was only one way to do a thing, the Japanese way; only one goal and interest, the Japanese interest; only one destiny for the East Asian

432:

The outbreak of World War II in Europe gave the Japanese an opportunity to fulfill the objectives of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, without significant pushback from the Western powers or China. This entailed the conquest of Southeast Asian territories to extract their natural resources.

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included phrases like "Asia for the Asiatics" and talked about the need to "liberate" Asian colonies from the control of Western powers. They also planned to change the Chinese hegemony in the agricultural market in Southeast Asia with Japanese immigrants to boost its economic value, with the former

894:

The failure of Japan to understand the goals and interests of the other countries involved in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere led to a weak association of countries bound to Japan only in theory and not in spirit. Ba Maw argued that Japan could have engineered a very different outcome if

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In other words, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere operated not for the betterment of all the Asian countries but for Japan's interests, and thus the Japanese failed to gather support in other Asian countries. Nationalist movements did appear in these Asian countries during this period, and

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for rope. The plans were difficult to implement due to limited skills, collapsed international markets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. The program failed, giving very little help to Japanese industry and diverting resources needed for food production. As Stanley Karnow writes, Filipinos

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and Pan-Asian rhetoric, the goals of the conference were to solidify the commitment of certain Asian countries to Japan's war effort and to improve Japan's world image; however, the representatives of the other attending countries were in practice neither independent nor treated as equals by Japan.

836:

Living conditions were poor throughout the Philippines during the war. Transportation between the islands was difficult because of a lack of fuel. Food was in short supply, with sporadic famines and epidemic diseases that killed hundreds of thousands of people. In October 1943, Japan declared the

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At the conference, Tojo greeted them with a speech praising the "spiritual essence" of Asia instead of the "materialistic civilisation" of the West. Their meeting was characterised by the praise of solidarity and condemnation of Western colonialism but without practical plans for either economic

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to a swift conclusion was blamed in part on the lack of resources; Japanese propaganda claimed this was due to the refusal by Western powers to supply Japan's military. Although invading Japanese forces sometimes received rapturous welcomes throughout recently captured Asian territories due to

5042: 806:, so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results; they lacked the seeds, pesticides, and technical skills to grow cotton. Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities, where there was minimal relief and few jobs. The Japanese Army also tried using 486:—for the Japanese Army—presented colonialism as an oppressive group of colonists living in luxury by burdening Asians. According to Japan, since racial ties of blood connected other Asians to the Japanese, and Asians had been weakened by colonialism, it was Japan's 5035: 5028: 410:'s advice, Arita emphasised on the economic aspects more. On August 1, Konoe, who still used the original name, expanded the scope of the union to include the territories of Southeast Asia. On November 5, Konoe reaffirmed that a Japan–Manchukuo–China 899:

No military defeat could then have robbed her of the trust and gratitude of half of Asia or even more, and that would have mattered a great deal in finding for her a new, great, and abiding place in a postwar world in which Asia was coming into her

777:. The main goal was to obtain oil but the Dutch colonial government destroyed the oil wells. However, the Japanese could repair and reopen them within a few months of their conquest. However, most tankers transporting oil to Japan were sunk by 1393:

were to accommodate up to two million Japanese settlers. However, there are indications that the Japanese were also looking for a separate peace with Australia, and a satellite state rather than colony status similar to that of Burma and the

765:" of the West. In practice, however, the Japanese installed organisationally-minded bureaucrats and engineers to run their new empire, and they believed in ideals of efficiency, modernisation, and engineering solutions to social problems. 3502: 497:(in office 1941–1942 and 1945), should Japan be successful in creating this sphere, it would emerge as the leader of Eastern Asia, and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would be synonymous with the Japanese Empire. 757:, as it expanded dramatically during the war, contained two contradictory impulses. On the one hand, it preached the unity of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, a coalition of Asian races directed by Japan against 895:

the Japanese had only managed to act according to the declared aims of "Asia for the Asiatics". He claimed that if Japan had proclaimed this maxim at the beginning of the war and if the Japanese had acted on that idea,

883:, claims that the Japanese government and these nationalist leaders never developed "a real unity of interests between the two parties, there was no overwhelming despair on the part of the Asians at Japan's defeat". 870:

countries, to become so many Manchukuos or Koreas tied forever to Japan. This racial impositions ... made any real understanding between the Japanese militarists and the people of our region virtually impossible.

1067:, and several others do not figure in this project. They were the subject of earlier negotiations with the Germans and were expected to be officially ceded to Japan in return for economic and monetary compensations. 793:

To build up the economic base of the Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese Army envisioned using the Philippine islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry. For example, Japan had a surplus of

1877: 1579:'s declaration of war on February 12, 1944, and concluding with Chile only declaring war on Japan by April 11, 1945 (as Nazi Germany was nearly defeated at that time), brought all three of these southeast 1082:

German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in fall 1942. Arrows show planned movements to the proposed demarcation line at 70° E, which was, however, never even approximated.

987:

A reasonably accurate indication as to the geographic dimensions of the Co-Prosperity Sphere are elaborated on in a Japanese wartime document prepared in December 1941 by the Research Department of the

772:

Japan set up puppet regimes in Manchuria and China; they vanished at the war's end. The Imperial Army operated ruthless administrations in most conquered areas but paid more favourable attention to the

1369:

processing were to be broken up. No decision was ever reached regarding whether Hawaii would be annexed to Japan, become a puppet kingdom, or be used as a bargaining chip for leverage against the U.S.

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were to enter the war against Japan, substantial parts of these states would also be ceded to Japan. Events that transpired between May 22, 1942, when Mexico declared war on the Axis, through

237:, which promoted racial supremacist theories. Japanese spokesmen openly described the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as a device for the "development of the Japanese race." When 3328: 2572: 233: 227:. In reality, militarists and nationalists saw it as an effective propaganda tool to enforce Japanese hegemony. The latter approach was reflected in a document released by Japan's 5147: 4703: 3465: 3297: 3454: 1148:

territories to the west of it, and Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and its other areas to the east of it. The plan of the Third Reich for fortifying its own

947:

Prior to the escalation of World War II to the Pacific and East Asia, Japanese planners regarded it as self-evident that the conquests secured in Japan's earlier wars with

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Fragment of a Japanese propaganda booklet published by the Tokyo Conference (1943), depicting scenes of situations in Greater East Asia, from the top, left to right: the

3443: 2298: 1765:

territories west of Manchuria, since 1940 officially a part of the Republic of China. It was meant as a starting point for a regime which would cover all of Mongolia.

4698: 2524:

Chickering, R., & Forster, S. (Eds.). (2003). The shadows of total war: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919-1939. Cambridge University Press, pg. 330

4099: 1361:, which had constituted 43% (c. 160,000) of Hawaii's population in the 1920s, as a leverage. Hawaii was to become self-sufficient in food production, while the 6409: 4828: 4877: 3361: 1036:

he was vague about the long-term prospects, but insinuated that the Philippines and Burma might be allowed independence, although vital territories such as

6329: 5459: 4129: 3636: 2687: 1098: 279:. The caption from right to left says: "With the help of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace." The flags shown are, right to left: the " 4587: 224: 6304: 2054:

Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?

