548:
728:. Louis came to Bavaria to receive the recognition of the aristocracy as future king. By Easter he had left, and Arnulf took control of the kingdom in his father's name. He dismissed some prominent counts, who appealed to Louis to restore them. Carloman tried to legitimise Arnulf's actions by adding his son's name to the prayer provisions of his charters, but in November Louis came to Bavaria to force a resolution of the succession. He restored the deposed counts and Carloman formally abdicated his Bavarian throne to his brother. He also placed Arnulf under Louis's protection. His brother Charles dated his reign in Italy from November 879, so presumably Carloman abdicated that kingdom at the same time as Bavaria.
434:, who was appointed governor of eastern marches by king Louis (863), prince Carloman remained in his father custody until 864, when he escaped and returned to Carantania. Welcomed by supporters, he assumed power in the province. At that time, king Louis was campaigning against Moravia, but ceased further operations and moved south, towards Carantania. Conflict was avoided by reconciliation. Father and son met and reached an agreement. Carloman submitted to his father and in return he was granted governorship over eastern marches.
4004:
4594:
638:. Although the monastery was reportedly built during the eighth century, the first record of its dedication to Cristina is found in Carloman's charter. In a letter of 7 June 879, Pope John, having failed to convince Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Bald's heir, to come to Italy for its defence, appealed to Carloman, whom he had previously rejected. It was too late; by then Carloman was incapacitated. Shortly before his abdication, he granted a complex of estates around Olona to the
672:
4318:
2329:
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753:
with his father, and even more without him. He always returned the victor in triumph and expanded the borders of his empire with glorious iron. He was mild to his own men and a living terror to his enemies. He was charming in speech, humble, and endowed with great cleverness for managing the business of the realm. He was so skilled that he was the very embodiment of royal majesty.
615:, or temporal authority in the district outside the city walls, was the first grant of its kind to a bishop. By the time of Carloman's death, the confirmation of a predecessor's concessions to the episcopate and the negotiating of new ones in exchange for support had become an Italian tradition. In 876, Charles had granted Pope John jurisdictional rights in the duchies of
594:. The lure of Italy was "the looting which was apparently acceptable when a king first took over a kingdom", providing rewards that could be shared out among followers and more than offset the cost of raising an army and crossing the Alps. Carloman was one of only two Carolingian kings of Italy—his brother and successor Charles being the other—who did not issue a
590:, Charles had to offer him "a huge sum in gold and silver and precious stones" to get him to leave Italy. On 28 August 876, Louis died and his sons became kings in their allotted kingdoms. On 6 October 877, Charles the Bald died and later that month Carloman succeeded in having himself elected King of Italy by the nobles assembled in
308:. His first record public appearance is as the leader of an army of reinforcements from Bavaria and Alemannia which he brought to his father at Worms in 842. He subsequently led them in battle alongside his father and uncle (Charles the Bald) against his other uncle (Lothair). It was the beginning of a warlike career.
453:
was also captured and sent to
Carloman. In 871, he managed to capture Svatopluk, thus establishing direct control over the entire principality, but soon decided to reinstall him, in order to pacify the country. That proved to be disastrous, since Svatopluk, as soon as reaching Moravia, turned against
752:
That most excellent king was learned in letters, devoted to the
Christian religion, just, peaceful, and morally upright. The beauty of his body was exceptional, and his physical strength was a wonder to behold. He possessed a very warlike spirit. He waged numerous wars against the Slavic kingdoms
406:
Gaining the first foothold of power in
Carantania, Carloman moved to assume a more prominent role in governorship over the frontier regions of his father's realm. Starting from 857, Carloman was an occasional witness to his father's charters, and already in 858 he was appointed to lead a military
502:. Princes were to become rulers of designated domains only upon their father's death. None of them was given the title of a king during his father's lifetime, but their position within the state affairs was regulated in detail, with king Louis keeping all of the main prerogatives of royal power.
519:
describe as "the greatest of all the king's great men". This marriage must have taken place before Ernest's disgrace and dismissal in 861, for Louis the German strongly disapproved of his second son's seeking a marriage with family that had likewise been disgraced in 858–59.
414:
In 861, Carloman came into conflict with several frontier commanders in southeastern regions, expelled them from their offices, and replaced them with his loyals. That move was made without his fathers consent, and by 862 an open conflict erupted, with
Carloman siding with
346:), yet had never been used by a reigning king and was thus appropriate for an illegitimate eldest son. The choice of the name is the surest evidence that Liutswind and Carloman were not legally married. Around 860, Arnulf and his cousin,
531:, Carloman's mother, Emma, was encouraging her husband to favour Carloman over his brothers. This is the first recorded involvement of Emma in politics, and it may relate to Louis's illness during 869–70. On the other hand, historian
473:
In order to prevent future dynastic conflicts, king Louis decided to regulate the position of his three sons within the government. In 865, an arrangement on the future succession was reached and promulgated in
1234:: DCCCLXXVIII. Karlomannus rex circumseptus ad Ergoltinga ab Ermenperto comite et ceteris sodalibus suis. Ermpertus in Franciam receptus a Ludowico. DCCCLXXX. Karlomannus rex obiit X kal. October.
