Celtic Tiger - Knowledge

712: 458:(ESRI) stated in 2002: "On balance, budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups, but particularly so during periods of high growth". Unemployment fell from 18% in the late 1980s to 4.5% by the end of 2007, and average industrial wages grew at one of the highest rates in Europe. Inflation brushed 5% per annum towards the end of the "Tiger" period, pushing Irish prices up to those of Nordic Europe, even though wage rates are roughly the same as in the UK. The national debt had remained constant during the boom, but the GDP to debt ratio rose, due to the dramatic rise in GDP. 40: 856:, and many remote locations in the west show potential for wind farm development. A report by Sustainable Energy Ireland indicated that if wind power were properly developed, Ireland could one day be exporting excess wind power if the natural difficulties of integrating wind power into the national grid are solved. Wind power by November 2009 already accounted for 15.4% of total installed generating capacity in the state. By 2020, the Irish government forecasts that 40% of the country's energy needs will come from renewable sources, well above the EU average. 982: 1133:) and the European Union. Unemployment in Ireland was forecasted to rise almost 17 per cent in 2010, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in a report published on 28 April 2009, however, the unemployment rate in 2010 steadied at 14%. In 2010, the unemployment rate was at 14.8 per cent, and in order to escape economic downfall, Ireland requested €67.5 billion ($ 85.7 billion) from the International Monetary Fund and members of the euro area. Taking the money meant accepting austerity. 910: 946: 6428: 611: 889:. Despite its mandate for stricter oversight, the agency never imposed major sanctions on any Irish institution, even though Ireland had experienced several major banking scandals in overcharging of their customers. Industry representatives disputed the idea that Ireland may be home to unchecked financial frauds. In December 2008, irregularities in directors' loans that had been kept off one bank's balance sheet for eight years forced the resignation of the 4577: 438: 48: 1157:

were largely unfounded, and that the social impact of the Celtic Tiger had largely been positive. The economic boom led to lower levels of emigration and higher immigration than had historically been the case, while the government of the time acknowledged the continuing strain on some public services and that the "provision of social housing, childcare and the integration of newcomers" remained political priorities.

336:(GNP). Ireland is unique among cohesion countries, having allocated up to 35% of its Structural Funds to human resource investments, compared with an average of around 25% for other cohesion fund recipients. The Irish economy's increased productive capacity is sometimes attributed to these investments, which made Ireland more attractive to high-tech businesses, though the libertarian 768:, substantially lowering the average EU wage below its 1995 level. Low-paid sectors, such as retail and hospitality, remained below the EU-15 average, however. The pressures primarily affect unskilled, semi-skilled, and manufacturing jobs. Outsourcing of professional jobs also increased, with Poland in 2008 gaining several hundred former Irish jobs from the accountancy divisions of 524:, with the adoption of American capitalist ideals. While Ireland's historical economic ties to the UK had often been the subject of criticism, Peader Kirby argued that the new ties to the US economy were met with a "satisfied silence". Nevertheless, voices on the political left have decried the "closer to Boston than Berlin" philosophy of the 221:-style shipwreck, thrown from comfort, even luxury, into a cold sea of uncertainty." In February 2010, a report by Davy Research concluded that Ireland had "largely wasted” its years of high income during the boom, with private enterprise investing its wealth "in the wrong places". It compared Ireland's growth to other small 194:, who had been warning about impending collapse for some time, concluded: "The case is clear: an economically challenged government, perniciously influenced by the interests of the housing lobby, blew it. The entire Irish episode will be studied internationally in years to come as an example of how not to do things." 1064:

showing the bursting of the property bubble and a collapse in consumer spending that terminated the boom that was the Celtic Tiger. The figures show the gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the value of all the goods and services produced in the State, fell 0.8% in the second three months of

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In an economic analysis, the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) on 24 June 2008 forecast the possibility the Irish economy would experience marginal negative growth in 2008. This would be the first time since 1983. Outlining possible prospects for the economy for 2008, the ESRI said output

800:, there are few companies with over one billion euros in annual revenue. The government has charged Enterprise Ireland with the task of boosting Ireland's indigenous industry and launched a website in 2003 with the objective of streamlining and marketing the process of starting a business in Ireland. 630:

In 2006, there was a surge in Foreign Direct Investment and a net increase of 3,795 in IDA supported jobs, with International and Financial Services having the highest growth rate. The reasons for the continuation of the Irish economic boom were somewhat controversial within Ireland. Some Economists,

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The economy was adversely affected by a large reduction in investment in the worldwide information technology (IT) industry. The industry had over-expanded in the late 1990s, and its stock market equity declined sharply. Ireland was a major player in the IT industry: in 2002, it had exported US$ 10.4

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The Celtic Tiger had more than just an economic impact, impacting also Ireland's social backdrop. 2007 research by the Economic and Social Research Institute, prior to the crash, found that fears over wider social inequality, declining community life, and a more selfish, materialist approach to life

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figures which indicate that Ireland is just above average in terms equality by one type of measurement. Moreover, Ireland's inequality persists by other measurements. According to an ESRI report published in December 2006, Ireland's child poverty level ranks 22nd out of the 26 richest countries, and

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After the slowdown in 2001 and 2002, Irish economic growth began to accelerate again in late 2003 and 2004. Some of the media considered that an opportunity to document the return of the Celtic Tiger – occasionally referred to in the press as the "Celtic Tiger 2" and "Celtic Tiger Mark 2". In

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or "Ireland's Economic Miracle". During that time, the country experienced a period of economic growth that transformed it from one of Western Europe's poorer countries into one of its wealthiest. The causes of Ireland's growth are the subject of some debate, but credit has been primarily given to

