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with each group desperate to be accepted. While nationalism in Europe emerged from an appreciation for the cultural or political achievements of one's compatriots, American nationalism encouraged fresh cultural and political developments. Hayes concluded that this had produced an intense, and often artificial form of nationalism, that served to "inoculate us against Europe and built up an isolationist state of mind".
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Historian Emmet
Kennedy rejects allegations that Hayes was an admirer of Franco. Instead he was "a tough critic of the caudillo's 'fascism'". Hayes played a central role in rescuing 40,000 refugees – French, British, Jews and others from Hitler. He helped them cross the Pyrenees into Spain and onward
519:
during the war. Historian Andrew N. Buchanan posits that Hayes made Spain into "Washington's 'silent ally'." In 1945 President
Roosevelt wrote him saying: "You have carried out a mission of great difficulty with outstanding success and in doing so you have made a contribution to the war effort of the
531:
Hayes, whom
President Franklin Roosevelt appointed in March 1942, was a choice necessitated by Spanish politics. The Franco regime would not have tolerated either a non-Catholic or a liberal. Hayes was an active Catholic who believed that Franco's government should not be ideologically grouped with
376:
had maintained "lively contacts with, and solid knowledge of, the
European civilization on whose boundaries they were". In the 19th century, with massive immigration from Europe, "Americans" took a different path from Europeans, becoming a nation of diverse linguistic, religious and ethnic origins,
972:
Brown specifies historians
Kenneth Stampp and Frank Freidel as leading opponents of Hayes. Shulman (2014) mentions government officials James Warburg, Joseph Barnes, Edd Johnson, and Percy Winner. She says, "Some of these progressives were fellow travelers (or had been before the purges), more
524:
to North Africa. He made Spain "a haven from Hitler". In retirement, Kennedy finds, Hayes advocated patient diplomacy, rather than ostracism or subversion of
Francoist Spain. That was the policy adopted by President Eisenhower as Franco led Spain into an alliance with the U.S. in the 1950s.
364:
in
England. Hayes also developed the historical interpretation of nationalism and was known as the Father of Nationalism, inspiring many students to research in this field. He was an advocate of democratic social reform. His research interests shifted after 1914, and increasingly focused on
344:
alongside
Everett Clinchy and Roger Williams Strauss, serving as co-chairman 1928 to 1946 despite a 1928 papal encyclical which explicitly prohibited such ecumenical interactions. He was chairman of Columbia's History department several times. After World War I, he joined with
328:, he remained an involved member over his lifetime. He earned his Ph.D degree at Columbia in 1909 with a thesis on the Germanic invasion of the Roman Empire. The thesis, ""An Introduction to the Sources Relating to the Germanic Invasion," which was supervised by
356:, a proponent of the "New History", which emphasized the importance of cultural economic developments as opposed to just warfare and diplomacy. Hayes argued the New History demonstrated that Original Sin was integral to human existence. His two-volume
332:, was published by Columbia University Press in 1909. He became lecturer at Columbia in European History in 1907, then was promoted subsequently to assistant professor (1910), associate professor (1915), and full professor (1919).
2474:
396:, he was asked to serve on an advisory committee of historians to organize documents pertaining to the American participation in the fighting in France. This earned him the title of major. In the 1930s, he was a member of the
365:
nationalism, which he denounced as one of history's great evils; he said that along with imperialism and militarism, nationalism had caused World War I. Hayes was an internationalist, unlike Beard, and opposed
372:
In his 1945 presidential address to the
American Historical Association, titled "The American Frontier—Frontier of What?", he urged Americans to see their nation as the western frontier of Europe. The
349:
in establishing the
American Catholic Historical Association and became its first secretary. Its goal was to promote Catholic history and to integrate Catholic scholars into the wider academic world.
2504:
443:
in 1949. He was a guest lecturer and teacher at various academic institutions throughout his career and into his retirement and was given honorary degrees from the following institutions:
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Hayes wrote 27 books and numerous articles and book reviews. His textbooks on European history went through numerous editions and sold upwards of a million copies, making Hayes wealthy.
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726:, by Carlton J.(osef). H(untley). Hayes, late American ambassador to Spain. New York, Macmillan, 1945. VIII - 313 pages. Spanish translation: ed. Epesa, Madrid, 1946.
