190:
459:
tribes would break through during the apocalypse. The dimensions and features of the gate are described in detail, and
Alexander was said to have placed an inscription on it which reads "The Huns will come forth and subdue the countries of the Romans and Persians; they will shoot arrows with armagest and will return and enter their country. Moreover, I wrote that (at) the end of eight hundred and twenty six years, the Huns would come forth by the narrow road..." (the inscription goes on for several more pages). This prophecy whereby the Huns break through the gates is linked to the invasion of the
661:
31:
377:
669:
214:, says that Alexander passed through the Caspian Gates, which he contrasts with the Gates of the Caucasus, a vast natural feature in a mountain chain rent asunder. Here, he says gates with iron covered beams have been placed above a horribly odorous river, along with a fortress to bar the passage of the innumerable tribes. These gates divide the world into two portions.
675:
450:. This development was inspired by some elements of the historical context of the time, including dread of the northern hordes, a variety of Persian fortifications meant to seal off the movement of steppe nomads, and eschatological thinking and attitudes of the time. At its outset, the Syriac Alexander Legend (otherwise known as the
301:
states in the late-fourth century in his seventy-seventh letter that "the gates of
Alexander keep back the wild peoples behind the Caucasus". Like Ps. Hegesippus, and unlike the later traditions of the Syrian church, Jerome was concerned with the Greco-Roman discourses on civilization and barbarity
285:, and therefore represents Alexander not only as a founder of civilization but also its protector. In the second reference, it is informed that Alexander had confined the Alans among other savage nations but that, either due to a bribe or political conflict, they were able to persuade the king of
458:
that would result in the plunder of peoples and countries. Alexander commanded that the gate should be constructed out of iron and bronze, for which he recruited three thousand blacksmiths to work the latter and three thousand other men for the former. However, it was believed that the barbarian
289:
to let them burst out. Although not itself apocalyptic, the description of Ps. Hegesippus foreshadows the development of the apocalyptic narrative of Gog and Magog behind
Alexander's wall, for it is first in his text that the notion is developed that the tribe behind the wall have actually been
225:, a Jewish historian in the 1st century, gives the first extant reference to gates constructed by Alexander, designed to be a barrier against the Scythians. According to this historian, the people whom the Greeks called Scythians were known (among the Jews) as Magogites, descendants of
361:. In this war, the Persians once again bring up the gates during negotiations, mentioning that they block the pass to the Huns for the benefit of both Persians and Byzantines, and that the Persians deserve to be compensated for their service.
98:
separating the Greco-Roman world from the
Persian world. They are often imagined as an actual fortification, or as a symbolic boundary separating the civilized from the uncivilized world. The original Gates of Alexander were just south of the
473:
by the Turkic
Khazars (not to be confused with a reference to the Turks which may not occur in this type of literature until the ninth century), although this may have been an interpolation that was made into the text during the reign of
345:' History of the Wars: Book I. Here they are mentioned as the Caspian Gates and they are a source of diplomatic conflict between the Byzantines and the Sassanid Persians. When the current holder of the gates dies, he bequeaths it to
595:, which he does not mention otherwise. The Gates of Alexander may represent an attempt by Westerners to explain stories from China of a great king building a great wall. Knowledge of Chinese innovations such as the compass and
751:
in the 6th century, long after
Alexander's time, but they came to be credited to him in the passing centuries. The immense wall had a height of up to twenty meters and a thickness of about 10 feet (3 m) when it was in use.
277:, Pseudo-Hegesippus follows Josephus in mentioning the construction by Alexander of an iron gate to section off the barbarian group. In the first of two references to this gate, Ps. Hegesippus, places its location at the
411:
causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the
Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including
189:
493:
records that
Alexander "enclosed" the people of Gog and Magog to prevent their incursion from the north, coinciding with the statement that at some point in the future they will rise again and break through.
416:(therein called "Goth and Magoth"). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the
1263:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac
Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
1208:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac
Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
1106:
Dickens, Mark (2023). "Gog and Magog in Syriac Literature II: Literature Connected to the Alexander Legend Prior to Michael the Syrian". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.).
118:
Various other passes in the Caucasus and Anatolia have been called the Gates of Alexander since at least the 1st century CE. Later, the Caspian Gates were also identified with the Pass of
535:("possessor of the Two Horns"), a righteous ruler and conqueror who reached the west and the east. The barrier was constructed with melted iron sheets and covered with copper.
463:
in 515 AD as Syriac texts would use the Seleucid calendrical system which began in 1 October, 312 BCE; by subtracting 311 or 312, a date of 514/5 is arrived at, representing a
606:
in the first half of the seventh century and the tenth-century Armenian History of Movsēs Dasxurancʿi connected Alexander's gates especially to events during the reign of
877:
864:
868:
638:, enclosed by mountains or fortifications and often featuring a gate. It is depicted in this way on Arabian world maps starting from the 10th century, as also on the
1429:
705:
However, neither of these were within Hyrcania, but lay to the north and west of its boundaries. Another suggestion is some mountain pass in the
481:
The description of the gates of Alexander in the Syriac Alexander Legend influenced most subsequent Syriac literature describing these events.
