955:, Belzu chose to enact the aforementioned welfare programs because the idea of communalism was more in tune with the traditional values of native populations than the emphasis on private property that other caudillos embraced. Belzu was also known for his nationalization of the country's profitable mining industry – he enacted protectionist policies to reserve Bolivian resources for Bolivian use, provoking the ire of British, Peruvian, and Chilean shipping and mining interests. Many of Belzu's policies won him favor among the long-downtrodden indigenous peoples of Bolivia, but came at the cost of enraging wealthy Creole Bolivians as well as foreign countries like Britain that sought to use resources from Bolivian mines. Belzu took steps to legitimize his leadership, and was at one point democratically elected. Despite his popularity in many sectors, Belzu had many powerful enemies and he survived 40 assassination attempts. His enemies wanted to destroy the state-run projects that helped nationalist program but likewise improved the public sphere on which the country's poor were reliant. However, the despotism that is so rife among the caudillos also found a home with Belzu – from the early 1850s until his abdication of power in 1855, he is said to have ruled despotically, making himself very wealthy in the process. Belzu considered returning to the presidency in 1861, but he was gunned down by one of his rivals by the time he tried to run for presidency again. He was unable to leave a legacy and his populist programs died with him. After Bolivia's independence, Bolivia lost half of its territory to neighboring countries including Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Brazil through the war and agreements reached under the threat of invasion.
1002:(r. 1814–1840) was Supreme Dictator of the Republic, maintaining the landlocked country's independence from Argentina and other foreign powers. Sealed off from outside trade, Paraguay developed economic self-sufficiency under Francia. He based society on communal properties, rather than centralized authoritarianism, attempting to revert to the methods of the communal Indian society that existed previously in Paraguay. After independence the state gained control of the land which was once under control of the Church and the Spanish state. Francia created state ranches and rented out land for the use of citizens who were able to pay a fee. Francia's repressive measures included crushing the power of the elite American-born Spaniards and curbing the power of the Roman Catholic Church. Francia allowed for religious freedom and abolished the tithe. He actively encouraged miscegenation. He has been a controversial figure in Hispanic American history: many modern historians credit him with bringing stability to Paraguay, preserving independence, and "bequeathing to his successors an egalitarian, homogeneous nation". However, because of his crackdown on the wealthy elite and the subsequent weakening of their power, he was accused of anti-clericalism. Nevertheless, Paraguay prospered under Francia in terms of economics and trade through a trade route with Buenos Aires, which was opposed by the wealthy Argentinian elites. "Sometimes counted among the dictators of the era, contemporary history has viewed Francia as an honest, populist leader who promoted sovereign economic prosperity in a war-torn Paraguay."
1029:
1296:. Díaz was averse to being dependent on the Mexican army, since as a general and leader of a coup d'état himself, he knew their potential for intervening in national politics. Díaz coopted or crushed regional opposition to his regime, creating a political machine to forward his vision of modern Mexico. Desirous of economic development that necessitated foreign investment, Díaz sought capital and expertise from European powers (Britain, France, and Germany) to offset the closer power of the United States. Although elections were held in Mexico at regular intervals, they were by nature not democratic. The huge rural, illiterate, and mostly indigenous populations were more to be feared by the government than as a source for regime support. When Díaz failed to find a political solution to his succession, the
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lines, and port facilities, which cut transportation time and costs and sped up communications. Stable political regimes that could ensure the security of foreign investments, facilitate extraction of resources, and production of agricultural crops and animals were the necessary structures. Industrialization also took hold in a few countries (Mexico, Argentina, Colombia) to produce consumer goods locally. In general, foreign governments and entrepreneurs had no interest in directly administering countries of
Hispanic America in a formal
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He was forced to lift the ban on certain imports, like textiles, which opened a trade with Great
Britain. Through his power over the imports and exports, the military, the police, and even the legislative branch of government, Rosas created a monopoly that would ensure his remaining in power for over two decades. By the 1850s, Rosas was under attack by the very people who had helped him gain power. He was driven out of power and eventually ended up in Great Britain, where he died in 1877.
1539:
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73:
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947:, executed a coup for the presidency in 1848, promising the position of Minister of War to Belzu. Belzu seized power for himself once the coup was completed and cemented his position as president by quashing a counter-coup by Velasco. During his presidency, Belzu instituted several reforms to the country's economy in an effort to redistribute wealth more equitably. He rewarded the work of the poor and dispossessed. Like
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40:
557:. In Spanish America, new sovereign states grappled with the question of balancing a central authority, usually in the hands of the traditional elites, with some kind of representation of the new "citizenry" of the republics. Constitutions were written laying out the division of powers, but the rule of personalist strongmen,
752:, and centralist, who sought a strong central state and defense of traditional institutional structures, particularly the Mexican Army and the Roman Catholic Church. Many regional strongmen were in the Federalist-Liberal camp, which supported local control and the continuation of their power. The quintessential Mexican
516:. Liberalism had an advantage in the post-independence period, drawing on the ideas of the liberators and creating the institutional frameworks of the new nation-states via written constitutions. Free trade as an economic policy created market-oriented economies. The model that these nation-states often adopted was
990:
and estancias to create an army that would challenge the leadership of
Argentina. After his rise to power using the rural workers, he changed his system in favor of using the military. He attempted to impose a ban on imported goods to help and win the support of the artisans in Argentina, but failed.
