Canadian Museum of History

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occupies the mezzanine above the two galleries. The galleries are designed to showcase events and "turning points" in each respective era through the multimedia presentations and the artifacts on display. Each gallery is further organized into six separate "vignettes" that are thematically different, but interconnected with one another. The vignettes are primarily organized temporally, although some are specifically focused on a specific aspect of Canadian history. The exhibition takes a largely didactic approach with its subject and is particularly focused on the country's political and economic history, as well as the experience of Indigenous peoples. According to the exhibit team's head, David Morrison, Indigenous peoples and their relationship with newcomers will serve as an important overarching theme of Canadian History Hall.

864: 1327: 1292: 813: 43: 1164:. The gallery aimed to promote Canadian multiculturalism, having portrayed a social history that depicted a "march of immigrants" from east to west, and the success of different groups in Canada. However, these modules provided little in-depth consideration for pre-colonial Indigenous cultures, which were only explored in the museum's other exhibitions prior to Canada Hall's updates in the 2010s. The original design of Canada Hall recreated historical settings with period rooms and full-scale historical buildings incorporated into the exhibition; reflecting McLuhan's theories, and innovations adopted by entertainment pavilions like Disney's 34: 1006: 948: 895: 596: 1383: 1272: 1232: 698: 973:

Acting upon the task force's recommendation to establish partnerships with First Nation representatives whose cultures were being exhibited, an advisory committee of 15 Indigenous members was formed to help define the exhibition's thematic structure and messaging. As a result, exhibits in First Peoples Hall take a "multivocal" approach, where different perspectives can be distinguished within the exhibition; and explanatory fields like archaeology, ethnology and traditional Indigenous knowledge are juxtaposed, and contestatory with one another in some cases.

825: 730: 759: 1191: 982: 656: 1152: 924: 804:, while the southern public wing with its glass-fronted Grand Hall, was intended to evoke an image of a melting glacier. The southern wing's copper roof represents vegetation's recolonization of the lands once covered by glacial till. The copper roof is nearly 11,000 square metres (120,000 sq ft) and weighs approximately 90 tonnes. Both wings are curvaceous on their river sides to blend into their landscapes, although their street-side façade is more angular. 398:, was also hired by the museum in the following year to assist Sapir. The anthropology division was charged with the preservation of the cultural heritage of people in Canada and assembling objects related to these cultures. Under Sapir's direction, the institution's research initially focused on Aboriginal communities across Canada they believed were imperilled by rapid acculturation. The museum's first anthropological exhibits were organized by Sapir and his protege, 944:

and current issues. However, First Peoples Hall does have some space devoted to long-term exhibits. These long-term exhibits explore topics that are less subject to changing interpretations; like ancient history, Indigenous languages, and the history of the relationship between Indigenous and European cultures. The exhibition is organized into several sections, such as the "Ways of Knowing", "An Ancient Bond with the Land", and "The Arrival of Strangers".

507: 1604:, an administrative program that supports the development of online projects for museums and heritage organizations across Canada. The Virtual Museum of Canada was an online portal for virtual exhibits in Canada until 2020, when the Virtual Museum of Canada's website was decommissioned, and the project was reoriented into a support program. 631:; as well as elide problematic elements of Canadian history in favour of achievements. However, the museum contended that new exhibits planned for the museum will include a range of themes and topics, and will also explore the country's "dark episodes". The updated gallery was completed at approximately $ 30 million and was opened on 1288:

Geological Survey of Canada, with other parts of the collection having been acquired by government officials and missionaries working outside Ottawa. The collection continued to expand after the anthropology department was established in 1910, and the museum began a systematic program of documenting Indigenous cultures and lineages.

726:, to develop a symbol that "enshrined our cultures". As a result, the building was the first structure in the National Capital Region that incorporates Indigenous architectural designs. Cardinal's design for the building was largely influenced by his understanding of how geography helped shaped Canada's history and culture. 694:; with the portion of the property closest to Laurier Street at an elevation of 53.5 metres (176 ft), while the riverfront is at an elevation of 41 metres (135 ft). Because of the property's low elevation, the construction of the museum building was limited to the portion of the property closer to Laurier Street. 1638:; an Act that was later amended in 2014. The corporation adopted its current name in 2013. The Crown corporation was one of several that succeeded the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation, a Crown corporation that managed most of the country's national museums until its dissolution in 1988. 1283:

As of June 2021, the Canadian Museum of History's permanent collection includes more than three million artifacts, documents, works of art, and other specimens. This includes over one million photographs, 72,000 sound recordings and 18,000 films and videotapes. The collection takes up approximately 4

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of more than 3,000 stamps and includes every Canadian stamp issued since 1851. The stamp collection was housed at the Canadian Postal Museum until 2012 when the postal museum closed and its stamp collection relocated to the Canadian Museum of History. The Canadian Museum of History opened a permanent

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from Laurier Street. Considerations also needed to be taken to protect artifacts displayed in the building. Windows were triple-glazed and coated with a film that helps contain radiant heat and reduce solar ultraviolet rays, and the southern wing's Grand Hall was intentionally designed to face direct

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Collection. Approximately 950 documented artifacts from this collection are deposited at the Canadian Museum of History. Items from the collection at the Canadian Museum of History include 167 nurses' caps, dating from 1895 to 1983. In June 2005, the museum opened a temporary exhibition that focused

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The exhibition summarizes over 15,000 years of history and is divided into three era-centric galleries, Early Canada: From Earliest Times to 1763, Colonial Canada: 1763 to 1914, and Modern Canada: 1914 to the Present Day. The first two galleries are located on the same floor, while the third gallery

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The exhibition was designed to "deconstruct and supersede" histories that visitors are familiar with. Exhibits were designed to address issues of stereotyping Indigenous identity, and the diversity and cultural distinctiveness between Indigenous nations; with many of the exhibits linking identity to

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In addition to its permanent collection, the Canadian Museum of History also co-manages collections with other institutions. In July 1999, the museum entered an agreement with the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA), the Canadian War Museum, and the National Archives of Canada to create the Canadian

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The Canadian Children's Museum is Canada's largest exhibition centre designed specifically for children with over 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space. The museum uses more than 15,000 artifacts, props, and hands-on items for use in its exhibitions and programs. These items include

