202:; the term "guide" is often used interchangeably with "Sherpa" or "porter", but there are certain differences. Porters are expected to prepare the route before and/or while the main expedition climbs, climbing up beforehand with tents, food, water, and equipment (enough for themselves and for the main expedition), which they place in carefully located deposits on the mountain. This preparation can take months of work before the main expedition starts. Doing this involves numerous trips up and down the mountain, until the last and smallest supply deposit is planted shortly below the peak. When the route is prepared, either entirely or in stages ahead of the expedition, the main body follows. The last stage is often done without the porters, they remaining at the last camp, a quarter mile or below the summit, meaning only the main expedition is given the credit for mounting the summit. In many cases, since the porters are going ahead, they are forced to freeclimb, driving spikes and laying safety lines for the main expedition to use as they follow. Porters (such as Sherpas for example), are frequently local ethnic types, well adapted to living in the rarified atmosphere and accustomed to life in the mountains. Although they receive little glory, porters or Sherpas are often considered among the most skilled of mountaineers, and are generally treated with respect, since the success of the entire expedition is only possible through their work. They are also often called upon to stage rescue expeditions when a part of the party is endangered or there is an injury; when a rescue attempt is successful, several porters are usually called upon to transport the injured climber(s) back down the mountain so the expedition can continue. A well known incident where porters attempted to rescue numerous stranded climbers, and often died as a result, is the
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198:), are also an essential part of mountaineering: they are typically highly skilled professionals who specialize in the logistics of mountain climbing, not merely people paid to carry loads (although carrying is integral to the profession). Frequently, porters/Sherpas work for companies who hire them out to climbing groups, to serve both as porters and as
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The use of humans to transport cargo dates to the ancient world, prior to domesticating animals and development of the wheel. Historically it remained prevalent in areas where slavery was permitted, and exists today where modern forms of mechanical conveyance are impractical or impossible, such as in
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Over time, slavery diminished and technology advanced, but the role of porter for specialized transporting services remains strong in the 21st century. Examples include bellhops at hotels, redcaps at railway stations, skycaps at airports, and bearers on adventure trips engaged by foreign travelers.
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A porter's gear is typically simple but effective. In this example, the load goes into an oversized basket, or doko, which rests against the back. A strap runs underneath the doko and over the crown of the head, which bears most of the weight. Each porter in this region also carries a T-shaped
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Many great works of engineering were created solely by muscle power in the days before machinery or even wheelbarrows and wagons; massive workforces of workers and bearers would complete impressive earthworks by manually lugging the earth, stones, or bricks in baskets on their backs.
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The practice of railroad station porters wearing red-colored caps to distinguish them from blue-capped train personnel with other duties was begun on Labor Day of 1890 by an
African-American porter in order to stand out from the crowds at
316:, are also known for having survived a night at the highest open bivouac - 8,100 metres (26,600 ft) - on K2 in 1954. Fazal Ali, who was born in the Shimshal Valley in Pakistan North, is – according to the
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is synonymous with that profession. Their skill, knowledge of the mountains and local culture, and ability to perform at altitude make them indispensable for the highest
Himalayan expeditions.
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to carry persons, particularly
Europeans, as well as their luggage across the difficult mountain passes. Throughout the globe porters served, and in some areas continue to, as such
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322:– the only man ever to have scaled K2 (8611 m) three times, in 2014, 2017 and 2018, all without oxygen, but his achievements have gone largely unrecognised.
210:, inciting the entire Sherpa guide community to refuse to undertake any more ascents for the remainder of the year, making any further expeditions impossible.
158:, is a person who carries objects or cargo for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train (a
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162:) to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in inclement weather on multi-month mountaineering expeditions. They can carry items on their backs (
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749:. Trailer for a documentary on the Slovak mountain porter tradition, by Pavol Barabáš and K2 Studio. K2 Studio official Vimeo account.
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387:, ć©čŤ·). These men (and more rarely women) regularly resupply mountain huts and tourist chalets at high-altitude mountain ranges.
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in New York City. The tactic immediately caught on, over time adapted by other forms of porters for their specialties.
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was a
Pakistani mountaineer and porter known for being part of the team which managed the first successful ascent of
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In the early
Americas, where there were few native beasts of burden, all goods were carried by porters called
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Porters with provisions for the dinosaur excavations at
Tendaguru, near Lindi, Tanzania, between 1909 and 1912
618:"'The Revolution of the Ganhadores': Urban Labour, Ethnicity and the African Strike of 1857 in Bahia, Brazil"
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696:"Foreign climbers claim the glory, but Pakistani porters remain the unsung masters of the mountains"
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Mountain porters are also still in use in a handful of more developed countries, including
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in the ancient world, when labor was generally cheap and slavery widespread. The ancient
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Certain trade-specific terms are used for forms of porters in North
America, including
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Herinneringen aan Japan, 1850–1870: Foto's en
Fotoalbums in Nederlands Bezit
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Porters were very important to the local economies of many large cities in
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where motorized transport is impractical or unavailable, often alongside
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834:('s-Gravenhage : Staatsuitgeverij, 1987), pp. 106–107, repr.