552:
In the wake of the violence and political disruption, new nations were faced with widespread property destruction, the disappearance of trade, and states that lacked political authority. The first few decades after independence saw the rise of strongmen with roots in the military. Spanish
America had
923:
and the power to name his successor. In 1828 his supporters called on him to assume dictatorial powers and "save the republic". However, the political turmoil continued and Bolívar stepped down in 1830, going into self-imposed exile and dying shortly thereafter. "He is revered as the one person who
717:
This region was vulnerable to stronger powers, particularly the United States and the United
Kingdom. Cuba remained in the hands of the Spanish crown until 1898. The United States seized a huge part of Mexico. Britain attempted to set up a protectorate on the Mosquito Coast of Central America. The
931:
Veterans of the wars of independence assumed the leadership of the newly created nation-states, each with a new constitution. Despite constitutions and ideological labels of liberals and conservatives, personalist and opportunistic leaders dominated the early nineteenth century. As with Mexico and
681:
There were a number of strongmen who went beyond raw struggles for power and its spoils and established "integrative dictatorships". These regimes attempted to curtail centrifugal forces, often termed "federalism", where regions or states of a nation-state had more autonomy and instead established
1245:
In the late nineteenth century, regimes in
Spanish America were more stable and often less dominated by military men. Foreign investors, particularly the British, began building infrastructure in countries of greatest interest to the UK's economic needs. Such projects included railways, telegraph
421:
Hispanic
America is not unique in having strong leaders emerge during times of turmoil. The cause of their emergence in Spanish America is generally seen to be in the destruction of the Spanish colonial state structure after the wars of independence, and in the importance of leaders from the
548:
as an institution remained strong and the militaries won victories against royalist forces. The state as an institution in most areas was weak. Conflicts over the form the new governments should take were rampant, and veterans of the wars of independence saw themselves as the leaders of the
268:
730:
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states that "Before 1810 the caudillo was unknown. … The caudillo entered history as a local hero whom larger events promoted to a military chieftain." In a rural area that lacked any institutions of the state, and where the environment was one of violence and anarchy, a
868:, faced opponents who objected to their increasingly Centralist administrations. Those opponents gravitated to supporting Díaz, a military hero of the French intervention, who challenged Juárez and Lerdo by attempting rebellions, the second of which, the
458:
There were a few strongmen who either rose from a humble background to protect the interests of indigenous groups or other rural marginalized groups, or strongly identified with those groups; historian E. Bradford Burns referred to them as "folk
968:(1793–1837) is credited with creating a strong, centralized regime that lasted 30 years. In general, Chile prospered with an export-oriented economy based on agriculture and mining, an exception to most of the Spanish-American regimes.
792:, protected the mainly indigenous and mestizo peasants of Guerrero, who in turn gave him their loyalty". Álvarez briefly served as President of Mexico, returning to his home state, leaving ideological liberals to institute the era of
1381:. Obregón was elected again in 1928, but was assassinated before he could again resume the presidency. In 1929, Plutarco Elías Calles founded a political party, then known as the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), and became the
963:
In contrast to most of
Spanish America, post-independence Chile experienced political stability under the authoritarian rule of conservatives, backed by the landowning class. Although he never sought the presidency, cabinet minister
431:
could impose order, often by using violence himself to achieve it. His local control as a strongman needed to be maintained by assuring the loyalty of his followers, so his bestowing of material rewards reinforced his own position.
747:
began its revolt against Spain in 1810, gaining independence in 1821. Political divisions in the post-independence period were labeled federalist, seeking a weak central government and often associated with
919:. As with other areas of Spanish America, centrifugal forces caused the country to fragment into separate nation-states. Bolivar saw the need for political stability, which could be put into effect with a
455:
power benefited elites. But these strongmen were also mediators between elites and the popular classes, recruiting them into the power base, but also restraining them from achieving power themselves.
924:
made the greatest contribution to
Spanish American independence" and admired by both the political left for opposing slavery and distrust of the U.S. and the right, which admires his
493:
often sought to legitimize their rule by holding titles of authority such as "President of the
Republic". If the constitution put formal limits on presidential power and term limits,
1349:
emerged as another brilliant general from northern Mexico, defeating Villa's Division of the North in 1915 after Villa had broken with Carranza. Obregón and fellow Sonoran generals
1262:
in Hispanic America whereby presidents continue in office beyond the legal term limits, with constitutional revision, plebiscites, and the creation of family dynasties, such as the
1361:, with the presidency in the 1920s going in turn from de la Huerta, to Obregón, to Calles, and back to Obregón. During Calles's presidency (1924–1928), he stringently enforced the
756:, who gained national power for decades, was Santa Anna, who was initially a Liberal but became a Conservative and sought strengthening of the central government. Following the
520:, keeping power in the component regions. Federalism, however, tended toward centrifugalism and fragmentation and was characterized by weak central governments. Conservative
1403:
With the improvement of transportation, tropical products such as coffee and bananas could be transported to a growing consumer market in the United States. In Guatemala
1028:
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could also maintain their position by protecting the interests of regional elites. A local strongman who built a regional base could aspire to become a national
932:
Central America, the political turmoil and penury of the governments of the Bolivarian republics prevented foreign investors from risking their capital there.
286:
of the "Philippine Revolutionary War", he is the leader of a national liberation against the Spanish Empire and an anti-imperialist resistance against the
1733:
2804:
Meade, Teresa A. (2016) “Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia.” History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present, Wiley Blackwell, p. 93.
3740:
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2486:
1345:, peasant leader from the state of Morelos, opposed to Díaz and every subsequent Mexican government until his murder in 1919 by Carranza's agents.
1073:
540:
Although there was the hope of some Spanish American leaders of independence that the political contours of regions would reconstitute the former
983:. Rosas despised "the principles of political democracy and liberty provided order in a region that had known near-anarchy since independence".
800:, there were a number of generals who had regional personal followings. Important figures whose local power had consequences nationally included
244:, being successful military leaders, having mutual reliance on the leader and their supporters, and rewarding them for their loyalty. During the
2785:
Meade, Teresa A. (2016) “Argentina and the Tyrants.” History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present, 2nd ed., Wiley Blackwell. pp. 92–93.
3730:
2748:
1088:
1208:
3568:
3156:. Selections on Hidalgo, Quiroga, Moreno, Díaz, Trujillo, Perón, Castro, Pinochet, and Stroessner. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
590:
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and traditional values remained strong in many regions, supported by elites seeking to maintain their power in the new order. Conservative
513:
979:(r. 1829–1852) dominated the Argentine confederation. He came from a wealthy landowning family, but also acquired large tracts of land in
248:, the Spanish crown asserted its power and established a plethora of bureaucratic institutions that prevented personalist rule. Historian
1286:
A major example of a modernizing caudillo of the late nineteenth century is Díaz (r. 1876–1911), whose period of control is known as the
3588:
1493:
1223:
828:
whose power was more local but still important, including Gerónimo Treviño and Francisco Narajo in Nuevo León, Servando Canales and
524:
also emerged around 1830. New nation-states often rejected the institutions of the colonial era as legacies to be rejected, but the
264:
were very influential in the history of Spanish America and left a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern era.