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and academic. A student of European history, he was a leading and pioneering specialist on the study of nationalism. He was elected as president of the
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872:
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557:. He was survived by his wife, Mary Evelyn (née Carroll) and their children, Mary Elizabeth Tucker and Carroll J. Hayes. His great-grandson is actor
729:"The American Frontier—Frontier of What?" (Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting in Washington, D.C., on December 27, 1945),
2904:
1146:"Dr. Carlton J.H. Hayes, 82, Dies; Historian Was Envoy to Spain; Credited With Keeping Franco Out of the War; Taught at Columbia 1907-50,"
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832:"Central New York, an Inland Empire: Comprising Oneida, Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, Tompkins, Cortland, Chenango Counties and Their People"
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873:"Dr. Carlton J. H. Hayes, 82, Dies; Historian Was Envoy to Spain; Credited With Keeping Franco Out of the War—Taught at Columbia 1907-50"
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the Axis countries. Put more bluntly, Hayes believed that Francisco Franco was less repressive and totalitarian than either
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The Trouble with Propaganda: The Second World War, Franco's Spain, and the Origins of US Post-War Public Diplomacy
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Buchanan, Andrew N. "Washington's 'silent ally' in World War II? United States policy towards Spain, 1939–1945",
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family in upstate New York, the son of Permelia Mary (née Huntley) and Philetus Arthur Hayes. He graduated from
817:
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2021:
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Halstead, Charles R. "Historians in Politics: Carlton J.H. Hayes as American Ambassador to Spain 1942-45",
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360:, long a major textbook, is filled with examples of such thought, none more so than his discussion of the
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In 1904 he converted to Catholicism, and later went on to be the first Roman Catholic co-chairman of the
1123:
Moses, H. Vincent. "Nationalism and the Kingdom of God According to Hans Kohn and Carlton J. H. Hayes",
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Kennedy, Emmet. "Ambassador Carlton J. H. Hayes's Wartime Diplomacy: Making Spain a Haven from Hitler",
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515:, but it has been generally held that he played a vital role in preventing Spain from siding with the
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Emmet Kennedy, "Ambassador Carlton J. H. Hayes's Wartime Diplomacy: Making Spain a Haven from Hitler"
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Presidential address delivered at the annual meeting in Washington, D.C. on December 27, 1945.
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280:(May 16, 1882 – September 2, 1964) was an American historian, educator, diplomat, devout
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Hughes, Arthur. "Carlton J. H. Hayes: A Christian Historian Confronts Nationalism",
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Willson, John P. "Carlton J. H. Hayes, Spain, and the Refugee Crisis, 1942–1945",
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Willson, John P. "Carlton J. H. Hayes, Spain, and the Refugee Crisis, 1942–1945",
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Hayes, "The novelty of totalitarianism in the history of Western civilization",
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800:, 1962, with Marshall Whitehead Baldwin and Charles Woolsey Cole, Macmillan
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511:. He was attacked at the time from the left for being overly friendly with
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700:"The novelty of totalitarianism in the history of Western civilization",
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794:(high-school textbook), 1929, with Parker Thomas Moon, Macmillan Company
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on September 2, 1964, aged 82, and laid to rest at Glenwood Cemetery in
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308:, Hayes succeeded in his mission to keep Spain neutral during the war.
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A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 (Rise of Modern Europe series)
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sympathized with the United States’ wartime ally, the Soviet Union."
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Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia
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in 1904. In 1903 he became an active member of his fraternity,
292:
that defined the academic community of his era. He served as
2517:
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from 1918 to 1919. Nine years later, under the direction of
540:, and that Franco could be converted into an American ally.
644:"Contributions of Herder to the Doctrine of Nationalism",
166:
Mary Evelyn Carroll; (c. 1920–1964; his death; 2 children)
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Converts to Roman Catholicism from Baptist denominations
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and others on the left that rejected any dealings with
1056:
288:
over the opposition of liberals and the more explicit
1158:
1131:
Shanley, John Joseph. "The Story of Carlton Hayes",
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From 1942 to 1945, Hayes served as US ambassador to
193:Historian, author, ambassador, professor, academic
3026:Presidents of the American Historical Association
925:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
702:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
681:, Macmillan, (2 vols. 1932–1936; rev. ed., 1939)
679:A Political and Cultural History of Modern Europe
2987:
620:"The History of German Socialism Reconsidered",
549:He died of a heart ailment, at Sidney Hospital,
960:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 42–43.