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said many people still did not realise how badly shaken the public finances were. By 30 January 2009, Ireland's government debt had become the riskiest in the euro zone, surpassing Greece's sovereign bonds, according to credit-default swap prices. In February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen said that

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The return of the boom in 2004 was claimed to be primarily the result of the large construction sector's catching up with the demand caused by the first boom. The construction sector represented nearly 12% of GDP and a large proportion of employment among young, unskilled men. A number of sources,

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have satirised these developments. Growing wealth was blamed for rising crime levels among youths, particularly alcohol-related violence resulting from increased spending power. However, it was also accompanied by rapidly increased life expectancy and very high quality of life ratings; the country

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Irish workers can communicate effectively with Americans – especially compared to those in other low-wage, non-English-speaking EU nations, such as Portugal and Spain; this factor was vital to U.S. companies' choosing Ireland for their European headquarters. It has also been argued that the

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At the start of the 1990s, Ireland was a relatively poor country by Western European standards, with high poverty, high unemployment, inflation, and low economic growth. The Irish economy expanded at an average rate of 9.4% between 1995 and 2000, and continued to grow at an average rate of 5.9%

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difference allows Irish and British employees to work the first part of each day while US workers sleep. US firms were drawn to Ireland by cheap wage costs compared to the UK, and by the limited government intervention in business compared to other EU members, and particularly to countries in

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but a slowdown in the rate of economic expansion. Signs of a recovery became evident in late 2003, as US investment levels increased once again. Many senior economists have heavily criticised the government for the economic imbalance in favour of the construction industry, and the prospect of

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areas. It was estimated in 2007 that 10% of Irish residents were foreign-born; most of the new arrivals were citizens of Poland and the Baltic states, many of whom found work in the retail and service sectors. A study conducted in 2006 found that many Irish people regarded immigration as an

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growth rate ranged between 7.8 and 11.5%; it then slowed to between 4.4 and 6.5% from 2001 to 2007. During that period, the Irish GDP per capita rose dramatically to equal, then eventually surpass, that of all but one state in Western Europe. Although GDP does not represent the

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reported in 2004 that Ireland was second only to the US in inequality among Western nations. There is some opposition to the theory that Ireland's wealth has been unusually unevenly distributed, among them economist and journalist David McWilliams. He cites

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gas fields, and diversifying into coal in the 1970s. As gas, peat, and hydroelectric power have been almost fully exploited in Ireland, there is a continuously increasing need for imported fossil fuels at a time of increasing concerns about

740:. 2004 saw the construction of 80,000 new homes, compared to the UK's 160,000 – a nation that has 15 times Ireland's population. House prices doubled between 2000 and 2006; tax incentives were a key driver of this price rise, and the 263:. He concludes the chief factors were low taxation, pro-business regulatory policies, and a young, tech-savvy workforce. For many multinationals, the decision to do business in Ireland was made easier still by generous incentives from the 399:

on a statutory basis to promote education for highly skilled careers, particularly in biotechnology and information and communications technology, with the additional purpose to invest in science initiatives that aim to further Ireland's

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important factor for economic progress. Within Ireland, many young people left the rural countryside to live and work in urban centres. Many people in Ireland believe that the growing consumerism during the boom years eroded the

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countries such as Finland and Belgium – noting that the physical wealth of those countries exceeds that of Ireland because of their "vastly superior" transport infrastructure, telecommunications network, and public services.

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contracting by 14% and unemployment levels rising to 14% by 2011. The economic and financial crisis lasted until 2014; the year 2015 with a growth rate of 6.7% marked the beginning of a new period of strong economic growth.

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and risk-taking, qualities that had been dormant during poor economic periods. However, whilst some semblance of a culture of entrepreneurship exists, foreign-owned companies account for 93% of Ireland's exports.

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with foreign holidays accounting for over 91% of total holiday expenditure in 2004. However, the gap between the highest and lowest income households widened in the five-year period to 2004–2005; in response, the

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membership was helpful, giving the country lucrative access to markets that it had previously reached only through the United Kingdom, and pumping huge subsidies and investment capital into the Irish economy.

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in mid-April 2009 forecast a very poor outlook for Ireland. It projected that the Irish economy would contract by 8 per cent in 2009 and by 3 per cent in 2010 – and that might be on the optimistic side.

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2008 compared with the same quarter of 2007. That was the second successive quarter of negative economic growth, which is one definition of a recession. The Celtic Tiger was declared dead by October 2008.

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Rising wages, inflation, and excessive public spending led to a loss of competitiveness in the Irish economy. Irish wages were substantially above the EU average, particularly in the Dublin region, though

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billion worth of computer services, compared to $ 6.9 billion from the US. Ireland accounted for approximately 50% of all mass-market packaged software sold in Europe in 2002 (OECD, 2002; OECD, 2004).

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made 11 rate cuts that year in an attempt to stimulate the US economy. The EU scarcely grew throughout the whole of 2002, and many members' governments (notably in Germany and France) lost control of

3256: 2368:"Ireland: 2004 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Ireland (IMF Country Report No. 04/348)" 693:, was established to promote new science companies in Ireland Maturing funds from the SSIA government savings scheme relaxed consumers' concerns about spending and thus fueled retail sales growth. 1117:“As far as responding to the recession goes, Ireland appears to be really, truly without options, other than to hope for an export-led recovery, if and when the rest of the world bounces back.” 808:

Ireland relies on imported fossil fuels for over 80% of its energy. Ireland for many years in the middle twentieth century limited its dependence on external energy sources by developing its

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Ireland's trend of net emigration was reversed as the republic became a destination for immigrants. This significantly changed Irish demographics and resulted in expanding