1178:
1013:
576:
1463:
422:
independence struggles for providing government in the post-independence period, when nation-states came into being. Historian
1662:
463:,". In his analysis, they contrasted with Europeanized elites who viewed the lower orders with contempt. He gives examples of
1478:
999:
986:
During his two-decade reign, Rosas rose to power and created an empire. He used his military experience to gain support from
952:
660:
257:
1617:
3256:
797:
245:
3039:
Hale, Charles A. "The Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Politics in Spanish America: A Case for the History of Ideas."
2057:
1395:
dominated Mexican politics until 2000 and functioned as a brake on the personalist power of regional caudillos in Mexico.
1058:
3606:
1918:
1568:
1544:
1538:
737:
334:
315:
1587:
2724:
1553:
1718:
306:(1936–1939). Spanish censors during his rule attacked publishers who applied the term to Hispanic American strongmen.
3710:
3705:
3583:
3515:
1778:
1602:
1392:
1133:
618:
367:
150:
1647:
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of Mexico. Rosas and Díaz were military men, who continued to rely on armed forces to maintain themselves in power.
3715:
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1793:
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632:
553:
known no other type of regime than monarchy, and Mexico established one under a royalist general-turned-insurgent
3601:
3540:
3249:
1769:
1632:
350:
Since Spanish American independence in the early nineteenth century, the region has been noted for its number of
1724:
1118:
646:
3394:
2809:
2790:
2624:
2222:
2028:
2009:
1980:
1523:
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719:
710:
359:
354:
and the duration of their rule. The early nineteenth century is sometimes called "The Age of Caudillos", with
343:
1301:
2379:. John Lynch; Hispanic American Historical Review 1 February 1983; 63 (1): 3–35. Duke University Press doi:
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arrangement so long as their interests could be nurtured by modernizing national governments, often seen as
1169:
1064:
3685:
1831:
1677:
865:
3720:
3695:
3520:
3483:
1825:
1820:
1739:
1391:), the power behind the presidency in a period known as the Maximato (1928–1934); PNR's iteration as the
1819:, sometimes based on real historical figures, are important in literature. Colombian Nobel Prize winner
1290:. His slogan was “order and progress”, which was enforced by armed men controlled by the president, the
604:
912:
1593:
1433:
1318:(1880–1884) and returned to the presidency until he was overthrown in 1911 in the Mexican Revolution.
193:. There is no precise English translation for the term, though it is often used interchangeably with "
3745:
3735:
3690:
1883:
1469:
1418:
1103:
638:
213:, after virtually all of the regions in the latter won independence in the early nineteenth century.
17:
1315:
314:. Most societies have had personalist leaders at times, but Hispanic America has had many more, the
3632:
3563:
3488:
1448:
1333:
also helped oust Díaz, supported Madero, and following his murder in 1913, became a general in the
757:
362:, dominating national politics. Weak nation-states in Spanish America fostered the continuation of
190:
2259:
Shumway, Jeffrey M (2004). "Juan Manuel de Rosas: Authoritarian Caudillo and Primitive Populist".
1840:
1350:
1148:
666:
610:
3346:
2321:
Rausch, Jane M (2015). "The Taming of a Colombian Caudillo: Juan Nepomuceno Moreno of Casanare".
1888:
1154:
1079:
900:. "That they slowly gathered around Porfirio Díaz is the story of the rise of Porfirian Mexico."
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299:
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in Spanish America is rooted not in the distant Spanish past but in the immediate context of the
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1193:
3593:
3272:
3159:
1850:
1334:
1229:
478:. Burns attributes the urban elites' bafflement and their contempt for followers of these folk
423:
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from office, but this prompted them to rebel. These included Trinidad García de la Cadena in
298:(1936–1975) proudly took the title as his own during and after his military overthrow of the
194:
1953:
1683:
837:
532:, supported by the Church and elites, moved to the creation of strong, central governments.
260:. The wars overthrew colonial rule and left a power vacuum in the early nineteenth century.
3499:
3452:
3212:
Luhnow, David; José De Cordoba; Nicholas Casey (11 July 2009). "The Cult of the caudillo".
3068:
The Caciques: Oligarchical Politics and the System of Caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic World
2543:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1980, pp. 86–94, 96–103, 105–06.
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169:
76:
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8:
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1933:
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202:
65:
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Tradition and Revolt in Latin America, 216–28. New York: Columbia University Press 1969.
1754:
1704:
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1109:
903:
3147:
Martin Güemes: Tyrant or Tool? A Study of the Sources of Power of an Argentine Caudillo
2742:
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1836:
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908:
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403:
366:
from the late nineteenth century into the twentieth century. The formation of Mexico's
233:
39:
2991:
Alexander, Robert J. "Caudillos, Coroneis, and Political Bosses in Latin America." In
2080:
1896:
1378:
1199:
805:
565:, nominally ruling as presidents under a constitution, as "constitutional dictators".
3725:
3578:
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Dictatorship and Development: The Methods of Control in Trujillo's Dominican Republic
2805:
2786:
2730:
2720:
2620:
2472:
2350:
2272:
2218:
2024:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1976:
1901:
1374:
1373:, a failed major uprising under the leadership of some regional caudillos, including
943:, who served as the fourteenth president from 1848 until 1855. The former president,
849:
765:
383:
322:. However, scholars have applied the term to a variety of Hispanic-American leaders.
303:
294:
The term is often used pejoratively by critics of a regime. However, Spain's General
237:
80:
911:, the foremost leader of independence in Spanish America, attempted to recreate the
889:
3659:
3558:
3376:
2450:
2330:
2295:
2268:
2138:
1938:
1454:
1308:
1214:
995:
925:
869:
801:
411:
339:
295:
271:
220:
may be tied to the framework of rule in medieval and early modern Spain during the
210:
164:
100:
53:
1311:
and became president of Mexico 1876–1880, succeeded by his military and political
1279:
861:
821:
695:
3626:
3573:
3285:
3180:. Chapters on Rosas, Páez, Santa Anna, and Carrera. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992.
