957:, i.e. offered as an act of worship (latria) to God. (3) They are, in virtue of their benediction by the Church, sacramental id, i.e. efficacious for the good of men's souls and bodies, and for the confusion of the powers of darkness. With one or more of these implications, they are employed in all the public functions of the Church. At the consecration of a church twelve lights are placed around the walls at the twelve spots. Dedication where these are anointed by the bishop with holy oil, of a and on every anniversary these are relighted; at the church, dedication of an altar tapers are lighted and censed at each place where the table is anointed (Pontificale Rom. p. ii. De ecci. dedicat. seu consecrat.).
986:, and two at private masses. At a Pontifical High Mass (i.e. when the bishop celebrates) the lights are seven, because seven golden candlesticks surround the risen Saviour, the chief bishop of the Church (see Rev. i. 12). At most pontifical functions, moreover, the bishop as the representative of Christ is preceded by an acolyte with a burning candle (bugia) on a candlestick. The Ceremoniale Episcoporum (i. 12) further orders that a burning lamp is to hang at all times before each altar, three in front of the high altar, and five before the reserved Sacrament, as symbols of the eternal Presence. In practice, however, it is usual to have only one
629:
1188:'s Prayer-book again made them obligatory. The question of how far this did so is a much-disputed one and is connected with the whole problem of the meaning and scope of the rubric. Uncertainty reigns with regard to the actual usage of the Church of England from the Reformation onwards. Lighted candles certainly continued to burn in Queen Elizabeth's chapel, to the scandal of Protestant zealots. They also seem to have been retained in certain cathedral and collegiate churches. There is, however, no mention of ceremonial candles in the detailed account of the services of the Church of England given by
594:
1136:
22:
605:
859:
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ordination and novices about to take the vows carry lights. when they come before the bishop; and the same idea 17, CEo. underlies the custom of carrying lights at weddings, at the first communion, and by priests going to their first mass, though none of these are liturgically prescribed. Finally, lights are placed around the bodies of the dead and carried beside them to the grave, partly as symbols that they still live in the light of Christ, partly to frighten away the powers of darkness.
312:, and Prudentius, in his hymn on the 2nd and martyrdom of St Lawrence, says that in the time of St Laurentius, i.e. the middle of the 3rd century, candles stood in the churches of Rome on golden candelabra. The gift, mentioned by Anastasius, made by Constantine to the Vatican basilica, of a pharum of gold, garnished with 500 dolphins each holding a lamp, to burn before St Peters tomb, points also to a custom well established before Christianity became the state religion.
87:
1805:
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1042:. This is the symbol of the risen and victorious Christ, and burns at every solemn service until Ascension Day, when it is extinguished and removed after the reading of the Gospel at High Mass. This, of course, symbolizes the Ascension; but meanwhile the other lamps in the church have received their light from the Paschal Candle, and so symbolize throughout the year the continued presence of the light of Christ.
79:
1016:
diem
Purificationis B. Mariae Virg. the virtue of the consecrated candles in discomfiting demons is specially brought out: that in whatever places they may be lighted, or placed, the princes of darkness may depart, and tremble, and may fly terror-stricken with all their ministers from those habitations, nor presume further to disquiet and molest those who serve thee, Almighty God (Rituale Rom.)
304:(305), which was contemporary with him, forbade candles to be lighted in cemeteries during the daytime, which points to an established custom as well as to an objection to it; and in the Roman catacombs lamps have been found of the 2nd and 3rd centuries which seem to have been ceremonial or symbolical. Again, according to the Acts of St Cyprian (died 258), his body was borne to the grave
374:, this seems to point to the fact that the ritual use of lights in the church services, so far as already established, arose from the same conservative habit as determined the development of liturgical vestments, i.e. the lights which had been necessary at the nocturnal meetings were retained, after the hours of service had been altered, and invested with a symbolical meaning.
176:
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differ from liturgical lights in that, whereas these must be tapers of pure beeswax or lamps fed with pure olive oil (except by special dispensation under
Certain circumstances), those used merely to add splendour to the celebration may be of any material; the only exception being, that in the decoration of the altar, gas-lights are forbidden.
850:, it is customary to try to preserve the flame from the service of the 12 Passion Gospels and bring it home to bless their house: there is a custom of using the flame from this candle to mark a cross on the lintel of one's doorway before entering after the service, and of then using the flame to re-kindle the lamp in the icon corner.
953:, the use of ceremonial lights falls under three heads. (1) They may be symbolical of the light of Gods presence, of Christ as Light Roman of Light, or of the children of Light in conflict with Catholic the powers of darkness; they may even be no more than expressions of joy on the occasion of great festivals. (2) They may be
1386:
and flowers, candles (or some other type of light source, such as butter lamps) are placed before
Buddhist shrines or images of the Buddha as a show of respect. They may also be accompanied by offerings of food and drink. The light of the candles is described as representing the light of the Buddha's
1230:
of the 19th century that their use was widely extended in parish churches. The growing custom met with some opposition; the law was appealed to, and in 1872 the Privy
Council declared altar lights to be illegal (Martin v. Mackonochie). This judgment, founded as was afterwards admitted on insufficient
1103:(Pontificale Rom. pars iii.). Regino, abbot of Prum, describes the ceremony as it was carried out in his day, when its terrors were yet unabated (De eccles. disciplina, Excom ii. 409). Twelve priests should stand about the bishop, holding in their hands lighted torches, which at the conclusion of the
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consist of five parts: the foot, stem, knob in the centre, bowl to catch the drippings, and pricket (a sharp point on which the candle is fixed). It is permissible to use a long tube, pointed to imitate a candle, in which a small taper is forced to the top by a spring (Cong. Rit., tIth May I&78).