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states, and a similar figure was forecast for 2005. Those rates contrast with growth rates of 1% to 3% for many other European economies, including France, Germany, and

3150: 3105: 284:(Taoiseach from 1987 to 1992). People and businesses expected a stable economy, boosting their confidence to spend and invest due to anticipated stability in output. 780:

One of the major challenges facing Ireland is the successful promotion of indigenous industry. Although Ireland boasted a few large international companies, such as

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blamed Ireland's dire economic state in 2009 on a series of "calamitous" government policy errors. Between the years of 2000 and 2003 the then Finance Minister

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because of a rise in Irish wage costs, insurance premiums, and a general reduction in Ireland's economic competitiveness. The rising value of the Euro hit non-

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Ireland's membership in the EU since 1973 helped the country gain access to Europe's large markets. Ireland's trade had previously been predominantly with the

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term "Celtic Tiger" has been used to refer to the country itself, and to the years associated with the boom. The first recorded use of the phrase is in a 1994

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On 19 November 2010, the Irish government began talks on a multibillion-dollar economic assistance package with experts from the International Monetary Fund (

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of goods and services might fall that year—which would have been the Irish definition of a mild recession. It also predicted a recovery in 2009 and 2010.

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from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s, a period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment. The boom was dampened by a subsequent

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from the rising ratio of workers to dependents due to falling fertility, and increased female labour market participation, increased income per capita.

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damaged Ireland's tourism and agricultural sectors , deterring U.S. and British tourists. Several companies moved operations to Eastern Europe and the

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At the same time, economies globally experienced a slowdown. The US economy grew only 0.3% in April, May, and June 2002 from a year earlier, and the

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Globally, the U.S. recovery boosted Ireland's economy due to Ireland's close economic ties to the US. The decline in tourism as a result of

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Taoiseach Bertie Ahern acknowledged complex social challenges the provision of social housing, childcare and the integration of newcomers

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had reversed itself. The recovery of the global information technology industry was also a factor; Ireland produced 25% of all European

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Since joining the EU in 1973, Ireland has received over €17 billion in EU Structural and Cohesion Funds. These are made up of the

6382: 5406: 5195: 4454: 4449: 4295: 2568: 384:, to locate in Ireland; these companies were attracted to Ireland because of its EU membership, relatively low wages, government 2725: 1741: 340:

has suggested that the EU transfer payments were economically inefficient and may have actually slowed growth. The conservative

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rate (10 to 12.5% throughout the late 1990s). Since 1956, successive Irish governments have pursued low-taxation policies.

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Civil Rights Activists and Social Commentators have said that the growth throughout this period was merely due to a great

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after this period. The economy of Ireland continued to grow in 2022 rising by 11%, although projected to slow with the

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The Celtic Tiger's growth slowed along with the slowing in the world economy in 2002 after seven years of high growth.

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in 2005 described Ireland as the "Wild West of European finance", a perception that helped prompt the creation of the

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Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland. Accessed 4 November 2006.

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remained lower than the GDP, in 2007, the GNP achieved the same level as of some other Western European countries'.

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in Dublin led to the creation of 14,000 high-value jobs in the accounting, legal, and financial management sectors.

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argues the cause was a combination of a new sense of initiative and the entry of American corporations such as

3597: 3195: 2731:. Department of the Environment and Local Government/An Roinn Comhshaoil agus Rialtais Aitiuil. Archived from 1999: 1366: 525: 5633: 5342: 5256: 4743: 4537: 4305: 2422: 1295: 890: 711: 353: 2757: 1623: 1568: 6290: 5608: 5534: 5384: 5317: 5241: 5115: 5072: 4839: 4005: 3995: 3779: 17: 3296: 627:. The pace of expansion in lending to households from 2003 to 2007 was among the highest in the euro area 5628: 5001: 4580: 4499: 4202: 4078: 3979: 3936: 3854: 2472: 2352:

Irish Economy: Home Truths on Irish Exports as Ireland faces a changed global economy in the decade ahead

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became "perhaps the ultimate symbol of our contemporary Celtic Tigerland", product of Irish conglomerate

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economist Morgan Kelly predicted that house prices would fall by 80% from peak to trough in real terms.

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in Ireland ended in 2015, when the economy began growing. The economy began outpacing the rest of the

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Ireland was transformed from one of the poorest countries in Western Europe to one of the wealthiest.

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terminology database and has been used in government and administrative contexts since at least 2005.

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The new wealth resulted in large investments in modernising Irish infrastructure and cities. The

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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The information technology sector was a significant factor in the Irish economic boom.

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said Ireland had lost ground in international competitiveness every year since 2000.

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led to improvements in roads, and new transport services were developed, such as the

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A Baseline Assessment of Ireland's Oil Dependence – key policy considerations.

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to develop, "on an immense scale". However, he wrote nothing of the impact of the

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was likely, but by January 2009, it seemed possible the country could experience a

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In September 2008, Ireland became the first eurozone country to officially enter

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further established Ireland's ability to provide a stable business environment.

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Historian Richard Aldous stated the Celtic Tiger has now gone the "way of the

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also attributed to transfer payments no significant role in causing growth.

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government subsequently received substantial criticism for these policies.

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Eastern Europe. Growing stability in Northern Ireland brought about by the

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Central Statistics Office: Quarterly National Household Survey for Q4 2007

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report by Kevin Gardiner. The term refers to Ireland's similarity to the

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Dublin Calling: Globalisation of a Metropolis on the European Periphery.

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Public debt as a percentage of GDP dropped significantly over the 1990s.