2408:, esp. Part 2, "The Making of a Caudillo". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1578:
1514:
1362:
1342:
1019:
975:, political instability and violence were more typical of the era. In Argentina,
545:
525:
399:
379:
31:
1895:, a powerful critic of such strongmen. An outlier in terms of subject matter is
1439:
809:
761:
49:
3358:
3014:
The Public Man: An Interpretation of Latin America and other Catholic Countries
2904:
1878:
1868:
1859:
1325:
helped oust Díaz at the early stage of the Revolution, but then turned against
1322:
1251:
1139:
1049:
965:
777:
723:
691:
683:
448:
on a large retinue of clients, who in turn gave him their loyalty. In general,
395:
177:
44:
2455:
2438:
3679:
3527:
3506:
3316:
3128:
2734:
2105:
1608:
1263:
1094:
916:
853:
845:
391:
311:
229:
1948:
1424:
769:
407:
346:, who dominated Mexican politics in the first half of the nineteenth century
3352:
3290:
2712:
2129:
Morse, Richard M (1954). "Toward a Theory of Spanish American Government".
1958:
1574:
1499:
1370:
1330:
1237:
893:
829:
387:
2436:
2380:
3470:
3295:
3241:
1559:
1529:
1257:
1247:
994:
Uruguay attained independence from Brazil and Argentina and was ruled by
958:
682:
the hegemony of the central government. According to political scientist
541:
500:
279:
221:
3235:
Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821–1871
2245:"Hidalgo and Calleja: The Colonial Bases of Caudillismo", pp. 99–114 in
1321:
During the decade-long civil war, a number of regional caudillos arose.
3477:
3383:
3369:
3328:
3199:
Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective
2959:. Translated by Sam Hileman. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 1964.
2617:
Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective
2464:
2342:
2307:
2150:
1287:
833:
793:
780:, bringing Liberals to power. Álvarez follows the pattern of the "folk
517:
72:
3652:
3389:
3363:
3335:
3059:
Johnson, John J. "Foreign Factors in Dictatorship in Latin America".
2052:
1943:
1923:
904:
Bolivarian republics: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
877:
445:
3075:
The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America
2334:
2299:
2142:
3638:
3423:
3405:
3211:
2365:
Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico, Guatemala 1931–1944
948:
881:
773:
497:
could bend or break the rules to maintain power, a practice dubbed
472:
3225:
Shapiro, Samuel (4 December 1961). "Doing Good in Latin America".
2946:. Translated by E. Mungía Jr. New York: New American Library 1963.
3546:
3418:
3192:
Rafael Núñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863–1886
2286:
Haigh, Roger M (1964). "The Creation and Control of a Caudillo".
1292:
936:
885:
817:
813:
198:
1699:
1274:
860:. Following the defeat of the French in 1867, the government of
276:
in The Struggle for Freedom and Total Independence of His People
3619:
3428:
3412:
3399:
3322:
2890:. Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper and Row 1976.
1928:
1853:(1898–1920), which was translated to English in 1975. In 1974,
987:
841:
744:
2106:"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"
471:, most importantly Juan Manuel de Rosas, who were popular and
267:
115:
3645:
3094:
Smith, Peter H. "Political Legitimacy in Spanish America" in
1407:
ruled as a Liberal autocrat and expanded coffee cultivation.
857:
706:
701:
225:
206:
139:
106:
2541:
Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century
3463:
2998:
Beezley, William H. "Caudillismo: An Interpretative Note."
2920:. Translated by Frances Partridge. New York: Atheneum 1975.
2664:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978, pp. 5–6.
824:
in parts of Veracruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca. There were other
729:
130:
282:) Emilio Aguinaldo was invested by popular acclamation as
358:, dictator of Argentina, and his contemporary in Mexico,
127:
872:, was successful in 1876. Juárez and Lerdo removed some
568:
418:
have been the subject of literature in Spanish America.
191:
personalist leader wielding military and political power
2439:"El Dictador hispanoamericano como personaje literario"
2179:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Vol. 2, pp. 38–39.
1823:
published two works with strongmen as main characters:
1691:
287:
2984:
2717:
A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present
2558:"'Continuismo' in Central America and the Caribbean".
2422:
The Spanish American Novel: A Twentieth-Century Survey
959:
Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay
3089:
The Caudillo: a Study in Latin-American Dictatorships
3020:
Diaz, Rodolfo (2010). "Caudillos and Constitutions".
2552:"Continuismo: The Search for Political Longevity" in
673:
151:
136:
103:
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of Chile, whose system lasted nearly a century; and
121:
112:
3171:
Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829–1852
3070:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
2437:Castellanos, Jorge and Martínez, Miguel A. (1981).
2393:
Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829–1852
561:dominated. Dictatorial powers were granted to some
274:, First President of the Philippines."El Caudillo"
142:
109:
27:
Type of personalist leader wielding political power
3077:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1993.
3016:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1977.
2834:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2688:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2217:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 625.
2177:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2175:Hamill, Hugh M. (1996) "Caudillismo, Caudillo" in
1997:
1991:
1863:based on Francia's life. In Mexico, two fictional
1329:, who had been elected to the presidency in 1911.
935:One caudillo who was progressive for his time was
440:, taking control of the state. In this situation,
3140:Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810–1910
2933:. Translated by Helen Lane. New York: Knopf 1986.
2865:, vol. 1, p. 229. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
3677:
3034:Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Framework
2619:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 20–22.
549:nation-states they had helped bring into being.
2995:, ed. Thomas V. DiBacco. New York: Prager 1977.
2836:, vol. 2, p. 257. Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
796:. During the era of the Mexican Reform and the
3133:Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution
1241:in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries
3257:
3229:. Vol. 145, no. 23. pp. 11–14.
3135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980.
3053:Humphreys, R.A. "The Caudillo Tradition." in
3009:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1979.
2993:Presidential Power in Latin American Politics
1382:
1255:
498:
325:
3098:, Richard Graham and Peter Smith, eds. 1974.