1006:
Eve the new fire, symbol of the light of the newly risen Christ, is produced, and from this are kindled all the lights used throughout the
Christian year until, in the gathering darkness (tenebrae) of the Passion, they are gradually extinguished. This quenching of the light of the world is symbolized
998:
As symbols of light and joy, a candle is held on each side of the deacon when reading the Gospel at Mass; and the same symbolism underlies the multiplication of lights on festivals, their number varying with the importance of the occasion. As to the number of these latter no rule is laid down. They
277:
There is no evidence of any ceremonial use of lights in
Christian worship during its first two centuries. It is recorded, indeed, that on the occasion of St. Paul's preaching at Alexandria in Troas there were many lights in the upper chamber; but this was at night. And the most that can be hazarded
238:
The pagan custom of burying lamps with the dead was to provide the dead with the means of obtaining light in the next world; the lamps were for the most part unlighted. It was of
Asiatic origin, traces of it having been observed in Phoenicia and in the Punic colonies, but not in Egypt or Greece. In
1570:
a liturgical candle must be made of at least 51% beeswax, the remainder may be paraffin or some other substance. In the
Orthodox Church, the tapers offered should be 100% beeswax, unless poverty makes this impossible. The stumps from burned candles can be saved and melted down to make new candles.
1257:
The custom of placing lighted candles around the bodies of the dead, especially when lying in state, has never wholly died out in the
Anglican communion. In the 18th century, moreover, it was still customary in England to accompany a funeral with lighted tapers. A contemporary illustration shows a
229:
lamps were lighted by day. In the ordinary temples were candelabra, e.g. that in the temple of Apollo
Palatinus at Rome, originally taken by Alexander from Thebes, which was in the form of a tree from the branches of which lights hung like fruit. The lamps in the pagan temples were not symbolical,
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are sung, and at the end of each a candle is extinguished. When only the central one is left it is taken down and carried behind the altar, thus symbolizing the nocturnal darkness, so our hearts are illumined by invisible fire, &c. (Missale Rom.). In the form for the blessing of candles extra
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in which the Host is reserved. The special symbol of the real presence of Christ is the Sanctus candle, which is lighted at the moment of consecration and kept burning until the communion. The same symbolism is intended by the lighted tapers which must accompany the Host whenever it is carried in
315:
Whatever previous custom may have been and for the earliest ages it is difficult to determine absolutely because the Christians held their services at night. By the close of the 4th century the ceremonial use of lights had become firmly and universally established in the Church. This is clear, to
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as rebirth as children of Light. Lighted tapers are also placed in the hands of the newly baptized, or of their god-parents, with the admonition to preserve their baptism inviolate, so that they may go to meet the Lord when he comes to the wedding. Thus, too, as children of Light, candidates for
492:
To trace the gradual elaboration of the symbolism and use of ceremonial lights in the Church, until its full development and systematization in the Middle Ages, would be impossible here. It must suffice to note a few stages in development of the process. The burning of lights before the tombs of
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they were retained, and in Evangelical Germany have even survived most of the other medieval rites and ceremonies (e.g. the use of vestments) which were not abolished at the Reformation itself. The custom of placing lighted candles around the bodies of the dead is still practised by Lutherans.
351:
There can be no harm if ignorant and simple people or religious women, light candles in honor of the martyrs. We are not born, but reborn, Christians, and that which when done for idols was detestable is acceptable when done for the martyrs. As in the case of the woman with the precious box of
585:. This canon states that candles and lamps are not blessed in some churches, and that inquiries have been made why we do it. In reply, the council decides that it should be done to celebrate the mystery of Christ's resurrection. See Isidore of Seville, Conc., in Migne, Pat, tat. lxxxiv. 369.
517:, pointed out the threefold elements of a wax candle (Opusc. ix. and x.), each of which would make it an offering acceptable to God; the rush-wick is the product of pure water, the wax is the offspring of virgin, bees in the flame is sent from heaven.12 Clearly, wax was a symbol of the
278:
is that a specially large number were lighted as a festive illumination, as in modern Church festivals. As to a purely ceremonial use, such early evidence as exists is all the other way. A single sentence of Tertullian sufficiently illuminates Christian practice during the 2nd century.
167:), and before it stood the candlestick with six branches, on each of which and on the central stem was a lamp eternally burning; while in the forecourt was an altar on which the sacred fire was never allowed to go out. Similarly the Jewish synagogues have each their eternal lamp.
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At every liturgical service, and especially at Mass and at choir services, there must be at least two lighted tapers on the altar, as symbols of the presence at Mass of God and tributes of adoration. For the Mass the rule is that there are six lights at High Mass, four at missa
1242:, in whose court the case was heard (1889), decided that the mere presence of two candles on the table, burning during the service but lit before it began, was lawful under the first Prayer-Book of Edward VI. and had never been made unlawful. On the case being appealed to the
1638:, are used in church services in the Sundays leading up to Christmas. In households in some Western European countries, a single candle marked with the days of December is gradually burned down, day by day, to mark the passing of the days of Advent; this is called an
905:, the priest will hold a special paschal candle—in the Greek tradition a single candle, in the Slavic tradition a triple candlestick—at the beginning of the service, whenever he senses, and at other special moments during the service. In the Slavic tradition, the
745:
for everyone to stand holding lit candles. Often everyone will either extinguish their candles or put them in a candle stand at a certain point near the end of the memorial service to indicate that at some point, everyone will have to surrender their soul to God.
411:. This symbolism was not pagan, i.e. the lamps were not placed in the graves as part of the furniture of the dead; in the Catacombs they are found only in the niches of the galleries and the arcosolia, nor can they have been votive in the sense popularized later.
461:
about 492. As to the question of altar lights, however, it must be borne in mind that these were not placed upon the altar, or on a retable behind it, until the 12th century. These were originally the candles carried by the deacons, according to the
1785:
is used to hold candles in these celebrations. It holds seven candles; three red candles to represent African American struggles, one black candle to represent the African American people and three green candles to represent African American hopes.
345:). Jerome, the most influential theologian of the day, took up the cudgels against Vigilantius, who, in spite of his fatherly admonition, had dared again to open his foul mouth and send forth a filthy stink against the relics of the holy martyrs.
336:
a rite peculiar to the pagans introduced into the churches on pretext of religion, and, while the sun is still shining, a mass of wax tapers lighted. ... A great honor to the blessed martyrs, whom they think to illustrate with contemptible little
1238:, one of the counts of the indictment being that the bishop had, during the celebration of Holy Communion, allowed two candles to be alight on a shelf or retable behind the communion table when they were not necessary for giving light. The
505:(787), which restored the use of images. A later development, however, by which certain lights themselves came to be regarded as objects of worship and to have other lights burned before them, was condemned as idolatrous by the
1274:. Candles and lamps were only used to provide necessary illumination. Since the nineteenth century, many churches in the Reformed tradition, especially in the United States, commonly use two or more candles on the
300:. This is primarily an attack on votive lights, and does not necessarily exclude their ceremonial use in other ways. There is, indeed, evidence that they were so used before Lactantius wrote. The 34th canon of the
886:, all of the candles and lamps in the temple are extinguished, with the exception of the sanctuary lamp behind the iconostasis, and all wait in silence and darkness. (In Orthodox churches, when possible, the
472:
to this day, there are no lights on the high altar; the lighted candles stand on a small altar beside it, and at various parts of the service are carried by the lectors or acolytes before the officiating
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knowledge, produced no effect. In the absence of any authoritative negative pronouncement, churches returned to practically the whole ceremonial use of lights as practised in the Roman Catholic Church.