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Irish Economy: Sustainable growth dependent on foreign firms since 1990

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The economy underwent a dramatic reversal from 2008, hit hard by the

6086: 5806: 4489: 3650:"Irish economy to grow 5.4pc this year despite 6.1pc inflation – EU" 3539:"So, how much damage has the New York Times really done to Ireland?" 2844: 2723: 2142:"Regional Programmes Within the National Development Plan 2000-2006" 6312: 6245: 5910: 5796: 5740: 5145: 4434: 2003: 1018: 870: 837:. One solution is to develop alternative energy sources, including 830: 689:

planned to open a future facility. Domestically, a new state body,

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has also suggested that the economic boom partly resulted from the

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Ireland's economy appeared on course to contract by 6.5% in 2009.

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John Purcell, Comptroller and Auditor General (8 December 2005).

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The Heritage Foundation: 23 June 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.

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many poorer Eastern European states had joined the EU since 2004

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exports, particularly those to the U.S. and the United Kingdom.

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Tony Fahey; Helen Russell; Christopher T. Whelan, eds. (2007).

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symbolises the modernisation and growing prosperity of Ireland.

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and investment capital by Irish state organisations (such as

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Miracle of the Celtic Tiger: Learning from Ireland's Success

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Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society and the Global Economy

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in a grim assessment of where Ireland stood, then Taoiseach

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There had been a renewed investment by multinational firms.

179:, which provided transfer payments and export access to the 4071: 3726:. Dublin, Ireland: Economic and Social Research Institute. 3403: 3289:"Gilmore says Govt has no strategy to get out of recession" 3106:"If FitzPatrick lived in New York, he'd have been arrested" 1638: 809: 486: 466: 373: 190:, the Celtic Tiger had all but died. Some critics, such as 175:

rate; an English-speaking workforce; and membership of the

57: 43:

Historical GDP per capita development of Ireland and the UK

3590:"IMF warns Ireland will pay highest price to secure banks" 1390:(2002) Peadar Kirby, Luke Gibbons, Michael Cronin, p. 17. 5838: 2316:"The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index" 1913: 1345:"Doing the maths: how real is Ireland's economic growth?" 1130: 663: 590:, causing large deficits that broke the terms of the EMU 244: 235: 115: 2286:"FF-PD policy to blame for economic ills, claims report" 1716:"Low-tax policies created the Tiger (Ireland's Economy)" 1480:"The Celtic Tiger: Ireland's Economic Miracle Explained" 852:

is currently under construction off the east coast near

654:, Dell (whose major European manufacturing plant was in 541:

s 2005 quality of life index, dropping to 12th by 2013.

5267:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

2823: 2473:"Celtic Tiger roars again – but not for the poor". 1678:

Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970-2000

1536:"Cowen must be Mister Fix-It, not a master of disaster" 4621: 3023: 3021: 803: 4997:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3720:

Best of Times? The Social Impact of the Celtic Tiger

3669:"Irish economy grows by nearly 11% in first quarter" 2445:"Annual Growth Survey Annex 2 Macro-Economic Report" 619:

2004, Irish growth was the highest, at 4.5%, of the

544:

