1884:
551:
307:
704:
570:
645:
1657:, of whom most survived the last months until their liberation. In summer 1945 all in all 8,000 Berliners, whom the Nazis had classified as Jews because of 3 or 4 grandparents, who were enrolled as members of Jewish congregations, survived. Their personal faith – like Jewish, Protestant, Catholic or irreligionist – is mostly not recorded, since only the Nazi files report on them, which use the Nazi racial definitions. 4,700 out of the 8,000 survived due to their living in a mixed marriage. 1,400 survived hiding, out of 5,000 who tried. 1,900 had returned from Thesienstadt.
38:
403:
491:
1422:. In this time all West Berliners, wishing to visit the grave of a late relative or friend in the cemeteries in East Germany, were excluded, as well as late widows and widowers, who wanted to be buried side by side with their earlier deceased spouses buried there. Between 1972 and 22 December 1989 West Berliners had restricted access, because they had to apply for East German visas and to pay for a compulsory exchange (officially in
1874:
1231:, as did many congregations on certain dates or events of Nazi interest. This earned him an entry in his Gestapo file, collecting material against Lahde. Even after Lahde – due to his weak health – went into early retirement by the end of 1937, the presbytery inflicted a disciplinary procedure on him because of his alleged
1640:
partner get a divorce from their Jewish-classified spouses, by granting easy legal divorce procedures and opportunities to withhold most of the common property after a divorce. Those, who stuck to their spouse, would suffer discriminations like dismissal from public employment, exclusion from civic
605:
Originally the church was sparingly furnished. The main nave was not vaulted but covered by a wooden ceiling, repeating in the middle the gable-roof form of the outside roof. Both side naves had even ceilings, supported by columns with cubic capitals. The lofts opened through three wide arches into
302:
board refused to approve that. Thus he offered the site on the crossroads of
Seestraße #34/35 with Antwerpener Straße No. 50 on the condition of starting the constructions until a certain date, otherwise the tendered money would be forfeited. Oppersdorf speculated for a rise of land prices by
297:
grew too small. Count Eduard Karl von
Oppersdorf, who purchased many grounds along Seestraße in order to develop them as building land, offered to donate a site for a new church and a considerable sum of money to build it. He considered a prestigious site on a square to be developed in Antwerpener
875:
reached a number of about 70,000 parishioners through these tactical mass enlistments. Once the interest of the Nazi leadership, to convert official
Protestantism into a Nazi movement, faded due to the ongoing problems with opponents from within the churches, the policy changed. Many Nazis, being
1145:
then started the collection of signatures among the parishioners against Heyne's appointment. They handed in 300 signatures, what made the consistory to change its mind. In order to pacify the situation, it refused any reappointment on 23 November. Only in 1942 the presbytery succeeded and the
1353:). He smuggled (last) letters and messages of many death candidates and other detainees to their relatives. Already in 1933 under the impression of the maltreatment and torture of many political inmates in Tegel he and Laukant founded a circle of opponents, helping persecuted persons to hide.
891:
synodals had voted for an abolition of further church elections. Parishioners' democratic participation by elections only re-emerged after the end of the Nazi reign. The Nazi government preferred the
Protestant church bodies to weaken their influence in Germany by letting them enter into a
1641:
society organisations etc. When deportations started people living in mixed marriages were first spared. In March 1943 an attempt to deport the Berlin-based Jews and
Gentiles of Jewish descent, living in mixed marriages, failed due to public protest by their relatives-in-law of so-called
743:
systematically tried to subject any unadulterated form of
Protestantism by way of firing church employees of other opinion, blocking church property for non-Nazi Protestant groups, prohibiting collections for other purposes than the officially approved ones.