205:, too, had their sacred fire and their ceremonial lights. In Greece the Lampadedromia or Lampadephoria (torch-race) had its origin in Greek ceremonies, connected with the relighting of the sacred fire.
1793:
rituals black candles are the only light source, except for one white candle on the altar. The dim lighting is used to create an air of mystique and the color of the candles has symbolic meaning.
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and other churches. This is referred to as "offering a candle", because the candle is a symbol of the worshiper offering himself or herself to God (and proceeds from the sale of the candle are
1219:
The use of ceremonial lights was among the indictments in the impeachment of Laud and other bishops by the House of Commons, but these were not based on the Act of Uniformity. From the
258:
In Christianity, from the very first, fire and light are conceived as symbols, if not as visible manifestations, of the divine nature and the divine presence. Christ is the true Light,
1002:
In general, the ceremonial use of lights in the Roman Catholic Church is conceived as a dramatic representation in fire of the life of Christ and of the whole scheme of salvation. On
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or excommunication they should cast down and trample under foot. When the excommunication is removed, the symbol of reconciliation is the handing to the penitent of a burning taper.
1519:
by the faithful which go to help the church). Among the Eastern Orthodox, there are times when the entire congregation stands holding lit tapers, such as during the reading of the
525:, in his Rationale, interprets the wax as the body of Christ, the wick as his soul, the flame as his divine nature; and the consuming candle as symbolizing his passion and death.
272:
while the glorified Christ is represented as standing in the midst of seven candlesticks ... his head and hairs white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes as a flame of fire
481:. The crowd of lights described by Paulinus as crowning the altar were either grouped round it or suspended in front of it; they are represented by the sanctuary lamps of the
1820:
554:
is, however, alone used. Nor does the text imply that he gave to the suburbicarian churches a privilege hitherto exercised by the metropolitan church. The passage runs:
1317:, or clay lamp, is frequently used in Hindu celebrations and forms an integral part of many social rites. It is a strong symbol of enlightenment, hope, and prosperity.
2015:
All the stories associated with Deepavali, however, speak of the joy connected with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil.
890:
arrives from the Holy Sepulchre during Holy Saturday afternoon and it is used to light anew the flame in the sanctuary lamp.) At the stroke of midnight, the priest
2045:
Light, in the form of candles and lamps, is a crucial part of Diwali, representing the triumph of light over darkness, goodness over evil and hope for the future.
898:. Then, all the clergy and the people exit the church and go in procession three times around it holding lighted candles and singing a hymn of the resurrection.
497:
led naturally to their being burned also before relics and lastly before images and pictures. This latter practice, hotly denounced as idolatry during the
354:
As for lights in the churches, he adds that in all the churches of the East, whenever the gospel is to be read, lights are lit, though the sun be rising (
1847:
786:, the clergy, and sometimes all of the faithful, will stand holding candles for certain solemn moments during the service. This is especially so during
703:. In some places this takes the form of a pair of white candles, in others, it may be a pair of five-branch candlesticks. There is also traditionally a
1011:
in Holy Week by the placing on a stand before the altar of thirteen lighted tapers arranged pyramidally, the rest of the church being in darkness. The
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around the Holy Table, and lights his candle from the sanctuary lamp. Then the Holy Doors are opened and all the people light their candles from the
506:
1208:
and others for setting up superstitious ceremonies in the cathedral contrary to the Act of Uniformity. The indictments were dismissed in 1628 by
759:
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funeral cortege preceded and accompanied by boys, each carrying four lighted candles in a branched candlestick. The usage in this respect in
127:
is used as an object of worship in many religions. Fire-worship still has its place in at least two of the great religions of the world. The
577:
for the usage in the West. That even in the 7th century the blessing of candles was by no means universal is proved by the 9th canon of the
298:
as though to one who is in darkness. Can he be thought sane who offers the light of lamps and candles to the Author and Giver of all light?
154:
meaning "row or series of lights") symbolizes the spiritual "victory of light over darkness, good over evil, and knowledge over ignorance".
1842:
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for the East. Their use at funerals is illustrated by Eusebius's description of the burial of Constantine, and Jerome's account of that of
2686:
2415:
1829:
867:
457:, known as Candlemas, because on this day the candles for the whole year are blessed, was established according to some authorities by
1902:
in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg-i.-B.,1882–1901), an exposition of the symbolism from the Catholic point of view, also
468:(i. 8; ii. 5; iii. 7) seven in number, which were set down, either on the steps of the altar, or, later, behind it. In certain of the
225:
and lamps formed part of the cult of the domestic tutelary deities; on all festivals doors were garlanded and lamps lighted. In the
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directed two lights to be placed on the altar. This direction was omitted in the second Prayer-book; but the Ornaments Rubric of
274:. Christians are children of Light at perpetual war with the powers of darkness. Light represents the purifying presence of god.
1310:
or candles are lit at dawn, in some houses they are lit at both dawn and dusk, and in a few, lamps are maintained continuously.
264:
when the Holy Ghost descended upon the apostles, there appeared unto them cloven tongues of fire, and it sat upon each of them
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2061:
2038:
2008:
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699:(altar). In addition, in the Eastern Orthodox Church there must be candles on the Holy Table during the celebration of the
509:
in 1344. The passion for symbolism extracted ever new meanings out of the candles and their use. Early in the 6th century
2431:
260:
and at his transfiguration the fashion Christian of his countenance was altered, and his raiment was white and glistering
2509:
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onwards the use of ceremonial lights, though far from universal, was usual again in cathedrals and collegiate churches.