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territory's eastern limits, beyond which the Co-Prosperity Sphere's northwestern frontier areas would exist in East Asia, involved the creation of

1102: 3663: 3511: 5020: 4780: 4771: 1769:

Contrary to the plan Japan installed a puppet state on the Philippines instead of exerting direct control. In the former French Indochina, the

1008:, and the Wang Jingwei regime in Japanese-occupied China would continue to function in these areas. Beyond these contemporary parts of Japan's 1576: 5437: 25:

Members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and territories occupied by the Japanese army at maximum height in 1942. Japan and its

4868: 3477: 3238: 427: 6042: 5280: 5159: 4982: 4960: 4605: 2728:

Jon Davidann, "Citadels of Civilization: U.S. and Japanese Visions of World Order in the Interwar Period", in Richard Jensen, et al. eds.,

5009: 1840: 668:

development or integration. Because of a lack of military representatives at the conference, the conference served little military value.

6439: 4738: 4119: 4050: 1162:"soldier-peasant" communities defending it. However, it is unknown if the Axis powers ever formally negotiated a possible, complementary 1153: 3277: 6489: 5390: 5378: 4858: 4814: 1488:) a semi-autonomous satellite state. This latter plan was not seriously considered as it depended upon a global victory of Axis forces. 476:. The Japanese sometimes spared ethnic groups, such as Chinese immigrants, if they supported the war effort, whether sincerely or not. 3189: 6419: 6116: 4453: 4063: 3945: 3573: 2283: 3168: 1781:

were founded. Vietnam attempted to work for independence and made progressive reforms. The State of Burma did not become a kingdom.

1198:(to be purchased from the Chinese puppet regime). Contrary to its name it was not intended to include the island of Formosa (Taiwan) 6479: 5452: 3846: 3836: 6364: 5638: 1607:

at the hands of Imperial Japan were meant to be left open for negotiations with Nazi Germany had the Axis forces been victorious.

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submarines, so Japan's oil shortage became increasingly acute. Japan also sponsored an Indonesian nationalist movement under

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Keong-il, Kim (2005). "Nationalism and Colonialism in Japan's 'Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' in World War II".

1572: 4943: 1000:) it was put together with the consent of and according to the directions of the Minister of War (later Prime Minister) 6379: 6374: 6121: 5990: 5870: 5111: 5099: 4764: 4290: 4285: 4184: 4124: 3915: 3905: 3596: 3523: 1032:

of the defeated European powers, as well as the Philippines from the United States. When Tōjō spoke on the plan to the

656:

of various component members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The conference was also referred to as the

459:

announcing via radio broadcast that vast resources were available for Japanese use in the newly conquered territories.

307:

proposed to make China, Korea, and Japan into "one". Modern conceptions emerged in 1917. During the proceedings of the

2942: 368:, which was limited to Japan, China, and the puppet state of Manchukuo. They believed that the union had 6 purposes: 6454: 6429: 6389: 6324: 6106: 6096: 5930: 5643: 5402: 4965: 4843: 3606: 3601: 3373: 3287: 3176: 3004: 2983: 2705: 2666: 2643: 2542: 2452: 2432: 2327: 2307: 2089: 2062: 1862: 1548: 396: 284: 190: 6469: 6459: 6334: 6194: 6047: 5799: 5562: 5342: 5330: 5087: 4933: 4853: 4819: 4630: 4615: 4610: 4320: 4079: 4012: 3801: 3621: 3616: 1544: 1346: 1037: 769:

was the official language of the bureaucracy in all of the areas and was taught at schools as a national language.

3430:"Japan's Intentions for Its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as Indicated in Its Policy Plans for Thailand" 3356: 2845:

Francis K. Danquah, "Japan's Food Farming Policies in Wartime Southeast Asia: The Philippine Example, 1942–1944",

2799:

Francis K. Danquah, "Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan's English Language Press",

6474: 6449: 6101: 6016: 5950: 5809: 5789: 5774: 5669: 4938: 4313: 1477: 5050: 3267:"The Expansion of Japan: A Study in Oriental Geopolitics: Part II. The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." 875:

these nationalists cooperated with the Japanese to some extent. However, Willard Elsbree, professor emeritus of

6384: 6369: 6052: 5945: 5714: 5689: 5679: 5542: 4948: 4693: 4335: 4036: 3806: 3611: 3483: 3217: 3109: 2580: 2501: 2203: 1994: 441: 5467: 2256: 319:. This conception was influential in the development of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity concept, with the 6444: 6399: 6006: 5935: 5814: 5804: 5784: 5729: 5653: 5578: 5304: 4833: 4757: 4620: 4045: 3960: 3950: 3566: 1882: 584: 1353:

was also considered, based on the model of Manchukuo. Those favouring annexation of Hawaii (on the model of

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nations of the Western Hemisphere's Pacific coast into conflict with Japan by the war's end. The future of

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based on the model of Manchukuo, as nominally "independent" members of the Greater East Asian alliance.

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it also envisaged the conquest of a vast range of territories covering virtually all of East Asia, the

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In Thailand, a street was built to demonstrate it, to be filled with modern buildings and shops, but

182: 38: 6434: 4378: 3668: 2832:

Satoshi Ara, "Food supply problem in Leyte, Philippines, during the Japanese Occupation (1942–44)",

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The 'Money Doctors' from Japan: Finance, Imperialism, and the Building of the Yen Bloc, 1894–1937

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stamp from 1942 depicting the approximate extension of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

833:"rapidly learned as well that 'co-prosperity' meant servitude to Japan's economic requirements". 339: 3330:

Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents.

1727:

Puppet states which already existed at the time, the Land Disposal Plan has been drafted, were:

4408: 4170: 4134: 4110: 4007: 3992: 3841: 3753: 2883:

Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents

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The International Minimum: Creativity and Contradiction in Japan's Global Engagement, 1933–1964

2174:"The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: The Failure of Japan's 'Monroe Doctrine' for Asia" 1984: 1844: 1681: 1592: 1187: 1121: 1033: 858: 440:

in 1940, knowing that Japan was completely dependent on other countries for natural resources,

320: 6414: 6247: 6184: 4194: 3656: 3303: 2697: 2382: 2357: 2052: 2026: 1919: 1461: 785:. Sukarno finally came to power in the late 1940s after several years of fighting the Dutch. 444: 1948:) – an alleged Japanese strategic planning document from 1927 in which Prime Minister Baron 311:, Japan explained to Western observers that their expansionism in Asia was analogous to the 6359: 5135: 4325: 4149: 4139: 3651: 1818: 1292: 1260: 328: 250: 158: 121: 3299:

Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays.

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Constructing East Asia: Technology, Ideology, and Empire in Japan's Wartime Era, 1931–1945

2227: 327:. One of the reasons why Japan adopted imperialism was to resolve domestic issues such as 241:

ended, the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere became a source of criticism and scorn.

8: 6484: 5171: 4557: 4504: 4477: 4467: 4413: 4403: 4388: 4265: 4089: 3768: 3763: 3646: 2555:

Pearl Harbor and the coming of the Pacific War: a Brief History with Documents and Essays

2021: 1924: 1596: 1453: 1354: 1306: 1009: 952: 719: 705: 604: 596: 573: 494: 392: 324: 46: 4340: 761:. This approach celebrated the spiritual values of the East in opposition to the "crass 6404: 5005: 4526: 4463: 4280: 4250: 3791: 2850: 2804: 2711: 2145: 2137: 2004: 1974: 1794: 1721: 1600: 1552: 1473: 1358: 1268: 1244: 1106: 1017: 964: 854: 778: 487: 304: 4905: 407: 303:

under Japanese leadership had its roots dating back to the 16th century. For example,

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being despised by Southeast Asian natives. The Japanese failure to bring the ongoing

292: 150: 21: 3711: 979:), the recently seized additional portions of China, and occupied French Indochina. 391:

The vagueness of the above points were effective in making people more agreeable to

5232: 4708: 4428: 4144: 3816: 2693: 2383:"Japan's New Order and Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: Planning for Empire" 2129: 1953: 1645: 1629: 1512: 1469: 1434: 1415: 1350: 1183: 1064: 1060: 992:. Known as the "Land Disposal Plan in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" ( 924: 661: 511: 437: 4683: 1906: 1894: 346: 205: 6257: 6084: 5052: 4784: 4728: 4433: 4350: 4270: 3743: 3582: 3407: 3365: 3211: 2946: 2607: 1999: 1941: 1641: 1637: 1604: 1338: 1330: 1318: 1264: 1222: 1191: 1105:

that would specifically delimit the Asian continent by a dividing line along the

1056: 880: 738: 687: 565: 316: 268: 178: 4345: 3546: 6159: 5195: 4796: 4678: 4572: 4393: 4383: 4240: 4204: 3626: 3244: 3097: 2959: 2465: 1989: 1762: 1661: 1625: 1588: 1342: 1310: 948: 865:, wartime President of Burma under the Japanese, blamed the Japanese military: 845:

proved to be ineffective and unpopular as Japan maintained very tight control.

