Ordination of women and the Catholic Church

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indicate that they were ordained bishops. I find Kateusz's interpretation of visual artifacts less persuasive than her excellent textual analyses. She focuses too narrowly on female priestly ordination, often overlooking cultural explanations of ancient religious motifs found contemporaneously in Greco-Roman society. For example, she narrowly interprets female orans figures as giving a liturgical blessing and/or signifying Mary. Yet the orans derives from an ancient prayer gesture commonly displayed in non-Christian religious art dating back many centuries B.C. In Roman antiquity, the orans signified the piety and prayerfulness of the deceased, not liturgical leadership. My own work with fourth-century Christian sarcophagi found numerous portrait female orans (and a few male orans) surrounded by biblical stories. These are depictions of the deceased Christian, not Mary. She also makes much of fifth- to ninth-century artistic depictions of a white strip of cloth that both Mary and various women hold, or wear suspended from their waists, which Kateusz calls a "eucharistic cloth." She suggests the cloth signifies that women officiated at the altar, noting that four to six centuries later a fresco of Pope Clement shows him holding a similar strip of cloth that is now part of the priestly vestment — a maniple.

113: 1429:: "On the ordination of women in the Catholic Church, the final word is clear, it was said by St. John Paul II and this remains." Francis added that women are very important to the church, specifically from a "Marian dimension. In Catholic ecclesiology there are two dimensions to think about The Petrine dimension, which is from the Apostle Peter, and the Apostolic College, which is the pastoral activity of the bishops, as well as the Marian dimension, which is the feminine dimension of the Church." 917:, arguing that those roles were exclusively reserved for men. However, its meaning and significance are not absolutely clear. Because of several textual ambiguities and silences, the letter is open to more than one interpretation. Not surprisingly, scholars have been polarized about its meaning. Roger Gryson asserts that it is "difficult to form an idea of the situation which Pope Gelasius opposed" and observes that "it is regrettable that more details" about the situation are not available. 937:, interprets 'minister' in what may be determined as the following: to enter the sanctuary, to hold the consecrated vessels, to give the priestly vestments to the priests and to administer the consecrated elements to the congregation. So the term ministrare can be—by itself according to some modern scholars—insufficient to suggest a total prohibition of female presbyteral activity (both ministerial and sacramental at the same time). For example—per the scholars—at the 941:(200 km south of Rome) where Cerula and Bitalia were expressly painted as ordained bishops; it is implied that these women were performing all the duties of the ministerial priesthood, which would include most, if not all, of the duties of a local bishop. Something similar happens in the inscriptions of Bruttium, southern Italy, where some four decades before Gelasius wrote, there is evidence that women were functioning as full presbyters in all functions. 1660: 1704:, a doctor of canon law, explains that their excommunication results in virtue of a combination of other canons which arise from application of Canons 1378 and 1443. In response, The objections listed in the decrees of excommunication regard the illegality of the ordinations. Womenpriests said its members are "loyal member of the church who stand in the prophetic tradition of holy disobedience to an unjust law." 1323:

written Word of God, constantly preserved and applied in the Tradition of the Church, it has been set forth infallibly by the ordinary and universal Magisterium. As the prior example illustrates, this does not foreclose the possibility that, in the future, the consciousness of the Church might progress to the point where this teaching could be defined as a doctrine to be believed as divinely revealed.

50: 1300:(cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium 25, 2). Thus, in the present circumstances, the Roman Pontiff, exercising his proper office of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32), has handed on this same teaching by a formal declaration, explicitly stating what is to be held always, everywhere, and by all, as belonging to the deposit of the faith. 2268:

But just as in a household with two parents, the Presvytera is not just a "companion." To a degree, as the priest is a spiritual father in a congregation, so his wife is a spiritual mother. And like mothers and fathers elsewhere, those roles get expressed in different ways. But rarely is the Presvytera absent in the life of the parish. She is important and normative.

843:, and "that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful." In other words, the male priesthood is not considered by the church a matter of policy but an unalterable requirement of God. As with priests and bishops, the church ordains only men as deacons. 1565:, Pope John Paul II wrote, "In calling only men as his Apostles, Christ acted in a completely free and sovereign manner. In doing so, he exercised the same freedom with which, in all his behavior, he emphasized the dignity and the vocation of women, without conforming to the prevailing customs and to the traditions sanctioned by the legislation of the time." 1444:

The historical evidence points to women serving in ordained roles from its earliest days in both the Western Church as well as the Eastern Church. although writers such as Martimort contend they did not. Monastic female deacons in the East received the stole as a symbol of their office at ordination,

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Furthermore, the fact that the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of God and Mother of the Church, received neither the mission proper to the Apostles nor the ministerial priesthood clearly shows that the non-admission of women to priestly ordination cannot mean that women are of lesser dignity, nor can it

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That the practice continued is witnessed in a letter of Pope Gelasius I from 494 that admonished bishops who confirmed women to minister at the altar. Pope Zachary also condemned the practice of allowing women to serve at the altar. The Council of Paris in 829 made it extremely clear that it was the

1543:

In February 2020, Pope Francis seemed to reject the possibility of ordaining married deacons as priests and put aside the question of women deacons in the immediate term. On April 8, 2020, he initiated a new ten-person commission to consider the issue, but as of April 2021 the new commission had not

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said in a 2013 interview that regarding women's priestly ordination, "with reference to the ordination of women, the Church has spoken and says, 'No.' John Paul II said it, but with a definitive formulation. That is closed, that door." He later expanded on this in a November 2016 informal statement

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In addition there is the doctrinal aspect, namely, that they formally and obstinately reject a doctrine which the church has always taught and lived, and which was definitively proposed by Pope John Paul II, namely, 'that the church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women'

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A similar process can be observed in the more recent teaching regarding the doctrine that priestly ordination is reserved only to men. The Supreme Pontiff, while not wishing to proceed to a dogmatic definition, intended to reaffirm that this doctrine is to be held definitively, since, founded on the

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when he called twelve men out of his group of male and female followers. John Paul says that Jesus chose the Twelve after a night in prayer and that the Apostles themselves were careful in the choice of their successors. The priesthood is "specifically and intimately associated in the mission of the

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and Mother of the Church, received neither the mission proper to the Apostles nor the ministerial priesthood clearly shows that the non-admission of women to priestly ordination cannot mean that women are of lesser dignity, nor can it be construed as discrimination against them. Rather, it is to be

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The fact that there is a title points to a role and an honor that surrounds the role. A priest's wife is not ordained and does not carry out liturgical functions, but she is considered deeply important in a parish's life. Different women have different gifts and they get expressed in various ways.

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On April 19, 2009, Womenpriests elected four bishops to serve the United States: Joan Mary Clark Houk, Andrea Michele Johnson, Maria Regina Nicolosi, and Bridget Mary Meehan. The Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith had issued a decree in 2008 declaring such "attempted ordinations"

1528:. The first meetings were held in Rome. In 2018, Pope Francis indicated that there had been as yet no conclusive decisions but that he was not afraid of ongoing studies. Finally in January 2019, two of its members confirmed that a report had been formally submitted. In October 2019, Members of the 1483:

in the 1960s revived the permanent diaconate, raising the question of female engagement from a purely theoretical matter to one with practical consequences. Based on the idea that women deacons received and are capable of receiving the sacrament of holy orders, there have been continued modern-day

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The Catechism of the Catholic Church, which I approved 25 June last and the publication of which I today order by virtue of my Apostolic Authority, is a statement of the Church's faith and of catholic doctrine, attested to or illumined by Sacred Scripture, the Apostolic Tradition and the Church's

2335:

Our apostles also knew, through our Lord Jesus Christ, that there would be strife on account of the office of the episcopate. For this reason, therefore, inasmuch as they had obtained a perfect fore-knowledge of this, they appointed those already mentioned, and afterwards gave instructions, that

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Wherefore, in order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church's divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly

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which taught that for doctrinal, theological, and historical reasons, the church "does not consider herself authorized to admit women to priestly ordination." Reasons given were the church's determination to remain faithful to its constant tradition, its fidelity to Christ's will, and the iconic

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jurisdictions have been ordaining women in the United States since approximately the late 1990s. These organizations are independent of, and unrecognised by, the Roman Catholic Church. Since 2002, Womenpriests has conducted ordination ceremonies for women to become deacons, priests and bishops,

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who is described as "deaconess of the church at Cenchreae" that she be received "in the Lord as befits the saints, and help her in whatever she may require from you, for she has been a helper of many and of myself as well." In the same chapter, Paul greets a number of women prominent within the

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In succeeding chapters, Kateusz turns to visual artifacts to bolster her theses that Mary was understood as a "high priest and bishop," that women were "eucharistic officiants" in the fifth to seventh centuries, and that fifth- to sixth-century catacomb frescos of Cerula and Bitalia in Naples

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and received by the major theologians. In such a way they are at odds with the doctrine on the magisterium of the successor of Peter, put forward by both the First and Second Vatican Councils, and they thereby fail to recognize that the teachings of the supreme pontiff on doctrines to be held

1714:

Women's Ordination Worldwide, founded in 1996 in Austria, is a network of twelve national and international groups whose primary mission is the admission of Catholic women to all ordained ministries. Members include Catholic Women's Ordination (founded in March 1993 in the United Kingdom),

968:, who paid for the church. Per Eisen Ute, the use of a title usually reserved for a consecrated Roman bishop could therefore be seen as honorific, rather than suggesting that she herself undertook a leadership role, or it could be a later addition. The use of the feminine title episcopa or 1245:

choosing his Apostles only from among men; the constant practice of the Church, which has imitated Christ in choosing only men; and her living teaching authority which has consistently held that the exclusion of women from the priesthood is in accordance with God's plan for his Church."

