248:
186:
degree continued with their studies to be awarded a candidate's degree, or equivalent, instead. Because most students continue to achieve this level of study, the labor market in
Denmark does not respect bachelor's degrees as a first-cycle degree. Many institutions in Denmark which no longer offer the candidate degree as a result of the Bologna Process continue to offer joint bachelor-masters programs which last five years, just as the candidate degree had.
735:, the designation "cand. iur. is no longer common since the Bologna reform has changed the degree program to the Bachelor's and Master's system so that the academic degrees "BLaw" (Bachelor of Law) are awarded after three years and "MLaw" (Master of Law) after further two years of study. The academic degree "lic. iur." was abolished during the Bologna reform. In the undergraduate BLaw program, students generally use the designation "stud. our."
174:), including as priests, judges, other state officials, and doctors. In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the term "candidate" was eventually used for higher professional academic degrees, usually awarded after around 5â7 years of studies. In Norway, only a few Candidate's degrees (such as Candidate of Theology, Candidate of Medicine, and Candidate of Psychology) are still awarded, while in Denmark and Sweden, all Candidate's degrees are retained.
759:. It was abolished in 1985. There was originally no set duration for the completion of this degree, although 7â8 years was normal, and including a dissertation which usually took between 2 and 4 years to complete. As of 1985, the formal requirement amounted to 6 years of studies and dissertation work, although there was a strong tradition for extensive dissertations, leading many students to take longer. The degree is sometimes translated as
380:) is an academic degree in Arts and Letters awarded in Denmark. It is considered an entry-level scientific degree for careers in academia (qualifying for positions as assistant professor or lecturer), as doctorates traditionally are awarded later in the job to senior academics. The degree was once awarded in Norway but had also been phased out by 2007. At the time, it typically required six years of study at Norwegian universities.
953:. Although completion of the degree qualifies the holder to apply for a license as a clinical psychologist, it does not in itself authorize the holder to practice clinical psychology. In Norway, after the final exam, those with a cand. Psychol. May apply for and will usually be granted the authorization to practice clinical psychology. In Denmark, two years of supervised practice is required before full approval.
31:
980:, which normally requires two years of study and a completed bachelor's degree. In Norway, cand.scient. was a higher-level degree awarded in mathematics and natural sciences. It was introduced in 1985, replacing the more rigorous cand. real. degree. Completion required 1.5â2 years of study and a completed cand. mag. Degree of 3.5 years. In 2003, the cand.scient. degree was replaced in Norway by the
678:
234:
The candidate exam takes place after the student completes a substantial and pre-determined part of his university education, in the case of a five-year or more prolonged course, typically after completion of the third year. Students in a four-year class received the degree at the end of their second
948:
in 1948 based on the Danish degree. In
Denmark, the degree requires five years of studies, while in Norway, it requires five years of academic studies and a one-year internship as part of the studies. As part of the Bologna Process, the degree in Denmark consists of a three-year bachelor's degree in
193:
of 2003 enacted the nation's compliance with the
Bologna process, and most candidates' degrees are no longer awarded for academic qualifications. A select number of professional programs, however, have been given an exception from the Bologna process, allowing candidates' degrees to continue to be
185:
commonly available as a two-step alternative to the
Candidate's degree. Despite these reforms, the candidate degree was regarded as the standard academic qualification well into the 21st century. In 2010, the majority of students completing the required amount of studies necessary for a bachelor's
789:
education. Medical students in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland carry this title during their medical studies before being awarded the degree of Dr. med. (Germany) or Dr. med. univ. (Austria) after defending a doctoral or diploma thesis before a jury. Along with candidate degrees in veterinary
1486:
In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. Art. At present, both mag. art. and Ph.D. degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate
865:, including economics, psychology, sociology, and political science. It normally requires at least six years of study, although many students extend this period. At the time of its abolition, the cand.polit. degree was in practice a two-year or a two-and-a-half-year extension to the four-year
218:
In the
Netherlands and Belgium, the "Candidate's diploma" was an undergraduate first-cycle diploma that the university issued to students who passed their Candidate's examination. After obtaining the certificate, one was entitled to use the academic title "Candidatus" (prenominal abbreviation
235:
or during their third year, depending on the criteria set by the institution. The
Candidate's degrees were phased out in the Netherlands in 1982 but have been more-or-less replaced by the bachelor's degree with the introduction of the Bologna Process.