842: 728: 714: 612: 569: 540: 456: 342: 272: 216: 198: 4713: 4688: 3279:

World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation

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to "make men of them again" and liberate them from their Western oppressors.

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The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: When Total Empire Met Total War.

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Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century

1834: 1411: 1407: 1334: 1314: 1280: 1125: 1087: 1072: 1004:. It assumed that the already established puppet governments of Manchukuo, 701: 672: 600: 557: 411: 238: 174: 4370: 3987: 3169:

Hawaii Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Plans for Conquest After Pearl Harbor

3119: 1878:

List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)

6070: 5426: 4448: 3997: 3438: 3324: 3319: 3260: 2674: 2009: 1979: 1580: 1560: 1504: 1390: 1256: 1226: 1133: 1091: 1048: 1001: 940: 886: 762: 683: 561: 194: 26: 3427: 3350: 3196:. Waseda University Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies. pp. 124–129. 3135:

Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion

2180:(295): 2–34 – via East Tennessee State University Digital Commons. 1784: 255:

Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

84: 37:

are in dark red; occupied territories/puppet states are in lighter red.

4245: 3861: 3266: 2854: 2808: 2141: 2117: 1815:(Philippine nationalist ruling party of the Second Philippine Republic) 1520: 1481: 1138: 1113: 1044: 428:

Military history of Japan § Shōwa era and World War II (1926–1945)

4154: 3190:"Some Issues Surrounding the Evaluation of the Trần Trọng Kim Cabinet" 2773:

Laszlo Sluimers, "The Japanese military and Indonesian independence",

2467:'Co-Prosperity' or 'Commonwealth'?: Japan, Britain and Burma 1940-1945 2082:

A Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II

660:. The common language used by the delegates during the conference was 5207: 5123: 5075: 5000: 4926: 4577: 4552: 4547: 4355: 4226: 4159: 3831: 1930: 1900: 1790: 1532: 1516: 1500: 1382: 1366: 1158: 1109: 1025: 1005: 968: 723: 696: 624: 608: 452: 264: 186: 98: 34: 2133: 4656: 4084: 3775: 3719: 3213:

The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan

2997:

The Attractive Empire: Transnational Film Culture in Imperial Japan

1956: 1812: 1717: 1584: 1528: 1508: 1386: 1326: 935: 742: 332: 3551: 1903:: a Japanese nationalist who developed a similar pan-Asian concept 829: 3826: 1830: 1540: 1465: 1166:

demarcation line that would have divided the Western Hemisphere.

890:

The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere at its greatest extent

825: 811: 807: 782: 480:

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

234:

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

212: 6169: 4509: 3678: 2602: 2600: 1897:: an army thinker who thought up the Greater East Asian concept 1564: 1524: 1485: 1272: 1218: 1195: 1129: 862: 820: 803: 710: 616: 549: 259: 219:

among the member states, along with resisting the influence of

5470: 3871: 3194:

Vietnam-Indochina-Japan Relations during the Second World War

1457: 1214: 1117: 815: 795: 649: 448: 2597: 2496:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 263–264. 2198:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 262–290. 837:

Philippines an independent republic. The Japanese-sponsored

3507:(abstract). FRIS/Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2007–2010. 3466:

Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945

3072:

Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders

1568: 1276: 1210: 1086:

Parts of the plan depended on successful negotiations with

300: 181:

tried to establish. Initially, it covered Japan (including

70: 3455:

The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944

536:: Territories disputed and claimed by Japan and its allies 5051:

States and territories in the sphere of influence of the

1909:: the alleged developer of the Greater East Asia concept 2659:

A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present

335:. Another reason was to withstand Western imperialism. 3444:

Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942

2535:

War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War

2494:

War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War

2196:

War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War

1101:

on 11 December 1941, Japan presented the Germans with

1020:, including in locations as far removed from Japan as 126: 3479:

Fading Victory: The Diary of Ugaki Matome, 1941–1945.

3409:

The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century

3240:

War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War.

1952:, who laid out a strategy to take over the world for 1785:

Political parties and movements with Japanese support

1664:(a province of the British Raj), and a large part of 1430:

All of India below a line running approximately from

211:

The proposed objectives of this union were to ensure

3102:

The double patriots; a study of Japanese nationalism

2630: 2628: 2414:, p. 248, 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York 2358:"Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia" 2821:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines 2788:Soekarno: Founding Father of Indonesia, 1901–1945 2625: 1349:. The possibility of re-establishing the defunct 6351: 4849:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British North Borneo 4734:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 3379:Myers, Ramon Hawley and Mark R. Peattie. (1984) 664:. The conference was mainly used as propaganda. 4704:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 3542:Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East 3104:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 317–319. 2929:, p254 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York 2927:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II 2916:, p253 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York 2914:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II 2412:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II 930: 639: 500: 361: 162: 3688: 3083: 2281: 1418:, as well as the rest of the Southwest Pacific 1116:'s Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of 994: 633: 548:in November 1943. Participants left to right: 402:On June 29, 1940, Arita renamed the union the 355: 103: 89: 75: 6410:Military history of Japan during World War II 5453: 5036: 4765: 3567: 3137:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. p. 235. 2940:Japanese Propaganda Booklet from World War II 2296:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2006), 1813:Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas 1047:islands that had been seized from Germany in 515:Attendees of the Greater East Asia Conference 244: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 2406: 2404: 2228:"The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" 1112:. This line, running southwards through the 197:progressed, it also included territories in 4051:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3085:検察側文書 1987 号、法廷証 679 号（1946 年 10 月 9 日付速記録） 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2050: 375:Neighbourly amity and international justice 6083: 5460: 5446: 5043: 5029: 4772: 4758: 3574: 3560: 3404:"The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945," 406:, which he announced by radio address. At 4454:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4064:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 2999:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2401: 2235:United States Central Intelligence Agency 2115: 531:: Japanese allies and occupied territory 462:As part of its war drive in the Pacific, 49:, and Kuril were integral parts of Japan. 6232: 5172:Reorganized National Government of China 3837:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 3382:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945. 3358:The Pacific War: Japan versus the Allies 3141: 3021: 2754: 2569:The Pacific War: Japan Versus the Allies 2345: 2257:"Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" 2171: 1077: 934: 885: 853:The Co-Prosperity Sphere collapsed with 609:the Provisional Government of Free India 578: 539: 510: 414:bloc would continue and be "perfected". 258: 20: 5487: 3209: 2994: 2362:Asia for Educators, Columbia University 971:) would be retained, as well as Korea ( 652:on 5–6 November 1943: Japan hosted the 6352: 6200:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 6144: 5417:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 5124:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 4652:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3536:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3187: 3132: 3096: 2698:10.21313/hawaii/9780824841072.001.0001 2566: 2387:The Asia-Pacific Journal – Japan Focus 1750:Other parts of China occupied by Japan 1611: 404:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 146:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 56:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 6274: 6231: 6143: 6082: 5486: 5441: 5024: 4753: 3555: 2952: 2491: 2193: 1494:Government-General of Central America 982: 904: 5208:Provisional Government of Free India 4056:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 3812:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 3462: 3451: 3437: 3275: 3126: 2685: 2463: 2189: 2187: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2076: 2074: 1873:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 1476:. There were also plans to make the 1234:Melanesian Region Government-General 1169: 1051:and which were assigned to Japan as 724:Provisional Government of Free India 679:The following dignitaries attended: 4724:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 3966:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 3581: 3547:WW2DB: Greater East Asia Conference 1827:(Cambodian-Khmer nationalist group) 1016:, and even sizable portions of the 589:Thailand under Plaek Phibunsongkram 372:Permanent stability of Eastern Asia 13: 6440:South Seas Mandate in World War II 6275: 6243:Japan–Korea Joint Development Zone 5112:South Chahar Autonomous Government 5100:North Shanxi Autonomous Government 4781:Countries and territories occupied 3432:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3203: 2834:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2775:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2547: 2527: 2485: 1300:Eastern Pacific Government-General 1040:would remain under Japanese rule. 384:Economic cohesion and co-operation 14: 6501: 6490:Government of the Empire of Japan 3529: 3412:(editor, Peter Duus). Cambridge: 2184: 2156: 2094: 2071: 1913: 1863:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 1856: 1841:Đại Việt National Socialist Party 1809:(Indonesian nationalist movement) 1099:declared war on the United States 436:After Japanese advancements into 345:and Minister for Foreign Affairs 6420:Papua New Guinea in World War II 6335:Pacific Alliance Leaders Meeting 6195:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 6069: 5469: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5311: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5088:East Hebei Autonomous Government 5081: 5069: 4867: 4424:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3687: 2686:Abel, Jessamyn (November 2016). 1238:South Pacific Government-General 748: 630:The Greater East Asia Conference 349:proposed the development of the 6480:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan 5148:Provisional Government of China 4439:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 3181: 3161: 3090: 3077: 2988: 2965: 2932: 2919: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2875: 2859: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2793: 2780: 2767: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2679: 2648: 2560: 2518: 2457: 2437: 2417: 2375: 2332: 2312: 1648:(to be purchased from Portugal) 378:Joint defence against communism 201:. The term was first coined by 6365:British Malaya in World War II 4694:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 3807:Imperial Rescript on Education 3484:University of Pittsburgh Press 3463:——— (2020). 3452:——— (2015). 3282:. Cambridge University Press. 3070:Weinberg, L. Gerhard. (2005). 2608:"Greater East Asia Conference" 2473:(PhD). ProQuest LLC. p. 4 2290: 2275: 2249: 2220: 2044: 1995:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) 1821:(Malayan nationalist movement) 1400:New Zealand Government-General 788: 493:According to Foreign Minister 229:Ministry of Health and Welfare 127: 1: 6395:Japanese military occupations 5136:Shanghai Great Way Government 4140:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 4046:Imperial General Headquarters 3637:Foreign commerce and shipping 2692:. Hawaii Scholarship Online. 