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prohibited ordaining women to the presbyterate, although the meaning of Canon 11 has received very different interpretations as to whether it refers to senior deaconesses or older women presiding over the female portion of the congregation. In the period between the

2348:

Likewise in the case of their deaconesses, and generally in the case of those who have been enrolled among their clergy ... And we mean by deaconesses such as have assumed the habit, but who, since they have no imposition of hands, are to be numbered only among the

2083:"We have learned to our annoyance that divine affairs have come to such a lower state that women are encouraged to officiate at sacred altars and to take part in all matters imputed to the offices of the male sex, to which they do not belong." 1349:(Ordinatio sacerdotalis, 4). The denial of this doctrine is rightly considered the denial of a truth that pertains to the Catholic faith and therefore deserves a just penalty (cf. Canons 750 §2; 1372, n. 1; John Paul II, Ad Tuendam Fidem, 4A). 1696:, who left the Catholic Church in 1975) and therefore they are in the line of apostolic succession. However, the Catholic Church considers these ordinations to be invalid, and decreed excommunications for those involved in the ceremonies. 1277:

Whether the teaching that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women, which is presented in the Apostolic Letter Ordinatio sacerdotalis to be held definitively, is to be understood as belonging to the

1092:

Like treatment should be given in the case of their deaconesses, and generally in the case of those who have been enrolled among their clergy. We mean by 'deaconesses' those who have assumed the habit, but who, since they have not had

1061:, mainstream theologians continued to oppose the priestly ordination of women, appealing to a mixture of scripture, church tradition and natural law. Even so, mainstream theologians did not dismiss the ordination of women as deacons. 1117:

No woman under forty years of age is to be ordained a deacon, and then only after close scrutiny. If after receiving ordination and spending some time in the ministry she despises God's grace and gets married, such a person is to be

1639:. Still many people see the Church's position on the ordination of women as a sign that women are not equal to men in the Catholic Church, though the Church rejects this inference. On January 11, 2021, with the Apostolic Letter 1492:

in Rome indicated it was open to the idea and ruled in 1977 that the possibility of ordaining women as deacons was "a question that must be taken up fully by direct study of the texts, without preconceived ideas." The

1154:

to ordination is diriment, of divine law, public, absolute, and permanent because Jesus instituted ordination by ordaining the twelve apostles, since holy orders is a manifestation of Jesus' calling of the apostles.

1769:, allowed the Basel Catholic church corporations, which are officially only responsible for church finances, to formulate an initiative appealing for equality between men and women in ordination to the priesthood. 2140:

bishops who were allowing women to minister at the altar. Women certainly did distribute Communion in the 10th, 11th and perhaps the 12th centuries. Texts for these services exist in two manuscripts of this period.

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asked that women be given leadership roles in the Catholic Church, although they stopped short of calling for female deacons., but there were many bishops also, who voted by 137 to 30 in favor of female deacons.

1741:

There are several others calling for the Catholic Church itself to ordain women, such as St. Joan's International Alliance, Circles, Brothers and Sisters in Christ, Catholic Women's Ordination, Corpus, and the

1357:

Moreover, by denying this doctrine, the persons in question maintain that the magisterium of the Roman Pontiff would be binding only if it were based on a decision of the college of bishops, supported by the

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as meaning "to serve at the divine altars." By this, they mean the public reading of the Bible during mass, singing at mass or offering an alleluia or an antiphonal chant. It never occurred to Zechariah that

1380:

The Lord Jesus chose men (viri) to form the college of the twelve apostles...The Church recognizes herself to be bound by this choice made by the Lord himself. For this reason the ordination of women is not

1626:

to head a dual monastery, i.e., a community of men and women. Women today exercise many roles in the Church. They run catechetical programs in parishes, provide spiritual direction, serve as lectors and

3105: 1607:(which must be consecrated beforehand by a priest). During these liturgies, a layperson is to act as "one among equals" and avoid formulas or rites which are proper to ordained ministers. 1453:(451) decreed "A woman shall not receive the laying on of hands as a deaconess under forty years of age, and then only after searching examination." Gryson argues that the use of the verb 1241:

wrote, "The Church holds that it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood, for very fundamental reasons. These reasons include: the example recorded in the Sacred Scriptures of

1632: 1484:

proposals to ordain permanent women deacons, who would perform the same functions as male deacons and be like them in every respect. In 1975 the German Roman Catholic Episcopal Synod in

17: 1738:, and asked Pope John Paul II to include women "in all ministries of our Church". In the audience were fewer than fifty sisters wearing blue armbands, symbolizing women's ordination. 1520:

to study the ministry of deaconesses in the early church, exploring their roles, the rites they participated in, and the formulas employed to designate them as deaconesses. The "

1730:

Catholic women religious were major participants in the first and second meetings of the Women's Ordination Conference. In 1979, Sister Theresa Kane, then the president of the

1136:

While the church believes Christians have the right to receive the sacraments, the church does not believe in a right to ordination. The church believes the sacraments work

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As of 2013, a minority in the Association of U.S. Catholic Priests support ordaining women to the priesthood and a majority favour allowing woman deacons. In 2014, the

1540:(UISG), which had asked Pope Francis to create a Commission to study women deacons, affirmed that they received a section on history of the original Commission report. 1449:(325) stated that deaconesses of heretical sects "do not receive any imposition of hands, so that they are in all respects to be numbered among the laity." The later 3272: 1336: 3382:

be construed as discrimination against them. Rather, it is to be seen as the faithful observance of a plan to be ascribed to the wisdom of the Lord of the universe.

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Kevin J. Madigan. (2021). The Meaning of Presbytera in Byzantine and Early Medieval Christianity; Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity.