3050:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
2719:(Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex.
2485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
892:in Puebla, Vicente Jiménez in Guerrero, and
205:". The term is historically associated with
2662:Juárez and Díaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
2000:A Reference Guide to Latin American History
180:
3569:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
3271:
3264:
3250:
3114:
3107:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3091:. Monmouth, IL: Commercial Art Press 1959.
2747:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1807:
702:Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
482:for much of the negative role assigned to
410:and other military strongmen), and Chile (
3589:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
3201:. New York: Oxford University Press 2005.
3036:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1989.
3007:The New Authoritarianism in Latin America
2972:. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts 1961.
2454:
1835:, the latter a controversial novel about
718:two strongmen of this early century were
58:Caudillo de España, por la Gracia de Dios
3096:New Approaches to Latin American History
2416:
2414:
1698:
1273:
728:
705:
338:
266:
71:
38:
3741:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
3224:
3178:Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800–1850
3154:Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America
3084:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992.
3082:Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800–1850
3048:Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America
2432:
2430:
2381:https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-63.1.3
2288:The Hispanic American Historical Review
2258:
2021:Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800–1850
1973:Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America
1307:Diaz came to power by a coup under the
864:and his successor following his death,
310:exercise of power is a form considered
14:
3678:
2800:
2798:
2611:
2609:
2320:
3731:Spanish American wars of independence
3245:
3101:Wolf, Eric R. and Edward C. Hanson, "
2844:
2842:
2711:
2647:"The Roots of Caudillismo", p. 33 in
2411:
2285:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2128:
1357:overthrew Carranza in 1920 under the
569:Major leaders of the independence era
467:, Martín Güemes, and other Argentine
258:Spanish American wars of independence
163:
3019:
2861:Julia C. Girouard, "Caudillismo" in
2427:
2424:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1254:. There are a number of examples of
840:in Guanajuato, Ignacio Pesqueira in
3164:Hispanic American Historical Review
2985:Definitions, theories, and contexts
2795:
2686:David Bushnell, "Simón Bolívar" in
2606:
2539:, excerpts from E. Bradford Burns,
2367:. Athens OH: Ohio University Press.
1993:"Caudillos and Conflict, 1826–1870"
1919:List of Hispanic American caudillos
738:Federal Republic of Central America
535:
335:List of Hispanic American caudillos
24:
3105:Politics: A Structural Analysis."
2979:
2839:
2162:
1398:
25:
3757:
3584:Marshal of the Russian Federation
3000:Journal of Inter-American Studies
2832:Roland H. Ebel, "Continuismo" in
2058:Diccionario de la Lengua Española
1393:Institutional Revolutionary Party
368:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2535:"Folk Caudillos", pp. 115–30 in
2273:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00113.x
1975:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1964:
1839:. In 1946, Nobel Prize laureate
1792:
1777:
1762:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1462:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1222:
1207:
1192:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1072:
1057:
1042:
1027:
1012:
1000:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
953:Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
659:
645:
631:
617:
603:
589:
575:
402:, Cipriano Bencosme), Paraguay (
318:of whom were not self-described
99:
3162:. "Bolívar and the Caudillos".
2962:
2949:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2893:
2880:
2868:
2855:
2826:
2814:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2705:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
2641:
2629:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2546:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2398:
2385:
2370:
2357:
2314:
2279:
2252:
2239:
2131:Journal of the History of Ideas
1282:, president of Mexico 1876–1911
544:, but with local autonomy. The
240:exhibit characteristics of the
3041:Latin American Research Review
2874:
2820:
2773:
2761:
2699:
2635:
2600:
2443:Latin American Research Review
2227:
2207:
2194:
2182:
2122:
2098:
2073:
2045:
1989:
1545:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
973:Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata
30:For the documentary film, see
13:
1:
2038:
1300:erupted after the fraudulent
798:French intervention in Mexico
764:of the state of Guerrero and
760:, regional caudillos such as
713:in a Mexican military uniform
3087:Pleasants, Edwin Hemingway,
3022:Harvard International Review
2901:The General in his Labyrinth
2560:The Inter-American Quarterly
2215:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975
1990:Henderson, James D. (2000).
1971:Hamil, Hugh M., ed. (1992).
1832:The General in his Labyrinth
1815:Fictional Hispanic American
1710:
1410:
7:
3484:First marshal of the empire
3121:Balfour, Sebastian (1990).
2888:The Autumn of the Patriarch
2200:"Introduction", pp. 5–6 in
2023:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1912:
1826:The Autumn of the Patriarch
1185:Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
720:Antonio López de Santa Anna
398:), the Dominican Republic (
360:Antonio López de Santa Anna
344:Antonio López de Santa Anna
10:
3762:
2648:
2588:
2576:
2553:
2536:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2420:Brushwood, John S. (1980)
2363:Grieb, Kenneth J. (1979).
2246:
2234:
2201:
2188:
2156:
2018:
1970:
1954:Caciquismo and Caudillismo
1887:. In 1929, Mexican writer
1695:of former sovereign states
1654:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
1065:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
1005:
913:Viceroyalty of New Granada
370:in 1929 effectively ended
332:
29:
3448:
3441:
3311:
3304:
3279:
3061:Pacific Historical Review
2957:The Death of Artemio Cruz
2456:10.1017/S0023879100028326
2377:Bolívar and the Caudillos
2213:Payne, Stanley G. (1987)
1884:The Death of Artemio Cruz
1269:
866:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
776:ousted Santa Anna in the
674:Early nineteenth-century
639:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
3711:History of South America
3706:History of North America
3633:Supreme Allied Commander
3564:Marshal of the air force
3489:General of the Air Force
2899:Gabriel García Márquez,
2886:Gabriel García Márquez,
2233:"Introduction", p. 3 in
2081:"Definition of CAUDILLO"
278:. Also in Hispano Asia (
252:argues that the rise of
3716:History of the Americas
3347:Domestic of the Schools
3115:Regions and individuals
3043:8 (Summer 1973), 53–73.
3002:11 (July 1969): 345–52.