559:. The identities of the nations trapped behind the wall are not always consistent, however; Mandeville claims Gog and Magog are really the
115:. The name was transferred to passes through the Caucasus, on the other side of the Caspian, by the more fanciful historians of Alexander.
1418:
325:, he wrote that Alexander had built a set of gates and called them the Caspian Gates. These gates, he said, were guarded by the
1606:
349:. Anastasius, unable and unwilling to finance a garrison for the gates, loses them in an assault by the Sassanid King Cabades (
1525:
Kleiber, Katarzyna (July 2006). "Alexander's Caspian Wall – A Turning-Point in Parthian and Sasanian Military Architecture?".
1570:
1504:(1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition".
1078:
1038:
1013:
911:
1110:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 156, n. 9.
764:
or Darial has also been known as the "Gates of Alexander" and is a strong candidate for the identity of the Caspian Gates.
1267:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 161–195.
1212:. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 153–161.
634:
In medieval world maps, the land of Gog and Magog is generally shown as a region in the far north, northeast, or east of
1461:
1272:
1217:
1166:
1115:
983:
469:. A second prophecy of an incursion appears for 940 SE, pinpointing to 628/9 AD and corresponds with the invasion of
1469:
682:
It is not clear which precise location Josephus meant when he described the Caspian gates. It may have been the
399:
of Pseudo-Callisthenes. This version locates the gates between two mountains called the "Breasts of the North" (
1491:
1329:
555:
691:
17:
621:
was partially based on stories of the Gates of Alexander. The legend disappeared before the 17th century.
1626:
564:
369:
The story of Alexander's construction of walls to seal away and confine Gog and Magog is absent from the
1426:
809:
1611:
1534:
829:
407:). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to
262:
194:
253:
contains two relevant passages, one giving the ancestry of Scythians as descendants of Magog son of
824:
722:
683:
174:
143:
860:
438:
249:
209:
1621:
1073:. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 208–212.
906:. Ancient narrative. Groningen: Barkhuis & Groningen University Library. pp. 205–206.
804:
596:
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are the ones trapped behind it. He does mention Gog and Magog, however, locating them north of
151:
71:
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Historia and fabula: myths and legends in historical thought from antiquity to the modern age
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8:
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fortress, which served as a strategic location protecting the empire from attacks by the
592:
370:
108:
780:, 180 km of which is still preserved today, albeit in a very poor state of repair.
956:
834:
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An alternative theory links the Caspian Gates to the so-called "Alexander's Wall" (the
730:
649:
645:
354:
178:
166:
150:(Red Snake) on its south-eastern shore. These fortifications were historically part of
169:, the Gates of Alexander became commonly associated with Alexander legends, as in the
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1487:
1457:
1325:
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1213:
1162:
1111:
1074:
1034:
1009:
979:
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907:
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725:, whose thirty north-looking towers used to stretch for forty kilometers between the
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395:
357:, which would be a focus point for war during the reign of Justinian and site of the
330:
257:, and another that refers to the Caspian Gates being breached by Scythians allied to
170:
139:
46:
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1554:
1513:
940:
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640:
278:
281:. This is mentioned in the context of a discussion on Alexander's founding of the
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The enigma of the red snake: revealing one of the world's greatest frontier walls
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400:
358:
244:
231:
127:
95:
36:
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454:) records Alexander constructing a wall of iron to prevent an invasion of the
1600:
952:
547:, the Gates of Alexander story was included in travel literature such as the
447:
413:
313:
was a Byzantine author of the sixth century. In a detailed discussion on the
239:(on the south edge of the Caspian), and allowing passage of the gates to the
226:
135:
42:
1517:
599:
is known to have been diffused (and confused) across Eurasian trade routes.
591:. Some scholars have taken this as an oblique and confused reference to the
442:
transformed the gates into an apocalyptic barrier built by Alexander in the
235:
states that the iron gates Alexander erected were controlled by the king of
1265:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
1210:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
1108:
Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif
687:
460:
381:
57:
747:. The historical Caspian Gates were not built until probably the reign of
525:
777:
726:
568:
544:
100:
30:
1321:
Imagining the World: Mythical Belief Versus Reality in Global Encounters
1069:
Stoneman, Richard; Nawotka, Krzysztof; Wojciechowska, Agnieszka (2018).
902:
Stoneman, Richard; Nawotka, Krzysztof; Wojciechowska, Agnieszka (2018).