1258:
she held weekly Bible hours in her private apartment in Müllerstraße #97c, until she was bombed out in an allied air raid in
February 1945. At the end of these meetings she traded the latest news about murders, arrests, and what was going on in
1368:. After 1939 it became particular difficult to feed the hidden persons, because food was only available on official ration stamps, of course not issued to hiding persons. Moltke provided Poelchau with food from his Silesian manor estate in
1292:
In the beginning of the Nazi reign the two groups around
Kersten and Poelchau, helping persecuted persons, were mostly helping them to emigrate or to avoid arrest, until a flight abroad could be organised. From 18 October 1941 on, when the
1263:, which were concealed by the official Nazi media. Kersten informed about a senior police officer in the local Seestraße precinct, who issued official police documents confirming the Christianness of its bearer, as Mechur recalled in 1989.
839:
while another 200 had taken neither side. The same was true for the average parishioners, the vast majority did not bother being non-observant, many did not even participate in the elections, those who did, often voted for the
541:
with round-arched windows in
Seestraße #35, finished on 1 April 1911, thus aligning the church with the surrounding houses. The rear wing of the rectory confines the backyard of church and rectory as a semi-closed court.
1771:(1983), altered and ext. ed., Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1987, (Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 1), p. 74. ISSN 0175-3592
1285:, after he had been badly injured by a falling burning beam during an allied air raid. Dora Mechur recalls that the Christian friends of her family and fellow parishioners attended her father's burial on the Jewish
676:, depicting the scene of the Roman Centurion and Jesus. In 1958 August Wagner created new coloured windows above the altar, after the design of the Hermann Kirchberger. The windows depict the Benedictive Jesus, the
1064:), collected and then transferred by the state tax offices. To block any access to funds, in 1934 the Nazi government subjected any form of public money collection to state approval, which was regularly denied if
1478:(1983), altered and ext. ed., Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1987, (Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 1). ISSN 0175-3592
452:
on an asymmetric ground plan. While the northeastern nave is large and harbours a loft, in order to place more seats, the southwestern nave to
Antwerpener Straße is narrow, rather resembling an aisle.
903:
advanced their project of a new Protestant church and organised their own synods with synodals representing the intra-church opposition. The movement declared Protestantism was based on the complete
1942:
609:
Mural paintings repeated Lombard bands and Romanesque ornaments. The quire was elaborately decorated with mural paintings typical for the Evangelical churches of the end of the 19th century. The
577:
Starting in 1952 the architect Fritz Berndt began the reconstructions, accomplished by architect Günter Behrmann until 1959. The structures were simplified, the rose window was replaced by three
1372:, which he embezzled from the requisitions imposed by the authorities. Poelchau stored them in his basement in Afrikanische Straße # 140b and handed them out. Helping Poelchau's group Urner hid
1114:
pastor, argued the diminished number of parishioners would not allow the employment of another pastor, the presbytery under the merchant Ebeling demanded a new pastor. On 19 October 1935 the
1731:, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2003, (Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 14), p. 206. ISSN 0175-3592
585:. The gable towards Seestraße was simplified due to the new simple gable roof, covering the main nave, the side naves carry catslide roofs, thus the nave to Antwerpener Straße lost its
1209:, and other colleagues of her, continued to treat Jewish patients even after this was strictly forbidden in 1938 and therefore could not be invoiced to the health insurance anymore.
1485:, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2003, (Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 14). ISSN 0175-3592
213:
80:
1619:, which therefore were continued to function even after all other Jewish organisations had been dissolved in June 1943. In 1989 Mechur also reported that the diaconal hospital
1297:
from Berlin started, the purpose of hiding persons became a permanent issue. Jews, hiding from deportation, 'dived' in the underground and thus used to call themselves
1060:, since the official church bodies did not share their revenues from the contributions levied from the parishioners by way of a surcharge on the income tax (so-called
1151:
396:
209:
110:
273:). The synagogue where Jesus possibly taught is a handsome, standing ruin open to visitors. Therefore, it is likely that the town has been the home of Jesus (cf.