2916:Miguel Ángel Asturias,
2660:Laurens Ballard Perry,
2615:Smith, Peter H. (2005)
2085:www.merriam-webster.com
2053:"caudillo | Definición"
1849:, based on the life of
1594:Anastasio Somoza García
1080:Juan Rafael Mora Porras
880:, Luis Mier y Terán in
514:liberal or conservative
374:. Men characterized as
300:Second Spanish Republic
173:
47:coin with the image of
3594:Field marshal (Uganda)
3273:Highest military ranks
3166:63 No. 1 (1983), 3–35.
2863:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1893:La sombra del caudillo
1851:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
1821:Gabriel García Márquez
1740:José Joaquín de Olmedo
1707:
1383:
1337:commanded by civilian
1335:Constitutionalist Army
1283:
1256:
945:Jose Miguel de Velasco
741:
714:
499:
347:
291:
181:
88:
69:
3494:General of the Armies
3233:Woodward, Ralph Lee.
3190:Park, James William.
3152:Hamill, Hugh M., ed.
3032:DiTella, Torcuato S.
3012:Dealy, Glenn Cudill.
2690:, vol. 1, pp. 360–62.
1841:Miguel Ángel Asturias
1770:José Núñez de Cáceres
1703:Equestrian statue of
1702:
1669:José Batlle y Ordóñez
1639:Juan Velasco Alvarado
1351:Plutarco Elías Calles
1302:1910 general election
1277:
1170:José Anacleto Ordóñez
981:Buenos Aires Province
732:
709:
667:José Gervasio Artigas
611:Antonio José de Sucre
546:Roman Catholic Church
526:Roman Catholic Church
342:
270:
189:"head") is a type of
75:
42:
3500:Generalfeldmarschall
3453:Admiral of the fleet
3109:9 (1966–67): 168–79.
3005:Collier, David, ed.
2929:Augusto Roa Bastos,
2848:Paul Garner (2001).
2406:Santa Anna of Mexico
2404:Fowler, Will (2007)
2019:Lynch, John (1992).
1905:, depicting a woman
1891:published his novel
1800:Manuel Rojas Luzardo
1517:, Dominican Republic
1485:José Figueres Ferrer
1470:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
1405:Justo Rufino Barrios
1367:Constitution of 1917
1365:laws of the Mexican
1097:, Dominican Republic
1035:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
977:Juan Manuel de Rosas
941:Manuel Isidoro Belzu
778:Revolution of Ayutla
758:Mexican–American War
688:Juan Manuel de Rosas
625:Francisco de Miranda
465:Juan Facundo Quiroga
378:have ruled in Cuba (
356:Juan Manuel de Rosas
77:Juan Manuel de Rosas
3686:Argentine Civil War
3458:Admiral of the Navy
3342:Constable of France
3214:Wall Street Journal
3138:Gilmore, Robert L.
2918:El Señor Presidente
2556:, republished from
2391:Lynch, John (1981)
1934:Cult of personality
1846:El Señor Presidente
1757:, Isthmus of Panama
1359:Plan of Agua Prieta
1355:Adolfo de la Huerta
1339:Venustiano Carranza
1327:Francisco I. Madero
736:, president of the
653:Agustín de Iturbide
555:Agustín de Iturbide
66:by the Grace of God
3721:Military personnel
3185:Perón: A Biography
3066:Kern, Robert, ed.
3046:Hamill, Hugh, ed.
2907:. New York: Knopf.
1889:Martín Luis Guzmán
1855:Augusto Roa Bastos
1708:
1684:Juan Vicente Gómez
1624:Alfredo Stroessner
1298:Mexican Revolution
1284:
1155:José María Morelos
921:president-for-life
838:Florencio Antillón
786:François Chevalier
784:", whom historian
742:
715:
597:José de San Martín
404:Alfredo Stroessner
348:
292:
165:[kawˈðiʎo]
89:
70:
56:, and inscription
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3579:Marshal of Poland
3437:
3436:
2968:Rómulo Gallegos,
1725:Francisco Ramírez
1375:Saturnino Cedillo
1369:, leading to the
1230:José Antonio Páez
915:in the nation of
766:Santiago Vidaurri
734:Francisco Morazán
384:Fulgencio Batista
326:Spanish American
304:Spanish Civil War
238:Francisco Pizarro
195:military dictator
81:Cayetano Descalzi
16:(Redirected from
3753:
3746:Francisco Franco
3736:Spanish language
3691:Authoritarianism
3559:Marshal of Italy
3446:
3445:
3377:Magister militum
3309:
3308:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3221:
3204:Wiarda, Howard.
3197:Smith, Peter H.
3183:Page, Joseph A.
3145:Haigh, Roger M.
3073:Loveman, Brian.
3029:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2955:Carlos Fuentes,
2953:
2947:
2942:Mariano Azuela,
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2903:. Translated by
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2802:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2713:Meade, Teresa A.
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2550:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2458:
2434:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2160:
2154:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2034:
2015:
2004:. M. E. Sharpe.
2003:
1995:
1986:
1939:Great man theory
1867:are depicted by
1796:
1781:
1766:
1755:Tomás de Herrera
1751:
1736:
1721:
1705:Tomás de Herrera
1680:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1590:
1571:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1481:
1466:
1455:Augusto Pinochet
1451:
1436:
1421:
1386:
1309:Plan of Tuxtepec
1261:
1226:
1215:Fructuoso Rivera
1211:
1196:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1136:
1125:Manuel José Arce
1121:
1110:Juan José Flores
1106:
1091:
1076:
1061:
1046:
1031:
1016:
996:Fructuoso Rivera
926:authoritarianism
870:Plan of Tuxtepec
802:Mariano Escobedo
686:, these include
663:
649:
635:
621:
607:
593:
579:
536:Independence era
512:could be either
504:
454:
412:Augusto Pinochet
296:Francisco Franco
272:Emilio Aguinaldo
211:Hispanic America
185:, diminutive of
184:
167:
162:
155:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
133:
132:
129:
124:
123:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
54:Francisco Franco
21:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3665:
3627:Reichsmarschall
3574:Marshal of Peru
3433:
3300:
3286:General officer
3275:
3270:
3240:
3117:
3112:
2987:
2982:
2980:Further reading
2977:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2803:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:, pp. 125, 522.