2743:
1556:
1193:
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As a result of the Reformation, the use of ceremonial lights was either greatly modified, or totally abolished in the
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also carries a special paschal candle which he holds at the beginning, whenever he senses, and whenever he chants an
65:
43:
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36:
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292:). Lactantius, writing early in the 4th century, is even more sarcastic in his references to the heathen practice.
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in candle stands in front of important icons. The faithful offer candles as they pray for both the living and the
1084:
2487:
370:
Cereos autem non clara luce accendimus, sicut frustra calumniaris: sed ut noctis tenebras hoc solatio temperemus
1286:
has gained near universal acceptance, even in churches traditionally hostile to ceremonial lights, such as the
1915:
Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays Festivals Solemn Observances and Spiritual Commemorations
1034:
On Easter Eve new fire is made with a flint and steel, and blessed; from this three candles are lighted, the
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is an important moment in the service when all of the lamps and candles in the church should be illuminated.
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in 417 ordered these to be blessed, and the Gallican and Mozarabic rituals also provided for this ceremony.
763:
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613:
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kindles a flame in the sanctuary which traditionally should burn perpetually from that time forward. This
557:
Hic constituit ut diaconi leva tecta haberent de palleis linostimis per parrochias et ut cera benedicatur
2857:
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celebration. On Saturday night, a special candle with several wicks and usually braided is lit for the
676:
1877:
1189:
922:
641:
402:
221:, in the market-place of Pharae in Achaea, before which lamps were lighted. Among the Romans lighted
1239:
1088:
628:
498:
378:
30:
1539:, etc. There are also special candles that are used by Orthodox clergy. A bishop will bless using
1159:. Flowers and lighted candles are placed by relatives on the graves of their deceased loved ones.
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service, the Paschal Candle is placed, burning, near the coffin, as a reminder of the deceased's
847:
799:
637:
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Traditional diyas have now evolved into a form wherein waxes are used as replacements for oils.
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but votive offerings to the gods. Torches and lamps were also carried in religious processions.
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may descend into it and make it an effective instrument of regeneration. This is the symbol of
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206:
47:
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churches is a revival of pre-Reformation ceremonial as is found in the Roman Catholic Church.
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2028:
1998:
1585:
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775:
510:
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we do not shade our door-posts with laurels nor encroach upon the day-light with lamp laurels
253:
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394:
8:
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lighting their candles from the new flame which the priest has retrieved from the altar (
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604:
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446:
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2542:
2515:
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2437:
2291:
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2057:
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2004:
1918:
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celebrates the divine services, he will bless with a pair of candlesticks known as
704:
597:
540:. In the three variants of the notice of Zosimus given in Duchesnes edition of the
522:
469:
349:
In his treatise contra Vigilantium he answers the question with much common sense.
106:
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teachings, echoing the metaphor of light used in various Buddhist scriptures. See
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Cum alii Pontifices lampads cereosque proferrent, alii choras psallentium ducerent
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ointment, it is not the gift that merits reward, but the faith that inspires it.
2289:
Lib. i. Tract. xiv. 4, in Migne, xi. 358. i In sanct. Pasch. c. 2; Migne,
1895:(pp. 834 seq ) in Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopedie (3rd ed., Leipzig. 1901)
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both for decoration and ambiance, and as a symbol that represents the light of
1445:
1367:
1259:
1192:(Description of England, 1570). They seem never to have been illegal under the
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1080:
1055:
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803:
700:
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645:
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390:
366:). Taken in connection with a statement which almost immediately precedes this
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will be accentuated by the lighting or extinguishing of lamps or candles. The
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1956:
1833:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 675–678.
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In many Western churches, a group of candles arranged in a ring, known as an
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on or behind the Holy Table, recalling the one mandated in the Old Testament
667:. This flame is often taken by the faithful to locations all over the world.
664:
360:), not in order to disperse the darkness, but as a visible sign of gladness (
268:
at the conversion of St Paul there shined round him a great light from heaven
1691:, also known as the Festival of Lights, is celebrated by lighting a special
1516:
1480:
is often placed on the altar, usually in pairs. Candles are also carried in
1196:. The use of wax lights and tapers formed one of the indictments brought by
758:
must always be accompanied by lighted candles, as a sign that Christ is the
566:" here obviously refers to the headgear of the deacons, not to the candles.
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Around the temple, there are a number of oil lamps burning in front of the
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and the holy humanity of Christ. The later Middle Ages developed the idea.
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464:
450:
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Already they were used at most of the conspicuous functions of the Church.
330:, still occupied the position of Tertullian and Lactantius in this matter.
226:
202:
128:
1555:. The priest will also bless the faithful with a single candle during the
1328:
In its traditional and simplest form, the diya is made from baked clay or
1212:, chief justice of Chester and a judge of the Kings Bench, and in 1629 by
139:
worship it as divine and omniscient. One of the most popular festivals of
86:
2262:
Hier. Ep. cix. al. 53 ad Ripuarium Presbyt., in Migne, Patr. Lat. p. 906.
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ritual marking the end of the Sabbath and the beginning of the new week.
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1140:
902:
843:
755:
723:
680:
405:, which decrees that the acolyte is to hand to the newly ordained deacon
398:
347:
If candles are lit before their tombs, are these the ensigns of idolatry?
323:
210:
132:
114:
82:
Religious services often make use of a combination of light and darkness.
1940:
Geschichte und Bedeutung der Wachslichter bei den kirchlichen Funktionen
1399:
for examples of Buddhist festivals that makes extensive use of candles.
1371:
Giant sculpture of a candle, similar smaller candles are paraded in the
965:
389:. For their use at baptisms we have, among much other evidence, that of
1747:
1692:
1624:
1560:
1536:
1481:
1438:
1355:, the festival of light, as well as being lit everyday by followers of
1329:
1205:
1128:
1059:
987:
837:
771:
708:
696:
179:
2654:
2280:
Poem. De S. Felice natal itium, xiv. ~, in Migne, Patr. Lat. lxi. 467.
239:
Europe it was confined to the countries under the domination of Rome.
1708:
1616:
holds a large candle during all of the services at which they serve.