2571:. Westport: Praeger. p. 2261:A Dictionary of World History 2033: 1883:Ministry of Greater East Asia 1803:(Indian nationalist movement) 1460:, the western portion of the 1375:Australian Government-General 1176:Government-General of Formosa 1136:, would have split Germany's 1103:a drafted military convention 671:With the simultaneous use of 585:Japanese occupation of Malaya 6296:Diplomatic missions of Japan 6291:Minister for Foreign Affairs 5422:Greater East Asia Conference 5160:Reformed Government of China 4472:Hirohito surrender broadcast 3867:Greater East Asia Conference 3434:27#1 (1996) pp. 139–149 2870:Philippines: A Country Study 2757:The Review of Korean Studies 2172:W. Giles, Nathaniel (2015). 2118:"The New Order in East Asia" 2038: 1937:Political extremism in Japan 1204:South Seas Government Office 1182:Hong Kong, the Philippines, 1090:and a global victory by the 931:Projected territorial extent 546:Greater East Asia Conference 507:Greater East Asia Conference 501:Greater East Asia Conference 484:Read This and the War is Won 203:Minister for Foreign Affairs 16:Japanese imperialist concept 7: 6425:Philippines in World War II 6286:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6180:Japanese missions to Joseon 5221:Republic of the Philippines 4829:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3852:Supreme Court of Judicature 3368:(Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 3218:University of Hawai'i Press 2178:Undergraduate Honors Theses 2116:Colegrove, Kenneth (1941). 2084:. Free Press, 1993, p. 53. 1868:East Asia Development Board 1851: 828:, cotton for uniforms, and 802:, and a severe shortage of 759:Western imperialism in Asia 733:Republic of the Philippines 640: 615:gaining independence under 591:gaining the territories of 447:ordered a trade embargo on 362: 163: 10: 6506: 6155:Missions to Imperial China 5476:Foreign relations of Japan 5281:Occupied Dutch East Indies 4563:Second Philippine Republic 4336:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 3510:Yellen, Jeremy A. (2019). 3414:Cambridge University Press 3387:Princeton University Press 3265:Fisher, Charles A. (1950) 2960:JAPANESE PSYOP DURING WWII 2868:, in Ronald E. Dolan, ed. 2051:Matthiessen, Sven (2015). 1833:(We Burmans Association) ( 1801:Indian Independence League 1365:corporations of sugar and 848: 839:Second Philippine Republic 621:Second Philippine Republic 504: 421: 417: 281:Five Races Under One Union 267:promoting harmony between 263:1935 propaganda poster of 248: 245:Development of the concept 6380:Indonesia in World War II 6375:Hong Kong in World War II 6281: 6270: 6238: 6227: 6150: 6139: 6092: 6078: 6067: 6035: 5999: 5843: 5662: 5571: 5500: 5496: 5482: 5412: 5063: 4993: 4914: 4876: 4865: 4795: 4671: 4644: 4586: 4540: 4497: 4490: 4444:Japan during World War II 4399:Pacification of Manchukuo 4369: 4299: 4291:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 4286:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 4224: 4217: 4168: 4155:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 4108: 4034: 4027: 3974: 3892: 3885: 3877:Imperial Japanese Airways 3784: 3731: 3696: 3685: 3589: 3469:. New York: W. W. Norton. 3458:. New York: W. W. Norton. 3447:. New York: W. W. Norton. 3210:Baskett, Michael (2008). 3084: 2995:Baskett, Michael (2008). 2299:Asian security reassessed 2282: 2263:. Oxford University Press 2122:The Far Eastern Quarterly 1962: 1888: 1807:Indonesian National Party 1779:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1563:. In addition, if either 1446:Alaska Government-General 1424:Ceylon Government-General 995: 634: 619:, the Declaration of the 381:Creation of a new culture 356: 323:also comparing it to the 299:The concept of a unified 213:economic self-sufficiency 154: 138: 120: 115: 111: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 64: 60: 55: 47:Karafuto (South Sakhalin) 6455:Thailand in World War II 6430:Politics of World War II 6390:Japanese colonial empire 6190:Ryukyuan missions to Edo 6175:Joseon missions to Japan 5391:Occupied Solomon Islands 5379:Occupied Gilbert Islands 5269:Kingdom of Luang Prabang 4419:Second Sino-Japanese War 4361:Racial Equality Proposal 3941:Agriculture and Commerce 3516:Cornell University Press 3426:Swan, William L. (1996) 3355:Levine, Alan J. (1995). 3269:The Geographical Journal 2881:Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). 2849:(1990) 64#3, pp. 60–80. 2636:The Rise of Modern Japan 2567:Levine, Alan J. (1995). 1837:nationalist association) 1437:to the coastline of the 1359:local Japanese community 755:Japanese colonial empire 695:, Prime Minister of the 686:, Prime Minister of the 469:Second Sino-Japanese War 424:Japanese colonial empire 6470:Anti-communism in Japan 6460:Vietnam in World War II 6258:Senkaku Islands dispute 6253:Liancourt Rocks dispute 5318:Occupied British Borneo 4331:Washington Naval Treaty 4276:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 4261:First Sino-Japanese War 4080:Nuclear weapons program 3822:Great Japan Youth Party 3749:National seals of Japan 3335:Oxford University Press 3167:Stephan, J. J. (2002), 2945:25 October 2010 at the 2803:(2005) 79#1 pp. 74–96. 2492:Dower, John W. (1986). 2445:Japan: A Modern History 2425:Japan: A Modern History 2320:Japan: A Modern History 2194:Dower, John W. (1986). 722:, Head of State of the 713:, Head of State of the 309:Lansing-Ishii Agreement 6475:Anti-Western sentiment 6450:Taiwan in World War II 6305:Development assistance 4409:Motherland controversy 4379:Shōwa financial crisis 4171:Imperial Japanese Navy 4111:Imperial Japanese Army 3842:Peace Preservation Law 3296:Iriye, Akira. (1999). 3188:Furuta, Motoo (2017). 2553:Iriye, Akira. (1999). 1985:Greater Germanic Reich 1845:Vietnamese nationalist 1357:) intended to use the 1269:Santa Cruz Archipelago 1186:(to be purchased from 1083: 944: 902: 891: 872: 627: 576: 537: 351:New Order in East Asia 296: 50: 6385:Japan in World War II 6370:China in World War II 6248:Kuril Islands dispute 6185:Dutch missions to Edo 5293:Occupied West Sumatra 4321:Siberian Intervention 4130:Railways and Shipping 3946:Commerce and Industry 3642:Industrial production 3133:Norman, Rich (1973). 2836:(2008) 39#1 pp 59–82. 2777:(1996) 27#1 pp. 19–36 2612:World War II Database 2464:Mori, Takato (2006). 1920:Flying geese paradigm 1744:RNG Republic of China 1535:(western) portion of 1462:Northwest Territories 1249:Australian New Guinea 1124:and heading into the 1081: 938: 897: 889: 867: 582: 543: 514: 445:Franklin D. Roosevelt 338:On November 3, 1938, 262: 24: 6445:Spheres of influence 6400:Japanese nationalism 6233:Territorial disputes 5257:Kingdom of Kampuchea 4739:Political dissidence 4588:Occupied territories 4326:General Election Law 4150:Taiwan Army of Japan 3276:Huff, Gregg (2020). 3158:Levine (1995), p. 92 2847:Agricultural History 2801:Agricultural History 2338:William L. O'Neill, 2080:William L. O'Neill, 1819:Kesatuan Melayu Muda 1775:Kingdom of Kampuchea 1293:Chesterfield Islands 1094:. After Germany and 841:headed by President 753:The ideology of the 520:: Japan and colonies 251:Japanese nationalism 169:, also known as the 5639:Trinidad and Tobago 5403:Occupied New Guinea 5184:Kingdom of Thailand 4558:Wang Jingwei regime 4468:Potsdam Declaration 4459:Soviet–Japanese War 4414:Anti-Comintern Pact 4404:January 28 incident 4389:London Naval Treaty 4266:Triple Intervention 4095:Supreme War Council 3979:deliberative bodies 3364:5 July 2019 at the 2823:(1989), pp. 308–309 2022:Scramble for Africa 1925:Japanese war crimes 1732:Empire of Manchuria 1711:Kingdom of Cambodia 1624:Dutch East Indies, 1618:East Indies Kingdom 1612:Asian puppet states 1603:possessions in the 1478:American West Coast 1010:sphere of influence 923:of it consisted of 861:in September 1945. 743:Kingdom of Thailand 731:, President of the 720:Subhas Chandra Bose 704:, President of the 697:Empire of Manchuria 605:Subhas Chandra Bose 603:allied with Japan, 574:Subhas Chandra Bose 488:self-appointed role 464:Japanese propaganda 325:Roosevelt Corollary 221:Western imperialism 208:on June 29, 1940. 6465:Fascist propaganda 6320:Economic relations 6145:Diplomatic history 5343:Occupied Singapore 5331:Occupied Hong Kong 5006:South Seas Mandate 4281:Russo-Japanese War 4251:Two Lords Incident 3906:Imperial Household 3497:Vande Walle, Willy 3304:St. Martin's Press 2443:James L. McClain, 2423:James L. McClain, 2340:A Democracy at War 2318:James L. McClain, 2152:– via JSTOR. 