403:. Instead, Carloman was given rule over the inner region (Carantania), in order do gain experience, and perhaps because his father wanted to keep him from trying to seize too much power.
331:
was rewarded for his service in defending the
Bavarian frontier. In the charter confirming the grant, Carloman signed his name first among the secular magnates (after the ecclesiastics).
36:
740:(879) record that he lost his voice, but was still able to communicate by writing. Regino of Prüm, writing in his chronicle for the year 880, recalls that he was "erudite in letters" (
427:. An attempted reconciliation and truce between father and son failed, and in 863 king Louis invaded his son's territory, forced Carloman into submission, and took him into custody.
683:. He dedicated it to the Virgin Mary and "numerous other saints whose relics we were able to collect with God's help". He appointed his father's friend, the linguistic scholar
607:(royal representatives) in their dioceses. He added to the new regulation by expanding the jurisdiction of individual bishops to gain their loyalty. His grant to Bishop
505:
At the same time, all of king's sons married into the local aristocracy of the regions marked out for them. Carloman married the daughter of a
Bavarian military leader (
547:
354:
at the court of their grandfather, who was probably overseeing their military education and also holding them to ensure the good behaviour of their fathers.
684:
437:
Carloman's letter to his father from 869 survives, describing conditions on the frontier. In 870, he succeeded in establishing
Frankish domination over
1231:
2291:
338:. This was Carloman's first politically independent action, and it confirms his close connection to Bavaria. Around 850, Liutswind bore him a son,
510:
3867:
1718:
761:
place it on 21 September. He was buried in the chapel of his palace at Ötting. Carloman left one illegitimate son, Arnulf, who continued as
708:
Carloman groomed his illegitimate son Arnulf for the succession in
Bavaria. In a charter issued at Regensburg, he called him "regal son" (
1432:
Medieval
European Coinage, With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Volume 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries)
1358:
4716:
3073:
334:
In the 840s, Carloman had a liaison with
Liutswind, daughter of the Bavarian count Ratolt and sister-in-law of Count Sigihard of the
724:, but also detractors, who appealed to Carloman's brother Louis. In early 879, Carloman was incapacitated by illness, perhaps a
285:
Carloman's birth date is unknown, but was probably around 828 or 830. His naming can be connected to his father's push to rule
4721:
586:, one of Louis II's most favored houses. In the diploma Carloman declared himself Louis's chosen successor. According to the
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at the beginning of his reign in order to proclaim his legitimacy and affirm his keeping to traditions of good government.
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3320:
449:, ruling prince of Moravia, and gave him over to Carloman. During the following Frankish invasion, Moravian archbishop
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died and his kingdom was claimed by Louis the German for his sons Carloman and Charles and by Charles the Bald.
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582:, sided with Charles the Bald. Carloman led an army into Italy, where he granted a diploma to the monastery of
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1987:
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1219:
1461:
342:. This name was chosen because it was distinctly dynastic (the founder of the Carolingian family was Bishop
300:
Carloman was old enough to participate in the civil war of 840–43, waged between his father and his uncles,
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1992:
1918:
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1519:
3902:, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.
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2019:
687:, as his chancellor. In 878, he may have been the object of an assassination attempt. According to the
450:
2008:
1442:
Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire
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during the reigns of Carloman's brothers, but in 887 became king of East Francia and in 896 emperor.
17:
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2014:
465:, between king Louis and envoys of Svatopluk, thus concluding the state of war on eastern borders.
1535:
716:), which was the standard title of a legitimate royal son. This policy had supporters, like Abbot
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631:, who had always claimed the rights as royal representatives which Charles had offered the pope.
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655:(pennies) minted at Milan and Pavia. Those minted at Milan generally bore the inscription
8:
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In 879, Carloman donated land to the monastery of Santa Cristina by the royal palace at
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316:(literally "most warlike", or in historian Eric Goldberg's words a "real ass-kicker").
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395:). Since this was his first governorship, Louis did not give him rule over the entire
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in 875. Carloman only conquered it in 877. In 879 he was incapacitated, perhaps by a
254:
246:
157:
78:
717:
663:. All had a stylised temple on one side. Carloman did not issue coinage in Bavaria.
373:
In 856, Louis first associated Carloman with his rule by appointing him governor of
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1503:
1462:"Legislation and Politics in Late Carolingian Italy: The Ravenna Constitutions"
745:
608:
603:
601:
In Italy, Carloman confirmed his predecessor's act that made bishops permanent
575:
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388:
347:
343:
290:
214:
312:, who bewailed the decline of the dynasty a generation later, called Carloman
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2300:
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1626:
1347:
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438:
408:
85:
1362:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343.
4543:
1784:
1735:
1329:
Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907
1098:
1096:
698:
693:, the king "was surrounded by Count Ermenpert and some of his soldiers" at
384:
234:
1409:
Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict under Louis the German, 817-876
269:, and abdicated his domains in favour of his younger brothers: Bavaria to
4501:
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2747:
2653:
1949:
1556:
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424:
419:
and taking control over all southeastern regions, advancing further into
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242:
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461:, including those made to Carloman, a peace settlement was reached in
35:
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694:
475:
462:
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335:
301:
286:
241:, daughter of a Bavarian count. His father appointed him governor of
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362:
148:
129:
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2456:
2448:
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2315:
1281:
1279:
351:
350:, the illegitimate son of Carloman's brother Louis, were both in
328:
169:
482:. Bavaria and southeastern marches were designated to Carloman,
319:
In October 848, Carloman was present at his father's council in
297:
had ruled Alemannia in 741–48, and subjugated it to the Franks.