605:A Political and Social History of Modern Europe
588:A Political and Social History of Modern Europe
369:in the 1930s while denouncing totalitarianism.
1209:Works by or about Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
953:
780:
756:The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism
741:The United States and Spain. An Interpretation
673:The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism
2490:
1269:
957:Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography
784:The League of Nations, Principle and Practice
398:Catholic Association for International Peace
3046:United States Army personnel of World War I
820:, books.google.com; accessed July 13, 2014.
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342:National Conference of Christians and Jews
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3051:Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
937:"The American Frontier—Frontier of What?"
608:. Vol. II. New York: Macmillan. 1921
300:. Although he came under attack from the
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900:
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591:. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan. 1916
358:Political and Cultural History of Europe
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856:
743:. Sheed & Ward; 1ST edition. 1951.
400:. He served a term as president of the
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574:Sources Relating to Germanic Invasions
502:
67: – January 18, 1945
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1200:Works by or about Carlton J. H. Hayes
1191:Works by Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
897:
838:
527:Historian Holly Cowan Shulman wrote:
406:New York State Historical Association
1141:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
1110:, JSTOR.org; accessed July 13, 2014.
1028:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
997:Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942–1945
724:Wartime Mission in Spain, 1942–1945
686:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. 2004.
13:
3071:20th-century American male writers
3031:Columbia College (New York) alumni
2513:United States Ambassadors to Spain
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441:The Catholic University of America
311:
14:
3092:
3011:American male non-fiction writers
1236:United States Ambassador to Spain
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1135:Volume 47, Number 1 (Winter 2010)
294:United States Ambassador to Spain
3076:Historians from New York (state)
3016:20th-century American historians
2516:
2506:
1175:
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984:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
830:Galpin, William Freeman (1941).
250:
225:
207:
3081:20th-century American diplomats
3066:Catholics from New York (state)
1286:American Historical Association
1104:Journal of Contemporary History
1050:
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989:
908:"Carlton Hayes and His Critics"
798:History of Western Civilization
402:American Historical Association
286:American Historical Association
1070:The American Historical Review
1064:Brief History of the Great War
976:
947:
930:
917:
823:
811:
768:Contemporary Europe since 1870
733:50:2 (January 1946): 199–216.
713:, Harper & Brothers, 1941
632:Brief History of the Great War
414:American Philosophical Society
412:. He was also a member of the
1:
1125:Journal of Church & State
944:50:2 (January 1946): 199–216.
804:
787:. The Atlantic Monthly Press.
661:Ancient and Medieval History,
616:– via Internet Archive.
599:– via Internet Archive.
781:Stephen Duggan, ed. (1919).
774:
667:France, A Nation of Patriots
404:in 1945 and was head of the
335:
278:Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
126:Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes
44:United States Ambassador to
7:
3036:United States Army officers
3021:People from Afton, New York
10:
3097:
3006:American political writers
1846:Robert Livingston Schuyler
1150:, September 4, 1964, p 29.
942:American Historical Review
731:American Historical Review
646:American Historical Review
622:American Historical Review
2767:
2596:Minister Plenipotentiary
2593:
2527:Ministers Plenipotentiary
2526:
2267:
2056:
1918:Bernadotte Everly Schmitt
1837:
1763:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.
1626:
1528:William Archibald Dunning
1432:Charles Francis Adams Jr.
1423:
1292:
1242:
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1117:(2012) 36#2, pp 237–260.
1066:. By Carlton J. H. Hayes"
1017:(2012) 36#2, pp. 237–260.
490:Michigan State University
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3056:Laetare Medal recipients
2768:Ambassador Extraordinary
1811:Kenneth Scott Latourette
1504:Frederick Jackson Turner
1127:(1975) 17#2, pp 259–274.
1047:; accessed 20 July 2014.
720:Wartime Mission in Spain
564:
544:
448:University of Notre Dame
352:Hayes was influenced by
3041:Scholars of nationalism
2594:Envoy Extraordinary and
2030:Lynn Townsend White Jr.