2027:White man's burden 2005:New Order (Nazism) 1975:Civilizing mission 1795:Indian nationalist 1722:French Cochinchina 1553:Dominican Republic 1245:British New Guinea 1107:70th meridian east 1084: 1018:Western Hemisphere 983:Land Disposal Plan 965:South Seas Mandate 945: 905:Propaganda efforts 892: 628: 577: 538: 474:Burma-Siam Railway 305:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 297: 51: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6266: 6265: 6223: 6222: 6135: 6134: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 5435: 5434: 5245:Empire of Vietnam 5018: 5017: 5010:Northern Marianas 4961:Dutch East Indies 4747: 4746: 4719:Socialist thought 4667: 4666: 4606:Dutch East Indies 4568:Empire of Vietnam 4486: 4485: 4256:Satsuma Rebellion 4236:Meiji Restoration 4213: 4212: 4023: 4022: 3961:Greater East Asia 3847:Political parties 3802:Foreign relations 3492:978-0-8229-3665-7 3422:978-0-521-22357-7 3395:978-0-691-10222-1 3343:978-0-19-638265-4 3312:978-0-312-21818-8 3253:978-0-394-50030-0 3227:978-0-8248-3223-0 2389:. 6 December 2011 2302:, pp. 48-49, 63, 1970:Balkan Federation 1771:Empire of Vietnam 1738:Chinese Manchuria 1680:Remainder of the 1674:Kingdom of Malaya 1630:Christmas Islands 1351:Kingdom of Hawaii 1170:Japanese-governed 877:political science 855:Japan's surrender 775:Dutch East Indies 741:, envoy from the 706:Republic of China 597:Republic of China 593:Saharat Thai Doem 363:Tōa Shin Chitsujo 333:resource scarcity 293:flag of Manchukuo 142: 141: 134: 133: 6497: 6272: 6271: 6229: 6228: 6141: 6140: 6080: 6079: 6073: 5498: 5497: 5484: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5233:French Indochina 5231: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5021: 4983:Portuguese Timor 4871: 4810:Christmas Island 4774: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4709:Shinmin no Michi 4699:Internment camps 4611:French Indochina 4495: 4494: 4341:Taishō Democracy 4222: 4221: 4145:Japanese holdout 4032: 4031: 3956:Colonial Affairs 3890: 3889: 3817:Yokusan Sonendan 3723: 3715: 3707: 3691: 3690: 3617:Economic history 3576: 3569: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3470: 3459: 3448: 3400:Peattie, Mark R. 3293: 3271:(1950): 179–193. 3231: 3198: 3197: 3185: 3179: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3019: 3018: 2992: 2986: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2936: 2930: 2925:Anthony Rhodes, 2923: 2917: 2912:Anthony Rhodes, 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2819:Stanley Karnow, 2817: 2811: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2732:(2003) pp. 21–43 2726: 2720: 2719: 2683: 2677: 2652: 2646: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2455: 2441: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2410:Anthony Rhodes, 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2354: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2316: 2310: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2237:. 10 August 1945 2232: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2169: 2154: 2153: 2113: 2092: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2048: 1689:Kingdom of Annam 1654:Kingdom of Burma 1646:Portuguese Timor 1513:British Honduras 1470:British Columbia 1454:Alaska Territory 1416:Macquarie Island 1406:The New Zealand 1389:. Australia and 1307:Hawaii Territory 1184:Portuguese Macau 1065:Marshall Islands 1053:C-Class Mandates 1024:and the eastern 999: 998: 997: 922: 921: 917: 658:Tokyo Conference 647: 646: 643: 637: 636: 623:, and people of 535: 530: 527: 524: 519: 438:French Indochina 397:collaborationism 367: 365: 359: 358: 225:Soviet communism 168: 166: 164:Dai Tōa Kyōeiken 156: 130: 129: 128:Dai Tōa Kyōeiken 113: 112: 107: 106: 93: 92: 79: 78: 53: 52: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6339: 6277: 6262: 6234: 6219: 6215:Marcos scandals 6146: 6131: 6088: 6074: 6057: 6031: 5995: 5839: 5658: 5567: 5492: 5478: 5468: 5466: 5436: 5431: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5312: 5310: 5305:Occupied Malaya 5299: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5053:Empire of Japan 5049: 5019: 5014: 4989: 4910: 4872: 4863: 4859:Solomon Islands 4815:Gilbert Islands 4791: 4785:Empire of Japan 4778: 4748: 4743: 4729:Yasukuni Shrine 4663: 4640: 4582: 4536: 4482: 4434:Tripartite Pact 4429:Rape of Nanking 4365: 4351:Tapani incident 4295: 4271:Boxer Rebellion 4229: 4209: 4173: 4164: 4113: 4104: 4039: 4019: 4013:Representatives 3981: 3978: 3977:Legislative and 3970: 3936:Foreign Affairs 3899: 3896: 3881: 3780: 3759:Government Seal 3744:Rising Sun Flag 3727: 3721: 3713: 3705: 3692: 3683: 3585: 3583:Empire of Japan 3580: 3532: 3366:Wayback Machine 3325:Lebra, Joyce C. 3290: 3228: 3206: 3204:Further reading 3201: 3186: 3182: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3142: 3131: 3127: 3112: 3098:Storry, Richard 3095: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3022: 3007: 2993: 2989: 2970: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2947:Wayback Machine 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2864: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2814: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2723: 2708: 2684: 2680: 2653: 2649: 2634:W. G. Beasley, 2633: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2583: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2533:John W. Dower, 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2504: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2295: 2291: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2206: 2192: 2185: 2170: 2157: 2134:10.2307/2049073 2114: 2095: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2000:Monroe Doctrine 1965: 1942:Tanaka Memorial 1916: 1891: 1859: 1854: 1831:Dobama Asiayone 1787: 1642:Nicobar Islands 1614: 1605:Leeward Islands 1458:Yukon Territory 1339:Austral Islands 1331:Society Islands 1327:Tuamotu Islands 1319:Phoenix Islands 1289:Loyalty Islands 1265:Solomon Islands 1223:Gilbert Islands 1192:Paracel Islands 1172: 1154:a "living wall" 996:大東亜共栄圏における土地処分案 993: 990:Ministry of War 985: 933: 919: 915: 914: 907: 881:Ohio University 851: 791: 751: 739:Wan Waithayakon 688:Empire of Japan 644: 631: 566:Wan Waithayakon 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 509: 503: 430: 422:Main articles: 420: 408:Yōsuke Matsuoka 353: 317:Monroe Doctrine 257: 249:Main articles: 247: 179:Empire of Japan 177:union that the 148: 122:Revised Hepburn 17: 12: 11: 5: 6503: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276:Related topics 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6160:Red seal ships 6157: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6127:United Nations 6124: 6122:European Union 6119: 6117:Southeast Asia 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6043:Russian Empire 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5991:United Kingdom 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5871:Czech Republic 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5480: 5479: 5465: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5367:Occupied Nauru 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5235: 5223: 5210: 5198: 5196:State of Burma 5186: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4797:British Empire 4793: 4792: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4573:State of Burma 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4394:Musha Incident 4391: 4386: 4384:Jinan incident 4381: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4241:Beipu uprising 4238: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4205:Treaty Faction 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135:Imperial Guard 4132: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3895:Administration 3893: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3530:External links 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524:978-1501735547 3508: 3494: 3471: 3460: 3449: 3435: 3424: 3397: 3377: 3353: 3327:(ed.) (1975). 