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with other Canadian historical exhibits were considered by the exhibition design team when plans were being made to move the museum in the 1980s. However, it was later decided to depict both topics as separate exhibitions, resulting in both exhibitions being planned by different teams with separate

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Permanent exhibitions include First Peoples Hall, Canadian History Hall, the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Stamp Collection, and two exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in the building's Grand Hall. First Peoples Hall is situated on the first floor of the

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The museum building has over 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) of exhibition space, more than any other museum in Canada. In addition to exhibition space, the building also contains three restaurants, a boutique store, and two live performance theatres, including a 500-seat theatre for

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The site includes a museum building with two wings. The two wings wrap around and are connected by a large hemispherical entrance plaza which contains its food services, lounge, library, and underground parking. The parkland and open space between the two wings are intended to represent the "plains

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The curatorial model used to develop the exhibition conformed to the suggestions provided in the 1992 recommendations from the federal Task Force on Museums and First Peoples. The content and messaging of First Peoples Hall were determined in consultation with indigenous communities across Canada.

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peoples. The exhibition occupies 3,300 square metres (35,000 sq ft) of space on the ground floor of the building. The hall contains more than 2,000 objects on display. Most of the exhibition space is devoted to changing exhibits, to keep up with contemporary views on traditional cultures

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The NCC placed several restrictions on the building design, that the building does not obstruct the view of the Ottawa River, and that the building does not obstruct delineated "viewing cones" of Parliament Hill from the Gatineau side of the river. Because of these restrictions, the buildings were

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received Royal Assent, which shifted the museum's mandate from developing a collection with a "special but not exclusive reference to Canada," to one that enhanced the knowledge of Canadian history and identity; and expanding the museum's focus to include social and political history. The Act also

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Canadian History Hall is an exhibition that explores Canadian history. Canadian History Hall is approximately 4,690 square metres (50,500 sq ft), and includes over 14 projectors and 58 screens used in the exhibition. The exhibition includes three galleries and a long curved walkway that

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The museum's collection of Indigenous items is the largest in Canada and is the only major collection with a national scope in the country. The museum also possesses the world's largest collection of totem poles. The Sacred Materials Project was created by the museum to help maintain Indigenous

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Canada Hall was closed to the public in September 2014 to enable renovations and significant updates to the exhibition. The exhibition reopened in 2017 significantly changed from its original design. Nearly all of the life-sized dioramas were dismantled as a part of the exhibition's update. St.

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The museum's permanent collection dates back to the collection established by the Geological Survey of Canada in the 1860s. The museum's collection of artifacts has expanded through the institution's research programs. The first collection representing Indigenous peoples was established by the

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The 75,000 square metres (810,000 sq ft) structure was designed by Douglas Cardinal. The building's infrastructure includes approximately 56,000 square metres (600,000 sq ft) of concrete, and 7,300 tonnes of steel. Cardinal sought to create form a "sculptural icon" for the

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In April 1972, the National Museum of Man established a Communications Division in order to provide media communications regarding the museum's education and information programs. During the 1970s, the staff of the institution adopted a philosophy that stressed public access to its heritage

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in 1856, which later expanded to include an anthropology division in 1910. In 1927, the institution was renamed the National Museum of Canada. The national museum was later split into several separate institutions in 1968, with the anthropology and human history departments forming the

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In 2018, the museum announced it would undertake a renewal project in January 2020. The museum announced the revamp would reflect how children play and learn, and will remove more dated exhibits from the exhibition, like the post office and telephone booth. It reopened in May 2022.

690:, the Ottawa River to the east, a paper production plant to the south, and Laurier Street to the west. The median of the property extends 235 metres (771 ft) from Laurier Street to the river. From Laurier Street, the property descends towards the Ottawa River at a 5.5 per cent 990:

serves as the entrance to the three galleries. The entrance walkway is decorated with 101 silhouettes of Canadian cultural symbols and activities, as well as national landmarks. Canadian History Hall's galleries centre around a hub that was designed by Douglas Cardinal to resemble

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of select items to their respective communities. The project provides funds for Indigenous representatives to view the museum's collections and discuss the repatriation of identified sacred items, as well as identify other objects in the collection that require ritualistic care.

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collection. Because the Victoria Memorial Museum building had insufficient space to exhibit the museum's growing collection, the museum's collection and staff were scattered across 17 buildings, with these buildings acting as decentralized units of the museum.

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and is symbolic of Indigenous life and history. In addition to the two permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall is also used to host other major events. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Grand Hall has also been used to host temporary exhibitions.

1684:. In 1968, the National Museum of Canada was split, with its human history departments forming the National Museum of Man. The National Museum of Man was later renamed the Canadian Museum of Civilization in 1986, and the Canadian Museum of History in 2013. 960:. Additionally, exhibits were designed to portray Indigenous peoples as living peoples in the modern world. Archaeological exhibits in First Peoples Hall are themed to reinforce the fact that the Indigenous peoples of Canada have occupied the land since 1418:

The museum's resource centre operates a library and archives. As of 2015, the museum's library has more than 60,000 books, over 2,000 journals and magazines, and over 1,000 DVDs, CDs, and video tapes. The museum's rare and old books collection includes

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The modular structure of the exhibits enables the museum to swap segments easier. The number of exhibits in the galleries may also expand, with the museum having reserved enough space to allow for the addition of new exhibits in the three galleries.