1779:William Linn Westermann
1755:James Westfall Thompson
1715:Charles Howard McIlwain
1512:William Milligan Sloane
1325:William Frederick Poole
1143:(1972) 62#2, pp 99–110.
1030:(1972) 62#2, pp 99–110.
954:David S. Brown (2008).
912:U.S. Catholic Historian
853:(1989) 100#1, pp 39–54.
762:Nationalism: A Religion
663:MacMillan Company, 1929
580:British Social Politics
2340:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1739:William Scott Ferguson
1616:Charles McLean Andrews
1133:The University Bookman
1058:Davis, William Stearns
986:(2009) 7#2, pp 93–117.
542:
419:Hayes was awarded the
59:June 9, 1942
2225:Caroline Walker Bynum
2217:John Henry Coatsworth
1998:Robert Roswell Palmer
1803:Thomas J. Wertenbaker
1683:Herbert Eugene Bolton
1667:Evarts Boutell Greene
1659:James Harvey Robinson
1592:Charles Homer Haskins
1568:William Roscoe Thayer
1381:Richard Salter Storrs
1333:Charles Kendall Adams
639:Essays on Nationalism
529:
520:highest importance".
484:Georgetown University
478:University of Detroit
362:Industrial Revolution
330:James Harvey Robinson
239:Years of service
83:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2332:Gabrielle M. Spiegel
2185:William Leuchtenburg
1966:Roy Franklin Nichols
1902:Walter Prescott Webb
1827:Samuel Eliot Morison
1651:James Henry Breasted
1600:Edward Potts Cheyney
1584:Jean Jules Jusserand
1536:Andrew C. McLaughlin
1496:Albert Bushnell Hart
1357:James Burrill Angell
1301:Andrew Dickson White
1229:Alexander W. Weddell
1039:Holly Cowan Shulman
914:, (1997), pp. 23–37.
454:Marquette University
316:Hayes was born to a
95:Alexander W. Weddell
2770:and Plenipotentiary
2153:Natalie Zemon Davis
1862:Louis R. Gottschalk
1795:Sidney Bradshaw Fay
1787:Carlton J. H. Hayes
1707:Michael Rostovtzeff
1643:Henry Osborn Taylor
1635:Dana Carleton Munro
1560:Worthington C. Ford
1552:George Lincoln Burr
1488:George Burton Adams
1480:J. Franklin Jameson
1440:Alfred Thayer Mahan
1078:10.1086/ahr/26.1.91
503:Ambassador to Spain
433:Columbia University
175:Columbia University
23:Carlton J. H. Hayes
2348:Barbara D. Metcalf
2300:Jonathan D. Spence
2292:James M. McPherson
2137:William H. McNeill
2089:John Hope Franklin
2081:William J. Bouwsma
1982:John King Fairbank
1926:Samuel Flagg Bemis
1731:Laurence M. Larson
1520:Theodore Roosevelt
1464:John Bach McMaster
1397:George Park Fisher
1349:William Wirt Henry
1284:Presidents of the
1148:The New York Times
1115:Diplomatic History
1014:Diplomatic History
877:The New York Times
472:Fordham University
429:Alexander Hamilton
392:, the head of the
290:Anti-Catholic bias
233:United States Army
16:American historian
2983:
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2548:chargé d'affaires
2472:
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2324:Barbara Weinstein
2065:Richard B. Morris
2022:Thomas C. Cochran
1894:William L. Langer
1544:H. Morse Stephens
1472:Simeon E. Baldwin
1448:Henry Charles Lea
1405:James Ford Rhodes
1252:
1251:
1243:Succeeded by
1221:Diplomatic posts
1195:Project Gutenberg
1106:(1975): 383–405.
906:Allitt, Patrick.
770:, Macmillan, 1965
764:, Macmillan, 1960
758:, Macmillan, 1955
693:978-1-4192-0274-2
657:, Macmillan, 1928
648:(1927): 719–736.