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value of male representation due to the "sacramental nature" of the priesthood. The church teaching on the restriction of its ordination to men is that

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There is at least one organization that, without Church authority, calls itself "Roman Catholic" that ordains women as priests at the present time,

2173: 1516:, Canada, called for the restoration of women to the diaconate at the Synod of Bishops on the Family. In 2016, Pope Francis formerly established a 3914: 1461:

clearly indicate that women deacons were ordained by the laying on of hands. Women ceased to function as deacons in the West in the 13th century.

1318:. In it, the congregation gave examples of Catholic doctrines owed the full assent of faith, including the reservation of ordination to men only: 3878: 1832: 3236: 3222: 2045:"Junia ... Outstanding Among the Apostles" (Romans 16:7), Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (Paulist Press, 1977) 1837: 1651:

When Pew Research polled Americans in 2015, 59 percent of those who self-identified as Catholic believed that the church should ordain women.

285: 277: 3896: 3424: 3842: 1780:

said many Catholic people don't understand why women are unable to be deacons or priests, which he thinks should be changed. German bishop

1521: 1517: 354: 1711:, liturgical reformist Robert W. Hovda, and theologian Damien Casey) to say that they have doctrinal support for the ordination of women. 4094: 2889: 3254: 2920: 1529: 1489: 1164: 3497: 1468:, and Gary Macy have argued for the sacramental ordination of women as deacons. A significant contribution on this aspect was made by 2812: 394: 2304: 1808:

studied the matter in 1976, and found nothing in Sacred Scripture that specifically barred women from accession to the priesthood.

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saying that these ordinations are valid because the initial ordinations were conferred by a validly ordained Catholic male bishop (

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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.

3641: 1994: 1870: 828: 3437: 3311: 3160: 3032: 3932: 1884: 924:

to Pippin and the Frankish ecclesiastical authorities, writing in 747, who explicitly invokes this Gelasian letter, interprets

837: 59: 1975: 1800:(making up one-third of the Catholic theology professors in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) submitted a document styled as 4046: 3860: 3336: 1915: 974:

has however been traditionally reserved for the wife or widow of Christian clergy since the Apostolic Age, according to the

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References are made within the earliest Christian communities to the role of women in positions of church leadership. Paul's

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invalid and that, since canons 1378 and 1443 apply to those who participate in these ceremonies, all were excommunicated.

3135: 1735: 319: 264: 1723:(founded in 1975 in America) and others. The first recorded Catholic organization advocating for women's ordination was 1497:

looked at the issue in the 1990s; its 1997 report was not published, and a later report was approved for publication by

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The Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued and published on May 29, 2008, in the Vatican newspaper

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could mean to officiate as a presbyter. Alongside this there is a later letter of the Frankish bishops to the emperor

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Incompatible with God's Design: A History of the Women's Ordination Movement ... – Mary Jeremy Daigler – Google Books

2994: 2227: 2068: 807: 81: 34: 2936: 2252: 2047: 1720: 1373: 823: 761: 375: 281: 3743: 3204: 1643:, Pope Francis modified Canon 230.1 to allow both men and women to be formally installed as lectors and acolytes. 3951:"Germany: theologians call for women's ordination, lend support to homosexual partnerships : News Headlines" 2104:

Gryson, Roger. 1976. The Ministry of Women in the Early Church. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. pp. 105, 112.

1759: 1151: 98: 2032: 1376:, promulgated by John Paul II on August 15, 1997, states that the church is bound by Jesus' choice of apostles: 3542: 1805: 1640: 803: 309: 3824: 2641: 1659: 1340:. In it, the congregation states that the doctrine of ordination was definitively proposed by John Paul II in 2559: 2541: 2523: 2505: 2021: 1762:

in Ireland stated that the Catholic Church must ordain women and allow priests to marry in order to survive.

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Rausch, Thomas P. Catholicism in the Third Millennium. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2003.

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Pope John Paul II explains the Catholic understanding that the priesthood is a role specially set out by

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determining that women "priests" and the bishops who attempt to ordain them would incur excommunication

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seen as the faithful observance of a plan to be ascribed to the wisdom of the Lord of the universe."

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being the Latin for "bishop" but in feminine form—appears in an image with two female saints and the

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ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful.

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In contrast to the ordination of women to the Catholic priesthood, the ordination of women to the

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On July 15, 1998, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a doctrinal commentary on

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met. Many members are known to support the concept of restoring women to the ordained diaconate.

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The congregation further stated that to deny the dogma is to oppose the magisterium of the Pope:

1081: 1003: 979: 697: 607: 567: 324: 236: 3722: 2280: 1693: 1570: 1480: 1212: 1201: 1186:. The church sees maleness and femaleness as two different ways of expressing common humanity ( 1058: 1054: 832: 815: 492: 2688:"Responsum ad propositum dubium concerning the teaching contained in "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis"" 1599:

is available, lay people (either men and women) may be appointed by the pastor to celebrate a

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In AD 494, in response to reports that women were serving at the altar in the south of Italy,

3471: 3273:"UISG, LCWR leaders discuss connections in pandemic, women in diaconate, vocations in Africa" 2896: 2400: 2345: 2002: 1707:

Womenpriests interprets the works of certain Catholic scholars (for example, former minister

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is being actively discussed by Catholic scholars, and theologians, as well as senior clergy.