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to build a new building for the museum by 1896. Preliminary plans for a new building were drawn up by 1899, although work on the building did not begin until 1906. In the following year, management of the museum was handed over from the GSC to the

592:. Approximately 24,000 people from across nine Canadian cities were surveyed about the updates to the exhibition. The museum consulted a women's history committee, an indigenous history committee, and three historic time-period committees. 447:. Although the institutions were split, the National Museum of Man and the National Museum of Natural History continued to share the Victoria Memorial building; with the National Museum of Man occupying the western half of the building. 843:

designed with a low-profile, to avoid obscuring the view for buildings across the street. From certain angles, the building appears as two separate pavilions, with an opening between these two sections providing an unobstructed view of

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The building includes a cantilevered northern/curatorial wing and a southern wing that houses most of the museum's public facilities, including its galleries, and theatres. The curatorial wing was designed to evoke outcroppings of the

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in 1950. In 1965, the museum was split into two branches, one focused on natural history and another on human history. The mandate of the museum further expanded in the following decades, with the museum assuming the management of the

565:. The partnership saw artifacts leave China to be exhibited only at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. As a part of the agreement, the Canadian Museum of Civilization prepared Indigenous Canadian artifacts for its own exhibition, 1401:

Nursing History Collection. This collection includes over 9,000 photographs, 1,600 audiovisual materials, and over 35 metres (115 ft) of textual records from the CNA, the Nursing Sisters Association of Canada, and the

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On 1 April 1968, the branches of the National Museum of Canada were formally split into separate museums. The Canadian Museum of History originated from the human history branch of the museum, initially incorporated as the

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Architect Limited was named as the project's design architect, in association with Montreal-based architectural firm Tétreault, Parent, Languedoc et Associés. The design created by Cardinal was approved in 1983 by the

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at the time of first contact with the Americas. The exhibition concludes with contemporary issue exhibits, which explore recent clashes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada over land and resources.

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Water is drawn from the Ottawa River to heat and cool the building. The building's energy needs are met by two substations in Gatineau, with two additional backup generators also available if both substations fail.

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passed an act that enabled the GSC to establish a museum to exhibit items found from its geological and archaeological field trips; with the museum initially established in Montreal on Great St. James Street (now

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Canadian History Hall's predecessor, Canada Hall, opened as an inaugural exhibit at the museum in 1989. The original exhibition was divided into 23 modules that were arranged chronologically, beginning with the

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There are over 1,500 artifacts on display in Canadian History Hall. Historic artifacts include a 3,600 to 3,900 years old ivory carving believed to be the oldest representation of a human face found in Canada;

620:, a department of the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation that operated from within the institution was shut down in 2012 as a result of the museum's transition into the Canadian Museum of History. 776:

Cardinal sought to build a structure that appeared to be "flowing with the contours of the land," and simple lines and forms could be used to display the idea of movement. The building's design draws upon

262:, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related research. The museum is based in a 75,000-square-metre-building (810,000 sq ft) designed by 1445:

The museum's collection is used to support research in anthropology, archaeology, Indigenous people in Canada, linguistics, material culture, multicultural communities, social and political history and

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Some have criticized the new mandate and updating of Canada Hall as a part of a wider plan by the incumbent Conservative government to redirect public historical understanding to emphasize aspects of

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announced the ministry would provide $ 25 million to overhaul the museum and renovate Canada Hall. The government later announced plans to update and reopen the gallery in 2017, coinciding with the

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The museum's collection contains over three million artifacts and documents, with some on display in the museum's permanent exhibitions. The museum also hosts and organizes a number of temporary,

1596:'s portfolio. The museum is one of two national museums managed by the corporation, the other being the Canadian War Museum. The corporation also administers the Virtual Museum of New France, a 964:, and that Canadian history has a long and complex history preceding European colonization. Additionally, many of these archaeological exhibits are designed to confront the notion of Eurasian 1652: 875:

The museum hosts several permanent and temporary exhibitions on anthropology, ethnology, and history. Artifacts from the museum's collection are exhibited in these exhibitions. In addition,

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building, whereas the Canada Hall is situated on the third level of the building. First Peoples Hall is situated next to the Grand Hall, with its exhibitions located on the ground floor.

466:, including moving the National Museum of Man into a new structure. The plan was formally announced to the public in February 1982. After a study of potential locations saw four sites in 4627: 1466:

in partnership with the Canada Science and Technology Museum since the 1970s. The journal provides a forum for research on historical artifacts collected by Canadian museums.

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art, clothing, games, photographs, and toys. The museum includes an International Village, as well as Canadian-themed attractions that were added into the exhibition in 2007.

994:. The hub features a large 15.5 by 9.5 metres (51 ft × 31 ft) image of Canada on the floor. The image of Canada is made up of 121 satellite photos taken by the 915:

budgets. This decision was later reversed in 2017 when the museum reopened the Canadian History Hall exhibition with Indigenous exhibits incorporated throughout its exhibit.

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St. Onuphrius Church in Canadian History Hall in 2018. The early-20th-century Ukrainian church is the only remaining life-sized diorama from the former Canada Hall exhibit.

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over which mankind migrated" over millennia. A large staircase east of the entrance plaza descends to the museum's lower plaza and gardens adjacent to the riverside park.

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to 1914. Modern Canada explores Canada's recent history, up to the arrival of Syrian refugees in the 2010s. The latter two galleries provide detailed histories on the

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The building was designed to create an "ever-changing pattern" of shadows across the structure's surface, with most of the building's exterior lighting kept below 30

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Phillips, Ruth B.; Phillips, Mark Salber (2005). "Double take: Contesting time, place, and nation in the First Peoples Hall of the Canadian Museum of Civilization".

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Phillips, Ruth B. (2006). "Disrupting Past Paradigms: The National Museum of the American Indian and the First Peoples Hall at the Canadian Museum of Civilization".

1029:. The gallery includes Indigenous artifacts, narrative recounts of Indigenous interactions between Norse, English and French explorers, and detailed accounts on the 3879:

McGhee, Robert (1997). "Presenting Indigenous History: The First Peoples Hall at the Canadian Museum of Civilization". In Nicholas, George; Andrews, Thomas (eds.).

534:. The museum opened its new building in Gatineau in 1989. However, the building opened with only two permanent exhibitions, Canada Hall and the exhibitions on the 3491: 3959:

Richard, Mallory Allyson (2014). "The Colonial Past as "Usable History": Presenting Critical History in Museums". In Segall, Avner; Trofanenko, Brenda (eds.).

2347: 347:. In 1877, the museum mandate was formally expanded to include the study of modern fauna and flora, in addition to human history, languages, and traditions. 4034: 1315:

Collection. The Windfield Farm Collection was acquired by the museum in 2013 and contains documents, photographs, memorabilia and trophies, including the

4567: 3571: 549:; with the Canadian Museum of Civilization corporation formed on 1 July 1990 to manage the Canadian Museum of Civilization, and the Canadian War Museum. 2313: 1251:

and other artifacts. The exhibitions were developed as a collaboration between the museum's curators and Indigenous cultural specialists in the 1980s.