3632:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363)
2552:
2422:
2393:
2385:
1526:. Vol. 15. Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot. pp. 397–400.
1367:
Engreen, Fred E. (1945). "Pope John the Eighth and the Arabs".
725:
266:
222:
1276:
986:
3899:
2430:
591:
556:
238:
194:
1242:
1240:
874:
872:
679:
In Bavaria, Carloman re-founded the palace and monastery at
2401:
1542:. Vol. 11. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. pp. 275f.
1010:
884:
857:
791:
789:
3875:
1051:
1049:
757:
Most sources place Carloman's death in March 880, but the
399:, with traditional seat of frontier governor (prefect) at
293:
in 829. The first member of the Carolingian dynasty named
1237:
1125:
1123:
1068:
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1064:
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950:
869:
847:
845:
843:
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and eastern regions in the second half of the 9th century
357:
4559:
from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.
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1291:
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818:
816:
623:. After his succession, Carloman supported the dukes,
1303:
1198:
1159:
938:
926:
896:
454:
Carloman, inflicting severe losses on Frankish army.
1252:
1215:
1213:
1174:
1078:
1034:
974:
911:
801:
3802:(Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550)
3650:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404)
3641:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388)
813:
774:
578:, dealing with the constant threat of raiders from
551:An original charter in which Carloman confirms the
3597:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379)
1332:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1426:
1210:
1102:
535:thought Carloman must have been a "mamma's boy" (
249:in 864. Upon his father's death in 876 he became
4693:
675:Carolingian empire in 876, with Bavaria in blue
16:"Karlmann" redirects here. For other uses, see
383:(863), he was given the title "prelate of the
3861:
3067:
2285:
1712:
748:. Regino's entire encomium on Carloman goes:
3746:(Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450)
1520:"Karlmann, König von Baiern und von Italien"
1508:Germany in the Early Middle Ages c. 800–1056
1353:"Carloman (King of Bavaria and Italy)"
289:around the time of his father's assembly of
527:, at the time being composed by Archbishop
4108:
3868:
3854:
3074:
3060:
2292:
2278:
1719:
1705:
34:
3698:(Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438)
3690:(Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435)
1530:
1485:
1445:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
807:
1434:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1412:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1405:
1346:
1285:
1192:
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1016:
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712:), a term similar to "the king's son" (
457:In 873, after several interventions of
4694:
3770:(Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501)
1502:
1325:
1309:
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1180:
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358:Guardian of the southeastern frontiers
245:in 856, and commander of southeastern
4555:West Francia was in the hands of the
3849:
3055:
2273:
1700:
3081:
736:Regarding Carloman's condition, the
731:
697:, but the count apparently fled to
666:
13:
3722:(1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413)
642:, which had been founded by Queen
14:
4758:
4717:9th-century kings of East Francia
542:
44:), from a 12th-century manuscript
4592:
4316:
4135:
4002:
3706:(1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393)
2327:
1676:856–863 and 864–876
1478:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2010.00304.x
221:; c. 830 – 22 March 880) was a
3794:(Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508)
3714:(1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397)
1524:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
744:), which meant he could write
523:By the 870s, according to the
323:, where the Slavic commander (
1:
3606:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361)
3588:(Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347)
3500:(1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294)
1103:Grierson & Blackburn 1986
478:, thus becoming known as the
280:
4722:9th-century dukes of Bavaria
659:, while those of Pavia bore
7:
3719:Stephen III the Magnificent
1326:Bowlus, Charles R. (1995).
701:, where he was received by
441:, through arrangement with
253:. He was appointed by King
229:. He was the eldest son of
10:
4763:
4712:9th-century kings of Italy
4302:Pepin, Count of Vermandois
3553:Henry XV the Natternberger
3540:(Upper: Regent: 1294–1302)
2221:North German Confederation
2137:Confederation of the Rhine
1592:as King of Eastern Francia
1430:; Blackburn, Mark (1986).
1406:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006).
1318:
257:as his successor, but the
15:
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555:in its possession of the
445:, who captured his uncle
190:
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18:Carloman (disambiguation)
3892:Legend: → ≡ "father of",
3816:Albert V the Magnanimous
3799:William IV the Steadfast
3735:Louis VIII the Hunchback
3313:Henry II the Quarrelsome
2740:(title disputed 887–933)
2189:Archduke John of Austria
1678:
1648:
1624:
1606:
1582:
1540:Neue Deutsche Biographie
768:
42:Karlomannus rex Bawariae
3738:(Ingolstadt: 1443–1445)
3730:(Ingolstadt: 1413–1443)
1460:MacLean, Simon (2010).
1439:MacLean, Simon (2003).
1359:Encyclopædia Britannica
1105:, pp. 227 and 253.
995:, p. 161-164, 170.