2760:
2756:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2675:Juárez and Díaz
2672:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2478:
2477:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2335:10.2307/1006928
2319:
2315:
2300:10.2307/2511708
2284:
2280:
2261:History Compass
2257:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2163:
2155:, reprinted in
2143:10.2307/2707650
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2012:
1983:
1967:
1915:
1897:Rómulo Gallegos
1813:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1772:, Spanish Haiti
1767:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1579:Emiliano Zapata
1572:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1515:Rafael Trujillo
1512:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1401:
1399:Central America
1379:San Luis Potosí
1343:Emiliano Zapata
1316:Manuel González
1272:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1200:Agustín Gamarra
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1020:Facundo Quiroga
1017:
1008:
998:. In Paraguay,
961:
906:
884:, Juan Haro in
806:San Luis Potosí
704:
679:
669:
664:
655:
650:
641:
636:
627:
622:
613:
608:
599:
594:
585:
580:
571:
538:
508:Ideologically,
452:
400:Desiderio Arias
380:Gerardo Machado
337:
331:
160:
153:
135:
126:
120:
102:
98:
35:
32:Caudillo (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3541:Jenderal besar
3537:
3534:Chom Thap Thai
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3359:Grand Domestic
3356:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2944:The Underdogs
2935:
2931:I, the Supreme
2922:
2909:
2905:Edith Grossman
2892:
2879:
2867:
2854:
2838:
2825:
2813:
2794:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2726:978-1118772485
2725:
2715:(2016-01-19).
2704:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2640:
2628:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2566:: 56–74. 1940.
2545:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2426:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2369:
2356:
2329:(3): 275–288.
2313:
2294:(4): 481–490.
2278:
2251:
2238:
2226:
2206:
2193:
2181:
2161:
2121:
2110:Dictionary.com
2097:
2072:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2016:
2010:
1987:
1981:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1879:Carlos Fuentes
1871:'s 1916 novel
1869:Mariano Azuela
1860:I, the Supreme
1812:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1785:Agustín Guzmán
1783:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1347:Álvaro Obregón
1323:Pascual Orozco
1271:
1268:
1266:in Nicaragua.
1252:neocolonialism
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1140:Rafael Carrera
1138:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1050:Diego Portales
1048:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
971:In the former
966:Diego Portales
960:
957:
905:
902:
890:Juan N. Méndez
788:calls a "good
726:in Guatemala.
724:Rafael Carrera
722:in Mexico and
703:
700:
692:Diego Portales
690:in Argentina;
684:Peter H. Smith
678:
672:
671:
670:
665:
658:
656:
651:
644:
642:
637:
630:
628:
623:
616:
614:
609:
602:
600:
595:
588:
586:
581:
574:
570:
567:
537:
534:
406:), Argentina (
396:Manuel Noriega
330:
324:
45:Spanish peseta
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:General (YPA)
3605:
3603:
3602:Field Marshal
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:Grand marshal
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Generalissimo
3514:
3513:
3512:Soviet Union
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:Generalissimo
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:Amir al-umara
3314:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:Lynch, John.
3175:
3172:
3169:Lynch, John.
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:Brading, D.A.
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:Lynch, John,
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2850:Porfirio Díaz
2845:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2823:, pp. 465–66.
2822:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2591:, pp. 410–11.
2590:
2585:
2579:, pp. 409–10.
2578:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2502:, pp. 402–03.
2501:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:(2): 79–105.
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:Cited sources
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:The Underdogs
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1837:Simón Bolívar
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1811:in literature
1810:
1802:, Puerto Rico
1801:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:Omar Torrijos
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1547:, El Salvador
1546:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:maximum chief
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1280:Porfirio Díaz
1276:
1267:
1265:
1264:Somoza family
1260:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1127:, El Salvador
1126:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:Pedro Santana
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
927:
922:
918:
917:Gran Colombia
914:
910:
909:Simón Bolívar
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Benito Juárez
859:
855:
854:Manuel Lozada
851:
847:
846:Luis Terrazas
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Porfirio Díaz
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
712:
708:
699:
697:
696:Porfirio Díaz
693:
689:
685:
677:
668:
662:
657:
654:
648:
643:
640:
634:
629:
626:
620:
615:
612:
606:
601:
598:
592:
587:
584:
583:Simón Bolívar
578:
573:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
550:
547:
543:
542:viceroyalties
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
502:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
451:
447:
444:could bestow
443:
439:
435:
430:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Omar Torrijos
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
341:
336:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:authoritarian
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Hernán Cortés
231:
230:conquistadors
227:
223:
219:
216:The roots of
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
158:
157:
147:
96:
95:
86:
82:
79:, c. 1841 by
78:
74:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3701:Dictatorship
3696:Coups d'état
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3625:
3618:
3551:
3539:
3532:
3505:
3498:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3411:
3404:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3353:Dux bellorum
3351:
3334:
3327:
3315:
3291:Flag officer
3234:
3227:New Republic
3226:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3122:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2970:Doña Bárbara
2969:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2882:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2849:
2833:
2828:
2816:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2716:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2643:
2631:
2616:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2481:cite journal
2446:
2442:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2326:
2323:The Americas
2322:
2316:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2229:
2214:
2209:
2196:
2184:
2176:
2159:, pp. 72–86.
2137:(1): 71–93.
2134:
2130:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2087:. 2024-07-06
2084:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2061:(in Spanish)
2056:
2047:
2020:
1999:
1972:
1959:Personalismo
1906:
1902:Doña Bárbara
1900:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1727:, Entre Ríos
1692:
1575:Pancho Villa
1500:Fidel Castro
1487:, Costa Rica
1440:Germán Busch
1402:
1388:
1371:Cristero War
1363:anticlerical
1331:Pancho Villa
1320:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1244:
1238:
1082:, Costa Rica
993:
985:
970:
962:
934:
930:
907:
894:Juan Cortina
873:
830:Juan Cortina
825:
810:Ramón Corona
789:
781:
762:Juan Álvarez
753:
743:
716:
680:
675:
562:
558:
551:
539:
529:
521:
509:
507:
494:
490:
488:
483:
479:
475:
468:
460:
457:
449:
441:
437:
433:
428:
420:
415:
388:Fidel Castro
375:
371:
363:
351:
349:
327:
319:
307:
293:
284:the Caudillo
283:
275:
261:
253:
246:colonial era
241:
217:
215:
186:
93:
92:
90:
84:
61:
57:
50:Generalísimo
48:
36:
3598:Yugoslavia
3471:Dayuanshuai
3296:Air officer
3160:Lynch, John
3028:(2): 24–27.