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In calling only men as his Apostles, Christ acted in a completely free and sovereign manner.

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leader, and prayer may be led by a woman. For example, when no priest, deacon, instituted

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when these should fall asleep, other approved men should succeed them in their ministry.

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interpreted the 1983 Code of Canon Law to permit girls and women to assist at Mass as

3673: 3205:"LIVE STREAM: The Future of Women Deacons - Salt and Light Catholic Media Foundation" 3000: 2990: 2914: 2233: 2223: 2163:

Ally Kateusz. (2021). Women Church Leaders in and around Fifth-century Rome. pp. 249.

2093: 2064: 1874: 1668: 1169: 961: 682: 657: 597: 557: 251: 2174:"Meticulous scholarly book on women's role in early church has a few sketchy claims" 1804:

calling for a list of concessions including "women in (the) ordained ministry". The

3969:"Church 2011: The Need for a New Beginning – Kirche 2011: Ein notwendiger Aufbruch" 2560:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The paschal mistery in the Church's sacraments" 2542:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The paschal mistery in the Church's sacraments" 2473: 1822: 1701: 1592: 1498: 1402: 1314: 1279: 1170:

Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood

1138: 840: 737: 517: 512: 1781: 1776:

supported the ordination of women to the diaconate. In October 2019 German bishop

1773: 1469: 3972: 3046:"Declaration on the Question of Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood" 2940: 2412: 2379:, "Demurrer Against the Heretics" 41:4–5; "Baptism" 1; "The Veiling of Virgins" 9 2048:

http://people.brandeis.edu/~brooten/Articles/Junia_Outstanding_among_Apostles.pdf

1708: 1676: 1359: 1183: 1041: 999: 975: 934: 910: 865: 789: 732: 642: 602: 532: 452: 3598: 2989:. St. Louis: Concordia Pub. House. pp. 22, 25, 27, 29, 41, 53, 58, 60, 70. 2705: 4022: 3519:"General Decree regarding the delict of attempted sacred ordination of a woman" 3223:"Synod calls for roles for women, stops short of diaconate | Angelus News" 1664: 1604: 1465: 1397: 1334:

On December 2, 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued the

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Some translated extracts from contemporary theological textbooks are given at

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Affirmative. This teaching requires definitive assent, since, founded on the

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One ministry many roles : deacons and deaconesses through the centuries

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Women Officeholders in Early Christianity: Epigraphical and Literary Studies

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in 2002. The second, longer report indicated that the matter is one for the

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where he states that the Church cannot confer priestly ordination on women:

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Jesus only chose certain men as apostles. The church teaches that a woman's

3577: 3337:"Institution of a new Study Commission on the female diaconate, 08.04.2020" 3106:"Synod should reflect on possibly allowing female deacons, says archbishop" 1894: 1827: 1636: 1622:, and throughout the history of the Church it has not been uncommon for an 1421: 1234: 1207: 895: 572: 552: 522: 415: 314: 246: 2456:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The Transmission of Divine Revelation" 3021:

The Canonical Implications of Ordaining Women to the Permanent Diaconate,

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insofar as they are about the Catholic faith and morals. Canon 19 of the

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wrote a letter condemning female participation in the celebration of the

861: 857: 814:. The teaching of the Catholic Church on ordination, as expressed in the 677: 502: 130: 3915:"Bischof Bätzing ist neuer Vorsitzender der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz" 2971:

The Canonical Implications of Ordaining Women to the Permanent Diaconate

1485: 1262: 4095:"The women's ordination movement is about much more than women priests" 3747: 2601:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven sacraments of the Church" 2376: 1797: 1425:

on the return flight from his papal visit to Sweden to commemorate the

1077: 1029: 970: 794: 497: 3786:"Catholic Womens Ordination – A leading voice for women in the church" 3768: 3033:

Domradio.de:"Wir erleben das noch", Diskussion um die Frauenordination

3897:"Overbeck nachdenklich: Priesteramt an einem Y-Chromosom festmachen?" 2879:, translated by K. D. Whitehead, San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 1986. 2220:

Presbytera : the life, mission, and service of the priest's wife

1995:"Vatican says 'sex-change' operation does not change person's gender" 1438: 1011: 914: 562: 150: 3843:"Irish priests calls for ordination of women and marriage in Church" 3088:"From the Diakonia of Christ to the Diakonia of the Apostles (2002)" 2474:"Fourth Century Christianity » Canons of the Council of Nicaea" 2150: 2148: 1633:

Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments

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The Catholic Church does not regard the priest as the only possible

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all wrote that the priestly ordination of women was impossible. The

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Religious life is a distinct vocation in itself, and women live in

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priesthood is ordered to service for all of the baptized faithful.