2207: 535: 3634: 1810:"Bill C-7: An Act to amend the Museums Act in order to establish the Canadian Museum of History and to make consequential amendments to other Acts" 523: 2275: 545:

was passed by the federal government, replacing the defunct National Museums of Canada Corporation and forming several new entities to manage the

4622: 4222: 1809: 443:). The National Museums of Canada Corporation was formed by the federal government in order to manage these national museums, in addition to the 3413: 1681: 331: 4182: 1223:. Stamps that are exhibited in the exhibition are showcased with artifacts that either inspired its creation or were used to make the stamp. 1025:

Early Canada explores provides a summary of Indigenous history prior to the arrival of the Europeans as well as early Canadian colonies like

478:(NCC) from the E.B Eddy Company in Gatineau was chosen as the site for the new museum; due to it already being public land, being linked to 4572: 3142: 3115: 2059: 3045: 2085:

Larade, Sharon; Pelletier, Johanne M. "Mediating in a Neutral Environment: Gender-Inclusive or Neutral Language in Archival Description".

378: 290:) the following year. In 2013, the museum adopted its current name, the Canadian Museum of History, and modified its mandate to emphasize 4146: 355: 3019: 1284:

kilometres (2.5 mi) of shelf space. Approximately 218,000 artifacts have been digitized and made accessible online by the museum.

490:, and incorporate it into the design of the capital region; while officials in Gatineau had similar desires to develop the area into an 4617: 4217: 435:. The natural history branch of the former National Museum of Canada became the National Museum of Natural Sciences (later renamed the 372: 4296: 4125: 1066: 1050: 3097: 4587: 4291: 4175: 4082: 4027: 170: 402:. Since this period, the museum had become a centre for Canadian anthropology, having attracted notable anthropologists including 4434: 3386: 1430: 709:

A pedestrian and cycling pathway is situated on the riverfront portion of the property, with the pathways continuing north into

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on this collection. In 2021, the Canadian Museum of History entered into an agreement to house and maintain artifacts from

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Opp, James (2001). "Exhibiting the sacred: Material objects, religious history, and the Canadian Museum of Civilization".

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Many of the exhibits that were designed in the 1980s for the new building were influenced by the director of the museum,

455: 4597: 4464: 4306: 4065: 3205: 3439: 1360: 538:, as budgetary shortfalls prevented the museum from opening the exhibitions it had originally planned for the museum. 4281: 3987: 3968: 3949: 3888: 3790: 3669: 3474: 906:, his personal admiration for Pacific Northwest Coast art and culture, and the communication theories of his mentor, 863: 581: 1326: 4286: 4250: 4130: 4070: 4052: 3178: 1304: 957: 439:), while the science and technology branch became the National Museum of Science and Technology (later renamed the 1676:

The following year was when the Geological Museum (later renamed the National Museum of Canada) was formed by the

4508: 4459: 4358: 4198: 3811:"Museums, Nation and Political History in the Australian National Museum and the Canadian Museum of Civilization" 3692: 1593: 1559: 1407: 1291: 3306: 3751: 1860: 4493: 4255: 4212: 2583: 2557: 2475: 2446: 2417: 2384: 2023: 1997: 1956: 1624: 1546: 1195: 1185: 644: 585: 659:

Aerial view of the site, with the curatorial wing in the foreground and the southern wing in the background.

4607: 4097: 1589: 911: 884: 306: 211: 94: 2169: 4536: 4271: 4245: 1677: 1379:. The ice hockey stick dates back to the mid-1830s and was acquired by the museum in 2015 for $ 300,000. 812: 589: 531: 475: 323: 270: 1239:

Grand Hall features two permanent exhibitions on the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast,

4592: 4454: 4449: 4316: 4109: 4043: 3359: 2967: 2504: 1657: 1459: 1074: 1010: 668: 546: 511: 463: 444: 368: 371:, with the mandate formally expanded to include anthropological studies. The new museum building, the 4301: 4104: 3492:"Diamond Jubilee: Queen's jewel-studded 'Maple Leaf' dress takes spotlight at Museum of Civilization" 1647: 1312: 1042: 624: 436: 1458:; on history, archaeology, and anthropology. The journal has been published in partnership with the 1176:

that was later relocated to the museum, is the only remaining life-sized diorama in the exhibition.

42: 1601: 1030: 636: 562: 2993: 2208:"The Canadian History Museum unveils its new depiction of Canada's story — all 15,000 years of it" 4486: 4424: 3846:"Good Intentions and the Public Good: Intangible cultural heritage in a Canadian national museum" 1616: 1342: 965: 932: 773:; with the material being selected because of its durability and its relationship with glaciers. 742:

digital projector. Before the installation of the Barco projector in 2016, the 3D theatre used a

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Brady, M.; Aronczyk, Melissa (2015). "Branding History at the Canadian Museum of Civilization".

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The corporation was established as the Canadian Museum of Civilization in June 1990 through the

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The entrance hub of Canadian History Hall, with a large map of Canada adorning its central area

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The museum's lower plaza. The staircase in the background leads to the museum's entrance plaza.

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Vitrines filled with items for a temporary exhibition at the National Museum of Canada in 1912

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phone, the first telephone to be designed and manufactured in Canada; cough syrup from the

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In an effort to avoid stereotypes in languages, the name of the museum was changed to the

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in 1986. In 1988, the institution absorbed the museum operated by the department of the

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In 1980, management of the National Museums of Canada Corporation is transferred to the

278:. The museum relocated to its present location in Gatineau in 1989 and adopted the name 2626: 1931: 1070: 769:

The building's exterior is clad with 30,000 square metres (320,000 sq ft) of

413:. Management of the National Museum is transferred from the Department of Mines to the 2849: 2314:"More than Canada150: The New Canadian History Hall at the Canadian Museum of History" 1611:. Trustees are appointed by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, with approval from the 991: 785:

when the landscape was largely uniform; with certain elements of the building evoking

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The museum is situated on a 9.6-hectare (23.7-acre) plot of land, formerly known as

494:. On 10 February 1983, the site for the new museum was announced to the public; and 375:, was also completed in 1910, although it was not opened to the public until 1911. 4469: 4429: 3928: 3907: 3857: 3822: 2618: 1923: 1451: 1376: 1215: 1120: 1014: 907: 898:

A Canadian History Hall exhibit that incorporates Indigenous topics in its content.