1307:
1271:
1054:
of the baptismal water the burning Paschal Candle is dipped into the
930:
887:
814:
787:
783:
742:
660:
652:
621:
617:
454:
401:. At ordinations they were used, as is shown by the 6th canon of the
327:
317:
289:
die lacto non laurels pastes obumbramus nec lucernis diem infringimus
214:
2718:
The Complete how to Handbook for Jewish Living: Three Volumes in One
2661:
The Complete how to Handbook for Jewish Living: Three Volumes in One
970:
213:
which burned night and day in the sanctuary of Athena Polias on the
2313:
1790:
1758:
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1688:
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1008:
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182:
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90:
1996:
1810:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1716:. The candle burns for 24 hours. A memorial candle is also lit on
1246:, this particular indictment was dismissed on the ground that the
1234:
The matter was again raised in the case of Read and others v. the
485:
and by the crown of lights suspended in front of the altar in the
423:
Continuum scyphus est argenteus aptus ad usum. Sal, ignis et oleum
1774:
1762:
1743:
1728:
1671:
1663:
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1063:
983:
944:
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910:
842:
The faithful will often keep a lamp burning perpetually in their
738:
727:
609:
186:
2620:
Christmas Customs and Traditions: Their History and Significance
1734:
Candles are also lit prior to the onset of the Three Festivals (
1148:
1099:
Conversely, the extinction of lights is part of the ceremony of
1782:
1735:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1544:
1543:(candlesticks holding two and three candles, respectively). At
1493:
1473:
1352:
1318:
1251:
1152:
1003:
954:
934:
906:
821:
770:
the temple, the deacon will walk with a lighted candle. During
730:
684:
494:
478:
474:
222:
218:
144:
136:
110:
94:
78:
2534:
1712:, or anniversary of the death of a loved one according to the
536:
Per parochias concessit licentiam benedicendi Cereum Paschalem
2184:
1303:
1247:
1124:
1019:
118:
2588:
1083:
and hope of eternal life and salvation brought about by the
573:(386), 86, &c., for the use of lights at Jerusalem, and
2357:
2223:
2211:
Peristeph. ii. 71, in Migne, centuries. Patr. Lat. lx. 300.
1670:
are lit on Friday evening prior to the start of the weekly
1500:
1333:
719:
124:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2347:
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2246:
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2240:
2238:
175:
1980:
1978:
1976:
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1972:
1469:
1216:, a judge of Common Pleas and himself a strong Puritan.
135:, the eternal principle of light and righteousness; the
2378:
2328:
2235:
2202:
J. Toutain, in Daremberg and Saglio, Diaionnaire, s.v.
1969:
1658:, lit on the Hebrew anniversary of a loved one's death
648:, there is a large amount of ceremonial use of light.
583:
De benedicendo cereo et lucerna in privilegiis Paschae
2711:
1765:, or leavened bread, which is not eaten on Passover.
1321:
is the festival of lights celebrated by followers of
316:
pass by much other evidence, from the controversy of
2056:
Jean Mead, How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali?,
1781:
holiday which runs from December 26 to January 1. A
381:(died 431), describes the altar at the eucharist as
2535:Eastmond, Antony; Liz James; Robin Cormack (2003).
2617:
1695:each night to commemorate the rededication of the
1254:, was responsible for the presence of the lights.
1727:A seven-day memorial candle is lit following the
1720:, a day of remembrance for all those murdered in
1180:the practice has been less consistent. The first
651:The most important usage is the reception of the
2839:
2798:
2589:Stravinskas, Peter M. J.; Sean O'Malley (2002).
2026:
1848:Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines
1302:homes, lamps are lit daily, sometimes before an
853:
444:As to the blessing of candles, according to the
2538:Icon and Word: the power of images in Byzantium
2072:
1913:Constance Jones (2011). J Gordon Melton (ed.).
1912:
828:, holding two and three candles, respectively.
161:of the Tabernacle, there was a cloud of light (
2778:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 11–13.
2768:
2715:; Isaacs, Ronald H.; Gelabert, Dorcas (2004).
2664:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 49–60.
2595:. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 576.
2102:Juvenal, Sat. xii. 92; Tertullian, Apol. xxxv.
945:Roman Catholic usage in the early 20th century
2825:Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible, pp. 136-137.
2488:"Lay Buddhist Practice by Bhikkhu Khantipalo"
1997:Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008).
501:, was finally established as orthodox by the
157:According to the Talmud and Kabbalah, in the
2775:An Encyclopedia of American Synagogue Ritual
2684:
2658:; Ronald H. Isaacs; Dorcas Gelabert (2004).
2304:Ep. cviii. ad Eustochium virginem, in Migne.
1204:prebendary of Durham, against Dr. Burgoyne,
778:, either candles or lanterns are carried by
2721:. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 432–433.
2003:. National Geographic Society. p. 31.
1773:The Candle is also used in celebrations of
1499:Candles are lit by worshippers in front of
1492:or taper may be lit as an accompaniment to
1449:Bundle of candles sold in the shops of the
561:
555:
549:
542:
534:
455:The Feast of the Purification of the Virgin
429:
421:
413:
406:
368:
361:
355:
340:
306:
287:
2805:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 201–203.
2650:
2648:
1990:
1757:A candle is also used on the night before
1631:of a young girl with a wreath of candles.
632:Candlestand in an Eastern Orthodox church.
588:
170:
2436:. Marshall Cavendish. 2004. p. 223.
2413:sample of a traditional earthen clay lamp
2183:Div. Inst. vi. de vero cultu, cap. 2, in
2050:
1600:. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, during
901:During the Paschal Vigil, and throughout
131:revere fire as the visible expression of
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
2541:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 145.
2455:
2453:
2391:
2363:
2351:
2250:
2229:
2066:
1984:
1815:
1649:
1444:
1441:as a sign of remembrance of the departed
1428:
1416:
1366:
1134:
1114:
964:
857:
726:. Additionally, the faithful will offer
627:
603:
592:
174:
85:
77:
29:This article includes a list of general
2748:. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
2645:
2624:. Courier Dover Publications. pp.
2295:, xxxvi. 624; Vita Constantini, iv. 66.
1882:Dictionnaire des Antiquités Chrétiennes
1731:of a spouse, parent, sibling or child.
415:Clara coronantur densis altaria lychnis
247:
2840:
2799:Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004).
2741:
2507:
1627:is celebrated on December 13 with the
995:procession, or to the sick and dying.
2688:Judaism: History, Belief and Practice
2615:
2561:
2459:
2450:
2020:
532:only. In some codices the text runs:
233:
2565:Churches – Their Plan and Furnishing
2514:. Taylor & Francis. p. 43.