3322: 3294: 3288: 3273: 3263: 3245:Pantheon Books 3235:Dower, John W. 3232: 3226: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3180: 3160: 3140: 3125: 3110: 3089: 3076: 3020: 3005: 2987: 2964: 2951: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2903:Lebra, p. 158. 2896: 2894:Lebra, p. 160. 2887: 2874: 2866:"World War II" 2858: 2838: 2825: 2812: 2792: 2779: 2766: 2747: 2745:(2013) 226–227 2734: 2721: 2706: 2678: 2647: 2624: 2596: 2581: 2559: 2546: 2526: 2517: 2502: 2484: 2456: 2436: 2416: 2400: 2374: 2344: 2331: 2311: 2289: 2274: 2248: 2219: 2204: 2183: 2155: 2093: 2070: 2063: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990:Greater Serbia 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1946:Tanaka Jōsōbun 1939: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1914:Related topics 1912: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1857:Administration 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1786: 1783: 1767: 1766: 1763:Inner Mongolia 1759: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1660:Burma proper, 1657: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1626:British Borneo 1621: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1343:Samoan Islands 1311:Howland Island 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1273:Ellice Islands 1241: 1240: 1230: 1229: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1034:House of Peers 984: 981: 967:), and China ( 953:South Sakhalin 932: 929: 906: 903: 850: 847: 843:José P. Laurel 790: 787: 750: 747: 746: 745: 735: 729:José P. Laurel 726: 717: 715:State of Burma 708: 699: 690: 654:heads of state 648:took place in 613:State of Burma 570:José P. Laurel 505:Main article: 502: 499: 495:Shigenori Tōgō 457:Nobusuke Kishi 442:U.S. President 419: 416: 389: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 343:Fumimaro Konoe 340:Prime Minister 329:overpopulation 246: 243: 199:Southeast Asia 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 124: 118: 117: 116:Transcriptions 109: 108: 101: 95: 94: 87: 81: 80: 73: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 57: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6502: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6435:Shōwa Statism 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6273: 6269: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:Latin America 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Liechtenstein 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:United States 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5355:Occupied Guam 5346: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5322: 5319: 5308: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5211: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4878:United States 4875: 4870: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:Fukoku kyōhei 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541:Puppet states 4539: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200:Fleet Faction 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4180:General Staff 4178: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120:General Staff 4118: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4073:military code 4072: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003:Imperial Diet 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993:Privy Council 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3911:Home Ministry 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 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3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3289:9781316162934 3285: 3281: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3177:0-8248-2550-0 3174: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3006:9781441619709 3002: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2984:0-07-030612-5 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972:Edwin P. Hoyt 2968: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2741:Aaron Moore, 2738: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2707:9780824841072 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:0-19-511060-9 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Andrew Gordon 2651: 2645: 2644:0-312-04077-6 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2543:0-394-50030-X 2540: 2536: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453:0-393-04156-5 2450: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2433:0-393-04156-5 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328:0-393-04156-5 2325: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2308:981-230-400-2 2305: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2278: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2188: 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1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Cocos Islands 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439:Bay of Bengal 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:South Islands 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341:, all of the 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:New Caledonia 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1196:Hainan Island 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1145:spazio vitale 1141: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1128:just west of 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1073:vassal states 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055:, namely the 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022:South America 1019: 1015: 1014:Pacific Ocean 1011: 1007: 1003: 991: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 942: 937: 928: 926: 911: 901: 896: 888: 884: 882: 878: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 846: 844: 840: 834: 831: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 786: 784: 780: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 749:Imperial rule 744: 740: 736: 734: 730: 727: 725: 721: 718: 716: 712: 709: 707: 703: 700: 698: 694: 693:Zhang Jinghui 691: 689: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 674: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 642: 641:Dai Tōa Kaigi 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:Zhang Jinghui 551: 547: 542: 513: 508: 498: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 475: 470: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 434: 429: 425: 415: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 370: 369: 364: 352: 348: 347:Hachirō Arita 344: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:Japanese Army 318: 314: 313:United States 310: 306: 302: 294: 290: 289:flag of Japan 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 256: 252: 242: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 206:Hachirō Arita 204: 200: 196: 193:, but as the 192: 188: 184: 183:annexed Korea 180: 176: 172: 165: 160: 152: 147: 137: 125: 123: 119: 114: 110: 102: 100: 96: 88: 86: 82: 74: 72: 68: 65:Japanese name 63: 59: 54: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 6415:Pan-Asianism 6199: 6165:Nanban trade 6085:Multilateral 6048:Soviet Union 5800:Saudi Arabia 5563:South Africa 5416: 5057:World War II 4971:West Sumatra 4789:World War II 4672:Other topics 4651: 4508: 4346:Taishō Roman 4100:Conscription 4070: 4062: 4037:Armed Forces 3897:(ministries) 3797:Charter Oath 3792:Constitution 3674:State Shinto 3657:Essentialism 3607:Demographics 3503: 3499: 3482:Pittsburgh: 3478: 3464: 3453: 3442: 3439:Toll, Ian W. 3431: 3408: 3381: 3357: 3329: 3298: 3278: 3268: 3239: 3216:. Honolulu: 3212: 3193: 3183: 3163: 3134: 3128: 3101: 3092: 3079: 3071: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2967: 2954: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2861: 2846: 2841: 2833: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2786:Bob Hering, 2782: 2774: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2729: 2724: 2688: 2681: 2658: 2650: 2635: 2615:. Retrieved 2611: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2534: 2529: 2520: 2493: 2487: 2475:. Retrieved 2466: 2459: 2444: 2439: 2424: 2419: 2411: 2391:. Retrieved 2386: 2377: 2365:. Retrieved 2361: 2339: 2334: 2319: 2314: 2297: 2292: 2277: 2265:. Retrieved 2260: 2251: 2239:. Retrieved 2234: 2222: 2195: 2177: 2125: 2121: 2081: 2053: 2046: 2015: 1945: 1929: 1768: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1726: 1710: 1688: 1682:Malay states 1673: 1653: 1617: 1593:Dutch Guiana 1493: 1480:(comprising 1445: 1423: 1399: 1394:Philippines. 