1501:
695:
580:
576:
326:
112:
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960:
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933:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
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607:
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342:
60:
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in the Hebrew Bible. These references occur in two different works.
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792:
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737:
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443:
421:
417:
310:
286:
258:
243:(whom Josephus considered a Scythic tribe) resulted in the sack of
236:
222:
123:
91:
87:
1186:
376:
1539:"Alexander and Gog and Magog in Early Oriental Christian Sources"
504:
470:
350:
314:
282:
254:
119:
50:
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in their great war of the first decades of the seventh century.
478:
to update the narrative for a contemporary political situation.
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1546:
1372:
588:
425:
322:
298:
131:
104:
664:
Caspian Gates: Darial Gorge, Derbent, Rhaegae, Wall of Gorgan.
721:
The Gates of Alexander are most commonly identified with the
513:
318:
274:
240:
1545:. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Vol. 22 (1st ed.).
1543:
Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources
1068:
901:
686:(lying due east, nearer to Persia), or it may have been the
158:, while the Great Wall of Gorgan may have been built by the
635:
572:
455:
1453:
Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog: And the Inclosed Nations
1384:
1095:
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16764/16764-h/16764-h.htm
408:
1047:
733:, effectively blocking the passage across the Caucasus.
193:
The Gates of Alexander are usually identified with the
1174:
1136:
1124:
602:
Other medieval literature, such as the Latin Frankish
1008:. USA: Harvard historical studies. pp. 249–254.
516:. According to the Quranic narrative, Gog and Magog (
34:
41:building a wall with the help of jinn to keep away
1031:Empires of Islam in Renaissance historical thought
1006:Empires of Islam in Renaissance historical thought
976:Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought
1533:
1378:
1302:
1192:
1598:
1033:. USA: Harvard historical studies. p. 254.
86:, are one of several mountain passes in eastern
624:
583:speaks of Alexander's Iron Gates, but says the
567:, who will emerge from their prison during the
27:Mountain passes linked with Alexander the Great
978:. Harvard University Press. pp. 252–253.
783:The Great Wall of Gorgan was built during the
353:). After peace, Anastasius builds the city of
1592:, which includes the Gates of Alexander story
1071:The Alexander Romance: history and literature
904:The Alexander Romance: history and literature
1237:. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–179.
787:simultaneously with the construction of the
1472:. "Ancient Derbent" (Древний Дербент). in:
1456:, Medieval academy of America, p. 11,
920:
538:
1479:
1425:, No. 27, February/March 2008, pp. 12–22.
1407:
1252:. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–44.
1053:
431:
610:, the Byzantine emperor who defeated the
393:The Gates occur in later versions of the
1537:; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara, eds. (2010).
1449:
1390:
1314:
1180:
1154:
1142:
1130:
926:
659:
375:
188:
29:
1524:
1402:
1292:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
1262:
1207:
1105:
1028:
1003:
973:
14:
1599:
1356:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
644:, an influential map drawn in 1154 by
364:
184:
1354:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1351:
1290:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1287:
1250:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1247:
1235:The Syriac Legend of Alexander's Gate
1232:
1203:
1201:
1155:Stoneman, Richard (tr.), ed. (1991),
1241:
1064:
1062:
897:
895:
776:) on the south-eastern shore of the
502:A similar narration is mentioned in
388:
268:
146:. Tradition also connects it to the
1500:
1366:
1345:
1281:
1093:History of the Wars Books I and II
521:
165:Alongside other motifs such as the
24:
1226:
1198:
617:The medieval German legend of the
484:
290:confined or imprisoned behind it.
208:(23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), in his
200:
25:
1638:
1581:
1413:Omrani Rekavandi, H., Sauer, E.,
1059:
967:
892:
767:
929:"Alexander at the Caspian Gates"
673:
667:
341:The Gates are also mentioned in
1506:Journal of Early Modern History
1450:Anderson, Andrew Runni (1932),
1396:
1360:
1308:
1256:
1148:
1099:
927:Anderson, Andrew Runni (1928).
791:and it was restored during the
65:
1590:Travels of Sir John Mandeville
1087:
1022:
992:
852:
694:, located between present-day
556:Travels of Sir John Mandeville
126:) on the Caspian; or with the
70:), currently preserved in the
35:
13:
1:
1607:Alexander the Great in legend
1480:Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994).
1379:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1324:. Greenwood. pp. 45–46.
1303:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1193:Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010
1161:, Penguin, pp. 185–187,
840:
1002:Book 6.12 and 6.15 cited in
886:
713:, in the heart of Hyrcania.
625:Geographical identifications
571:and unite with their fellow
512:"), the 18th chapter of the
336:
7:
1417:& Nokandeh, J. (2008),
1158:The Greek Alexander Romance
798:
736:Derbent was built around a
629:
526:
446:to keep out the nations of
436:The late antique Christian
305:
217:
10:
1643:
1442:
1029:Meserve, Margaret (2008).