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exhibit from 1862 to 1863, showcasing stone implements and fragments of pottery by

263: 247: 243: 160: 4167: 1190: 981: 655: 4321: 4156: 1402: 1367:. The museum also contains a number of ice hockey artifacts, including game-used 1320: 1311:

The museum's permanent collection contains several smaller collections, like the

1090: 961: 844: 801: 403: 351: 283: 235: 227: 1927: 1057:, treaties signed between various Indigenous groups and the Crown, the push for 640: 510:

A plaque inside the museum commemorating the opening of the new building by the

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An exhibit in the "An Ancient Bond with the Land" section of First Peoples Hall

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in 1958, and its human history branch establishing a history division in 1964.

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First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization

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First Peoples of Canada: Masterworks from the Canadian Museum of Civilization

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The Canadian Museum of History originates from the collecting efforts of the

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is displayed along the curved wall of the Canadian History Hall's entrance.

358:; although space in the new facility soon proved to be inadequate, with the 4526: 4379: 3725:"Digital Museums Canada Decommissions the Virtual Museum of Canada Website" 1425: 1276: 1259: 1258:

was added to the domed ceiling of the Grand Hall. The mural was created by

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Onuphrius Church, an original early-20th-century Ukrainian church from the

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First Peoples Hall is an exhibition opened in 2003, that explores Canada's

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live performances. The building also has a 295-seat 3D theatre that uses a

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A World Inside: A 150-year History of the Canadian Museum of Civilization

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are occasionally held at the museum. The museum has also created several

789: 778: 3046:"Canadian Children's Museum gets new look, new theatre, new attractions" 1323:. The museum's collection of flags is also the largest in the country. 409:

In 1927, the museum division of the Department of Mines was renamed the

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List of museums with major collections in ethnography and anthropology

2913:"Canada's wrinkle in time: Museum puts new twist on national history" 1447: 1393: 1346: 1338: 1098: 793: 251: 3020:"Small visitors make for huge success at Canadian Children's Museum" 1337:

Other notable items in the museum's permanent collection includes a

486:. The site was also selected because the NCC had desired to develop 425: 4060: 3360:"Welcome to Argyle, Manitoba: Home to the Canadian Flag Collection" 2770: 2170:"Dive into the history of Canada at the Canadian Museum of History" 1525: 672: 327: 255: 82: 3206:"Former CEO of Aga Khan Museum to lead Canadian Museum of History" 940: 386:

Under the Department of Mines, the museum formally established an

1600:

and online exhibition of the Canadian Museum of History; and the

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Management of the corporation is conducted through an 11-member

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Canada's national museum on anthropology, ethnology, and history

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since 2012. The museum has also published the academic journal

1127:. There are 40 linear films shown at the exhibition, including 467: 259: 86: 3614: 3602: 3572:"World's oldest known hockey stick tells a very Canadian tale" 3333:"Storied racehorse Northern Dancer gets full museum treatment" 1891: 1615:. In turn, the board appoints the corporation's president and 2276:"Prince Charles and Camilla unveil new Canadian History Hall" 1165: 936: 786: 3961:

Beyond Pedagogy: Reconsidering the Public Purpose of Museums

3387:"Remembering an iconic Ottawa creation, the Contempra phone" 3160: 3158: 3156: 2238: 2121: 4343:

Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission

3465:

Long, David; Whitelaw, Gavin (2013). "Preparations Begin".

2320:. University of Saskatchewan & Huron University College 743: 3881:

At the Crossroads: Archaeology and First Peoples in Canada

3072:"Children's Museum seeks input as it plans major makeover" 2673: 2671: 2669: 1219:

exhibition for the collection in 2014 in partnership with

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styles to illustrate Canada's geography at the end of the

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Bates, Christina; Dodd, Dianne; Rousseau, Nicole (2005).

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The site is bounded by the western access point for the

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Signage outside the museum bearing its new name in 2016.

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The museum originated from a museum established by the

3116:"National stamp collection moves to Museum of History" 2794: 2782: 2725: 2710: 2226: 2136: 1435:

Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France

998:, that were stitched together to form a single image. 557:

In 2007, the museum organized a temporary exhibition,

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Physical museums with virtual catalogues and exhibits

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Anthropology, cultural, ethnology, and history museum

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On All Frontiers: Four Centuries of Canadian Nursing

