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punched card ballots where incompletely punched holes resulted in partially punched chads: either a "hanging chad", where one or more corners were still attached, or a "fat chad" or "pregnant chad", where all corners were still attached, but an indentation appears to have been made. These votes were
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When a chad is not fully detached, it is described by various terms corresponding to the level of modification from the unpunched state. The distinctions are of importance in counting cards used in voting. The following terms are sometimes used when describing a four-cornered chad:
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tape is prepared by feeding blank tape through a device which will not punch a complete circle in the tape but, instead, will only cut approximately three-quarters of the circumference of a circle ... thereby leaving a movable, or hinged, lid of paper in the tape."
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Dimpled chads are attached to the ballot at all four corners, but bear an indentation indicating the voter may have intended to mark the ballot. (Sometimes "pregnant" is used to indicate a greater mark than
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The origin of the term chad is uncertain. Patent documents from the 1930s and 1940s show the word "chad", often in reference to punched tape used in
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153:, meaning "without chad". Clear definitions for both terms are offered by Walter Bacon in a patent application filed in 1940 assigned to
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157:: "... In making these perforations, the perforator cuts small round pieces of paper, known in the art as
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134:... to receive the chips cut from the edge of the tape." A 1938 patent filing included a "chaff or
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for "Card Hole
Aggregate Debris". Other etymologies claim derivation from the
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264:) caused the rapid discontinuance of punch card ballots in the United States.
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179:, two unattributed and likely humorous derivations for "chad" are offered, a
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are made in a paper, card or similar synthetic materials, such as computer
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not counted by the tabulating machines. The aftermath of the controversy (
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Votomatic voting machines of the type used in the 2000 election in
Florida
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475:"'Hanging chads' often viewed by courts as sign of voter intent"
138:" to collect the waste fragments. Both patents were assigned to
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Hanging chads are attached to the ballot at only one corner.
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2000 United States presidential election recount in
Florida
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Swinging chads are attached to the ballot at two corners.
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Tri-chads are attached to the ballot at three corners.
128:". A patent filing in 1930 included a "receptacle or
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Left over paper fragments made from cutting into paper
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445:"How we got here: A timeline of the Florida recount"
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2000 United States presidential election controversy
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2000 United States presidential election in
Florida
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2000 United States presidential election in
Florida
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500:"Voting Equipment Database – ES&S Votomatic"
393:, filed Feb. 20, 1940, issued June 24, 1941.
380:, filed July 18, 1938, issued Sept. 3, 1940.
367:, filed Oct. 16, 1930, issued Oct. 25, 1932.
341:. Verified Voting Foundation. Archived from
88:refers to fragments sometimes created when
376:Albert H. Reiber, Telegraph Transmitter,
100:. The word "chad" has been used both as a
422:. Florida Ballots Project. Archived from
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78:Asymmetrical chad produced by a railroad
578:2000 United States presidential election
149:is attested from about 1939, along with
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18:
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183:from a personal name "Chadless" and an
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473:Jackson, Brooks (November 16, 2000).
286:, recycling chad for celebratory use.
543:Macmillan English Dictionary on chad
451:. December 13, 2000. Archived from
420:"Methodology : Coding Process"
13:
108:(pluralizing as in "many chads").
104:(as in "a pile of chad") and as a
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363:Howard L. Krum, Coupon Printer,
67:Pouring chads from a jar at the
53:The chip (chad) receiver from a
27:. Each chad is about 3 mm (
389:Walter M. Bacon, Tape Splicer,
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409:, Third Ed., 1996; page 108.
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407:The New Hacker's Dictionary
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155:Bell Telephone Laboratories
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161:, out of the tape. These
526:Snopes – Origin of 'Chad'
251:of the state's counties
191:name for river gravel,
176:New Hacker's Dictionary
69:Computer History Museum
211:Partially punched chad
165:are objectionable ...
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60:
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477:. CNN. Archived from
391:U.S. Patent 2,246,655
378:U.S. Patent 2,213,475
365:U.S. Patent 1,884,755
279:Chinese paper cutting
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140:Teletype Corporation
583:Election technology
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548:Jargon file entry
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553:Papercutting Art
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531:Word Detective
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181:back-formation
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106:countable noun
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25:punched cards
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568:Punched card
507:. Retrieved
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479:the original
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457:. Retrieved
453:the original
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428:. Retrieved
424:the original
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347:. Retrieved
343:the original
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306:Punched card
296:Papel picado
261:Bush v. Gore
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94:punched tape
85:
84:
80:ticket punch
339:"Votamatic"
319:Teleprinter
292:—Card punch
230:"dimpled".)
145:The plural
23:Chads from
562:Categories
509:2022-11-15
485:2009-05-23
459:2009-05-23
430:2009-05-23
326:References
301:Paper tape
274:Bit bucket
239:See also:
199:slang for
136:chad chute
118:telegraphy
321:—Teletype
195:, or the
112:Etymology
102:mass noun
58:key punch
537:BBC News
405:, Chad,
290:Keypunch
284:Confetti
268:See also
189:Scottish
167:Chadless
151:chadless
131:chad box
593:Ballots
539:on chad
533:on chad
312:Recount
249:, many
245:In the
197:British
185:acronym
173:In the
124:" and "
32:⁄
349:30 May
314:(film)
55:UNIVAC
253:used
201:louse
163:chads
159:chads
147:chads
126:chips
122:chaff
90:holes
351:2015
205:chat
193:chad
86:Chad
449:CNN
96:or
564::
502:.
447:.
207:.
203:,
142:.
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34:8
30:1
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