649:In Italy, Carloman had
584:San Clemente a Casauria
407:expedition against the
261:was taken by his uncle
4110:Sons of Charles Martel
3926:Childebert the Adopted
3682:(Straubing: 1417-1425)
3674:(Straubing: 1417-1429)
3666:(Straubing: 1404–1417)
3658:(Straubing: 1389–1397)
3404:(1070–1077, 1096–1101)
3380:(1053–1054, 1055–1061)
3348:(1004–1009, 1017–1026)
755:
676:
567:
392:
370:
218:
210:
3877:Pippinids, Arnulfings
3786:(Landshut: 1479–1503)
3778:(Landshut: 1450–1479)
3727:Louis VII the Bearded
3679:John III the Pitiless
3340:(995–1004, 1009–1017)
3329:Henry III the Younger
3249:Louis III the Younger
1466:Early Medieval Europe
1288:, p. 210 n. 127.
763:margrave of Carinthia
750:
674:
550:
480:Division of Frankfurt
469:Division of Frankfurt
365:
4307:Counts of Vermandois
3703:Frederick I the Wise
3489:Otto the Illustrious
3449:Henry XI Jasomirgott
2950:Lothair III (or II)
2303:between 476 and 1556
2202:German Confederation
2156:German Confederation
1552:Carloman of Bavaria
1516:Riezler, Sigmund von
866:, pp. 142, 156.
447:Rastislav of Moravia
417:Rastislav of Moravia
393:praelatus Carantanis
310:Notker of Saint Gall
4737:Carolingian dynasty
4660:Charles of Lorraine
4623:Charles of Lorraine
4493:Louis the Stammerer
4281:Sons of Charlemagne
4170:Charles the Younger
4165:Pepin the Hunchback
3824:William V the Pious
3762:(Munich: 1460–1463)
3754:(Munich: 1438–1460)
3497:Louis II the Strict
3476:(Regent: 1183–1191)
3276:(Margrave: 895–907)
3268:(Margrave: 890–895)
3233:Louis II the German
1741:Carolingian dynasty
1728:Monarchs of Germany
1557:Carolingian dynasty
893:, p. 265 n. 3.
722:monks of Saint Gall
703:Louis the Stammerer
640:church of San Sisto
377:. According to the
227:Carolingian dynasty
60:28 August 876 – 879
4566:Charles the Simple
4507:Charles the Simple
3791:Albert IV the Wise
3743:Henry XVI the Rich
3614:(Upper: 1361–1363)
3580:(Lower: 1339–1340)
3572:(Lower: 1310–1339)
3564:(Lower: 1310–1334)
3556:(Lower: 1312–1333)
3548:(Upper: 1294–1317)
3532:(Lower: 1290–1312)
3524:(Lower: 1290–1310)
3516:(Lower: 1290–1296)
3508:(Lower: 1253–1290)
3457:Henry XII the Lion
3425:Henry IX the Black
3316:(955–976, 985–995)
3109:Bavaria-Ingolstadt
1826:Kingdom of Germany
1790:Kingdom of Germany
1532:Schieffer, Theodor
1249:, pp. 134–36.
1019:, p. 275-276.
1007:, p. 183-184.
971:, p. 140-151.
959:, p. 128-133.
881:, pp. 264–65.
759:Annales Iuvavenses
690:Annales Iuvavenses
677:
570:On 12 August 875,
568:
553:Abbey of Nonantola
525:Annales Bertiniani
516:Annales Bertiniani
430:Replaced by count
423:, up to the river
371:
4732:Frankish warriors
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4511:Charles the Child
4453:Louis the Younger
4361:Louis II of Italy
4263:
4262:
4232:
4231:
4092:
4091:
3988:Hugh of Champagne
3843:
3842:
3783:George I the Rich
3775:Louis IX the Rich
3124:Bavaria-Straubing
3049:
3048:
2860:Holy Roman Empire
2267:
2266:
2193:
2192:(Imperial Regent)
1831:Holy Roman Empire
1760:Louis the Younger
1695:
1694:
1691:
1679:Succeeded by
1661:
1634:Succeeded by
1610:Louis the Younger
1607:Succeeded by
1595:
1144:, pp. 91–92.
798:, pp. 60–61.