1907:
1206:
290:
778:– being all baptised Protestant church members -, who had grandparents, who were enrolled as Jews, or who were married with such persons, were all to be fired.
863:
As part of the re-election campaign the Nazi government and the Nazi party promoted that Nazi party members of Protestant descent, who were not members of the
720:
1912:
823:
to wit Karl Berlich, Helmut Petzold, and Friedrich Lahde, the latter holding as senior pastor the office of chief executive of the presbytery, dominated by
641:). Stained glass windows of ornamental and figured design in the apsis continued the rich colourfulness of the quire. All this was destroyed in May 1944.
160:
1947:
1242:
The knowledgeable Vicar Kersten (died 25 Oct. 1967), becoming after the war one of the first woman pastors in Berlin, was an important proponent of the
1932:
792:
in Berlin, leading the opposing synodals, gathered opposing pastors, who clearly saw the breach of Christian and Protestant principles and founded the
1289:, which was then a rare sign of sympathy. Many Protestant congregations had ousted their co-parishioners, who were fully or partly of Jewish descent.
1878:
915:. The participants declared this basis to be binding for any Protestant Church deserving that name and confessed their allegiance to this basis (see
294:
691:). A surviving element of the original furnishing is a larger than life-sized copied statue of the benedictive Jesus after the famous statue by
1270:
Protestant, and his daughter was by religion not Jewish, this made the Nazi authorities classify his marriage as a then so-called 'privileged'
156:
152:
1612:
After 1938 German Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent were all to be treated exclusively by Jewish doctors or hospitals like the neighbouring
978:
turned out to be a precarious balancing act. Official services were attended by denunciators, who would report any critical utterance to the
590:
1158:. Among the signatories we find the names of Vicar Kersten, the bookkeeper Dora Mechur, and Pastor Hans Urner (1901–1986; chaplain at the
1922:
53:
1166:
in the years 1935–1953). These three ran an underground circle to help persons, persecuted by the Nazi regime as Jews, to emigrate.
1127:
919:). Henceforth the movement of all Protestant denominations, opposing Nazi intrusion into Protestant church affairs, was called the
887:
The existing majorities in the bodies on the different levels of church organisation remained, since in the synods the majority of
559:
1122:(the competent executive and clerical body) agreed to restaff the vacancy. On 18 November the presbytery thus chose the orthodox
566:. In May 1944 the church completely burnt out to the outside walls, in February 1945 the main tower was also hit and burnt out.
376:
1952:
1902:
986:
parishioners and presbyters would inflict disciplinary procedures through the superior levels of the official church body.
1927:
1131:
1095:
Dr. Johannes Rosenfeld. Lacking any substantial basis for this decision, Lahde reached his reappointment on 19 December.
1041:
on the regional, let alone the Berlin-wide level. The three pastors, who had not taken sides, did not bother their three
724:
326:, presided by Pastor Ludwig Diestelkamp, commissioned the architect Baurat. Carl Siebold from Bethel (a part of today's
1213:
630:
1613:
1279:
1917:
1689:
1468:
1197:
in her rogations, while the two pastors on their turn never did so. The deaconess leading the medical station of the
1021:
Ilse Kersten, the merchant Mr Komnow, inspector Mr Krummrei, Mrs Ranitz, and Mrs Rosendahl. However, even though the
529:. A second, considerably smaller tower connects the church building to the alignment of houses in Seestraße. In 1909
367:
808:
was unavoidable, a new Protestant church was to be established, since the official organisation was anti-Christian,
1937:
1603:
allegiance, in order to withdraw them from their parish activity, and he was killed as a soldier in World War II.
1092:
638:
456:
293:, the oldest in Wedding. Due to the high number of new parishioners moving in at the end of the 19th century the
172:
966:. The double role of the pastors, paid by the official church body and thus also obliged to fulfill the regular
789:
1271:
1365:
270:
380:
103:
1586:
Literally: Building Councillor, a honorary title granted to prominent architects in the period prior 1918.