415:
degree. The cand.oecon. did not qualify its holder for higher civil servant positions. In 1934, it became an independent 5-year program in economics. The degree was replaced in Norway by the
Bachelor/Master's degree system in 2003.
344:
The degree was initially introduced in
Denmark in 1883. For most of its history, the degree usually required between 4 and 5 years of studies. In its later years, the formal minimum requirement was 3.5 years for the faculties of
1067:
in Swedenâthe only educational institutions in the
Scandinavian countries to offer the veterinary degree. In Norway, the title is one of the few candidate degrees that has continued to be awarded after the Quality Reform 2003.
720:
after 4â6 years of study. Subsequently, graduates can be addressed as "Ref. iur." (Rechtsreferendar) or "Jurist Univ." Some law faculties also award the academic degrees "Diplom-Jurist", "Diplom-Jurist (Univ.)" or "Mag. iur."
1799:
519:. The application process to study for the degree was highly competitive throughout the Nordic region, as the qualifying exam to practice law could only be taken at a university, where the government officially granted the
1362:
361:. Today, the degree is awarded only in humanities and requires five years of studies. The degree was also awarded in Norway beginning in 1920, based on the Danish degree; since 2003, it is no longer awarded.
1428:
Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita NĂŚss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect â the Norwegian case". In Margarita DĂaz-Andreu GarcĂa and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
484:
83:. In Scandinavia and the Nordic countries, a higher professional-level degree usually corresponds to 5â7 years of studies. In the Soviet states, a research degree was roughly equivalent to a
602:
diploma holders were eligible to continue using their title before and after the Bologna process; the academic degree is split into two different diplomas. Previously, the lower degree was
1008:, while in Norway, it ranks higher. In Norway, it is one of the few candidate degree titles to have remained after the Quality Reform of 2003. It can only be issued by four institutions:
1612:
1809:
1830:
701:. The designation is usually obtained after successful completion of the intermediate examination (after 4 to 6 semesters) and roughly corresponds to the qualification level of a
642:. The use of the candidate system in Estonia is tied to the colonial influence of the nordic counties, especially Denmark.. In Estonia, the current post-graduate law degree is
1051:
countries following a 5.5 to 6-year veterinary medical school education. Equivalent degrees in other countries qualify a student to practice as a veterinarian, such as a
814:. The degree historically required six years of study, but currently requires five. The current five-year degree is equivalent to, and is translated into English as, a
976:
In Denmark, cand.scient. is a higher-level degree awarded by Danish universities to graduate students in the mathematics and natural sciences. The study requires 120
1299:
1881:
407:
The degree was introduced in Norway in 1905 as a supplementary academic degree in economics. The program usually lasted two years, was conferred by the
170:. A candidate's degree in the relevant field (e.g., Candidate of Law) was a requirement for appointment to higher offices in the state administration (
666:
654:
627:
595:
575:
551:
1761:
526:
All Nordic countriesâexcept Denmarkâhave changed their law degrees from the Candidate to a master's due to the Bologna Process. In Findland, the
1983:
1173:
922:
1901:
427:
at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. It was replaced in 1996 by the current bachelor's and master's of science programs.