2375:Hierurgia Anglicana, ii pp. 230 seq.
1547:(Easter) the priest holds a special
1293:
916:
15:
2165:Martigny, Did. des antiqs~. C/fret.
2030:Musical Performance in the Diaspora
1949:(Freiburg-i.-B., 1887), i. 666 seq.
1933:Dictionary of Christian Antiquities
1768:
1484:, especially to either side of the
1342:
93:putting lit oil lamps on the river
13:
2466:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 24.
2316:, Glossarium, sv. Cereum Paschale.
1947:Handbuch der Katholischen Liturgik
1557:Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts
1378:Candles are a traditional part of
1094:
798:, and the Lamentations around the
749:
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2874:
2802:African Folklore: An Encyclopedia
2490:. Accesstoinsight.org. 2010-06-07
1867:Handbuch der römische Alterthumer
1402:
1265:
1171:
1110:
209:mentions the golden lamp made by
2745:The Jewish Religion: A Companion
1935:(London. 1875–1880), i. 939 seq.
1803:
1578:, a special candle known as the
1433:Candles are sometimes burned in
1396:Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival
1373:Ubon Ratchathani Candle Festival
1139:A Christian cemetery outside an
868:St. George Greek Orthodox Church
774:, and in some places during the
503:Second General Council of Nicaea
363:ad signum ketitiae demonstrandum
20:
2819:
2792:
2762:
2735:
2705:
2678:
2609:
2582:
2555:
2528:
2501:
2480:
2424:
2406:
2397:
2369:
2319:
2307:
2298:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
1472:or, specifically, the light of
1464:the candle is commonly used in
1382:ritual observances. Along with
1336:that is lit via a cotton wick.
1226:It was not, however, until the
1085:death and resurrection of Jesus
695:located either on or above the
242:
105:occurs in liturgies of various
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
1584:, specifically represents the
831:
766:). When the priest and deacon
439:
1:
1796:
1612:(triple candlestick) and the
854:Paschal Vigil and Bright Week
790:during the reading of the 12
670:
2772:; Raphael, Marc Lee (2000).
1845:, in Daremberg and Saglio's
657:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
614:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
7:
2640:sweden st lucia day candle.
2568:. READ BOOKS. p. 111.
1362:
1038:, and from these again the
925:, it is customary to light
809:Certain moments during the
383:crowned with crowded lights
217:, and tells of a statue of
10:
2879:
2691:. Routledge. p. 522.
2685:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2003).
2616:Miles, Clement A. (1976).
2511:Dictionary of Christianity
1931:W. Smith and S. Cheetham,
1859:Römische Privatalterthumer
1645:
1406:
1070:
1045:
835:
760:Light which enlightens all
608:Tomb of Jesus, inside the
393:for the West, and that of
251:
2033:. Routledge. p. 78.
2027:Tina K Ramnarine (2013).
1878:Joseph-Alexander Martigny
1821:Lights, Ceremonial Use of
1761:in a symbolic search for
1551:, and the deacon holds a
1058:so that the power of the
1029:
923:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
737:. It is customary during
642:Eastern Catholic Churches
403:Council of Carthage (398)
2562:Anson, Peter F. (2007).
2508:Cooper, Jean C. (1996).
1963:
1559:(celebrated only during
1240:Archbishop of Canterbury
1089:resurrection of the dead
705:seven-branch candlestick
499:iconoclastic controversy
385:, and even mentions the
379:Paulinus, bishop of Nola
103:ceremonial use of lights
2433:Peoples of Eastern Asia
1830:Encyclopædia Britannica
1817:Phillips, Walter Alison
1421:Candle lighting in the
960:
949:In the Latin Church or
848:Russian Orthodox Church
638:Eastern Orthodox Church
589:Eastern Christian usage
171:Ancient Greece and Rome
50:more precise citations.
2742:Jacobs, Louis (1995).
2418:June 26, 2008, at the
2403:Picart (op. cit. 1737)
2325:Elym. vii. 12; xx. 10.
1659:
1541:dikirion and trikirion
1527:, the Lamentations on
1457:
1442:
1426:
1409:Dikirion and trikirion
1375:
1160:
1132:
1119:Altar at the Lutheran
1087:, and of faith in the
978:
875:
826:dikirion and trikirion
633:
625:
601:
562:
556:
550:
543:
535:
430:
422:
414:
408:ceroferarium cum cereo
407:
369:
362:
356:
342:de pilissimis cereolis
341:
307:
288:
194:
98:
83:
2460:Teece, Geoff (2004).
1653:
1619:In Sweden (and other
1568:Roman Catholic Church
1455:Old City of Jerusalem
1448:
1432:
1420:
1370:
1182:Book of Common Prayer
1138:
1118:
968:
951:Roman Catholic Church
861:
836:Further information:
754:The reading from the
679:(church building) is
631:
607:
596:
511:Magnus Felix Ennodius
308:praelucentibus cereis
254:Early Christian Lamps
178:
89:
81:
2271:Patr. Lat. t. xxiii.
2073:Constance Jones 2011
1863:Wilhelm Adolf Becker
1278:, influenced by the
1210:Sir James Whitelocke
1157:Feast of All Hallows
1141:Evangelical Lutheran
776:liturgical entrances
722:, especially on the
663:on the afternoon of
620:. This is where the
571:Peregrinoiio Sylviae
548:(I~86I892) the word
395:Gregory of Nazianzus
280:On days of rejoicing
248:Early Christian uses
2592:Catholic Dictionary
2366:, pp. 677–678.
2232:, pp. 675–676.
2093:vii. 22, ~ 2 and 3.
1953:Hierurgia Anglicana
1697:Temple in Jerusalem
1588:and is lit only at
1280:liturgical movement
1214:Sir Henry Yelverton
990:lighted before the
973:after the death of
969:Candles burning in
713:Temple in Jerusalem
121:rites and customs.
2075:, pp. 252–255
1884:(Pwsdsdaris, 1865)
1660:
1604:(Easter Week) the
1586:Resurrected Christ
1486:processional cross
1458:
1443:
1427:
1376:
1306:. In some houses,
1288:Church of Scotland
1194:Acts of Uniformity
1161:
1133:
1013:penitential psalms
1007:at the service of
979:
876:
634:
626:
602:
575:Isidore of Seville
544:Liber pontificalis
447:Liber pontificalis
357:jam sole rutilante
320:with Vigilantius.