1004:Meserve, Margaret (2008).
974:Meserve, Margaret (2009).
716:
302:as opposed to apocalypse.
273:In his description of the
1563:10.1163/9789047427629_003
1423:Current World Archaeology
830:Fortifications of Derbent
755:
655:
404:
293:
195:Fortifications of Derbent
845:
825:Iron Gate (Central Asia)
795:era (3rd–7th centuries)
723:Caspian Gates of Derbent
690:, lying west, bordering
539:Late Medieval literature
497:
175:Syriac Alexander Romance
1518:10.1163/157006598X00090
1352:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1288:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1248:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
1233:Tesei, Tommaso (2023).
861:Antiquities of the Jews
810:Alexander in the Qur'an
707:Taurus-Zagros Mountains
439:Syriac Alexander Legend
432:Syriac Alexander Legend
250:Antiquities of the Jews
111:crossed while pursuing
805:Sasanian defense lines
679:
597:south-pointing chariot
385:
321:work of his named the
283:Antioch of the Orontes
197:
75:
72:Chester Beatty Library
663:
604:Chronicle of Fredegar
550:Travels of Marco Polo
531:) were walled off by
379:
192:
33:
1305:, p. 57, fn. 3.
774:Great Wall of Gorgan
466:vaticinium ex eventu
424:in modern-day North
148:Great Wall of Gorgan
144:North Ossetia–Alania
82:, also known as the
820:Great Wall of China
789:Great Wall of China
593:Great Wall of China
489:More indirect, the
371:rabbinic literature
365:Rabbinic literature
185:Literary traditions
1627:History of Derbent
1588:Chapter 29 of the
1557:. pp. 15–49.
1474:Soviet Archaeology
1470:Artamonov, Mikhail
1432:2011-09-28 at the
835:Horns of Alexander
731:Caucasus Mountains
680:
650:Roger II of Sicily
646:Muhammad al-Idrisi
386:
347:Emperor Anastasius
198:
179:Qissat Dhulqarnayn
167:Horns of Alexander
80:Gates of Alexander
76:
1572:978-90-47-42762-9
1535:Van Donzel, E. J.
1502:Gow, Andrew Colin
1369:, pp. 68–70.
1195:, pp. 25–49.
1080:978-94-92444-71-4
1040:978-0-674-02656-8
1015:978-0-674-02656-8
998:Pliny the Elder,
913:978-94-92444-71-4
709:, somewhere near
396:Alexander Romance
389:Alexander Romance
269:Pseudo-Hegesippus
171:Alexander Romance
156:Sassanid Persians
152:the defence lines
47:Persian miniature
16:(Redirected from
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1612:Medieval legends
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1555:Brill Publishers
1530:
1529:. 42/43: 173–95.
1527:Folia Orientalia
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81:
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62:
59:
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43:Gog and Magog
38:
32:
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18:Caspian Gates
1617:Dhul-Qarnayn
1589:
1542:
1526:
1512:(1): 61–88.
1509:
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1422:
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1403:Kleiber 2006
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1335:. Retrieved
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681:
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522:يأجوج ومأجوج
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263:Armenian War
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230:
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1337:February 5,
939:: 130–163.
778:Caspian Sea
727:Caspian Sea
545:Middle Ages
543:During the
405:Μαζοί Βορρά
384:before 1906
261:during the
122:(in modern
101:Caspian Sea
1601:Categories
1493:9004100636
1427:PDF 5.3 MB
1331:0897893646
858:Josephus,
841:References
696:Ingushetia
577:Christians
327:Laz people
177:, and the
134:forming a
113:Darius III
1486:. Brill.
953:0065-9711
887:Citations
749:Khosrow I
678:Hyrcania)
608:Heraclius
585:Comanians
569:End Times
476:Heraclius
343:Procopius
337:Procopius
329:of Roman
160:Parthians
109:Alexander
74:, Dublin.
61:Tahmasp I
1430:Archived
1367:Gow 1998
1318:(1994).
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799:See also
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738:Sassanid
729:and the
672:Iberia;
630:Medieval
619:Red Jews
553:and the
510:The Cave
444:Caucasus
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418:Bebrykes
351:Kavadh I
311:Jordanes
306:Jordanes
287:Hyrcania
259:Tiberius
237:Hyrcania
223:Josephus
218:Josephus
138:between
124:Dagestan
107:, where
92:Caucasus
88:Anatolia
1443:Sources
1436:. p. 13
741:Persian
717:Derbent
700:Georgia
505:al-Kahf
471:Armenia
452:Neshana
331:Georgia
315:Amazons
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319:Latin
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245:Media
241:Alans
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132:gorge
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