681:
Example of the use of the denomination in the context of a journal publication by an advanced German Law School student (ZJS 2/2010, p. 148)
1932:
134:
Today, the degrees continue to be referred to by their Latin title, with both male and female recipients of candidate degrees being called
1004:
in Iceland, Denmark, and Norway. The title is protected by law in Denmark and Norway. In Denmark, the title is described as equivalent to
1840:
1064:
448:
337:), a degree requiring 7â8 years of studies with a strong emphasis on the scientific thesis, and which is the approximate equivalent of a
223:). This was the lowest academic degree that could be achieved in these countries, and is roughly comparable with the bachelor's degree (
456:
846:, currently only awarded in Denmark. In Denmark, cand.polit. refers exclusively to the Candidate's economics degree awarded by the
1128:
1590:
1693:
689:. However, it is not an academic degree. Instead, the designation is used in an internal university context or the context of
1462:
Jørgensen, Lise Bender (1998). "The state of Denmark". In Margarita DĂaz-Andreu GarcĂa and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
1297:
Dysthea, Olga; Webler, Wolff-Dietrich (2010). "Pedagogical Issues from Humboldt to Bologna: The Case of Norway and Germany".
1225:
1056:
554:). Those previously granted a candidate of law diploma could continue using their previous title in Finland. In Iceland, the
2055:
1688:
1262:
685:
In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, the term "cand. iur." is a designation used in the academic environment by advanced
2060:
2007:
408:
1645:
1508:
1479:
1446:
1200:
1740:
969:) is an academic degree currently awarded in Denmark and formerly awarded in Norway. It is roughly equivalent to a
1411:"BEK nr 1520: Bekendtgørelse om bachelor- og kandidatuddannelser ved universiteterne (uddannelsesbekendtgørelsen)"
158:
In Scandinavia, the term was introduced in the early 18th century and initially referred to the higher degrees in
1017:
1389:
1052:
949:
psychology followed by a two-year master's degree in clinical psychology that gives the right to use the title
910:
87:
degree. In the Netherlands and Belgium, it was an undergraduate first-cycle degree roughly comparable with the
2050:
1549:
1334:
631:
292:, and in some East European countries, candidate degrees were/are research degrees roughly equivalent to a
17:
321:) is an academic degree currently awarded in Denmark. The degree is officially translated into English as
1132:
452:
259:
1167:
1021:
790:
medicine, psychology, and theology, it is one of the few Latin degree titles still awarded in Norway.
728:, the degree program ends with a diploma examination, and the academic degree "Mag. iur." is awarded.
2045:
869:
degree or equivalent qualifications. Following the Quality Reform of 2003, it has been replaced by a
933:. In scope and length, it is equivalent to a degree somewhere between a master's and a doctorate in
705:. Before passing the intermediate examination, law students shall use the designation "stud. iur." (
1906:
1784:
1735:
1060:
941:
902:
847:
1911:
1410:
424:
1993:
1942:
1861:
930:
1009:
400:
currently awarded in Denmark and formerly in Iceland and Norway. It is roughly equivalent to a
1471:
1438:
1221:"Moving to opportunity: Student trajectories in the post-Bologna university system in Denmark"
2012:
1835:
1554:
772:
594:
in 2010, which is completed after four-and-a-half years of studying at the average pace (270
420:
279:
1779:
1463:
1430:
1961:
1886:
1000:) is an academic degree awarded after completion of a six-year higher education program in
926:
870:
293:
178:
120:
88:
84:
8:
1804:
934:
811:
639:
401:
228:
1988:
1937:
1866:
1339:
1316:
1279:
1242:
1158:
1013:
1005:
977:
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195:
182:
35:
1104:
635:
1702:
1641:
1504:
1475:
1442:
1427:
1385:
1320:
1283:
1246:
1196:
970:
906:
815:
807:
785:) is an academic degree awarded in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway following a six-year
574:
master's degree, which is obtained after five years of law studies equivalent to 300
520:
326:
1580:
1431:
1464:
1308:
1271:
1234:
756:
702:
694:
619:
607:
543:
531:
350:
224:
68:
1077:
901:
currently awarded in Denmark and Norway. In Denmark, the degree is awarded by the
1585:
1275:
1108:
444:
358:
112:
61:
53:
882:
862:
786:
322:
310:
190:
1956:
1238:
1083:
634:, a post-graduate law degree was awarded as a cand.jur. in Estonia. President
2039:
2017:
1706:
1666:
476:
1260:
Sin, Cristina (2012). "The Bologna master degree in search of an identity".