1068:
applied for it. So door-to-door collections became a dangerous, but necessary thing. In the parish of the
892:
destructive self-deprecation, once in while orchestrated by Nazi government interference in favour of the
867:, would (re-)join that church body in order to secure a clear majority of votes for the Nazi group of the
1294:
1173:, located in Müllerstraße 58 at the corner with Barfusstraße within the parochial boundaries, was run by
335:
221:
217:
1414:. Between 27 May 1952 and 3 October 1972 West Berliners were banned from free access to the East German
1415:
1406:
728:
384:
315:
1254:
and regularly attracted 250 children and juveniles of parents of all allegiances. In the scope of the
502:
is highlighted by two octagonal towers, which are connected by a columned gallery of arcades (German:
1456:, Gemeindekirchenrat der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinden Kapernaum und Kornelius (ed.), Berlin: 2002 .
334:, to build an additional church in the undeveloped area. Diestelkamp knew Siebold through his friend
550:
513:
The tower at the crossroads of Seestraße with Antwerpener Straße, topped by a typical Rhenish steep
1347:
1119:
432:
1072:, never anybody denounced the collectors, while in other, particularly more rural parishes many a
951:, parallel structures were to be built up. The parallel entity for the presbytery was called the
622:
480:
468:
445:
306:
357:-Eilpe, which he adapted to the site on Seestraße. On 22 July 1902 the church was finished. The
1562:
1216:
Agnes Laukant (Brüsseler Str. 28a), ran another underground circle, hiding persecuted persons.
1185:. While the institution's two chaplains, Pastor Urner and Pastor Hermann Wagner stuck with the
831:(the official name of the list of Nazi-opposing candidates in the re-election, most joined the
703:
569:
346:
277:
4:13), at least for some time. In Capernaum also, Jesus allegedly healed a man, and a fever in
42:
View from northwest over Seestraße towards the church at the T-junction with Antwerpener Straße
1646:
1224:
1110:
presbytery and its executive chief Lahde arose. While Lahde, fearing the appointment of a new
510:, thus being an early example of a structure combining church and community centre functions.
1624:
1535:
1387:
1286:
644:
499:
1335:
1266:
Mechur's father was a Jew, but somewhat protected because he was married with a so-called
1260:
8:
1361:
1342:), where many prominent opponents of the Nazi regime were executed, and in the prison of
1320:
167:
860:
was an enactment performed by two minority groups within a rather indifferent majority.
801:
1650:
1428:
1343:
1309:
1212:
Kersten, Mechur, and Urner were also friends with Pastor Harald Poelchau, who with the
967:
916:
758:(24 August 1933), competent for the Berlin and Brandenburg subsection, and then in the
692:
372:
331:
1009:. Compared with other congregations in the north of Berlin this was a great number of
896:, but mostly in favour of the Protestant church bodies' dropping into insignificance.
436:) north of the church building and the Schillerhöhe northeast of the church building.
379:, co-financed the constructions. On 26 August the same year she, her son Crown Prince
1685:
1464:
920:
805:
782:
677:
634:
274:
263:
187:
494:
View through Antwerpener Straße towards Seestraße with the tower of Capernaum Church
1547:
402:
225:
95:
490:
1566:
1551:
1539:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1423:
1401:
1357:
1324:
827:
since the imposed re-election. In 1933 among the pastors of Berlin, 160 stuck to
767:
669:
530:
522:
427:
414:
was constituted as independent legal entity, within the then Protestant umbrella
362:
224:
congregations. The church is located on Seestraße No. 34 in the locality of
1029:
had a stable and considerable membership, the congregation did not hold regular
1654:
1574:
1527:
1523:
904:
793:
665:
267:
245:
237:
1278:
were in fact spared from deportation. In November 1944 Mr. Mechur died in the
506:). The room underneath the elevated quire was designed for the instruction of
1896:
1076:
cleric and layman or laywoman was denounced and subsequently taken to court.