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Human adaptability and flexibility led to the early use of humans for
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253:. In colonial times, some areas of the Andes employed porters called
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walking stick called a tokma to take some of the strain off the back.
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with an
Italian expedition. He, along with the Italian mountaineer
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Japanese mountain chalet porter Masato
Hagiwara in action
735:. The Slovak Spectator. Spectator.sme.sk. 30 June 2008.
723:. The Slovak Spectator. Spectator.sme.sk. 30 June 2008.
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The contributions of porters can often go overlooked.
238:, for example, enslaved women to shift wool and flax.
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mountainous terrain, or thick jungle or forest cover.
399:(hotel porter), redcap (railway station porter), and
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Porter carrying luggage over a pedestrian bridge in
196:the ethnic group most Himalayan porters come from
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330:Porters are still paid to shift burdens in many
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27:Person who carries objects or cargo for others
838:New York Public Library, s.v. "Beato, Felice"
296:Contribution to mountain climbing expeditions
733:Article with news on Slovak mountain porters
463:Porters at a ford on the Sakawa River, near
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603:The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology
272:during the 1800s, where they were known as
170:. The word "porter" derives from the Latin
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720:Slovak mountain porters are a dying breed
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
630:(2). Translated by H. Sabrina Gledhill.
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54:This article includes a list of general
261:, particularly in crowded urban areas.
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854:Personal care and service occupations
206:. Sixteen Sherpas were killed in the
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230:gear. Porters were commonly used as
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564:(Ghanaian term for a female porter)
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24:
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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761:. YouTube.com. 28 September 2018.
670:"Bonatti e il K2, la vera storia"
623:Journal of Latin American Studies
115:" from the personal notations of
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364:railway stations are called
130:porter carrying wood in the
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786:University of Chicago Press
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190:Porters, frequently called
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632:Cambridge University Press
292:in the country's history.
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694:hermesauto (2018-11-04).
640:10.1017/S0022216X9700477X
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542:Mountain and porters in
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194:in the Himalayas (after
36:Carrier (disambiguation)
568:Human-powered transport
75:more precise citations.
32:Porter (disambiguation)
527:resting after work in
409:Grand Central Terminal
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859:Transport occupations
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674:nationalgeographic.it
332:third-world countries
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746:Sloboda pod nákladom
30:For other uses, see
353:porters that their
349:are so renowned as
117:Ernest Henry Wilson
478:Nepali porters on
403:(airport porter).
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795:978-0-226-16234-8
776:Cayton, Horace R.
700:The Straits Times
510:Mount Kilimanjaro
480:Annapurna Circuit
107:"Men laden with '
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16:(Redirected from
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428:A porter in
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377:horskĂ˝ nosiÄŤ
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336:pack animals
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306:Nanga Parbat
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634:: 355–393.
360:Porters at
276:. In 1857,
251:Mesoamerica
186:Expeditions
73:introducing
848:Categories
705:2020-03-12
589:References
508:Porter on
432:wearing a
345:people of
310:K2 in 1954
302:Amir Mehdi
278:ganhadores
274:ganhadores
56:references
523:Ghanaian
259:littermen
236:Sumerians
109:Brick Tea
818:24 March
778:(1970).
679:24 April
656:55955013
605:, p. 363
583:Tumpline
551:See also
373:Slovakia
355:ethnonym
255:silleros
243:Tlamemes
164:backpack
132:Himalaya
81:May 2009
864:Walking
578:Portage
562:Kayayei
525:kayayei
465:Odawara
397:bellhop
366:coolies
247:Nahuatl
245:in the
214:History
192:Sherpas
172:portare
134:, near
119:in 1908
69:improve
814:. 1950
792:
654:
648:158398
646:
495:Venice
451:porter
415:Photos
401:skycap
379:) and
362:Indian
343:Sherpa
270:Brazil
156:bearer
152:porter
128:Sherpa
113:Thibet
111:' for
58:, but
652:S2CID
644:JSTOR
544:Nepal
529:Accra
434:dǒulì
430:China
385:bokka
381:Japan
347:Nepal
326:Today
166:) or
820:2013
790:ISBN
681:2017
341:The
34:and
636:doi
447:An
280:in
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