1524:
717:
285:
104:
72:
861:
In Norway, the cand.polit. was formerly awarded an academic degree in all
1661:
1048:
752:
732:
698:
690:
686:
346:
76:
57:
247:
1730:
1312:
898:
818:
in political science. Until 2008, the equivalent degree was awarded in
480:
354:
1153:
325:
and requires five years of studies. It is not to be confused with the
1192:
866:
843:
582:
degrees were awarded in Norway in the spring of 2007. In Sweden, the
570:
title. In Norway, the cand.jur. was formally replaced in 2003 by the
412:
397:
60:. The degree title was phased out in much of Europe through the 1999
738:
550:, JM), which is obtained after five years of law studies (180 + 120
30:
1001:
194:
awarded for specific 6-year professional programs. As of 2023, the
167:
159:
124:
1933:"The Candidata/Candidatus rerum politicarum (cand. polit.) degree"
873:
degree, shortening the nominal study time from six to five years.
1780:"Japo: § 17 Prßfungsgesamtnote, Abschlusszeugnis und Bezeichnung"
1716:
725:
713:
508:
504:
500:
496:
80:
1559:
1162:(in Swedish). Vol. 17: LuxâMekanik. Stockholm. p. 471.
850:. Economics degrees from other Danish universities are known as
1957:"Studieplan for PRPSYK Profesjonsstudiet i psykologi, vĂĽr 2016"
1662:"Ăppeasutuste activate akadeemiliste roadside nimetuste levels"
819:
516:
512:
475:) is both a graduate law degree awarded to law students in the
289:
116:
751:) is a former academic degree used in Norway and conferred in
138:. The degree titles are typically abbreviated; for example, a
198:, for example, awards such professional degrees in medicine (
1466:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
1433:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
743:
A Candidate of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences (Latin:
626:, RN) is awarded after completing three years of study (180
131:
thus came to mean someone who seeks an office of some sort.
677:
108:
760:
479:
as well as an "academic status" designation for advanced
338:
163:
1220:
107:, men running for political office would typically wear
984:
degree as part of the adoption of the Bologna Process.
672:
653:
is obtained after five years of law studies (180 + 120
459:(a collaboration between several Danish universities).
430:
177:
In Denmark, educational reforms began in 1993 to make
64:, which has re-formatted academic degrees in Europe.
1501:
Hvilket fag skal jeg velge, hvilken grad kan jeg ta?
1363:"Welke titel mag ik voeren als ik ben afgestudeerd?"
27:
Nomenclature of academic degree in various countries
1027:
411:and primarily intended for those already holding a
716:, law school is completed with the passing of the
665:) which usually take three years to complete (180
67:The degrees are now, or were once, awarded in the
1635:
793:
739:Candidate of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
638:, for example, held a cand. jur. degree from the
2037:
1636:Skyum-Nielsen, Niels; Lund, Niels, eds. (1981).
495:The Candidate of Law degree was once awarded in
364:
451:. In Denmark, the title can be obtained at the
1613:"Eesti Vabariigi president (EE-RA - ERA.1278)"
923:Norwegian University of Science and Technology
437:Candidatus/candidata informationis technologiĂŚ
435:A Candidate of Information Technology (Latin:
1296:
1800:"Diplom-Juristin/Diplom-Jurist (Dipl.-Jur.)"
1503:(in Norwegian). Bergen: Sigma. p. 105.