435:in 1952, and the
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418:
379:
371:
367:isolationism
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315:
298:World War II
277:
276:
262:Battles/wars
151:(1964-09-02)
136:May 16, 1882
102:Succeeded by
54:
3001:1964 deaths
2996:1882 births
2925:Bartholomew
2600:(1825–1913)
2531:(1779–1825)
2452:Edward Muir
2161:Akira Iriye
2038:Lewis Hanke
1870:Merle Curti
1747:Max Farrand
1618:(1924–1925)
1570:(1918–1919)
1367:(1893–1894)
1365:Henry Adams
1359:(1892–1893)
1303:(1884–1885)
1062:"Review of
1041:"Review of
517:Axis powers
431:medal from
410:Cooperstown
382:World War I
266:World War I
90:Preceded by
2990:Categories
2843:Culbertson
2543:Carmichael
2257:Eric Foner
1240:1942–1945
890:2019-05-16
805:References
749:B0014JCVS0
425:Notre Dame
203:Allegiance
190:Occupation
132:1882-05-16
71:1945-01-18
63:1942-06-09
2975:PantaleĂłn
2694:Fairchild
2644:Barringer
2560:Humphreys
2284:Lynn Hunt
2057:1976–2000
1838:1951–1975
1627:1926–1950
1424:1901–1925
1293:1884–1900
1086:1937-5239
999:, p. 286.
885:0362-4331
775:Co-author
336:Historian
171:Education
163:Spouse(s)
79:President
55:In office
2960:Solomont
2880:Woodward
2860:MacVeagh
2811:Matthews
2801:Laughlin
2772:to Spain
2739:Woodford
2639:Saunders
2612:Van Ness
2598:to Spain
2565:Pinckney
2529:to Spain
1341:John Jay
1060:(1920).
706:in JSTOR
650:in JSTOR
374:Founders
282:Catholic
2955:Aguirre
2950:Argyros
2940:Gardner
2930:Zappala
2910:Stabler
2855:Griffis
2823:Weddell
2796:Hammond
2781:Willard
2754:Collier
2729:Snowden
2714:Belmont
2684:Cushing
2679:Sickles
2669:Koerner
2659:Preston
2607:Everett
2580:Forsyth
1211:at the
1202:at the
1108:Profile
995:Hayes,
818:Profile
715:excerpt
684:reprint
380:During
318:Baptist
69: (
61: (
2970:Buchan
2965:Costos
2945:Romero
2920:Enders
2915:Todman
2900:Rivero
2890:Wagner
2875:Biddle
2838:Bonsal
2833:Armour
2806:Bowers
2744:Storer
2734:Taylor
2719:Palmer
2704:Foster
2699:Hamlin
2689:Lowell
2664:Schurz
2634:Irving
2585:Nelson
2575:Erving
2570:Erving
2464:(2024)
2454:(2023)
2446:(2022)
2438:(2021)
2430:(2020)
2422:(2019)
2414:(2018)
2406:(2017)
2398:(2016)
2390:(2015)
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2016:(1971)
2008:(1971)
2000:(1970)
1992:(1969)
1984:(1968)
1976:(1967)
1968:(1966)
1960:(1965)
1952:(1964)
1944:(1963)
1936:(1962)
1928:(1961)
1920:(1960)
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1351:(1891)
1343:(1890)
1335:(1889)
1327:(1888)
1319:(1887)
1311:(1886)
1119:online
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964:
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747:
735:online
690:
675:(1931)
669:(1930)
641:(1926)
635:(1920)
626:online
582:(1913)
576:(1909)
498:, 1960
492:, 1955
486:, 1953
480:, 1950
474:, 1946
468:, 1939
462:, 1936
456:, 1929
450:, 1921
230:
212:
158:, U.S.
141:, U.S.
2935:Capen
2870:Lodge
2828:Hayes
2791:Moore
2786:Woods
2749:Hardy
2724:Grubb
2709:Curry
2654:Dodge
2649:Soulé
2617:Eaton
2555:Short
565:Works
545:Death
509:Spain
439:from
423:from
256:Major
183:Ph.D.
46:Spain
2905:Penn
2895:Hill
2885:Duke
2865:Dunn
2674:Hale
2622:Vail
1082:ISSN
962:ISBN
881:ISSN
745:ASIN
688:ISBN
614:2018
597:2018
247:Rank
179:B.A.
146:Died
122:Born
42:8th
2759:Ide
2538:Jay
1193:at
1074:doi
536:or
408:in
302:CIO
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