3698:. Canadian Museum of History. 2020. pp. 18–22. 3078:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 October 2018 2176:. Francophone Heritage, Culture and Tourism Corridor 4197: 1709:"Organization Profile – Canadian Museum of History" 1105:'s hat; the table on which the proclamation of the 3940:Pilon, Jean-Luc; Prince, Nicholette, eds. (2013). 1333:are heraldic sculptures in the museum's collection 1013:in Canadian History Hall, with the sewing machine 482:, and because it was prominently visible from the 3780: 3620: 3608: 3596: 2532:"History Museum theatre upgrades into the future" 1627:. The corporation's mandate is defined under the 855:to allow viewers to see deeper shadows at night. 536:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 426:Museum of anthropology and history (1968–present) 4554: 3918: 3664:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 11. 2889:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 May 2017 2776: 2689: 1897: 524:Minister responsible for Canada Post Corporation 4223:Minister of Sport and Persons with Disabilities 2883:"A sneak peek inside the Canadian History Hall" 1859:Pontbriand, Pierre; Yarhi, Eli (24 July 2015). 1858: 1588:The Canadian Museum of History is managed by a 350:In 1881, the museum relocated from Montreal to 4338:Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board 4042: 3204:Leblanc, Daniel; Sweet, Kevin (22 June 2022). 1682:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada 746:projector and was branded as an IMAX theatre. 679:, and the first to be located adjacent to the 332:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada 326:(GSC), an organization established in 1842 in 4183: 4028: 3799: 3660:Blair, Jennifer; Allen, Thomas, eds. (2015). 3052:. Canadian Museum of History. 17 January 2007 2244: 2130: 1450:in Canada. The museum also publishes its own 1179: 3467:London's Big Day: The Coronation 60 Years On 3464: 3203: 2470: 2468: 2441: 2439: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1209: 722:country, encouraged by then-prime minister, 4147:Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography 3939: 3292: 3164: 2642: 2640: 2348:"Canada's many pasts will shape its future" 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2115: 2084: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1245:From Time Immemorial — Tsimshian Prehistory 733:The atrium adjacent to the museum's theatre 356:Former Geological Survey of Canada Building 317: 4568:Buildings and structures completed in 1989 4218:Minister of Diversity, Inclusion and Youth 4190: 4176: 4035: 4021: 3977: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3659: 3524:. Canadian Museum of History. 25 July 2011 3231: 3229: 3227: 3140: 3026:. Canadian Museum of History. 26 July 2007 2906: 2904: 2273: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 713:, a municipal park north of the property. 462:approved several plans concerning several 41: 32: 4297:Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 4126:Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 3861: 3826: 3808: 3179:"The Morning Star rises better than ever" 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2677: 2576: 2550: 2465: 2436: 2403: 2366: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2016: 1975: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1355:; ten large heraldic sculptures known as 1226: 1067:Canadian Indian residential school system 3897: 3749: 3411: 3384: 3357: 3262: 3260: 3258: 2809: 2788: 2731: 2719: 2637: 2611:Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 2294: 2262: 2188: 2153: 1942: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1381: 1325: 1290: 1270: 1230: 1189: 1150: 1119:'s guitar, and the sewing machine which 1004: 980: 976: 946: 922: 893: 862: 757: 728: 696: 654: 608:changed the institution's name from the 594: 505: 377: 3958: 3843: 3678: 3632: 3542: 3489: 3339:. The Globe and Mail. 27 September 2013 3224: 3176: 2954: 2942: 2910: 2901: 2833: 2704: 2256: 2232: 2147: 2042: 1909: 1885: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1703: 1701: 1413: 1396:, on display in the museum's Grand Hall 458:. The following year in June 1981, the 415:Department of Resources and Development 4623:Canadian Museum of History Corporation 4555: 4520:Former Canadian Heritage organizations 3878: 3122:. Metroland Media Group. 21 March 2014 2868: 2844: 2842: 2821: 2764: 2499: 2497: 2345: 2332: 2205: 2103: 1807: 1792: 1727: 1514:National Museums of Canada Corporation 1146: 927:Exhibits at First Peoples Hall in 2018 4364:Canadian Heritage Information Network 4171: 4016: 3809:Dean, David; Rider, Peter E. (2005). 3569: 3304: 3255: 2911:Leblanc, Daniel (29 September 2016). 2311: 2057: 1279:funerary box from museum's collection 1035:disease within Indigenous populations 918: 4277:Canada Science and Technology Museum 4076:Canada Science and Technology Museum 3543:Scanlan, Wayne (15 September 2017). 3358:Campbell, Shayne (8 December 2021). 3177:Simpson, Peter (15 September 2014). 3141:McClelland, Siobhan (27 July 2015). 2312:Laugs, Christoph (20 October 2017). 1827: 1698: 1431:Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix 1241:First Peoples of the Northwest Coast 441:Canada Science and Technology Museum 4573:Canadian federal Crown corporations 3982:. Canadian Museum of Civilization. 3978:Vodden, Christy; Dyck, Ian (2006). 3212:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2856:. Northern Lights Productions. 2020 2839: 2751:. Canadian Museum of History. 2021. 2608: 2529: 2511:. Douglas Cardinal Architects. 2021 2494: 2447:"Exterior Features and Landscaping" 1808:Dewing, Michael (28 October 2013). 1715:. Government of Canada. 13 May 2020 1214:The Canadian Stamp Collection is a 1162:Norse colonization of North America 762:The building's exterior, clad with 13: 4307:Canadian Race Relations Foundation 4066:Canada Agriculture and Food Museum 3774: 3385:Deachman, Bruce (15 August 2018). 3307:"Downtown Ottawaback on the radar" 3237:"Information About the Collection" 3149:. Canadian Geographic Enterprises. 2590:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2564:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2482:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2453:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2424:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2391:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2058:Payne, Elizabeth (16 April 2017). 2030:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 2004:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 1963:. Canadian Museum of History. 