294:They kindle lights
234:Lamps for the dead
195:
107:Christian Churches
99:
84:
2858:Religious objects
2770:Olitzky, Kerry M.
2713:Olitzky, Kerry M.
2656:Olitzky, Kerry M.
2575:978-1-4067-5889-4
2292:Patrologia graeca
2190:Patrologia Latina
2062:978-0-237-53412-7
2040:978-1-317-96956-3
2010:978-1-4263-0291-6
1924:978-1-59884-205-0
1874:Cierges et lampes
1746:) and the eve of
1610:Paschal trikirion
1549:Paschal trikirion
1537:Memorial services
1509:Oriental Orthodox
1451:Christian Quarter
1347:Lamps are lit in
1332:and holds oil or
1323:dharmic religions
1294:Usage in Hinduism
1282:. The use of the
1272:Reformed Churches
1236:Bishop of Lincoln
1178:Church of England
1165:Lutheran Churches
975:Pope John Paul II
917:Oriental Orthodox
743:memorial services
644:which follow the
624:manifests itself.
579:Council of Toledo
326:, a presbyter of
76:
75:
68:
2870:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2816:
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2047:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2000:Celebrate Diwali
1994:
1988:
1982:
1942:(Augsburg, 1874)
1928:
1834:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1779:African American
1769:Other traditions
1656:yahrtzeit candle
1608:holds a special
1576:Western churches
1513:Eastern Catholic
1505:Eastern Orthodox
1343:Usage in Sikhism
1190:William Harrison
1145:Church of Sweden
598:Russian Orthodox
565:
559:
553:
546:
538:
528:This may be the
470:Eastern Churches
433:
425:
417:
410:
372:
365:
359:
344:
310:
291:
109:, as well as in
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
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2425:
2420:Wayback Machine
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2147:Rev. ~. 14, 15.
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2011:
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1991:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1925:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1771:
1714:Hebrew calendar
1704:memorial candle
1668:Shabbat candles
1648:
1415:
1405:
1365:
1345:
1296:
1276:Communion Table
1268:
1228:Oxford Movement
1186:Queen Elizabeth
1174:
1113:
1101:excommunication
1097:
1095:Excommunication
1073:
1048:
1032:
963:
947:
919:
896:priest's candle
884:Midnight Office
856:
840:
834:
811:All Night Vigil
792:Passion Gospels
752:
750:Special moments
673:
591:
515:bishop of Pavia
459:Pope Gelasius I
442:
302:Synod of Elvira
256:
250:
245:
236:
219:Hermes Agoraios
173:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
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2500:
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2396:
2394:, p. 678.
2377:
2368:
2356:
2354:, p. 677.
2327:
2318:
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2297:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2253:, p. 676.
2234:
2222:
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2156:Acts xx. 7, 8.
2149:
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2019:
2009:
1989:
1987:, p. 675.
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:(London, 1903)
1950:
1945:V. Thalhofer,
1943:
1938:W. Mühlbauer,
1936:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1896:
1885:
1870:
1852:
1835:
1825:Chisholm, Hugh
1798:
1795:
1777:, which is an
1770:
1767:
1706:is lit on the
1683:The eight-day
1647:
1644:
1581:Paschal candle
1553:Paschal candle
1521:Matins Gospels
1404:
1401:
1364:
1361:
1344:
1341:
1298:In almost all
1295:
1292:
1267:
1266:Reformed usage
1264:
1260:Anglo-Catholic
1173:
1172:Anglican usage
1170:
1112:
1111:Lutheran usage
1109:
1096:
1093:
1081:baptismal vows
1072:
1069:
1047:
1044:
1040:Paschal Candle
1031:
1028:
962:
959:
946:
943:
918:
915:
855:
852:
833:
830:
804:Great Saturday
751:
748:
701:Divine Liturgy
691:is usually an
689:sanctuary lamp
672:
669:
646:Byzantine Rite
590:
587:
563:Per parrochias
530:Paschal Candle
519:Blessed Virgin
507:Synod of Noyon
441:
438:
391:Zeno of Verona
252:Main article:
249:
246:
244:
241:
235:
232:
191:British Museum
172:
169:
159:Holy of Holies
74:
73:
56:September 2022
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Light sources
2846:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2831:0-380-01539-0
2828:
2822:
2814:
2812:0-415-93933-X
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2785:0-313-30814-4
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2755:0-19-826463-1
2751:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2728:0-88125-838-5
2724:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2700:
2698:0-415-23661-4
2694:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2671:0-88125-838-5
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2635:0-486-23354-5
2631:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2604:
2602:0-87973-390-X
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2548:0-7546-3549-X
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2521:1-884964-49-4
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2473:1-58340-464-3
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2443:0-7614-7551-6
2439:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2392:Phillips 1911
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2365:
2364:Phillips 1911
2360:
2353:
2352:Phillips 1911
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2251:Phillips 1911
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:Phillips 1911
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1985:Phillips 1911
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1957:Vernon Staley
1955:, edition by
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:(Paris, 1904)
1850:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:public domain
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:The Holocaust
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1640:Advent candle
1637:
1636:Advent wreath
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:St. Lucia Day
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Holy Saturday
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:votive candle
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1423:Visoki Dečani
1419:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1385:
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1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
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1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:Advent wreath
1281:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Privy Council
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
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1126:
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1117:
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1092:
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1086:
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1078:
1068:
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1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:lumen Christi
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
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989:
985:
976:
972:
967:
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956:
952:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
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897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Paschal Vigil
874:, Australia).
873:
869:
865:
860:
851:
849:
845:
839:
829:
827:
823:
820:Whenever the
818:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:. On certain
781:
780:altar servers
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
665:Holy Saturday
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
630:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
600:Church candle
599:
595:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:See also the
567:
564:
558:
552:
547:
545:
539:
537:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
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467:
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188:
185:representing
184:
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155:
153:
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104:
96:
92:
88:
80:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2863:Sacramentals
2821:
2801:
2794:
2774:
2764:
2744:
2737:
2717:
2707:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2639:
2619:
2611:
2591:
2584:
2564:
2557:
2537:
2530:
2510:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2482:
2462:
2432:
2426:
2408:
2399:
2371:
2359:
2321:
2309:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2174:A pal. xxxv.