1001:
of membership, which were issued by confidents only. 380 parishioners of the
908:
538:
517:
spire, was built to form a landmark. Siebold designed it after the towers of
125:
112:
1018:
418:. The new congregation took over the northwestern part of the parish of the
1328:
1194:
912:
845:
716:
715:
on 23 July 1933, which the Nazi government had imposed onto all Protestant
653:
514:
460:
422:, which is the northwestern part of the locality of Wedding, including the
37:
1388:
The cemetery of Capernaum Congregation in formerly East German Ahrensfelde
1384:, promoting the fast capitulation of Germany by public graffiti on walls.
1017:
consisting of the installer Mr Bolz, Mrs Brandt, Mr Grundt, the parochial
614:
1419:
1411:
1393:
1057:
755:
683:
586:
526:
339:
278:
206:
58:
1649:). A last attempt, undertaken in February/March 1945 ended, because the
1636:
While in the beginning the Nazi authorities hoped to make the so-called
1079:
At the beginning of November 1934 the official presbytery, dominated by
448:, but directed to the southeast. The building consists of three longish
1061:
582:
507:
233:
1596:
1174:
1155:
688:
626:
578:
342:
was hastily laid. Effective constructions were only started in 1900.
327:
147:
1559:
1159:
1030:
739:. With the new majorities on all levels of church organisation the
464:
1369:
1220:
979:
962:
Pastor Berlich gathered opposing activist parishioners to form a
673:
534:
484:
472:
260:
69:
1943:
Buildings and structures in Berlin destroyed during World War II
1518:), Capernaum is reported to have been the home of the following
589:. The church was re-inaugurated on the occasion of the feast of
1873:
809:
661:
594:
463:
and the entrance hall to Antwerpener Straße rather resembles a
299:
253:
214:
Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia
81:
Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia
1447:
Kapernaum. Eine evangelische Kirchengemeinde "auf dem Wedding"
1274:. German Jews and German Gentiles of Jewish descent living in
1033:
prayers for those persecuted by the Nazi regime and the three
1267:
1037:
pastors did not participate regularly in the meetings of the
751:
712:
698:
657:
618:
610:
354:
229:
1083:, reached the dismissal of Lahde as executive chief of the
449:
182:
1900–1902, destroyed 1944 and 1945, reconstructed 1952–1959
1295:
deportations of German Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent
947:}. In any congregation, whose presbytery was dominated by
876:
anyway non-observing Protestants, seceded again from the
310:
The gable towards Seestraße after its destruction in 1944
1885:
Entry in Berlin's list of monuments with further sources
359:
Evangelical Association for the Construction of Churches
68:
Sprengel Berlin (region), Kirchenkreis Berlin Nord-Ost (
1233:
attitude of treason against the German people and state
613:
painting displayed an enthroned Jesus of Nazareth in a
345:
Siebold, who built almost 80 churches, many of them in
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1653:
already were liberated. However some were deported to
1396:, has its own graveyard section in the denominational
1829:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1801:
416:
Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces
397:
Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces
1150:
pastor Johannes Hoffmann was appointed, coming from
993:
had to take place as private events, thus only true
1763:
1761:
1759:
1734:
1392:Capernaum Congregation, located in what used to be
330:), then leading the construction department of the
1854:
1845:
1822:
1810:
1792:
1177:. The staff was divided in its allegiances to the
711:After the premature re-election of presbyters and
554:The interior in ruins and filled with rubble, 1944
444:Due to the location of the site the church is not
259:Christians revere the town of Capernaum, since on
236:(literally "Nachum's village"; transliteration in
1836:
1783:
1774:
1721:
1510:; translit. Shim'on Bar-Yonah, nicknamed: Keipha
1193:. In the morning prayers led by her she included
545:
1894:
1756:
1380:. In 1944 Poelchau joined a further group named
581:windows, while the main tower now bears a steep
371:), a charitable organisation then headed by the
1463:(1978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 1986, p. 431.