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Concerning the "constant practice of the Church", in antiquity the

3543:"In the Light of the Law: Excommunication for female 'ordination'" 62:

contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article

2758:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of Holy Orders" 2583:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of Holy Orders" 2524:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of Holy Orders" 2145: 2124:"The meaning of ordination and how women were gradually excluded" 1596: 1296:, it has been set forth infallibly by the ordinary and universal 1292:, and from the beginning constantly preserved and applied in the 1187: 852:

reports that the church does not ordain anyone who has undergone

798:

refers to the means by which a person is included in one of the

3723:"St. Joan's International Alliance a short history 1911 – 1977" 1672: 1623: 1588: 1242: 1106: 1085: 811: 3425:

In Defiance Of The Church, Some Catholic Women Seek Priesthood

3396:"Directory for Sunday Celebrations in the Absence of a Priest" 1784:

supported women ordination. In August 2020, German archbishop

1158: 2506:"Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of Baptism" 1289: 1227: 1179: 1014:

were not ordained ministers because they did not receive the

1002:

taught that the apostles chose only men to succeed them. The

3298:"Pope Francis rules against ordaining married men in Amazon" 3255:"Viele Bischöfe für verheiratete Priester und Frauendiakone" 1524:" included twelve scholars under the presidency of Cardinal 3312:"Pope Creates New Expert Commission to Study Women Deacons" 2727:"Decree on the Attempted Ordination of Some Catholic Women" 1304: 1109:) declared that deaconesses are ordained and must practice 3403:

Liturgy Office of the Catholic Church in England and Wales

2333:

New Advent: Clement of Rome's Letter to the Corinthians 44

2063:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 186. 1250:

Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

4120:"The life of 'scholar activist' Rosemary Radford Ruether" 3803: 3157:"Pope agrees to set up commission to study women deacons" 2217: 2061:

Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History

1615: 1337:

Decree on the Attempted Ordination of Some Catholic Women

1329:

Decree on the Attempted Ordination of Some Catholic Women

2813:"Pope Francis reiterates a strong 'no' to women priests" 998:

did not advocate for or permit the ordination of women.

3879:"Bischof Gebhard Fürst bekennt sich zum Frauendiakonat" 3861:"Swiss bishop allows lay appeal for women's ordination" 3769:"Irish Catholic women's ordination campaign B.A.S.I.C." 3621:"Woman says she was called to become a Catholic priest" 1270:, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith said: 860:

treatment and spiritual counseling" for people who are

1958:"Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (May 22, 1994) - John Paul II" 1897: – First openly transgender Roman Catholic priest 3933:"Erzbischof Heße, Offen über Frauenweihe diskutieren" 1142:

as manifestations of Jesus' actions and words during

3566: 3183:"Excerpts from Pope Francis' interview with Reuters" 1976:"Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church" 1890:

LGBT clergy in Christianity § Roman Catholicism

2794:"Vatican sends threat over women priests - CNN.com" 1418: – 2022 apostolic constitution of Pope Francis 18:

Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women

3644:. Womensordination.org. 2008-12-12. Archived from 3128:"Pope Francis sets up commission on women deacons" 2982: 2094:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867067.003.0014 1788:supported ordination of women in Catholic Church. 1363:definitively by all the faithful are irreformable. 890:church as "co-workers in Christ Jesus", including 305:African and African-American women in Christianity 3016: 3014: 2954:"CHURCH FATHERS: Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451)" 2438:"Church Fathers: Synod of Laodicea (4th Century)" 4141: 3697: 3695: 1671:, is understood by some scholars to have been a 3601:. Catholic-womens-ordination.org.uk. 1998-04-28 2776:"Vatican says will excommunicate women priests" 1796:In February 2011, 144 German-speaking academic 1488:voted in favor of ordaining women deacons. The 4017: 4015: 3498:"Excommunication looms over female ordination" 3011: 1432: 1131: 960:. Ecclesiastical tradition explains that this 3692: 3193:on April 14, 2019 – via uk.reuters.com. 2721: 2719: 2059:Madigan, Kevin; Osiek, Carolyn, eds. (2005). 2052: 2026: 1385: 1072:, according to the church, are a part of the 864:, contending that these are an indicator of " 769: 3825:"Priest Reform Group Gingerly Steps Forward" 3466: 3464: 3462: 2973:, Canon Law Society of America, 1995, p. 19. 2706:"CDF Doctrinal Commentary - Professio fidei" 2297: 2058: 1734:, spoke from the podium at Washington, DC's 4150:Ordination of women and the Catholic Church 4012: 3379:Pope John Paul II, Ordinatio Sacerdotalis 3 2866:, Collegeville, MN, Liturgical Press, 1976, 1445:which took place inside the sanctuary. The 1159:1976 declaration on the ordination of women 3701: 2782:. 29 May 2008 – via www.reuters.com. 2716: 2305:"StayCatholic.com - ECF Womens Ordination" 2015: 1547: 1490:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 1165:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 1097:, are to be numbered only among the laity. 776: 762: 3618: 3459: 3367:Pope John Paul II, Mulieris Dignitatem 26 2864:The Ministry of Women in the Early Church 2844:. 43, Nos. 3 & 4 (Summer/Autumn 2015) 2810: 1629:extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion 1522:Study Commission on the Women's Diaconate 1193: 885:, written in the first century, commends 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 3070:"Inter Insigniores: Official Commentary" 2577: 2575: 2573: 2200: 2198: 1732:Leadership Conference of Women Religious 1658: 1538:International Union of Superiors General 29:For broader coverage of this topic, see 3819: 3817: 3665: 3357:"Catechism of the Catholic Church" 1120 2285:EWTN Global Catholic Television Network 2250: 1575:John Paul II wrote: "the fact that the 1464:In the past century, K. K. Fitzgerald, 1178:was integral to the personhood of both 1088:) declared deaconesses to be laywomen: 1074:universal and extraordinary magisterium 1018:and were to be considered lay persons. 116:"Adam and Eve" by Albrecht Dürer (1504) 31:Ordination of women § Christianity 14: 4142: 3720: 3339:. Holy See Press Office. April 8, 2020 2919:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2339: 2222:. Boston, Mass.: Somerset Hall Press. 1992: 1952: 1950: 1885:Priest shortage in the Catholic Church 1536:In January 2020, the president of the 1064: 276:Ordination of women in Protestantism ( 3831:. Religion News Service. 3 July 2013. 3495: 3390: 3388: 3247: 2811:Brockhaus, Hannah (1 November 2016). 2570: 2195: 1811: 902:, who Paul appears to identify as an 3814: 1552:The Catholic Church states that the 1495:International Theological Commission 788:In the liturgical traditions of the 43: 3704:"American Nuns: Guilty as Charged?" 3666:Daigler, Mary Jeremy (1973-12-01). 3023:Canon Law Society of America, 1995. 1947: 1736:Shrine of the Immaculate Conception 1646: 1631:, and teach theology. In 1994, the 635:Theologians and authors (by branch) 320:Transgender people and Christianity 265:Ordination of women in Christianity 24: 3702:Bonavoglia, Angela (21 May 2012). 3576:. Womenpriests.org. Archived from 3385: 2934:Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils 2838:"Ordain Catholic Women as Deacons" 2835: 2251:Freeman, Fr Stephen (2015-10-09). 2218:Papademetriou, Athanasia. (2004). 2154:Kevin J. Madigan 2021, p. 269–280. 1126: 1076:, making their canons and decrees 272:Ordination of women in Catholicism 111: 39:Holy orders in the Catholic Church 25: 4161: 3790:catholic-womens-ordination.org.uk 3496:Yates, Jennifer C. (2006-07-31). 3442:www.romancatholicwomenpriests.org 2943:First Council of Nicaea, canon 19 1916:religiousstudiesblog.blogspot.com 989: 435:Theologians and authors (by view) 35:Ordination in the Catholic Church 4112: 4087: 4063: 4039: 3987: 3961: 3943: 3925: 3907: 3889: 3871: 3853: 3835: 3796: 3778: 3761: 3472:"I will disobey this unjust law" 2877:Deaconesses: An Historical Study 2630:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2403:, "Against Heresies" 78:13, 79:3 1942:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1654: 1374:Catechism of the Catholic Church 824:Catechism of the Catholic Church 376:Christians for Biblical Equality 48: 3736: 3714: 3659: 3634: 3619:Abramczyk, Donna (2010-03-01). 3612: 3591: 3553: 3535: 3511: 3489: 3430: 3418: 3409: 3372: 3360: 3351: 3329: 3304: 3290: 3265: 3229: 3215: 3197: 3175: 3149: 3120: 3098: 3080: 3062: 3038: 3026: 2976: 2964: 2946: 2927: 2882: 2869: 2856: 2829: 2804: 2786: 2768: 2750: 2744:John Paul II, Fidei Depositum 3 2737: 2698: 2680: 2668: 2657: 2646: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2593: 2552: 2534: 2516: 2498: 2480: 2466: 2448: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2352: 2326: 2273: 2244: 2211: 2166: 2157: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2086: 1908: 1760:Association of Catholic Priests 1530:Synod of Bishops for the Amazon 1409: 876: 856:and gives a "recommendation of 836:, is that only a Catholic male 156:Jesus's interactions with women 3995:"Pope Rules Out Women Priests" 3710:– via www.thenation.com. 3189:. 