2004 1375:, and the world's oldest existing 1131:, a film that illustrates how the 530:collection was transferred to the 193:Canadian Museum of History network 14: 4639: 4618:Postmodern architecture in Canada 4282:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3997: 3802:Canadian Journal of Communication 3750:Bothwell, Robert (4 March 2015). 3412:Lederman, Marsha (13 June 2020). 1957:"The Need For New Accommodations" 1619:. The corporation reports to the 1303:sacred items, and facilitate the 910:. Merging exhibits detailing the 394:in 1910. Another anthropologist, 373:Victoria Memorial Museum Building 4287:Canadian Museum for Human Rights 4251:National Battlefields Commission 4131:Canadian Museum for Human Rights 4071:Canada Aviation and Space Museum 2274:Ballingall, Alex (1 July 2017). 1363:worn by Elizabeth II during her 958:Indigenous land claims in Canada 823: 811: 390:division under the direction of 288:Musée canadien des civilisations 4588:First Nations museums in Canada 4359:Canadian Conservation Institute 4199:Department of Canadian Heritage 3944:. University of Toronto Press. 3743: 3717: 3653: 3626: 3621:Bates, Dodd & Rousseau 2005 3609:Bates, Dodd & Rousseau 2005 3597:Bates, Dodd & Rousseau 2005 3570:Adams, James (9 January 2015). 3563: 3536: 3510: 3483: 3458: 3432: 3405: 3378: 3351: 3325: 3298: 3197: 3170: 3134: 3108: 3090: 3064: 3038: 3012: 2986: 2960: 2737: 2602: 2530:Cox, Aidan (29 February 2016). 2523: 2078: 1594:Department of Canadian Heritage 1135:believed the earth was formed. 667:. The museum site is the first 610:Canadian Museum of Civilization 552: 520:Canadian Museum of Civilization 280:Canadian Museum of Civilization 3785:. University of Ottawa Press. 3756:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 3731:. Digital Museums Canada. 2022 3633:Saelhof, Todd (30 June 2021). 3490:Boswell, Randy (2 June 2012). 1903: 1865:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 1670: 1578:Canadian Museum of History Act 1266: 1254:In 1993, a large mural titled 858: 848:sunlight only in the morning. 605:Canadian Museum of History Act 354:to what is now referred to as 1: 4563:1856 establishments in Canada 4494:Canadian Multiculturalism Act 4256:National Film Board of Canada 4213:Minister of Canadian Heritage 2206:Foster, Ally (28 June 2017). 1910:Neilson, Leighann C. (2003). 1691: 1625:Minister of Canadian Heritage 1547:Minister of Canadian Heritage 1469: 1386:The original plaster for the 1235:Exhibitions in the Grand Hall 645:minister of Canadian Heritage 586:minister of Canadian Heritage 339:). The museum held its first 4098:Virtual Museum of New France 3752:"National Museums of Canada" 3274:. Canadian Museum of History 3243:. Canadian Museum of History 3000:. Canadian Museum of History 2777:Phillips & Phillips 2005 2690:Phillips & Phillips 2005 2654:. Canadian Museum of History 2505:"Canadian Museum of History" 2346:Taylor, Kate (7 July 2017). 2024:"Selection of the Architect" 1898:Phillips & Phillips 2005 1861:"Canadian Museum of History" 1780:. Canadian Museum of History 1480:Musée canadien de l’histoire 1408:Canada's Sports Hall of Fame 1298:on exhibit in the Grand Hall 1085:coat; and handcuffs worn by 912:Indigenous peoples of Canada 885:Virtual Museum of New France 456:Department of Communications 406:after the Second World War. 307:Virtual Museum of New France 232:Musée canadien de l’histoire 212:Virtual Museum of New France 65:; 168 years ago 26:Musée canadien de l'histoire 25: 7: 4603:Museums established in 1856 4537:National Capital Commission 4272:Canada Council for the Arts 4246:Library and Archives Canada 3662:Material Cultures in Canada 3366:. Reader’s Digest Magazines 3305:Mundy, Jane (27 May 2019). 1928:10.1177/0276146703023001007 1678:Geological Survey of Canada 1641: 1592:of the same name under the 1440: 1345:; the original plaster for 1041:. Colonial Canada explores 836:Exterior view of the museum 753: 716: 590:150th anniversary of Canada 532:National Archives of Canada 476:National Capital Commission 324:Geological Survey of Canada 271:Geological Survey of Canada 144:Caroline Dromaguet (acting) 47:The museum from across the 10: 4644: 4613:National museums of Canada 4583:Douglas Cardinal buildings 4352:Special operating agencies 4317:National Gallery of Canada 4292:Canadian Museum of History 4110:National Gallery of Canada 4088:Canadian Museum of History 4083:Canadian Museum of History 4044:National museums of Canada 2623:10.1177/000842980103000306 2476:"Cardinal's Design Vision" 1658:National museums of Canada 1475:Canadian Museum of History 1460:University of Ottawa Press 1196:Canadian Children's Museum 1186:Canadian Children's Museum 1183: 1180:Canadian Children's Museum 1075:multiculturalism in Canada 1011:Great Canadian flag debate 867:A temporary exhibition on 614:Canadian Museum of History 561:, in partnership with the 547:national museums of Canada 512:governor general of Canada 464:national museums of Canada 445:National Gallery of Canada 312: 224:Canadian Museum of History 202:Canadian Museum of History 171:Canadian Museum of History 20:Canadian Museum of History 4598:History museums in Quebec 4532:Public Service Commission 4519: 4478: 4397: 4372: 4351: 4330: 4302:Canadian Museum of Nature 4264: 4238: 4231: 4205: 4139: 4118: 4105:Canadian Museum of Nature 4050: 3933:10.1525/aa.2005.107.4.694 3693:"Annual Report 2019–2020" 3147:www.canadiangeographic.ca 2418:"Architectural Symbolism" 2245:Brady & Aronczyk 2015 2131:Brady & Aronczyk 2015 1916:Journal of Macromarketing 1648:List of museums in Ottawa 1590:federal Crown corporation 1565: 1555: 1535: 1521: 1507: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1210:Canadian Stamp Collection 1051:post-Confederation Canada 1043:Canada under British rule 625:Canadian military history 474:. A site acquired by the 437:Canadian Museum of Nature 411:National Museum of Canada 197: 192: 176: 166: 156: 148: 140: 132: 93: 77: 59: 55: 40: 31: 24: 4331:Administrative tribunals 3912:10.1525/tph.2006.28.2.75 3844:Laforet, Andrea (2014). 