The growing success of Ireland's economy encouraged

3374:"Ireland's Gov't debt now rated riskiest in Europe" 3028:Lavery, Brian; O'Brien, Timothy L. (1 April 2005). 2366:Ajai Chopra and Martin Fetherston (November 2004). 775: 3018: 2373:. International Monetary Fund Publication Services 1802:"The Irish Regions Office" Retrieved 28 March 2013 1227:"Suddenly Rich, Poor Old Ireland Seems Bewildered" 1060:. The recession was confirmed by figures from the 864:Ireland's new wealth is unevenly distributed. The 347: 312:(ESF) and were used to increase investment in the 5360:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3030:"For Insurance Regulators, Trails Lead to Dublin" 3027: 2173:"Top breakfast baguette rolls into Irish history" 1614:"Fruits of boom largely wasted, says Davy report" 449:soared to record levels, enabling a huge rise in 292:Many economists credit Ireland's growth to a low 6444: 2164: 552: 95:during the following decade until 2008, when it 6206:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 2889:Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for Ireland 2803:"IMF Working Paper 08/02 Spillovers to Ireland" 2223:"Population and Migration Estimates April 2005" 2198:"Population and Migration Estimates April 2003" 3666: 3431:"FitzGerald says crisis started with McCreevy" 2982:"Friedman the free thinker - David McWilliams" 2927:Sustainable Energy Authority Of Ireland - SEAI 2279: 2277: 2248:"Attitudes towards immigrants and immigration" 2228:. Central Statistics Office. 14 September 2005 2075: 2073: 874:it is the 2nd most unequal country in Europe. 201:". In early 2008, many commentators thought a 91:which resulted in a severe economic downturn. 4840: 4607: 4181:Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment 3944: 3780: 3007:village.ie - Editorial: The promises of greed 2788:Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General 2203:. Central Statistics Office. 10 December 2003 1873:, 14 October 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 1861: 1859: 1365:. Irelandinformationguide.com. Archived from 1096:boosted public spending by 48% while cutting 887:Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority 407: 395:In July 2003, the government established the 372:) encouraged high-profile companies, such as 154:The Celtic Tiger period has also been called 3404:"Breaking News, World News & Multimedia" 2558:27 February 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 2467: 2465: 1605: 432: 316:and to build physical infrastructure. These 300:European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds 6458:Economic history of the Republic of Ireland 4969:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2750:"Warning that house prices may fall by 80%" 2480:, 7 October 2004. Accessed 6 November 2006. 2274: 2070: 1853:. Cato Institute. Accessed 4 November 2006. 1818: 1816: 1450:"is measa a bhain leis an Tíogar Ceilteach" 940: 597:The economic downturn in Ireland was not a 526:Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrat government 6392:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4847: 4833: 4614: 4600: 3951: 3937: 3787: 3773: 2724:Charlie McCreevy TD Minister for Finance. 2578:6 October 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 2569:"Tánaiste opens Google Offices in Dublin." 1973:. I.F.S.C.ie. 21 June 2010. Archived from 1856: 1469:- "ó na 1990í i leith an Tíogar Ceilteach" 758: 602:sustaining economic growth in the future. 481:. An academic said in 2008 that the jumbo 2956:"Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland" 2714:: 16 June 2005. Accessed 4 November 2006. 2655:"Savers boost SSIA funds for €14bn spree" 2598:26 April 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 2491:"Financial Statistics Summary Chart Pack" 2462: 1994: 1992: 859: 489:and eaten by busy workers buying food in 6211:Association football in Northern Ireland 4147:Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland 3897:Strategic Banking Corporation of Ireland 2800: 2170: 2000:"Web site of Science Foundation Ireland" 1943: 1882: 1844:Markets Created a Pot of Gold in Ireland 1813: 980: 944: 710: 609: 436: 46: 38: 5407:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 4455:Irish Co-operative Organisation Society 4450:Irish Agricultural Organisation Society 3511: 2283: 1946:"Entrepreneurship Takes Off in Ireland" 1224: 685:was building a new Irish facility, and 605: 390:International Financial Services Centre 14: 6445: 3958: 3257:"Celtic Tiger dead as recession bites" 2450:. European Commission. 12 January 2012 2058:. Central Statistics Office. July 2007 1989: 1319:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 456:Economic and Social Research Institute 359: 5676: 5466: 5287: 4893: 4828: 4595: 3932: 3768: 2685:"Lenihan has got figures 'all wrong'" 2652: 2284:Creaton, Siobhan (24 February 2011). 1824:"How Ireland Became the Celtic Tiger" 1800:name = "EU support for Irish Regions" 1691:"Macroeconomics: Policy and Practice" 1649:"IMF Staff Country Report No. 02/170" 1611: 3689:"Social effects of the Celtic Tiger" 2416: 1883:Stensrud, Christian (October 2016). 1225:Alvarez, Lizette (2 February 2005). 903: 147:version of the term, appears in the 4430:Aurivo Co-operative Society Limited 3265:. 26 September 2008. Archived from 2875: 1944:Flanigan, James (17 January 2008). 1901:from the original on 9 October 2022 1667:– website article, 22 December 2012 877: 666:all had sizeable Irish operations. 159:state-driven economic development; 27:Irish economy between 1995 and 2007 24: 5436:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 5211:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 5009:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 4854: 4247:Regions by Human Development Index 3239:"Management of economy is 'vital'" 2053:"Household Budget Survey 2004 -05" 1441:Speech by the President of Ireland 1172:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 1151: 804:Reliance on foreign energy sources 723: 332:, were as high as 4% of Ireland's 306:European Regional Development Fund 25: 6559: 5221:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3796:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 2920:"Publications - Resources - SEAI" 2653:Bushe, Andrew (17 October 2004). 673:had resumed its Irish expansion, 6426: 5390:Tallest buildings and structures 4576: 4575: 3710: 3681: 3660: 3642: 3620:"Unemployment to hit 17% - ESRI" 3612: 908: 776:Promotion of indigenous industry 265:Industrial Development Authority 229: 186:By mid-2007, in the wake of the 163:among employers, government and 6523:2007 in the Republic of Ireland 6518:2006 in the Republic of Ireland 6513:2005 in the Republic of Ireland 6508:2004 in the Republic of Ireland 6503:2003 in the Republic of Ireland 6498:2002 in the Republic of Ireland 6493:2001 in the Republic of Ireland 6488:2000 in the Republic of Ireland 6483:1999 in the Republic of Ireland 6478:1998 in the Republic of Ireland 6473:1997 in the Republic of Ireland 6468:1996 in the Republic of Ireland 6463:1995 in the Republic of Ireland 3582: 3556: 3531: 3512:Krugman, Paul (20 April 2009). 