742:litteris eruditus
738:Annales Fuldenses
732:Illness and death
662:
658:
588:Annales Fuldenses
572:Louis II of Italy
492:Louis the Younger
397:March of Pannonia
380:Annales Fuldenses
271:Louis the Younger
255:Louis II of Italy
200:
199:
4754:
4727:Kings of Bavaria
4596:
4551:
4550:
4518:Lothair the Lame
4482:Charles the Bald
4416:Louis the German
4335:
4334:
4320:
4276:
4275:
4152:
4151:
4139:
4105:
4104:
4006:
3953:Chlodulf of Metz
3941:
3940:
3895:* ≡ "brother of"
3870:
3863:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3577:John I the Child
3465:Otto the Redhead
3393:Otto of Nordheim
3114:Bavaria-Landshut
3094:Duchy of Bavaria
3083:Dukes of Bavaria
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2854:Kingdom of Italy
2844:
2836:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2792:
2778:
2770:
2756:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2434:
2426:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2331:
2319:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2191:
1750:Louis the German
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1655:
1649:Preceded by
1620:Charles the Bald
1617:Preceded by
1589:
1586:Louis the German
1583:Preceded by
1573:
1566:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1499:
1489:
1456:
1435:
1428:Grierson, Philip
1423:
1402:
1363:
1355:
1343:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
909:
903:
894:
888:
882:
876:
867:
861:
855:
849:
838:
832:
826:
820:
811:
805:
799:
793:
784:
778:
667:Ruler of Bavaria
660:
656:
557:rural baptistery
529:Hincmar of Reims
306:Charles the Bald
263:Charles the Bald
259:Kingdom of Italy
247:frontier marches
231:Louis the German
38:
26:
25:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4654:
4630:
4597:
4588:
4560:
4545:
4530:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4485:
4476:
4469:
4463:Charles the Fat
4461:
4451:
4435:Louis the Child
4419:
4410:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4369:Louis the Blind
4346:
4330:
4327:Louis the Pious
4321:
4312:
4283:
4270:
4259:
4228:
4217:
4200:
4180:Louis the Pious
4140:
4131:
4112:
4098:
4088:
4066:
4026:
4007:
3998:
3970:
3930:
3903:
3898:
3883:
3874:
3844:
3839:
3260:(King: 882–887)
3257:Charles the Fat
3252:(King: 880–882)
3244:(King: 876–880)
3236:(King: 817–843)
3128:
3085:
3080:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2790:
2776:
2768:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2432:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2234:
2215:
2196:
2174:
2150:
2131:
1998:Frederick (III)
1829:
1820:
1788:
1779:
1775:Louis the Child
1765:Charles the Fat
1739:
1730:
1725:
1684:
1675:
1672:Pannonian March
1669:
1654:
1639:
1637:Charles the Fat
1630:
1622:
1612:
1603:
1600:King of Bavaria
1588:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1504:Reuter, Timothy
1453:
1420:
1383:10.2307/2854614
1340:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
912:
904:
897:
889:
885:
877:
870:
862:
858:
850:
841:
833:
829:
821:
814:
806:
802:
794:
787:
779:
775:
771:
734:
669:
661:HCARLEMANNVS RE
545:
500:Charles the Fat
471:
360:
314:bellicosissimus
283:
275:Charles the Fat
251:King of Bavaria
152:
128:
51:King of Bavaria
45:
24:
23:King of Bavaria
21:
12:
11:
5:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4747:Frankish kings
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4561:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4437:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4342:Arnulf of Sens
4338:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4294:
4292:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4032:Charles Martel
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3949:Arnulf of Metz
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:Bavaria-Munich
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3030:Frederick III
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2794:
2780:
2772:
2758:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2301:Kings of Italy
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2211:Franz Joseph I
2207:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Lothair II/III
1896:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1677:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:Other offices
1641:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1631:877–880
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1604:876–880
1596:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1578:Regnal titles
1575:
1574:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1512:
1500:
1472:(4): 394–416.
1457:
1451:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1403:
1364:
1350:, ed. (1911).
1348:Chisholm, Hugh
1344:
1338:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1312:, p. 117.
1302:
1300:, p. 141.
1290:
1275:
1273:, p. 147.
1263:
1251:
1236:
1209:
1207:, p. 116.
1197:
1195:, p. 183.
1185:
1173:
1158:
1156:, p. 412.
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 407.
1119:
1117:, p. 399.
1107:
1092:
1077:
1075:, p. 325.
1060:
1058:, p. 305.
1045:
1033:
1031:, p. 267.
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
947:, p. 126.
937:
935:, p. 125.
925:
910:
908:, p. 119.
895:
883:
868:
856:
854:, p. 247.
839:
837:, p. 107.
827:
812:
808:Schieffer 1977
800:
785:
772:
770:
767:
733:
730:
718:Regino of Prüm
710:filius regalis
668:
665:
609:Wibod of Parma
604:missi dominici
576:Pope John VIII
544:
543:Ruler of Italy
541:
537:Muttersöhnchen
470:
467:
459:Pope John VIII
359:
356:
344:Arnulf of Metz
282:
279:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
147:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
47:
46:
39:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4759:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4080:Nibelung I →
4079:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:Childebrand I
4069:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:Agnes of Loon
3471:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:(c.716–c.719)
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:(c.716–c.719)
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:(c.716–c.719)
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Lower Bavaria
3102:
3100:
3099:Upper Bavaria
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:Frederick II
2988:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Frederick III
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:German Empire
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:German Empire
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Ferdinand III
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Maximilian II
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Frederick III
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1627:King of Italy
1621:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1452:9781139440295
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1419:9780801438905
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:(3): 318–30.
1376:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:9780812232769
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1286:Goldberg 2006
1282:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1261:, p. 83.
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1193:Goldberg 2006
1189:
1183:, p. 87.
1182:
1177:
1171:, p. 94.
1170:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1090:, p. 75.
1089:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1056:Goldberg 2006
1052:
1050:
1043:, p. 76.
1042:
1037:
1030:
1029:Goldberg 2006
1025:
1018:
1017:Goldberg 2006
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
983:, p. 90.
982:
977:
970:
965:
958:
953:
946:
941:
934:
929:
923:, p. 73.