800:Candidatus/candidata scientiarum politicarum
2016:(in Norwegian). 21 May 2012. Archived from
1984:"Academic system at the University of Oslo"
1498:
1065:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
1038:
1033:
1032:A Candidate of Veterinary Medicine (Latin:
449:Master of Science in Information Technology
419:The degree was first made available at the
111:chalked and bleached to be bright white at
1172:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
876:
490:
1461:
1455:
917:. In Norway the degree is awarded by the
798:A Candidate of Political Science (Latin:
383:
987:
829:
766:
676:
369:A Candidate of Arts and Letters (Latin:
304:
94:
29:
1384:. Transaction Publishers. p. 278.
1379:
1218:
1151:
956:
14:
2038:
1694:Official Journal of the European Union
1581:"Rettsvitenskap (jus) (master - 5 ĂĽr)"
1186:
1638:Danish Medieval History: New Currents
1499:Raaheim, Kjell; Utne, Edmund (1985).
1405:
1403:
1401:
1226:European Educational Research Journal
1057:Norwegian University of Life Sciences
651:Juridisk kandidateksamen (cand. jur.)
1263:European Journal of Higher Education
1214:
1212:
673:In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
242:
213:
56:, which are today mainly awarded in
1259:
1047:) is an academic degree awarded in
462:
447:awarded in Denmark equivalent to a
431:Candidate of Information Technology
99:The term is derived from the Latin
24:
1398:
409:Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
34:Candidatus juris diploma from the
25:
2072:
1910:. 5 February 2004. Archived from
1209:
887:candidatus/candidata psychologiae
834:A Candidate of Economics (Latin:
388:A Candidate of Economics (Latin:
353:, and 4â4.5 for the faculties of
1610:
1189:Dagligliv i det remorse imperium
1028:Candidate of Veterinary Medicine
992:A Candidate of Theology (Latin:
963:Candidatus/candidata Scientiarum
777:A Candidate of Medicine (Latin:
693:, for example, contributions to
562:degree has been replaced by the
246:
153:
148:
2000:
1976:
1949:
1925:
1894:
1882:"Rechtswissenschaften (Diplom)"
1874:
1854:
1823:
1792:
1772:
1754:
1743:from the original on 2012-12-09
1723:
1681:
1654:
1629:
1604:
1593:from the original on 2012-07-22
1573:
1542:
1517:
1492:
1421:
1373:
1055:. The degree is awarded by the
1018:MF Norwegian School of Theology
961:A Candidate of Science (Latin:
423:in 1964 as a 4-year program in
315:Candidatus/candidate magisterii
238:
1941:. 10 July 2001. Archived from
1862:"Magister iuris/Diplom-Jurist"
1558:(in Icelandic). Archived from
1417:(in Danish). 16 December 2013.
1355:
1327:
1290:
1253:
1180:
1145:
1121:
1097:
994:Candidatus/candidata theologiĂŚ
911:University of Southern Denmark
836:Candidatus/candidata politices
794:Candidate of Political Science
779:Candidatus/candidata medicinae
538:, Jur. kand.) was replaced by
390:Candidatus/candidata economics
13:
1:
1870:(in German). 9 November 2016.
1788:(in German). 13 October 2003.
1670:(in Estonian). 23 August 2004
1470:. London: Routledge. p.
1437:. London: Routledge. p.
1090:
365:Candidate of Arts and Letters
2008:"Candidatus: akademisk grad"
1276:10.1080/21568235.2012.702437
1219:Thomsen, Jens-Peter (2023).
1053:Master of Veterinary Science
842:.) is an academic degree in
745:Candidatus/candidate realism
614:), and current lower degree
7:
2056:Academic degrees of Denmark
1839:(in German). Archived from
1808:(in German). Archived from
1766:Juristischer Gendankensalat
1640:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1382:Encyclopedia of Soviet Life
1133:Online Etymology Dictionary
1071:
897:) is an academic degree in
881:A Candidate of Psychology (
806:) is an academic degree in
657:). Undergraduate degree is
467:A Candidate of Law (Latin:
453:IT University of Copenhagen
396:) is an academic degree in
142:is commonly referred to as
10:
2077:
2061:Academic degrees of Norway
1152:Westrin, Th., ed. (1912).