3505: 3479: 3461:"Look to Boston, not to Berlin" 3453: 3423: 3396: 3366: 3336: 3311: 3281: 3249: 3231: 3210: 3180: 3155: 3144: 3123: 3098: 3073: 3047: 3000: 2974: 2948: 2912: 2838: 2812: 2794: 2772: 2742: 2717: 2702: 2677: 2646: 2627: 2601: 2581: 2561: 2541: 2519: 2500:. 12 March 2013. Archived from 2483: 2437: 2410: 2385: 2359: 2343: 2329: 2308: 2257: 2240: 2215: 2190: 2171:McDonald, Brian (12 May 2008). 2134: 2104: 2095: 2045: 2025: 2010: 1963: 1937: 1876: 1836: 1794: 1764: 1734: 1708: 1683: 1670: 1658: 1612:White, Rossa (2 October 2010). 1591:"So Who Got Us Into This Mess?" 1583: 1553: 1528: 1502: 1472: 1453: 1434: 1422: 1068:In a November 2008 interview in 738:excessive Irish property values 364:In the 1990s, the provision of 348:Trade within the European Union 188:growing global financial crisis 5226:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 2808:. International Monetary Fund. 2265:Book review of Peader Kirby's 1654:. International Monetary Fund. 1401: 1381: 1355: 1337: 1327: 1281: 1271: 1246: 1218: 1197:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 30:For the Irish dance show, see 13: 1: 5288: 4538:Banknotes of Northern Ireland 3892:Economic Adjustment Programme 2820:"Supporting SMEs Online Tool" 2398:. International Monetary Fund 2253:. Immigration and immigrants. 2148:. 9 July 2012. Archived from 1212: 816:projects, including a dam at 706: 553:Slowdown in growth, 2001–2003 287: 83:) is a term referring to the 56: Real GDP (chained 2010 6291:Northern Ireland flags issue 5467: 5242:List of conflicts in Ireland 4986:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4016:Companies on Euronext Dublin 2887:"ESB Comments on GreenPaper 2267:The Celtic Tiger In Distress 1083: 985:European debt to GDP ratios 7: 5677: 5262:Gaelic clothing and fashion 4894: 4513:Post-2008 economic downturn 3980:Economy of Northern Ireland 3151:Figure 3. Irish yield curve 2355:, Finfacts Team, 4 May 2009 2042:. Accessed 4 November 2006. 1924:"Home - Enterprise Ireland" 1429:Irish Parliamentary Debates 1160: 1123:International Monetary Fund 633:increase in property values 473:, and the extension of the 10: 6564: 4208:Department for the Economy 4138:Ireland state owned Banks: 3564:"The Sunday Business Post" 3131:"The Sunday Business Post" 2872:Retrieved 8 November 2006. 2643:Retrieved 6 November 2006. 2421:. Finfacts. Archived from 2393:"IMF Working Paper 02/160" 1510:"The Sunday Business Post" 691:Science Foundation Ireland 573:People's Republic of China 408:Geography and demographics 397:Science Foundation Ireland 209:. In early January 2009, 29: 6538:2000s in economic history 6528:1990s in economic history 6422: 6321: 6259: 6196: 6136: 6049: 5997: 5952: 5919: 5864: 5829: 5779: 5698: 5689: 5685: 5672: 5607: 5510: 5479: 5475: 5462: 5372: 5300: 5296: 5283: 5234: 5022: 4906: 4902: 4889: 4865: 4716: 4633: 4571: 4498: 4422: 4334: 4286: 4255: 4239: 4223: 4163: 4094: 4044: 3988: 3970: 3905: 3832: 3806: 2909:Retrieved 5 January 2009. 2587:Abbott Ireland (Pharma). 2271:Accessed 4 November 2006. 1807:18 September 2012 at the 1062:Central Statistics Office 917:This article needs to be 841:and, to a lesser extent, 644:11 September 2001 attacks 592:Stability and Growth Pact 569:11 September 2001 attacks 463:National Development Plan 433:Impact of economic growth 250: 169:foreign direct investment 4518:Post-2008 banking crisis 4240:Development demographics 2709:The global housing boom. 2661:. London. Archived from 2146:The Irish Regions Office 1866:"The luck of the Irish". 1465:17 December 2013 at the 1446:13 December 2013 at the 1115:had a bleak prediction, 941:Contraction of the Tiger 6543:2000s in Irish politics 6533:1990s in Irish politics 6383:Prostitution (Republic) 4213:Invest Northern Ireland 4045:Currency & taxation 3012:2 February 2009 at the 2639:2 February 2009 at the 2594:2 February 2009 at the 2574:2 February 2009 at the 2498:Central Bank of Ireland 2016:Proinnsias Breathnach. 1842:Benjamin Powell(2003). 1254:"The luck of the Irish" 812:bogs, building various 759:Loss of competitiveness 122: 108:global financial crisis 5252:List of Irish kingdoms 1561:"No time for whingers" 1484:Dublic Water to Energy 1049: 978: 860:Distribution of wealth 720: 640:foot and mouth disease 615: 565:Foot and mouth disease 532:, Mike McCormick, and 503:, particularly in the 469:light rail lines, the 442: 334:gross national product 80: 68: 44: 6359:Mass media (Republic) 6303:National coat of arms 5191:IRA Northern Campaign 4793:United Arab Emirates 4543:Anglo-Irish trade war 2471:Angelique Chrisafis. 1776:Revenue Commissioners 1746:Revenue Commissioners 1460:Galway County Council 1106:European Central Bank 984: 949:Ireland bond prices, 948: 746:Progressive Democrats 714: 677:created an office in 613: 440: 419:Good Friday Agreement 50: 42: 6281:County coats of arms 6173:List of Irish people 5247:List of Irish tribes 5097:Cromwellian conquest 5083:Plantation of Ulster 5014:Ireland (since 1922) 4533:Banknotes of Ireland 4196:Croke Park Agreement 4176:Minister for Finance 3667:Eoin Burke-Kennedy. 2567:Google Ireland Ltd. 2554:23 July 2011 at the 2038:23 June 2007 at the 1829:3 March 2010 at the 1782:on 28 September 2007 1138:economic contraction 951:Inverted yield curve 824:in 1928, developing 606:Post-2003 resurgence 427:demographic dividend 320:from members of the 310:European Social Fund 112:European debt crisis 6396:in Northern Ireland 6387:in Northern Ireland 6128:Legendary creatures 6041:Traditional singing 5877:Saint Patrick's Day 5512:Republic of Ireland 5441:Tourist attractions 5426:ROI–UK border 5411:of Northern Ireland 5364:in Northern Ireland 5196:IRA Border Campaign 5171:War of Independence 5141:Second Great Famine 5126:Act of Union (1800) 5078:Flight of the Earls 4935:Lordship of Ireland 4870:Republic of Ireland 4067:Currency Commission 3743:on 28 November 2017 2738:on 4 November 2011. 2537:on 16 October 2015. 2417:Hennigan, Michael. 2296:on 18 February 2013 2083:. ESRI Dublin. 2002 1977:on 24 December 2018 1849:6 July 2008 at the 1601:on 10 October 2009. 