922:
917:
915:
907:
902:
900:
892:
891:Goldberg 2006
887:
880:
879:Goldberg 2006
875:
873:
865:
864:Goldberg 2006
860:
853:
852:Goldberg 2006
848:
846:
844:
836:
835:Goldberg 2006
831:
825:, p. 72.
824:
819:
817:
809:
804:
797:
796:Goldberg 2006
792:
790:
782:
781:Chisholm 1911
777:
773:
766:
764:
760:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
673:
664:
654:
653:
647:
646:in Piacenza.
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Muslim Sicily
577:
573:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
540:
538:
534:
533:Ernst Dümmler
530:
526:
521:
518:
517:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
466:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Great Moravia
435:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
412:
410:
409:Great Moravia
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:
376:
368:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
273:and Italy to
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:King of Italy
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
27:
19:
4426:
4372:
4305:
4280:
4109:
4100:Carolingians
4081:
3958:
3947:
3881:Carolingians
3834:
3832:Maximilian I
3826:
3818:
3810:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
2966:Frederick I
2833:Berengar II
2826:
2796:
2782:
2760:
2746:
2738:Non-dynastic
2710:Charles III
2701:
2654:Charlemagne
2646:Carolingians
2439:
2309:Non-dynastic
2087:Ferdinand IV
2077:Ferdinand II
2047:Maximilian I
2024:
2007:
1965:
1950:Henry (VIII)
1948:
1934:Frederick II
1889:Conrad (III)
1881:
1874:
1808:
1785:East Francia
1754:
1736:East Francia
1687:
1686:
1665:Governor of
1664:
1657:
1656:
1625:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1572:22 March 880
1569:
1562:
1555:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1469:
1465:
1441:
1431:
1408:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1328:
1305:
1298:MacLean 2003
1293:
1271:MacLean 2010
1266:
1254:
1247:MacLean 2003
1227:
1223:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1169:MacLean 2003
1154:MacLean 2010
1149:
1142:MacLean 2003
1137:
1130:MacLean 2010
1115:MacLean 2010
1110:
1073:Engreen 1945
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
886:
859:
830:
803:
776:
758:
756:
751:
741:
737:
735:
714:filius regis
713:
709:
707:
699:West Francia
688:
678:
657:CARLOMAN REX
650:
648:
633:
612:
602:
600:
587:
569:
560:
536:
524:
522:
514:
506:
504:
479:
472:
456:
436:
429:
413:
405:
385:Carantanians
378:
372:
333:
324:
318:
313:
299:
284:
235:East Francia
225:king of the
202:
201:
139:22 March 880
41:
4502:Carloman II
4269:Carolingian
4156:Charlemagne
4083:Nibelungids
3916:Carloman →
3835:(1597–1623)
3827:(1579–1597)
3819:(1550–1579)
3811:(1516–1545)
3687:William III
3623:(1347–1365)
3492:(1231–1253)
3484:(1183–1231)
3468:(1180–1183)
3460:(1156–1180)
3452:(1143–1156)
3444:(1139–1141)
3436:(1126–1138)
3428:(1120–1126)
3420:(1101–1120)
3412:(1077–1096)
3396:(1061–1070)
3388:(1054–1055)
3372:(1049–1053)
3364:(1042–1047)
3356:(1026–1042)
3225:Tassilo III
3164:(c.680–716)
3153:Garibald II
3040:(1530–1556)
3032:(1452–1493)
3024:(1431–1437)
3016:(1355–1378)
3014:Charles IV
3008:(1327–1347)
3000:(1311–1313)
2992:(1212–1250)
2984:(1209–1212)
2976:(1186–1197)
2968:(1154–1186)
2960:(1138–1152)
2958:Conrad III
2952:(1125–1137)
2944:(1106–1125)
2936:(1093–1101)
2928:(1056–1105)
2920:(1039–1056)
2912:(1026–1039)
2904:(1004–1024)
2896:(1002–1014)
2819:Lothair II
2753:Berengar I
2748:Unruochings
2694:Charles II
2633:Desiderius
2609:Hildeprand
2585:Aripert II
2440:Interregnum
2242:(1871–1918)
2223:(1867–1871)
2204:(1850–1866)
2182:(1848/1849)
2170:Ferdinand I
2158:(1815–1848)
2139:(1806–1813)
2107:Charles VII
2057:Ferdinand I
1939:Henry (VII)
1914:Frederick I
1310:Reuter 1991
1259:Reuter 1991
1205:Reuter 1991
1181:Reuter 1991
1088:Reuter 1991
1041:Reuter 1991
1005:Bowlus 1995
993:Bowlus 1995
981:Reuter 1991
969:Bowlus 1995
957:Bowlus 1995
945:Bowlus 1995
933:Bowlus 1995
921:Reuter 1991
906:Bowlus 1995
823:Reuter 1991
513:, whom the
219:Carlomannus
175:Carolingian
114:Charles III
100:Predecessor
65:Predecessor
4742:Carantania
4707:880 deaths
4702:830 births
4696:Categories
4636:Lothair IV
4612:Lothair IV
4557:Robertians
4473:→ Adalbert
4445:Zwentibold
4379:Lothair II
4013:Grimoald I
3966:, his sons
3936:Arnulfings
3922:Grimoald I
3751:Albert III
3671:Jacqueline
3663:William II
3628:Stephen II
3611:Meinhard I
3505:Henry XIII
3409:Henry VIII
3377:Henry VIII
3185:Tassilo II
3137:Garibald I
3038:Charles V
3022:Sigismund
2998:Henry VII
2934:Conrad II
2918:Henry III
2910:Conrad II
2888:(996–1002)
2863:(962–1556)
2678:Lothair I
2601:Liutprand
2577:Raginpert
2537:Perctarit
2513:Perctarit
2497:Aripert I
2362:Theodahad
2354:Athalaric
2346:Theodoric
2338:Ostrogoths
2259:William II
2146:Napoleon I
2127:Francis II
2122:Leopold II
2102:Charles VI
2015:Wenceslaus
2003:Charles IV
1909:Henry (VI)
1904:Conrad III
1833:(962–1806)
1828:within the
1738:during the
1667:Carantania
1536:"Karlmann"
1510:. Longman.
