227:(10th-13th centuries CE), the technology of water-rising devices was improved. For some centuries they had been used for moving water for drainage or irrigation purposes. The simplest design, known as the counterbalanced bucket or 'swape' or 'well-sweep' was in common use at that time. A more complicated design, the 'square-pallet chain pump', was introduced several centuries before the growth in Song technology, but had not seen prior use for farming. They became more common around the end of the first millennium AD.
120:
27:
in which several circular discs are positioned on an endless chain. One part of the chain dips into the water, and the chain runs through a tube, slightly bigger than the diameter of the discs. As the chain is drawn up the tube, water becomes trapped between the discs and is lifted to and discharged
249:
The contribution of chain pumps to agricultural growth during the Song was extolled by poets such as Li
Chuquan (李处权) of the twelfth century. The Song government actively spread the technology, introducing pumping equipment and chain pumps to those areas as yet unfamiliar with the technique.
154:(A.D. 27–97) around A.D. 80. Unlike those found in the West, chain pumps in China resembled the square-pallet type instead of the pear-shaped bucket. Illustrations of such Chinese chain pumps show them drawing water up a slanted channel. These were sometimes powered by
71:, sometimes with pots, or scoops fixed to the chain, which, as they passed over the top pulley, tipped the water out; a 2nd century example is preserved in London.
111:(1556). Chain pumps were commonly used on naval vessels of the time to pump the bilges, and examples are known in the nineteenth century for low-lift irrigation.
169:
From the 1st century onwards, chain pumps were widespread throughout the
Chinese countryside. Chinese square-pallet chain pumps were used mostly for
234:(acquired from the Middle East) to power square-pallet chain pumps. Yet there were other types of chain pumps besides the square-pallet design. In
162:
acting against a vertical wheel, and others by a horizontal mechanical wheel acting upon a vertical wheel that was pulled by the labor of
184:(d. A.D. 189) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan (畢嵐) to construct a series of square-pallet chain pumps outside the capital city
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chain pump, powered by waterwheels and leading water up from the river to an elevated plain of agricultural crops.
332:"The technology of the 1st – and 2nd – century roman bucket chains from London: from excavation to reconstruction"
607:
Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
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text from about 700 B.C. They were commonly powered by humans or animals. The device then appeared in
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Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 2, Agriculture
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Song, Yingxing, translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou-Chuan Sun (1966).
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Aquam in altum exprimere : Les machines élévatrices d’eau dans l’Antiquité
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mentioned them around 30 B.C. Fragments of the cogs, crank, and discs, of a
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Blair, Ian; Spain, Robert; Taylor, Tony (2019-04-08), Bouet, Alain (ed.),
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era, also constructed a series of chain pumps for watering the palatial
196:; the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a pipe system.
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147:. One of the earliest accounts was a description by the Han Dynasty
403:. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph. pp. 43–44.
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from at least the 1st century A.D. In China, they were also called
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T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese
Technology in the Seventeenth Century
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166:. There were also square-pallet chain pumps operated by pedals.
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338:, Scripta Antiqua, Pessac: Ausonius Éditions, pp. 85–114,
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at the top. Chain pumps were used for centuries in the ancient
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wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.; the historian
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Maritime
Archaeology and AncientTrade in the Mediterranean
623:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
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From the 13th century onwards, the
Chinese also used
242:(1637), there is description and illustration of a
94:Chain pumps were used in European mines during the
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127:-powered chain pump from the Chinese encyclopedia
628:
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48:The earliest evidence for this device is in a
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318:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
158:of a rushing current against a horizontal
316:(1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed,
56:from about 200 B.C., featuring a pair of
177:as well. The infamous Eastern Han court
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63:A version of the chain pump was used in
550:
471:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 340–341.
453:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, pp. 342–343.
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139:Chain pumps were also used in ancient
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510:
238:'s (1587–1666) encyclopedic book the
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435:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 89, 110.
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547:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 558.
480:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 110.
462:Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, p. 500.
444:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 344.
413:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 109.
14:
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501:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 40.
492:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 33.
302:Science and Civilisation in China
188:. These chain pumps serviced the
570:The Patterns of the Chinese Past
515:The Patterns of the Chinese Past
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1:
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365:"The chained pump of Philon (
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642:Ancient Egyptian technology
609:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
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192:and living quarters of the
173:, though they found use in
44:In the Near East and Europe
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616:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
576:Stanford University Press
521:Stanford University Press
647:Ancient Roman technology
612:Needham, Joseph (1986).
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105:illustrated them in his
605:Needham, Joseph (1986).
320:, Vol. 3, pp. 751–795 .
426:, <page needed>.
221:agricultural expansion
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314:Donald Routledge Hill
219:During the period of
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83:, from a 1st Century
566:Elvin, Mark (1973).
511:Elvin, Mark (1973).
304:4(2) (1965), p. 352.
87:, were unearthed at
214:Emperor Ming of Wei
202:mechanical engineer
131:(1637), written by
23:is type of a water
652:Chinese inventions
397:Robinson, Damian.
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73:Philo of Byzantium
16:Type of water pump
345:978-2-35613-295-6
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145:dragon backbones
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381:. Retrieved
377:the original
373:kotsanas.com
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349:, retrieved
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260:Airlift pump
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175:public works
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100:mineralogist
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18:
265:Chain drive
216:(226–239).
160:water wheel
149:philosopher
96:Renaissance
85:Roman barge
30:Middle East
662:Hydraulics
631:Categories
600:References
578:. p.
523:. p.
383:2021-11-03
351:2021-11-03
225:Song China
182:Zhang Rang
171:irrigation
156:hydraulics
152:Wang Chong
81:Bilge pump
50:Babylonian
21:chain pump
556:Song, 15.
270:Rope pump
232:windmills
125:hydraulic
89:Lake Nemi
77:Vitruvius
60:-wheels.
254:See also
244:cylinder
367:mangani
210:gardens
204:of the
194:Luoyang
190:palaces
186:Luoyang
586:
531:
342:
198:Ma Jun
179:eunuch
36:, and
34:Europe
637:Pumps
286:Notes
275:Sakia
141:China
115:China
69:Roman
38:China
584:ISBN
529:ISBN
340:ISBN
164:oxen
67:and
58:gear
25:pump
19:The
580:126
525:127
223:in
212:of
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582:.
574:.
527:.
519:.
485:^
371:.
369:)"
334:,
300:,
98:;
91:.
40:.
32:,
592:.
537:.
386:.
135:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