1516:on 13 November 2010 1490:on 3 September 2018 1207:Tiger Cub Economies 1182:Green Jersey Agenda 891:Financial Regulator 696:In September 2009, 683:Abbott Laboratories 528:. Writers such as 360:Industrial policies 342:Heritage Foundation 234:From 1995 to 2000, 141:An Tíogar Ceilteach 97:fell into recession 81:An Tíogar Ceilteach 6433:Ireland portal 5751:Skirts and kidneys 5257:List of High Kings 5176:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5116:First Great Famine 5101:Settlement of 1652 5073:Tyrone's Rebellion 5063:Desmond Rebellions 4952:Kingdom of Ireland 4191:July Jobs Stimulus 4127:Allied Irish Banks 4036:Supermarket chains 3975:Economy of Ireland 3630:on 13 October 2012 3600:on 13 October 2012 3518:The New York Times 3491:The New York Times 3441:on 17 October 2012 3409:The New York Times 3384:on 13 October 2012 3269:on 2 February 2009 3198:on 11 October 2012 3163:"We blew the boom" 3034:The New York Times 2988:on 4 February 2009 2962:on 21 January 2010 2531:www.idaireland.com 1950:The New York Times 1626:on 22 January 2011 1571:on 20 October 2012 1232:The New York Times 1050: 979: 964: 10 year bond 958: 15 year bond 883:The New York Times 831:security of supply 721: 616: 494:convenience stores 475:Cork Suburban Rail 471:Dublin Port Tunnel 443: 294:corporate taxation 241:standard of living 161:social partnership 85:economy of Ireland 69: 45: 6440: 6439: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 5825: 5824: 5716:Bacon and cabbage 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5535:Foreign relations 5458: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5385:Notable buildings 5279: 5278: 5275: 5274: 4822: 4821: 4635:Post-World War II 4589: 4588: 4445:Dublin Food Co-op 4310:Business schools 4031:Restaurant chains 4001:Largest companies 3926: 3925: 3733:978-1-904541-58-5 3299:on 8 October 2012 2936:on 2 January 2016 2903:on 18 March 2009. 2760:on 8 October 2012 2665:on 4 January 2006 2507:on 11 August 2018 2290:Irish Independent 2177:Irish Independent 2031:Dermot McAleese. 2006:on 12 March 2013. 1722:. 24 October 2004 1720:Irish Independent 1369:on 1 October 2011 1351:. 3 January 2016. 1349:Irish Independent 1090:Garret FitzGerald 1088:Former Taoiseach 976: 3 year bond 970: 5 year bond 938: 937: 751:In January 2009, 522:country's culture 451:consumer spending 447:Disposable income 402:knowledge economy 318:transfer payments 137:East Asian Tigers 101:Four Asian Tigers 66: Nominal GDP 32:Celtic Tiger Live 16:(Redirected from 6555: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6108:Tuatha Dé Danann 5696: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5674: 5673: 5609:Northern Ireland 5587: 5577: 5567: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5463: 5298: 5297: 5285: 5284: 5161:Home Rule crisis 4991:Northern Ireland 4904: 4903: 4891: 4890: 4878:Northern Ireland 4849: 4842: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4623:Economic miracle 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4579: 4578: 4465:Londis (Ireland) 4460:Lakeland Dairies 4203:Northern Ireland 4117:First Trust Bank 4079:Northern Ireland 3953: 3946: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3824:Anglo Irish Bank 3789: 3782: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3736:. Archived from 3725: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626:. Archived from 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3596:. Archived from 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3566:. Archived from 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3437:. Archived from 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3380:. Archived from 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350:. Archived from 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3295:. Archived from 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3194:. Archived from 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3159: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3016: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2984:. Archived from 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2935: 2929:. Archived from 2924: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2896:. Archived from 2895: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2859:. Archived from 2858: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2822:. Archived from 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2756:. Archived from 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2721: 2715: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2650: 2644: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2611:. Archived from 2605: 2599: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2533:. Archived from 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2495: 2487: 2481: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2339:. 25 April 2017. 2333: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2292:. 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Archived from 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1486:. Archived from 1476: 1470: 1457: 1451: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1405: 1399: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1294:. Archived from 1293: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1222: 1192:PIGS (economics) 1146:global recession 1094:Charlie McCreevy 1043: 1034: 1025: 1016: 1007: 998: 989: 975: 969: 963: 957: 933: 930: 924: 912: 911: 904: 895:Anglo Irish Bank 878:Banking scandals 546:entrepreneurship 537:ranked first in 501:multiculturalism 314:education system 274:Frederic Mishkin 192:David McWilliams 149:Foras na Gaeilge 65: 55: 21: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6453:Tiger economies 6443: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6427: 6425: 6410: 6378:outside Ireland 6349:Historic houses 6317: 6298:Irish Wolfhound 6269:Brighid's Cross 6255: 6226:Gaelic handball 6221:Gaelic football 6192: 6163:Hiberno-Normans 6132: 6045: 5993: 5948: 5929:Hiberno-English 5915: 5860: 5821: 5775: 5681: 5660: 5603: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5506: 5497:Ulster loyalism 5471: 5450: 5368: 5292: 5271: 5230: 5156:Dublin lock-out 5092:Confederate War 5043:Norman invasion 5030:Battles of Tara 5018: 4974:1801–1923 4962:1691–1800 4957:1536–1691 4945:1169–1536 4898: 4885: 4861: 4853: 4823: 4818: 4712: 4629: 4620: 4590: 4585: 4567: 4494: 4485:The Urban Co-op 4418: 4330: 4288: 4282: 4268:Belfast economy 4251: 4235: 4219: 4159: 4107:Bank of Ireland 4090: 4062:Currency Centre 4040: 3984: 3966: 3957: 3927: 3922: 3901: 3828: 3819:Property bubble 3802: 3793: 3762: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3698: 3696: 3693:The Irish Times 3687: 3686: 3682: 3674:The Irish Times 3665: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3514:"Erin Go Broke" 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3354:on 26 July 2010 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3245:. 10 July 2008. 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3061:. 13 March 2005 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3019: 3014:Wayback Machine 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866:on 24 May 2006. 2863: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2641:Wayback Machine 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2615:on 6 March 2006 2607: 2606: 2602: 2596:Wayback Machine 2586: 2582: 2576:Wayback Machine 2566: 2562: 2556:Wayback Machine 2547:Press release. 