1487:10023/4177
1224:Scriptores
644:Engelberga
613:districtio
596:capitulary
375:Carantania
367:Carantania
321:Regensburg
281:Early life
243:Carantania
233:, king of
104:Charles II
40:Carloman (
4497:Louis III
4447:→ Godfrey
4365:Ermengard
4352:Lothair I
4197:Theoderic
4146:Pepin III
4046:Pepin III
4022:Theudoald
3960:Ansegisel
3909:Pippinids
3767:Sigismund
3655:Albert II
3637:William I
3569:Henry XIV
3545:Rudolph I
3521:Stephen I
3513:Louis III
3441:Leopold I
3385:Conrad II
3361:Henry VII
3332:(983–985)
3324:(976–982)
3308:(947–955)
3300:(938–947)
3292:(937–938)
3284:(907–937)
3228:(748–788)
3212:(736–748)
3204:(725–736)
3196:(715–725)
3169:Theodbert
3156:(610–625)
3148:(591–610)
3145:Tassilo I
3140:(555–591)
3006:Louis IV
2974:Henry VI
2926:Henry IV
2902:Henry II
2894:Arduin I
2886:Otto III
2880:(980–983)
2872:(962–973)
2843:(950–963)
2841:Adalbert
2835:(950–963)
2828:Anscarids
2821:(945–950)
2813:(926–947)
2805:(900–905)
2803:Louis II
2791:(922–933)
2777:(891–897)
2769:(889–894)
2762:Guideschi
2755:(887–924)
2720:(896–899)
2712:(879–887)
2704:(877–879)
2702:Carloman
2696:(875–877)
2688:(855–875)
2680:(818–855)
2672:(810–818)
2664:(781–810)
2656:(774–814)
2635:(756–774)
2627:(749–756)
2619:(744–749)
2603:(712–744)
2593:Ansprand
2587:(702–712)
2571:(700–702)
2569:Liutpert
2563:(689–700)
2561:Cunipert
2547:(688–689)
2545:Cunipert
2539:(671–688)
2529:Garibald
2523:(662–671)
2521:Grimoald
2515:(661–662)
2507:(661–662)
2505:Godepert
2499:(653–661)
2491:(652–653)
2483:(636-652)
2475:(626–636)
2467:(616–626)
2465:Adaloald
2459:(590–616)
2451:(584–590)
2443:(574–584)
2433:(572–574)
2425:(568–572)
2404:(552–553)
2396:(541–552)
2380:(540–541)
2372:(536–540)
2364:(534–536)
2356:(526–534)
2348:(493–526)
2318:(476–493)
2249:William I
2230:William I
2165:Francis I
2117:Joseph II
2112:Francis I
2092:Leopold I
2067:Rudolf II
2052:Charles V
2037:Albert II
2032:Sigismund
1988:Henry VII
1944:Conrad IV
1865:Henry III
1860:Conrad II
1792:(919–962)
1787:(911–919)
1743:(843–911)
1496:154906554
1399:154749195
695:Ergolding
625:Lambert I
496:Alamannia
488:Franconia
476:Frankfurt
463:Forchheim
451:Methodius
443:Svatopluk
432:Gundachar
336:Kraichgau
287:Alemannia
151:, Bavaria
110:Successor
79:Louis III
75:Successor
4603:Louis IV
4575:Louis IV
4515:Carloman
4455:→ Louis
4427:Carloman
4406:Pepin II
4374:Bosonids
4252:Adalhard
4206:Carloman
4118:Carloman
4063:Remigius
4041:Carloman
3964:Pepin II
3646:Albert I
3619:Louis VI
3585:Louis IV
3529:Otto III
3369:Conrad I
3353:Henry VI
3337:Henry IV
3297:Berthold
3289:Eberhard
3273:Luitpold
3265:Engeldeo
3241:Carloman
3193:Grimoald
3177:Theobald
2982:Otto IV
2942:Henry V
2878:Otto II
2798:Bosonids
2789:Rudolph
2775:Lambert
2686:Louis I
2670:Bernard
2625:Aistulf
2617:Ratchis
2489:Rodoald
2481:Rothari
2473:Arioald
2457:Agilulf
2449:Authari
2415:Lombards
2378:Ildibad
2370:Vitiges
2316:Odoacer
2097:Joseph I
2072:Matthias
1993:Louis IV
1983:Albert I
1973:Rudolf I
1919:Henry VI
1870:Henry IV
1855:Henry II
1850:Otto III
1799:Conrad I
1755:Carloman
1688:as count
1670:and the
1658:as count
1534:(1977).