1374: 1315:Baker Island 1299: 1281:New Hebrides 1277:Fiji Islands 1237: 1233: 1219:Ocean Island 1203: 1175: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1143: 1142:and Italy's 1137: 1126:Indian Ocean 1088:Nazi Germany 1085: 1069: 1042: 1030: 986: 976: 972: 946: 925:false fronts 912: 908: 898: 893: 873: 868: 852: 835: 819: 812:castor beans 792: 771: 752: 702:Wang Jingwei 678: 670: 666: 657: 629: 601:Wang Jingwei 558:Wang Jingwei 492: 483: 479: 478: 461: 435: 431: 403: 401: 390: 350: 337: 298: 239:World War II 232: 210: 170: 145: 143: 77:だいとうあきょうえいけん 18: 6360:Axis powers 6017:New Zealand 5951:Netherlands 5810:South Korea 5790:Philippines 5775:North Korea 5670:Afghanistan 5427:Pacific War 4956:Netherlands 4906:Wake Island 4901:Philippines 4714:Shōwa Modan 4689:Hakkō ichiu 4626:Philippines 4513:after 1943) 4491:Territories 4449:Pacific War 4309:World War I 4185:Air Service 4125:Air Service 3998:Gozen Kaigi 3714:(Yoshihito) 3706:(Mutsuhito) 3652:Nationalism 3597:Agriculture 3385:Princeton: 2976:Japan's War 2763:(2): 65–89. 2128:(1): 5–24. 2016:Russkiy mir 2010:Pan-Slavism 1980:Eurasianism 1581:Pacific Rim 1561:The Bahamas 1505:El Salvador 1391:New Zealand 1261:New Ireland 1257:New Britain 1253:Admiralties 1227:Wake Island 1122:Afghanistan 1092:Axis powers 1049:World War I 1045:Micronesian 1002:Hideki Tōjō 975:), Taiwan ( 939:A Japanese 789:Philippines 763:materialism 684:Hideki Tojo 562:Hideki Tojo 387:World peace 217:cooperation 195:Pacific War 6485:Euphemisms 6354:Categories 6102:Arab world 6053:Yugoslavia 5946:Montenegro 5715:East Timor 5690:Bangladesh 5680:Azerbaijan 5543:Mozambique 4966:New Guinea 4844:New Guinea 4478:Occupation 4301:Taishō era 4246:Boshin War 4090:War crimes 3886:Government 3862:Tonarigumi 3769:Privy Seal 3764:State Seal 3722:(Hirohito) 3647:Militarism 3602:Censorship 3476:. (1991). 3243:New York: 3171:, p. 159, 3111:0837166438 2661:, p. 211, 2582:0275951022 2537:pp. 24–25 2503:039450030X 2205:039450030X 2034:References 1777:, and the 1595:, and the 1521:Costa Rica 1482:California 1474:Washington 1432:Portuguese 1385:including 1291:, and the 1150:Lebensraum 1139:Lebensraum 810:for fuel, 808:cane sugar 393:militarism 291:, and the 283:" flag of 6405:Manchukuo 6087:relations 6007:Australia 5936:Lithuania 5815:Sri Lanka 5805:Singapore 5785:Palestine 5730:Indonesia 5654:Venezuela 5579:Argentina 5491:relations 5489:Bilateral 5076:Manchukuo 5001:Manchukuo 4994:1931–1945 4927:Mengkiang 4854:Singapore 4820:Hong Kong 4679:Sonnō jōi 4631:Singapore 4616:Hong Kong 4578:Azad Hind 4553:Mengjiang 4548:Manchukuo 4522:Kantō-shū 4464:Surrender 4371:Shōwa era 4356:Truku War 4227:Meiji era 4195:Tokkeitai 4160:Kempeitai 4071:Senjinkun 3988:Daijō-kan 3951:Munitions 3832:Mokusatsu 3622:Education 3015:436157559 2885:, p. 157. 2716:153084986 2638:, p. 204 2150:162713869 2057:. BRILL. 2039:Citations 1931:Kantokuen 1901:Ikki Kita 1847:movement) 1797:movement) 1791:Azad Hind 1756:Mengjiang 1537:Venezuela 1533:Maracaibo 1517:Nicaragua 1501:Guatemala 1383:Australia 1367:pineapple 1323:Marquesas 1159:Wehrbauer 1110:longitude 1061:Carolines 1038:Hong Kong 1026:Caribbean 1006:Mengjiang 969:Manchuria 818:for oil, 779:U.S. Navy 673:Wilsonian 625:Manchukuo 265:Manchukuo 187:Manchukuo 175:pan-Asian 99:Shinjitai 35:Azad Hind 6300:in Japan 5961:Portugal 5906:Holy See 5825:Thailand 5780:Pakistan 5760:Mongolia 5755:Maldives 5750:Malaysia 5705:Cambodia 5629:Paraguay 5609:Colombia 5584:Barbados 5572:Americas 5533:Ethiopia 5523:Djibouti 5518:Botswana 4978:Portugal 4939:Cambodia 4657:Yen bloc 4645:Ideology 4636:Thailand 4505:Karafuto 4498:Colonies 4085:Kamikaze 4028:Military 3931:Treasury 3785:Policies 3776:Kimigayo 3697:Emperors 3664:Politics 3632:Eugenics 3590:Overview 3514:Ithaca: 3441:(2011). 3428:in JSTOR 3402:(1988). 3362:Archived 3333:Oxford: 3320:40985780 3302:Boston: 3261:13064585 3237:(1986). 3100:(1973). 3074:p.62-65. 2978:, p 326 2943:Archived 2675:49704795 2591:31516895 2512:13064585 2342:, p. 62. 2214:13064585 1957:Hirohito 1852:See also 1718:Cambodia 1585:Trinidad 1529:Colombia 1509:Honduras 1387:Tasmania 1363:Big Five 1355:Karafuto 1188:Portugal 1114:Ob River 1057:Marianas 957:Kwantung 767:Japanese 607:forming 269:Japanese 173:, was a 151:Japanese 85:Kyūjitai 31:Thailand 6112:Oceania 6000:Oceania 5986:Ukraine 5916:Ireland 5911:Iceland 5901:Hungary 5891:Germany 5881:Finland 5876:Denmark 5866:Croatia 5861:Belgium 5856:Austria 5851:Albania 5835:Vietnam 5765:Myanmar 5720:Georgia 5685:Bahrain 5675:Armenia 5649:Uruguay 5619:Ecuador 5589:Bolivia 5558:Somalia 5553:Nigeria 5548:Namibia 5508:Algeria 5055:during 4949:Vietnam 4787:during 4783:by the 4218:History 4190:Marines 3827:Kokutai 3732:Symbols 3712:Taishō 3669:Statism 3612:Economy 3351:1551953 2855:3743634 2809:3744878 2617:31 July 2557:, p. 6. 2477:31 July 2393:31 July 2367:31 July 2284:第二次近衛声明 2267:31 July 2241:31 July 2142:2049073 1954:Emperor 1835:Burmese 1638:Andaman 1597:British 1589:British 1557:Jamaica 1541:Ecuador 1466:Alberta 1381:All of 1190:), the 977:Formosa 961:Germany 918:⁄ 857:to the 849:Failure 826:quinine 783:Sukarno 737:Prince 662:English 418:History 273:Chinese 159:Hepburn 29:allies 6170:Sakoku 6097:Africa 6036:Former 5981:Sweden 5971:Serbia 5966:Russia 5956:Poland 5926:Kosovo 5896:Greece 5886:France 5844:Europe 5830:Turkey 5820:Taiwan 5740:Israel 5700:Brunei 5695:Bhutan 5624:Mexico 5599:Canada 5594:Brazil 5513:Angola 5501:Africa 5218: 4934:France 4834:Malaya 4621:Malaya 4596:Borneo 4532:Taiwan 4527:Nan'yō 4517:Chōsen 4510:naichi 3720:Shōwa 3704:Meiji 3679:Kazoku 3627:System 3522: 3500:et al. 3490: 3420: 3393: 3372: 3349: 3341: 3318: 3310: 3286: 3259: 3251: 3224: 3175: 3120:516227 3118: 3108: 3013: 3003: 2982: 2872:(1991) 2853: 2807: 2790:(2003) 2714: 2704: 2673: 2665: 2642: 2589: 2579: 2541: 2510: 2500: 2451: 2447:p 495 2431: 2427:p 471 2326: 2322:p 460 2306: 2212: 2202: 2148: 2140: 2088: 2061: 1963:Others 1889:People 1773:, the 1704:Tonkin 1702:, and 1666:Bengal 1644:, and 1601:French 1565:Mexico 1559:, and 1551:, the 1531:, the 1525:Panama 1486:Oregon 1472:, and 1456:, the 1345:, and 1333:, the 1329:, the 1321:, the 1317:, the 1287:, the 1279:, the 1275:, the 1271:, the 1267:, the 1263:, the 1251:, the 1225:, and 1221:, the 1194:, and 1164:second 1130:Rajkot 973:Chōsen 949:Russia 941:10 sen 863:Ba Maw 859:Allies 821:Derris 804:cotton 800:Taiwan 711:Ba Maw 617:Ba Maw 611:, the 599:under 595:, the 572:, and 550:Ba Maw 534: 529: 526: 523: 518: 287:, the 277:Manchu 275:, and 189:, and 171:GEACPS 155:大東亞共榮圈 105:大東亜共栄圏 91:大東亞共榮圈 43:Taiwan 6330:JPEPA 6325:JETRO 6210:China 6205:Korea 6027:Tonga 6022:Palau 5976:Spain 5941:Malta 5921:Italy 5795:Qatar 5770:Nepal 5725:India 5710:China 5604:Chile 5538:Kenya 5528:Egypt 4922:China 4915:Other 4896:Kiska 4839:Nauru 4825:India 4805:Burma 4601:Burma 4314:Entry 4008:Peers 3872:Senbu 3857:Tokkō 2851:JSTOR 2805:JSTOR 2712:S2CID 2471:(PDF) 2231:(PDF) 2146:S2CID 2138:JSTOR 1696:Annam 1662:Assam 1573:Chile 1571:, or 1549:Haiti 1408:North 1347:Tonga 1215:Nauru 1134:India 1118:Khost 1096:Italy 830:abacá 816:copra 798:from 796:sugar 650:Tokyo 635:大東亞會議 449:steel 357:東亜新秩序 285:China 191:China 39:Korea 6315:JOCV 6310:JICA 6012:Fiji 5745:Laos 5735:Iran 5663:Asia 5634:Peru 5614:Cuba 4944:Laos 4891:Guam 4886:Attu 3926:Navy 3921:Army 3520:ISBN 3488:ISBN 3418:ISBN 3391:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3347:OCLC 3339:ISBN 3316:OCLC 3308:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3257:OCLC 3249:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3116:OCLC 3106:ISBN 3011:OCLC 3001:ISBN 2980:ISBN 2702:ISBN 2671:OCLC 2663:ISBN 2640:ISBN 2619:2021 2587:OCLC 2577:ISBN 2539:ISBN 2508:OCLC 2498:ISBN 2479:2021 2449:ISBN 2429:ISBN 2395:2021 2369:2021 2324:ISBN 2304:ISBN 2269:2021 2243:2021 2210:OCLC 2200:ISBN 2086:ISBN 2059:ISBN 1720:and 1700:Laos 1599:and 1591:and 1577:Peru 1569:Peru 1545:Cuba 1484:and 1452:The 1410:and 1337:and 1335:Cook 1325:and 1211:Guam 1043:The 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