1787:, Los Altos
1742:, Guayaquil
1686:, Venezuela
1596:, Nicaragua
1577:(left) and
1562:, Guatemala
1560:Jorge Ubico
1530:Eloy Alfaro
1427:, Argentina
1384:jefe máximo
1258:continuismo
1232:, Venezuela
1172:, Nicaragua
1142:, Guatemala
1022:, Argentina
740:, 1829–1839
501:continuismo
390:), Panama (
372:caudillismo
364:caudillismo
280:Philippines
222:Reconquista
218:caudillismo
170:Old Spanish
60:(Spanish: "
3680:Categories
3478:Dai-gensui
3384:Megas doux
3370:Ispahsalar
3329:Autokrator
2852:. Pearson.
2810:1118772504
2791:1118772504
2625:0195157591
2223:0299110702
2115:2024-08-01
2091:2024-08-01
2039:References
2030:019821135X
2011:1563247445
1982:0806124288
1949:Conducător
1857:published
1843:published
1626:, Paraguay
1472:, Colombia
1425:Juan Perón
1288:Porfiriato
1187:, Paraguay
1067:, Colombia
834:Tamaulipas
794:La Reforma
770:Nuevo León
750:liberalism
711:Santa Anna
559:caudillos,
518:federalism
424:John Lynch
408:Juan Perón
333:See also:
308:Caudillos'
250:John Lynch
228:. Spanish
182:capitellum
156:-yoh, kow-
64:of Spain,
3653:Yuanshuai
3395:Rigsmarsk
3390:Polemarch
3364:Imperator
3336:Beylerbey
3220:(9): 1–2.
3063:20 (1951)
2875:Henderson
2821:Henderson
2776:, p. 530.
2774:Henderson
2762:Henderson
2743:cite book
2735:915135785
2702:, p. 119.
2700:Henderson
2638:, p. 113.
2636:Henderson
2603:, p. 110.
2601:Henderson
2526:, p. 406.
2514:, p. 405.
2473:253152375
2351:147633176
2191:, p. 437.
1944:Leaderism
1924:Caesarism
1881:'s novel
1865:caudillos
1817:caudillos
1809:Caudillos
1693:Caudillos
1671:, Uruguay
1532:, Ecuador
1442:, Bolivia
1239:Caudillos
1217:, Uruguay
1112:, Ecuador
1037:, Bolivia
898:Matamoros
878:Zacatecas
874:caudillos
850:Chihuahua
826:caudillos
676:caudillos
563:caudillos
530:caudillos
522:caudillos
510:caudillos
495:caudillos
491:caudillos
489:National
484:caudillos
480:caudillos
476:caudillos
469:caudillos
461:caudillos
450:caudillos
446:patronage
442:caudillos
434:Caudillos
416:Caudillos
376:caudillos
352:caudillos
328:caudillos
320:caudillos
262:Caudillos
254:caudillos
224:from the
203:strongman
18:Caudillos
3726:Populism
3639:Taewonsu
3424:Sparapet
3406:Serasker
3194:. (1985)
3103:Caudillo
2877:, p. 139
2677:, p. 32.
1913:See also
1907:caudillo
1611:, Panama
1581:, Mexico
1313:compadre
1278:General
1248:colonial
1157:, Mexico
949:Paraguay
882:Veracruz
782:caudillo
774:Coahuila
754:caudillo
473:populist
438:caudillo
429:caudillo
316:majority
242:caudillo
232:such as
174:cabdillo
161:Spanish:
94:caudillo
87:paradigm
85:caudillo
62:Caudillo
3660:Marshal
3612:Marshal
3553:Mareşal
3547:Marshal
3521:Marshal
3419:Spahbed
3305:Ancient
3237:. 1993.
3208:. 1968.
3187:. 1983.
3173:. 1981.
3149:. 1968.
3142:. 1994.
2673:Perry,
2465:2503126
2343:1006928
2308:2511708
2151:2707650
2065:12 June
1711:Gallery
1457:, Chile
1411:Gallery
1293:Rurales
1052:, Chile
1006:Gallery
988:gauchos
937:Bolivia
886:Tampico
818:Durango
814:Jalisco
790:cacique
302:in the
201:" and "
199:warlord
176:, from
3620:Mushir
3442:Modern
3429:Hetman
3413:Shōgun
3400:Sardar
3323:Ataman
3131:, ed.
3123:Castro
2808:
2789:
2733:
2723:
2649:Hamill
2623:
2471:
2463:
2349:
2341:
2306:
2267:: **.
2221:
2149:
2027:
2008:
1979:
1929:Shogun
1656:, Peru
1641:, Peru
1502:, Cuba
1270:Mexico
1202:, Peru
852:, and
842:Sonora
820:; and
745:Mexico
154:DEE(L)
83:, the
3646:Wonsu
2589:Lynch
2577:Lynch
2554:Hamil
2537:Hamil
2524:Lynch
2512:Lynch
2500:Lynch
2469:S2CID
2461:JSTOR
2347:S2CID
2339:JSTOR
2304:JSTOR
2247:Hamil
2235:Hamil
2202:Hamil
2189:Lynch
2157:Hamil
2147:JSTOR
858:Tepic
453:'
226:Moors
207:Spain
187:caput
178:Latin
43:1963
3464:Aluf
2806:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2749:link
2731:OCLC
2721:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2487:link
2219:ISBN
2067:2022
2025:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1877:and
1829:and
1353:and
816:and
236:and
209:and
197:," "
152:kaw-
3218:254
2451:doi
2331:doi
2296:doi
2269:doi
2139:doi
1899:'s
1377:of
951:’s
939:’s
896:in
856:in
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832:in
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