20 June 2018. Archived from 2391:, "The Apostolic Tradition" 11 2077: 2037: 1986: 1968: 1931: 1806:Pontifical Biblical Commission 1791: 1765:In 2014, the Bishop of Basel, 1719:(founded in 2002 in America), 1396:, a decree signed by Cardinal 310:Christianity and homosexuality 13: 1: 4075:Women's Ordination Conference 4051:Women's Ordination Conference 4027:Women's Ordination Conference 3903:(in German), October 29, 2019 3599:"Catholic Women's Ordination" 3559:editors, "In the Beginning," 3438:"Roman Catholic Womenpriests" 3261:(in German), October 18, 2019 3243:(in German), October 27, 2019 3159:. 12 May 2016. Archived from 2632:355, 383, 369–72, 1605, 2333. 2492:www.legionofmarytidewater.com 1925: 1727:, founded in 1911 in London. 1721:Women's Ordination Conference 3134:. 2016-08-02. Archived from 1880:Women in the Catholic Church 1367: 186:Women as theological figures 7: 3921:(in German). March 3, 2020. 3721:Pelzer, Anne Marie (1977). 2983:Olson, Jeannine E. (1992). 2488:"Under Pius IV - Chalcedon" 2346:Nicaea Council I, Canon XIX 2257:Glory to God for All Things 1993:Norton, John (2003-01-14). 1853: 1717:Roman Catholic Womenpriests 1685:Roman Catholic Womenpriests 1433:Ordination to the diaconate 1132:Requirements of holy orders 1010:—subsequently decreed that 926:sacris altaribus ministrare 146:Christian views on marriage 10: 4166: 4124:National Catholic Reporter 4099:National Catholic Reporter 3561:National Catholic Reporter 2178:National Catholic Reporter 2128:National Catholic Reporter 1999:National Catholic Reporter 1413: 1386:2008 excommunication order 1254:On October 28, 1995, in a 1199: 984:Oriental Orthodox Churches 871: 355:Evangelical and Ecumenical 171:Paul the Apostle and women 161:List of women in the Bible 28: 3939:(in German). August 2020. 2842:Harvard Divinity Bulletin 1753: 1237:, quoted by John Paul in 1231:Incarnate Word himself." 1182:and the men he called as 743:Katharine Jefferts Schori 463:Virginia Ramey Mollenkott 2875:Aime Georges Martimort, 1901: 1848:Rosemary Radford Ruether 1305:Doctrinal commentary on 939:Catacombs of San Gennaro 854:sex reassignment surgery 708:Frederica Mathewes-Green 214:Christian egalitarianism 176:Rape in the Hebrew Bible 3955:www.catholicculture.org 3318:. Cruxnow. 8 April 2020 2281:"Women Priests? | EWTN" 2113:Pope Zachary, Letter 8. 1772:In 2017, German bishop 1548:Ordination and equality 1457:and of the substantive 1447:First Council of Nicaea 1294:Tradition of the Church 1239:Ordinatio sacerdotalis, 1082:First Council of Nicaea 1004:First Council of Nicaea 980:Eastern Orthodox Church 325:Women in Church history 237:Asian feminist theology 106:Christianity and gender 3984:Memorandum:Church 2011 3574:"Women Can Be Priests" 2675:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 2415:, "The Priesthood" 2:2 1694:Romulo Antonio Braschi 1680: 1571:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1481:Second Vatican Council 1383: 1365: 1351: 1342:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1325: 1268:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1224: 1213:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1202:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1195:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1124: 1122:along with her spouse. 1099: 1059:Second Vatican Council 898:with her husband, and 833:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 117: 3277:Global Sisters Report 2003:Catholic News Service 1662: 1416:Praedicate evangelium 1378: 1355: 1346: 1320: 1219: 1115: 1090: 849:Catholic News Service 673:Juana Inés de la Cruz 468:Letha Dawson Scanzoni 397:Manhood and Womanhood 196:Women in Christianity 181:Stay-at-home daughter 115: 3730:www.womenpriests.org 3116:on January 25, 2016. 3110:www.catholicnews.com 3074:www.womenpriests.org 2817:Catholic News Agency 2309:www.staycatholic.com 2043:Bernadette Brooten, 1938:Codex Iuris Canonici 1778:Franz-Josef Overbeck 1748:Call to Disobedience 1689:independent Catholic 1508:In 2015, Archbishop 1451:Council of Chalcedon 1393:L'Osservatore Romano 1103:Council of Chalcedon 1095:hands laid upon them 883:letter to the Romans 578:George W. Knight III 3623:. Thenewsherald.com 3300:. BBC. 12 Feb 2020. 3225:. October 26, 2019. 2253:"The Priest's Wife" 1866:Mulieris dignitatem 1725:St. Joan's Alliance 1601:Liturgy of the Word 1577:Blessed Virgin Mary 1562:Mulieris dignitatem 1526:Luis Ladaria Ferrer 1510:Paul-André Durocher 1290:written Word of God 1070:Ecumenical councils 1065:Ecumenical councils 1050:Council of Laodicea 841:receives ordination 728:April Ulring Larson 653:Hildegard of Bingen 395:Council on Biblical 242:Biblical patriarchy 166:Ordination of women 3885:(in German). 2017. 3427:NPR, Sept 16, 2015 3209:saltandlighttv.org 2939:2008-09-15 at the 1860:Complementarianism 1812:List of supporters 1681: 1148:according to dogma 1113:after ordination: 1016:laying on of hands 1008:ecumenical council 866:mental instability 668:Christine de Pizan 663:Catherine of Siena 488:Gilbert Bilezikian 299:Church and society 219:Complementarianism 191:Women in the Bible 141:Biblical womanhood 118: 3999:Los Angeles Times 3547:www.canonlaw.info 2958:www.newadvent.org 2836:Zagano, Phyllis. 2618:Inter Insigniores 2442:www.newadvent.org 2427:, "Heresies" 1:17 1940:canon 1024, c.f. 1875:Pope John Paul II 1472:in an article in 1206:On May 22, 1994, 950:Theodora Episcopa 944:In the church of 818:Code of Canon Law 786: 785: 751: 750: 683:Pope John Paul II 658:Julian of Norwich 626: 625: 598:Dorothy Patterson 426: 425: 420: 252:Womanist theology 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 4157: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3971:. 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