1022:VID Specialized University
770:
590:) degree was replaced by
469:candidates/candidate juris
299:
277:
1739:(in Danish). 2011-03-04.
1239:10.1177/14749041211046748
1191:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
940:It was introduced at the
528:Oikeustieteen kandidaatti
485:German-speaking countries
309:A Candidate of the Arts (
52:) is the name of various
1907:Oslo University Hospital
1785:Bayerische Staatskanzlei
1736:University of Copenhagen
1061:University of Copenhagen
942:University of Copenhagen
903:University of Copenhagen
848:University of Copenhagen
598:). Previously graduated
1902:"Gustav Gaudernack: CV"
1369:(in Dutch). 2011-04-19.
1300:Higher Education Policy
877:Candidate of Psychology
572:Master i Rettsvitenskap
556:EmbĂŚttisprĂłf Ă lĂśgfrĂŚĂ°i
491:In the Nordic countries
425:Business Administration
1617:Archives Portal Europe
1380:Zemtsov, Ilya (1991).
1187:Ărsted, Peter (1991).
1040:medicinae veterinariae
1039:
1034:
1010:NLA University College
886:
682:
623:
611:
547:
540:Oikeustieteen maisteri
535:
384:Candidate of Economics
38:
2013:Store norske leksikon
1836:Regensburg University
1762:"Universitätssprache"
1555:University of Iceland
988:Candidate of Theology
830:Candidate of Politics
810:, awarded by several
773:Candidate of Medicine
767:Candidate of Medicine
718:First Law Examination
680:
644:Ăigusteaduse magister
584:Jurist kandidatexamen
421:University of Iceland
305:Candidate of the Arts
280:Candidate of Sciences
95:Etymology and origins
33:
1996:on 13 February 2002.
1962:University of Bergen
1945:on 12 November 2008.
1887:University of Vienna
1529:Kjarni LĂśgmannsstofa
1487:studies is the same.
1063:in Denmark, and the
1035:Candidatus/candidata
957:Candidate of Science
931:University of Tromsø
927:University of Bergen
871:Master of Philosophy
536:Juris kandidatexamen
371:Candidatus/candidata
335:magister Scientiarum
294:Doctor of Philosophy
103:, meaning white. In
85:Doctor of Philosophy
1805:Saarland University
944:in 1944 and at the
935:clinical psychology
812:Danish universities
640:University of Tartu
402:Master of Economics
123:, and other public
1989:University of Oslo
1938:University of Oslo
1867:University of Koln
1611:Päts, Konstantin.
1340:University of Oslo
1335:"Study programmes"
1313:10.1057/hep.2010.9
1159:Nordisk familjebok
1014:University of Oslo
1006:Master of Theology
946:University of Oslo
919:University of Oslo
915:Aalborg University
683:
606:, abbreviated VN (
542:(abbreviated OTM;
530:(abbreviated OTK;
258:. You can help by
196:University of Oslo
39:
36:University of Oslo
1731:"Bachelor i jura"
1168:cite encyclopedia
1043:; abbreviated as
996:; abbreviated as
982:Master of Science
971:Master of Science
965:; abbreviated as
907:Aarhus University
889:; abbreviated as
838:; abbreviated as
816:Master of Science
808:political science
802:; abbreviated as
781:; abbreviated as
747:; abbreviated as
632:Soviet occupation
521:diploma privilege
471:; abbreviated as
439:; abbreviated as
392:; abbreviated as
376:; abbreviated as
327:magister's degree
317:; abbreviated as
276:
275:
214:The Low Countries
206:), and theology (
89:bachelor's degree
16:(Redirected from
2068:
2051:Master's degrees
2046:Academic degrees
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:. Archived from
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1831:"Studienordnung"
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1701:. 5 March 2020.
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1589:(in Norwegian).
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1496:
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