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2120:Luke ix. 29.
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2068:
2052:
2044:
2029:
2022:
2014:
1999:
1992:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1917:. ABC-CLIO.
1914:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:ii. 238–301)
1866:
1861:(vol. v. of
1858:
1855:J. Marquardt
1846:
1838:
1828:
1788:
1772:
1756:
1752:Rosh Hashana
1733:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1682:
1675:
1666:, a pair of
1661:
1633:
1623:countries),
1621:Scandinavian
1618:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1498:
1478:altar candle
1462:Christianity
1459:
1413:Altar candle
1403:Christianity
1394:
1390:Loy Krathong
1388:
1377:
1346:
1338:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1269:
1256:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1175:
1162:
1121:Jesus Church
1098:
1074:
1052:consecration
1049:
1035:
1033:
1023:candlesticks
1018:
1001:
997:
980:
948:
920:
900:
882:, after the
877:
864:congregation
841:
819:
808:
796:Great Friday
753:
717:
674:
650:
635:
582:
570:
568:
541:
533:
527:
491:
483:Latin Church
465:Ordo Romanus
463:
451:Pope Zosimus
445:
443:
428:
420:
412:
387:eternal lamp
386:
382:
376:
367:
350:
346:
335:
334:, he wrote,
331:
322:
314:
305:
297:
293:
283:
279:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
257:
243:Christianity
237:
227:Cult of Isis
196:
162:
156:
151:
129:Zoroastrians
123:
102:
100:
62:
53:
34:
2138:Acts ix. 3.
2129:Acts ii. 3.
1893:Koimetarien
1718:Yom HaShoah
1602:Bright Week
1525:Good Friday
1482:processions
1359:religions.
1221:Restoration
1198:Peter Smart
1075:During the
903:Bright Week
878:During the
844:icon corner
832:In the home
772:processions
756:Gospel Book
724:iconostasis
681:consecrated
675:When a new
560:, &c. "
440:Middle Ages
399:Saint Paula
324:Vigilantius
296:, he says,
282:, he says,
211:Callimachus
133:Ahura Mazda
115:Zoroastrian
48:introducing
2842:Categories
2494:2012-12-25
2111:John i. 9.
1843:J. Toutain
1797:References
1748:Yom Kippur
1693:Hanukkiyah
1561:Great Lent
1439:cathedrals
1425:monastery.
1407:See also:
1330:terracotta
1250:, not the
1206:John Cosin
1129:Copenhagen
1060:Holy Ghost
992:tabernacle
988:Altar lamp
913:(litany).
838:Home altar
800:epitaphios
784:feast days
764:John 1:4–5
709:Tabernacle
697:Holy Table
671:The temple
640:and those
180:Terracotta
147:(from the
31:references
2084:i. 26, 6.
1887:Articles
1819:(1911). "
1709:Yahrtzeit
1517:offerings
1308:oil lamps
888:Holy Fire
846:. In the
815:Polyeleos
788:Holy Week
661:Jerusalem
653:Holy Fire
622:Holy Fire
618:Jerusalem
328:Barcelona
318:St Jerome
215:Acropolis
207:Pausanias
2463:Buddhism
2416:Archived
2314:Du Cange
2220:in Sylv.
2193:vi. 637.
1898:Article
1872:Article
1837:Article
1759:Passover
1740:Passover
1689:Hanukkah
1677:Havdalah
1629:crowning
1598:baptisms
1594:funerals
1574:In some
1533:funerals
1435:churches
1380:Buddhist
1363:Buddhism
1143:church (
1105:anathema
1009:Tenebrae
939:Epiphany
927:bonfires
872:Adelaide
739:funerals
735:departed
711:and the
693:oil lamp
523:Durandus
183:oil lamp
164:shekinah
152:dīpāwali
149:Sanskrit
141:Hinduism
1908:Lichter
1889:Lichter
1839:Lucerna
1827:(ed.).
1814::
1791:satanic
1789:During
1775:Kwanzaa
1763:chametz
1744:Shavuot
1729:funeral
1685:holiday
1672:Sabbath
1664:Judaism
1646:Judaism
1566:In the
1466:worship
1453:in the
1384:incense
1357:Dharmic
1349:Sikhism
1202:Puritan
1176:In the
1163:In the
1155:on the
1077:funeral
1071:Funeral
1064:baptism
1050:At the
1046:Baptism
984:cantata
929:on the
921:In the
911:ektenia
731:candles
728:beeswax
655:at the
636:In the
610:Edicule
495:martyrs
337:candles
223:candles
187:Serapis
44:improve
2853:Ritual
2829:
2809:
2782:
2752:
2725:
2695:
2668:
2632:
2628:–224.
2599:
2572:
2545:
2518:
2470:
2440:
2060:
2037:
2007:
1921:
1823:". In
1808:
1783:Kinara
1750:, and
1736:Sukkot
1614:deacon
1606:priest
1596:, and
1590:Easter
1545:Pascha
1494:prayer
1476:. The
1474:Christ
1353:Diwali
1319:Diwali
1252:bishop
1153:Sweden
1030:Easter
1004:Easter
971:Kraków
955:votive
935:Timkat
907:deacon
892:censes
822:bishop
685:bishop
677:temple
581:(671):
479:deacon
475:priest
332:We see
203:Romans
199:Greeks
145:Diwali
137:Hindus
117:, and
111:Jewish
95:Ganges
91:Hindus
33:, but
2185:Migne
1964:Notes
1904:Kerze
1900:Licht
1876:, in
1841:, by
1501:icons
1304:altar
1300:Hindu
1248:vicar
1147:) in
1125:Valby
1020:Altar
931:Feast
870:, in
768:cense
720:icons
487:Greek
119:Hindu
2827:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1906:and
1891:and
1742:and
1488:. A
1437:and
1411:and
1393:and
1334:ghee
1315:diya
1200:, a
1149:Röke
1056:font
961:Mass
862:The
741:and
683:the
551:cera
201:and
197:The
125:Fire
101:The
2626:221
1687:of
1662:In
1563:).
1523:on
1503:in
1470:God
1460:In
1351:on
1123:in
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794:on
659:in
477:or
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2452:^
2380:^
2330:^
2237:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