1908:Romanesque Revival church buildings in Germany
1410:) in formerly East Berlin's eastern suburb of
1169:The institutionally independent foundation of
766:(5/6 September 1933) – voted in the so-called
216:, an umbrella comprising Lutheran, Calvinist (
1715:
1680:Kühne, Günther; Stephani, Elisabeth (1986) .
1679:
1045:colleagues. All the fighting was promoted by
205:) is one of the two places of worship of the
1913:Religious buildings and structures in Berlin
1769:Widerstand in einem Arbeiterbezirk (Wedding)
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1675:
1673:
1546:, translit. Ya'aqov Bar-Zebdi), his brother
1476:Widerstand in einem Arbeiterbezirk (Wedding)
1250:. She led the Sunday school of the official
1130:, the church body being at the heart of the
878:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
865:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
776:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
764:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
737:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
721:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
406:Schillerhöhe parish hall of the congregation
1052:A particular problem was fund-raising. The
664:. Eva Limberg (Bielefeld) designed the new
303:the establishment of a church in the area.
1948:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin
1599:, which preferentially drafted pastors of
1334:) of Berlin, and later also worked in the
997:would be admitted, who had to identify by
723:), the Nazi partisan Protestant so-called
699:The Capernaum Congregation in the Nazi Era
621:alternating with palms. A painting on the
525:). The façade to Seestraße showed a great
284:
266:used to teach in the local synagogue (cf.
36:
1933:20th-century Lutheran churches in Germany
1698:
1670:
1558:, translit. Yochanan Bar-Zebdi), and the
1091:by the fickle superior cleric in charge,
735:, like in most congregations within the
702:
652:The new interior of 1959 under a wooden
643:
568:
560:Allied bombing of Berlin in World War II
549:
533:, Olaf Lilloe, and Ernst Paulus added a
489:
401:
305:
1729:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen
1483:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen
1315:, since the mid-1930s a parishioner of
1895:
1459:Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani,
1237:volks- und staatsverräterische Haltung
1189:, the matron deaconess sided with the
880:and the number of parishioners of the
656:is very plain. Behrmann created a new
391:, the latter in his then function as
234:Capernaum, today Kfar Nachum כפר נחום
1627:continued to treat Jewish patients.
593:New Year (so-called First Sunday of
289:The area belonged previously to the
1684:. Berlin: CZV-Verlag. p. 292.
1570:
1555:
1543:
1515:
1507:
1454:100 Jahre Kapernaumkirche 1902–2002
1132:Faith Movement of German Christians
1049:presbyters and other parishioners.
754:– first in the provincial synod of
725:Faith Movement of German Christians
13:
648:Interior towards the apsis in 2016
467:. Siebold's design is inspired by
298:Straße, but Berlin's planning and
14:
1964:
1923:Buildings and structures in Mitte
1866:
1376:in his official residence in the
1323:. In April 1933 he was appointed
1023:Confessing Christian congregation
964:Confessing Christian congregation
774:), meaning that employees of the
625:on top of the apsis depicted the
459:, built from red brick, with its
16:Church building in Mitte, Germany
1879:Kapernaumkirche (Berlin-Wedding)
1872:
1807:Sandvoß, 2003, pp. 247–seq.
1595:Later Wagner was drafted to the
1356:He later joined the group named
1338:(very close by to the parish of
815:Three out of six pastors of the
1630:
1621:Graf-Botho-Schwerin-Krankenhaus
1606:
1589:
1418:proper – as distinguished from
989:Services and other meetings of
974:and their parallel activity as
804:. Its members concluded that a
1682:Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin
1580:
1496:
1461:Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin
917:Barmen Theological Declaration
668:, the candlestick, carried by
600:
546:Destruction and Reconstruction
368:Evangelischer Kirchenbauverein
1:
1664:
1366:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
1223:for his refusal to hoist the
1128:Thuringian Evangelical Church
1106:. Thus a dispute between the
1039:Emergency Covenant of Pastors
901:Emergency Covenant of Pastors
794:Emergency Covenant of Pastors
387:attended the inauguration of
232:. The church was named after
1614:Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin
1087:for his allegiance with the
911:of Jewish heritage, and the
812:and therefore illegitimate.