2546: 2542: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2470: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2425:on 21 June 2007 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2282: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2122:on 4 March 2016 2116:business2000.ie 2110: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2040:Wayback Machine 2030: 2026: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1864: 1857: 1851:Wayback Machine 1841: 1837: 1831:Wayback Machine 1821: 1814: 1809:Wayback Machine 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1753: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1695:www.pearson.com 1689: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1619:The Irish Times 1610: 1606: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1467:Wayback Machine 1458: 1454: 1448:Wayback Machine 1439: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1301:on 23 June 2014 1298: 1291: 1289:"Archived copy" 1287: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1163: 1154: 1152:Cultural impact 1111:Nobel laureate 1086: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1005: 1003: 996: 994: 987: 977: 973: 971: 967: 965: 961: 959: 955: 943: 934: 928: 925: 922: 913: 909: 880: 862: 806: 778: 761: 726: 724:Property market 717:Spire of Dublin 709: 608: 588:public finances 584:Federal Reserve 555: 491:filling station 479:Spire of Dublin 435: 410: 362: 350: 308:(ERDF) and the 302: 290: 282:Charles Haughey 253: 232: 212:The Irish Times 173:corporation tax 125: 89:property bubble 67: 63: 61: 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6548:Economic booms 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344:Heritage Sites 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:Irish diaspora 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6156:Gaelic Ireland 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5899: 5897:Rose of Tralee 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5706:List of dishes 5702: 5700: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622:D'Hondt method 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5583:Seanad Éireann 5579: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:Extreme points 5320: 5315: 5313:Climate change 5310: 5304: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5131:1803 Rebellion 5128: 5123: 5121:1798 Rebellion 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Williamite War 5103: 5094: 5088:1641 Rebellion 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5068:Spanish Armada 5065: 5060: 5058:Tudor conquest 5055: 5050: 5048:Bruce campaign 5045: 5040: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4993:(1921–present) 4988: 4983: 4981:Irish Republic 4978: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4940:800–1169 4931:Gaelic Ireland 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4900: 4899: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4875: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4803:United States 4801: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4308: 4306:Businesspeople 4303: 4298: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4263:Dublin economy 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4231:United Ireland 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084:Pound sterling 4076: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3844: 3842: 3840:Bank guarantee 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3800:banking crisis 3792: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3755: 3754: 3732: 3709: 3695:. 29 June 2007 3680: 3659: 3656:. 16 May 2022. 3641: 3611: 3594:irishtimes.com 3581: 3570:on 1 July 2009 3555: 3543:Independent.ie 3530: 3504: 3493:. 4 April 2018 3487:"Paul Krugman" 3478: 3465:Independent.ie 3452: 3435:Independent.ie 3422: 3395: 3365: 3335: 3310: 3280: 3262:Irish Examiner 3248: 3230: 3209: 3192:irishtimes.com 3179: 3167:Independent.ie 3154: 3143: 3122: 3110:Independent.ie 3097: 3085:Independent.ie 3072: 3059:Independent.ie 3046: 3017: 2999: 2973: 2947: 2911: 2874: 2870:(9.88 KB) 2837: 2826:on 9 July 2006 2811: 2801:Daniel Kanda. 2793: 2771: 2741: 2716: 2701: 2689:Independent.ie 2676: 2645: 2626: 2600: 2580: 2560: 2540: 2518: 2482: 2461: 2436: 2409: 2384: 2358: 2342: 2328: 2307: 2273: 2256: 2239: 2214: 2189: 2163: 2152:on 9 July 2012 2133: 2103: 2094: 2069: 2044: 2024: 2009: 1988: 1962: 1936: 1912: 1892:civitas.org.uk 1875: 1855: 1835: 1812: 1793: 1763: 1752:on 17 May 2007 1733: 1707: 1682: 1676:R. F. Foster, 1669: 1657: 1637: 1604: 1582: 1552: 1540:Independent.ie 1527: 1501: 1471: 1452: 1433: 1421: 1400: 1380: 1354: 1336: 1326: 1280: 1270: 1245: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1142:European Union 1085: 1082: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1004: 995: 986: 972: 966: 960: 954: 942: 939: 936: 935: 916: 914: 907: 879: 876: 866:United Nations 861: 858: 835:global warming 805: 802: 777: 774: 760: 757: 725: 722: 708: 705: 607: 604: 554: 551: 539:The Economist' 483:breakfast roll 434: 431: 409: 406: 361: 358: 354:United Kingdom 349: 346: 338:Cato Institute 322:European Union 301: 298: 289: 286: 269:European Union 267:. In addition 252: 249: 231: 228: 177:European Union 145:Irish language 133:Morgan Stanley 124: 121: 62: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6560: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6435: 6434: 6421: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Public houses 6399: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5657: 5656:Peace process 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5586:(upper house) 5584: 5580: 5578: 5576:(lower house) 5574: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5492:Republicanism 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Peace process 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186:The Emergency 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5166:Easter Rising 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Fenian Rising 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:Early history 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4807:Massachusetts 4805: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627:tiger economy 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423:Co-operatives 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 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3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3919: 3918:Brian Lenihan 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3706: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3467:. 7 June 2003 3466: 3462: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3060: 3056: 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