1518:(1882).
1506:(1991).
1370:Speculum
720:and the
621:Camerino
509:) named
295:Carloman
223:Frankish
211:Karlmann
203:Carloman
185:Louis II
69:Louis II
29:Carloman
4678:Charles
4645:Louis V
4616:Charles
4546:Francia
4527:Charles
4467:Bernard
4397:Pepin I
4387:Charles
4298:Bernard
4256:Bernhar
4238:Bernard
4184:Lothair
4056:Bernard
3992:Godfrey
3918:Pepin I
3809:, Duke
3807:Louis X
3759:John IV
3711:John II
3561:Otto VI
3537:Matilda
3481:Louis I
3433:Henry X
3417:Welf II
3345:Henry V
3305:Henry I
3201:Hugbert
2870:Otto I
2856:within
2726:Ratold
2718:Arnulf
2553:Alahis
2423:Alboin
2394:Totila
2386:Eraric
2009:Günther
1967:Alfonso
1961:Richard
1956:William
1929:Otto IV
1894:Henry V
1883:Hermann
1845:Otto II
1804:Henry I
1391:2854614
1319:Sources
652:denarii
629:Guy III
617:Spoleto
611:of the
565:Lizzano
421:Bavaria
352:Koblenz
329:Pribina
302:Lothair
170:Dynasty
95:877–879
4662:, sons
4650:Arnulf
4638:, sons
4605:, sons
4585:Rorico
4579:Arnulf
4568:, sons
4471:Ratold
4440:Ratold
4431:Arnulf
4354:, sons
4271:Empire
4240:, sons
4158:, sons
4148:, sons
4060:Jerome
4034:, sons
3984:Arnulf
3978:, sons
3695:Ernest
3593:Otto V
3401:Welf I
3321:Otto I
3281:Arnulf
3161:Theodo
2662:Pepin
2431:Cleph
2020:Rupert
1924:Philip
1876:Rudolf
1840:Otto I
1816:Otto I
1810:Arnulf
1770:Arnulf
1652:Radbod
1568:
1565:c. 830
1494:
1449:
1416:
1397:
1389:
1336:
1232:p. 742
726:stroke
681:Ötting
511:Ernest
494:, and
484:Saxony
340:Arnulf
267:stroke
237:, and
207:German
191:Mother
181:Father
163:Arnulf
149:Ötting
144:Burial
130:Ötting
127:c. 830
4674:Louis
4627:Henry
4619:Louis
4582:Drogo
4524:Pepin
4521:Drogo
4399:, son
4291:, son
4289:Pepin
4225:Pepin
4214:Pepin
4208:, son
4188:Drogo
4175:Pepin
4127:Drogo
4120:, son
4097:Early
4074:, son
4051:Grifo
4015:, son
3995:Pepin
3976:Drogo
3900:Begga
3220:(748)
3217:Grifo
3209:Odilo
2811:Hugh
2784:Welfs
2728:(896)
2611:(744)
2595:(712)
2579:(701)
2555:(689)
2531:(671)
2402:Teia
2388:(541)
2026:Jobst
1978:Adolf
1682:Aribo
1570:Died:
1563:Born:
1492:S2CID
1395:S2CID
1387:JSTOR
769:Notes
746:Latin
685:Baldo
636:Olona
592:Pavia
563:) in
561:pieve
401:Tulln
389:Latin
291:Worms
239:Hemma
215:Latin
195:Hemma
158:Issue
92:Reign
57:Reign
4669:Otto
4544:West
4486:sons
4459:Hugh
4450:Otto
4420:sons
4383:Hugh
4331:sons
4247:Wala
4193:Hugh
3879:and
2858:the
2767:Guy
1447:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1334:ISBN
627:and
619:and
486:and
348:Hugh
304:and
136:Died
124:Born
3648:,
3639:,
3630:,
3621:,
3604:,
3595:,
1482:hdl
1474:doi
1379:doi
1220:MGH
539:).
507:dux
498:to
490:to
425:Inn
387:" (
325:dux
4698::
4495:→
4465:→
4433:→
4429:→
4381:→
4371:→
4367:→
4363:→
4304:→
4300:→
3962:→
3951:→
3924:→
3920:→
2831::
2801::
2787::
2765::
2751::
1538:.
1522:.
1490:.
1480:.
1470:18
1468:.
1464:.
1393:.
1385:.
1375:20
1373:.
1356:.
1278:^
1239:^
1230:,
1228:30
1226:,
1222:,
1212:^
1161:^
1122:^
1095:^
1080:^
1063:^
1048:^
913:^
898:^
871:^
842:^
815:^
788:^
705:.
411:.
391::
327:)
277:.
217::
213:,
209::
4484:,
4418:,
4329:,
3869:e
3862:t
3855:v
3075:e
3068:t
3061:v
2293:e
2286:t
2279:v
1720:e
1713:t
1706:v
1498:.
1484::
1476::
1455:.
1422:.
1401:.
1381::
1342:.
810:.
783:.
559:(
205:(
20:.
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