573:The main tower burning, 1945
562:inflicted severe damages on
7:
1953:Rebuilt churches in Germany
1903:Lutheran churches in Berlin
1219:Lahde was denounced at the
884:dropped to 41,000 by 1935.
519:St Mary's Assumption Church
439:
338:. On 30 September 1897 the
336:Friedrich von Bodelschwingh
10:
1969:
1928:Churches completed in 1902
1860:Sandvoß, 2003, p. 251
1851:Sandvoß, 2003, p. 302
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1780:Sandvoß, 2003, p. 209
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1416:German Democratic Republic
852:), they never acted up as
410:In the following year the
349:, recycled his design for
1842:Sandvoß, 1987, p. 90
1716:Kühne & Stephani 1986
1531:
1280:Jewish Hospital of Berlin
1276:privileged mixed marriage
1013:. They elected their own
790:William I Memorial Church
727:gained a majority in the
631:Jesus to heal his servant
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395:(Supreme Governor of the
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1918:Heritage sites in Berlin
1522:: Simon Peter's brother
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846:Struggle of the Churches
1563:Matthew Alphaei or Levi
1407:Ostkirchhof Ahrensfelde
1056:depended completely on
844:, but in the following
597:) on 29 November 1959.
481:Great St. Martin Church
469:Romanesque architecture
285:Congregation and church
126:52.548444°N 13.349483°E
1938:Rundbogenstil churches
1427:
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1344:Brandenburg upon Havel
1340:Capernaum Congregation
1317:Capernaum Congregation
1302:
1252:Capernaum Congregation
1248:Capernaum Congregation
1236:
1152:Mount of Olives Church
1143:Capernaum Congregation
1126:pastor Heyne from the
1104:Capernaum Congregation
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873:Capernaum Congregation
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817:Capernaum Congregation
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104:Geographic coordinates
98:, a locality of Berlin
1767:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß,
1727:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß,
1536:James, son of Zebedee
1502:Besides Simon Peter (
1481:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß,
1474:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß,
1348:Zuchthaus Brandenburg
1327:in the Tegel prison (
1244:Confessing Christians
1207:Nazareth Congregation
1183:Confessing Christians
1139:Confessing Christians
1089:Confessing Christians
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1011:Confessing Christians
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991:Confessing Christians
976:Confessing Christians
933:Confessing Christians
781:On 11 September 1933
706:
647:
572:
553:
493:
457:Romanesque Revivalism
433:Afrikanisches Viertel
420:Nazareth Congregation
405:
383:and her husband King
324:Nazareth Congregation
309:
291:Nazareth Congregation
1881:at Wikimedia Commons
1601:Confessing Christian
1205:in the neighbouring
1203:Confessing Christian
1116:March of Brandenburg
1100:Confessing Christian
1074:Confessing Christian
1043:Confessing Christian
1035:Confessing Christian
131:52.548444; 13.349483
1651:extermination camps
1647:Rosenstraße protest
1625:Berlin-Lichterfelde
1571:מתיה בן חלפי or לוי
1378:Paul Gerhardt Stift
1321:Christian Socialist
1261:concentration camps
1199:Paul Gerhardt Stift
1171:Paul Gerhardt Stift
1164:Paul Gerhardt Stift
1005:were card-carrying
931:), their partisans
899:The pastors of the
521:(for a picture see
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1398:Eastern Churchyard
1364:fellow-countryman
1287:Weißensee Cemetery
747:The majorities of
709:
693:Bertel Thorvaldsen
650:
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332:Bethel Institution
320:Gemeindekirchenrat
312:
281:'s mother-in-law.
