303:"She grew to despise her husband Venutius, and took as her consort his squire Vellocatus, whom she admitted to share the throne with her. Her house was at once shaken by this scandalous act. Her husband was favoured by the sentiments of all the citizens; the adulterer was supported by the queen's passion for him and by her savage spirit. So Venutius, calling in aid from outside and at the same time assisted by a revolt of the Brigantes themselves, put Cartimandua into an extremely dangerous position. Then she asked the Romans for protection, and in fact some companies of our foot and horse, after meeting with indifferent success in a number of engagements, finally succeeded in rescuing the queen from danger. The throne was left to Venutius; the war to us."
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182:, insincerely offering him sanctuary, but instead turning him in to the Romans in exchange for wealth. She also is recorded for her disloyalty to her husband, whom she divorced and replaced with a common military man. She subsequently engaged in extended military conflict with her ex-husband as he staged revolt against her multiple times, eventually losing.
256:"She had later strengthened her power when she was credited with having captured King Caratacus by treachery and so furnished an adornment for the triumph of Claudius Caesar. From this came her wealth and the wanton spirit which success breeds."
273:. In 57, although Cartimandua had seized his brother and other relatives and held them hostage, Venutius made war against her and then against her Roman protectors. He built alliances outside the Brigantes, and during the governorship of
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Tacitus refers to
Cartimandua's dumping of her husband for Vellocatus as scandalous. He Also discusses how Venutius rallies against her, but fails after she secures aid from the Romans.
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Being of "illustrious birth", according to
Tacitus, Cartimandua probably inherited her power, as she does not appear to have obtained it through marriage. She and her husband,
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43:"Caractacus, King of the Silures, deliver'd up to Ostorius, the Roman General, by Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes." – print by F. Bartolozzi, British Museum.
171:. She was widely influential during her reign. As ruler of the Brigantes, she united various British tribes that eventually surrendered their loyalty to
202:'s triumphal arch says surrendered without a fight. If not, she may have come to power after a revolt of a faction of the Brigantes was defeated by
315:, Venutius staged another revolt, again with help from other nations. Cartimandua appealed for troops from the Romans, who were only able to send
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Although
Cartimandua is first mentioned by Tacitus in AD 51, her rule over the Brigantes may have already been established when the Roman emperor
319:. Cartimandua was evacuated, leaving Venutius in control of a kingdom at war with Rome. After this, Cartimandua disappears from the sources.
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Cartimandua is portrayed notoriously in
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Cartimandua was not as successful in the year 69. Taking advantage of Roman instability during the
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Cartimandua later divorced
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in 43: she may have been one of the eleven "kings" who
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The Heroic Age: Brigantia, Cartimandua and Gwenhwyfar
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451:"The story of Cartimandua as relayed by Tacitus"
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