212:, a member of the
173:Romanesque Revival
1877:Media related to
1452:Matthias Donath,
1445:Gerlinde Böpple,
1336:Plötzensee Prison
1256:Confessing Church
1191:German Christians
1187:Confessing Church
1179:German Christians
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949:German Christians
941:Deutsche Christen
937:German Christians
925:Bekennende Kirche
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894:German Christians
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842:German Christians
837:German Christians
829:Gospel and Church
825:German Christians
741:German Christians
707:Apsis before 1944
678:Nativity of Jesus
672:figures, and the
635:Gospel of Matthew
475:churches such as
381:Frederick William
314:Thus in 1896 the
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719:in Germany (see
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564:Capernaum Church
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856:activists. The
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768:Aryan paragraph
762:of the overall
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682:Descent of the
627:Roman Centurion
606:the main nave.
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142:Architecture
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1888:(in German)
1617:(in German)
1420:East Berlin
1412:Ahrensfelde
1394:West Berlin
1351:(in German)
1332:(in German)
1313:(in German)
1283:(in German)
1239:) in 1938.
1175:deaconesses
1118:provincial
1058:offertories
835:), 40 were
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786:(in German)
756:Brandenburg
684:Holy Spirit
601:Furnishings
591:Evangelical
527:rose window
508:confirmands
340:cornerstone
279:Simon Peter
129: /
54:Affiliation
1897:Categories
1665:References
1382:Onkel Emil
1374:submarines
1299:submarines
1154:in Berlin-
1120:consistory
1062:Church tax
729:presbytery
680:, and the
660:and a new
583:gable roof
385:William II
347:Westphalia
316:presbytery
242:Kαφαρναουμ
117:13°20′58″E
114:52°32′54″N
1597:Wehrmacht
1301:(German:
1235:(German:
1156:Kreuzberg
999:red cards
957:Bruderrat
955:(German:
939:(German:
923:(German:
848:(German:
810:heretical
796:(German:
770:(German:
689:Pentecost
523:Andernach
328:Bielefeld
318:(German:
250:Capernaum
201:(German:
188:Materials
179:Completed
1560:publican
1532:'Ανδρέας
1520:Apostles
1362:Silesian
1319:, was a
1181:and the
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1031:rogation
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968:services
833:Covenant
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752:synodals
713:synodals
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615:mandorla
579:biforium
465:basilica
446:oriented
440:Building
373:Prussian
261:Sabbaths
218:Reformed
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92:Location
87:Location
77:Province
65:District
59:Lutheran
48:Religion
1440:Sources
1432:, i.e.
1370:Kreisau
1308:Pastor
1246:in the
1221:Gestapo
1141:in the
980:Gestapo
731:of the
674:lectern
670:Apostle
629:asking
535:rectory
485:Cologne
473:Rhenish
271:4:31–44
244:and in
226:Wedding
96:Wedding
70:deanery
1688:
1573:; cf.
1567:Hebrew
1552:Hebrew
1540:Hebrew
1524:Andrew
1512:Hebrew
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1424:German
1402:German
1303:U-Boot
907:, the
806:schism
662:pulpit
639:8:5–13
619:angels
595:Advent
483:(both
479:, and
428:German
375:Queen
363:German
300:zoning
254:Israel
220:) and
1643:Aryan
1638:Aryan
1528:Greek
1490:Notes
1268:Aryan
1019:vicar
658:altar
611:apsis
500:quire
450:naves
355:Hagen
322:) of
246:Latin
238:Greek
230:Mitte
192:brick
168:Style
1686:ISBN
1548:John
1516:כיפא
1465:ISBN
1137:The
558:The
498:The
159:and
1623:in
1534:),
1436:).
1305:).
1227:on
1025:at
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537:in
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471:of
399:).
353:in
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