1680:, through an Act of the 1663: 1602:Virtual Museum of Canada 1089:prior to his execution; 1031:North American fur trade 818:Curatorial/northern wing 669:Canadian national museum 637:Charles, Prince of Wales 563:National Museum of China 318:Early museum (1856–1968) 4385:Anti-Racism Secretariat 4053:National Capital Region 3921:American Anthropologist 3576:www.theglobeandmail.com 3440:"Spirit of Haida Gwaii" 3418:www.theglobeandmail.com 3337:www.theglobeandmail.com 3293:Pilon & Prince 2013 3165:Pilon & Prince 2013 2994:"St. Onuphirius Church" 2968:"Canadian History Hall" 2917:www.theglobeandmail.com 2850:"Canadian History Hall" 2558:"Meeting the Challenge" 2352:www.theglobeandmail.com 2214:. Hill Times Publishing 2116:Pilon & Prince 2013 1815:. Library of Parliament 1617:chief executive officer 1464:Material Culture Review 1343:1918 influenza pandemic 1247:. The exhibits include 966:technological supremacy 677:National Capital Region 650: 480:Confederation Boulevard 360:Royal Society of Canada 4509:Official Languages Act 4152:Canadian Postal Museum 3446:. Art Canada Institute 3120:The Hamilton Spectator 1495:; 34 years ago 1397: 1369:National Hockey League 1334: 1299: 1280: 1236: 1227:Grand Hall exhibitions 1198: 1156: 1108:Constitution Act, 1982 1065:, the world wars, the 1063:Canadian Confederation 1059:responsible government 1047:conquest of New France 1022: 1017:used to sew the first 986: 952: 928: 899: 877:travelling exhibitions 872: 766: 734: 702: 660: 618:Canadian Postal Museum 603:In December 2013, the 600: 515: 433:National Museum of Man 383: 287: 276:National Museum of Man 231: 4460:Official bilingualism 4239:Departmental agencies 3729:www.digitalmuseums.ca 2678:Dean & Rider 2005 2282:. Torstar Corporation 1508:Preceding Corporation 1389:Spirit of Haida Gwaii 1385: 1365:royal tours of Canada 1352:Spirit of Haida Gwaii 1329: 1294: 1274: 1234: 1193: 1154: 1008: 996:Canadian Space Agency 984: 977:Canadian History Hall 950: 926: 897: 871:at the museum in 2012 866: 761: 732: 700: 671:to be located on the 658: 598: 509: 381: 117:45.42972°N 75.70889°W 4435:Fundamental freedoms 4312:National Arts Centre 3900:The Public Historian 3883:. pp. 235–239. 3828:10.29311/mas.v3i1.63 3578:. The Globe and Mail 3522:www.historymuseum.ca 3420:. The Globe and Mail 3364:www.readersdigest.ca 3272:www.historymuseum.ca 3241:www.historymuseum.ca 3050:www.historymuseum.ca 3024:www.historymuseum.ca 2998:www.historymuseum.ca 2974:. GSM Projects. 2020 2919:. The Globe and Mail 2749:www.historymuseum.ca 2745:"First Peoples Hall" 2652:www.historymuseum.ca 2648:"Online Exhibitions" 2588:www.historymuseum.ca 2562:www.historymuseum.ca 2509:www.djcarchitect.com 2480:www.historymuseum.ca 2451:www.historymuseum.ca 2422:www.historymuseum.ca 2389:www.historymuseum.ca 2385:"Architectural Form" 2354:. The Globe and Mail 2028:www.historymuseum.ca 2002:www.historymuseum.ca 1961:www.historymuseum.ca 1778:www.historymuseum.ca 1621:Parliament of Canada 1536:Minister responsible 1485:Corporation overview 1414:Library and archives 1111:was signed by Queen 711:Jacques-Cartier Park 559:Treasures from China 337:Saint Jacques Street 81:100 Laurier Street, 4608:Museums in Gatineau 4093:Canadian War Museum 3641:. Postmedia Network 3551:. Postmedia Network 3498:. Postmedia Network 3393:. Postmedia Network 3313:. Postmedia Network 3185:. Postmedia Network 2538:. Postmedia Network 2066:. Postmedia Network 1613:Governor-in-Council 1476: 1147:Pre-2017 exhibition 904:George F. MacDonald 783:Last Glacial Period 420:Canadian War Museum 369:Department of Mines 207:Canadian War Museum 122:45.42972; -75.70889 113: / 21: 4265:Crown corporations 3963:. pp. 37–56. 3815:Museum and Society 3758:. Historica Canada 3102:ottawa.citynews.ca 2779:, p. 700–701. 1867:. Historica Canada 1774:"History Timeline" 1713:appointments.gc.ca 1474: 1421:Paul-Émile Borduas 1398: 1357:The Queen's Beasts 1335: 1331:The Queen's Beasts 1300: 1281: 1237: 1199: 1157: 1071:Quebec nationalism 1023: 1009:An exhibit on the 987: 953: 929: 919:First Peoples Hall 900: 881:online exhibitions 873: 767: 735: 703: 661: 601: 516: 384: 364:federal government 303:online exhibitions 19: 4593:Museums in Ottawa 4550: 4549: 4504:(cultural policy) 4393: 4392: 4165: 4164: 3863:10.7202/1037608ar 3549:ottawacitizen.com 3469:. History Press. 3391:ottawacitizen.com 3183:ottawacitizen.com 2536:ottawacitizen.com 2212:www.hilltimes.com 2174:corridorcanada.ca 2064:ottawacitizen.com 1609:board of trustees 1586: 1585: 1560:Canadian Heritage 1556:Parent department 1543:Steven Guilbeault 1493:June 1, 1990 1174:Canadian Prairies 580:In October 2012, 501:Cabinet of Canada 460:cabinet of Canada 292:Canadian identity 220: 219: 4635: 4487:Broadcasting Act 4455:National museums 4450:Multiculturalism 4415:Canadian symbols 4236: 4235: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4119:In other regions 4037: 4030: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006:Official website 3993: 3974: 3955: 3936: 3915: 3894: 3875: 3865: 3856:(1–2): 235–257. 3840: 3830: 3805: 3796: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3697: 3689: 3676: 3675: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3518:"Royal Wardrobe" 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688:Alexandra Bridge 496:Douglas Cardinal 362:petitioning the 264:Douglas Cardinal 248:cultural studies 244:Canadian history 188: 185: 183: 161:Douglas Cardinal 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 73: 71: 66: 45: 36: 22: 18: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4542:Status of Women 4515: 4474: 4465:Performing arts 4389: 4368: 4347: 4326: 4322:Telefilm Canada 4260: 4227: 4201: 4196: 4166: 4161: 4157:Discovery Train 4135: 4114: 4046: 4041: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3990: 3971: 3952: 3891: 3793: 3777: 3775:Further reading 3772: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3679: 3672: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3330: 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In 1856 the 319: 316: 314: 311: 218: 217: 215: 214: 209: 204: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 184:.historymuseum 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 97: 91: 90: 79: 75: 74: 61: 57: 56: 53: 52: 46: 38: 37: 29: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4640: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501:Copyright Act 4498: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 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3746: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3671:9781771120159 3667: 3663: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3476:9780752497556 3472: 3468: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3295:, p. 15. 3294: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3167:, p. 16. 3166: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2957:, p. 44. 2956: 2951: 2945:, p. 38. 2944: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2836:, p. 45. 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2812:, p. 77. 2811: 2810:Phillips 2006 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2791:, p. 79. 2790: 2789:Phillips 2006 2785: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2734:, p. 76. 2733: 2732:Phillips 2006 2728: 2722:, p. 75. 2721: 2720:Phillips 2006 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 50. 2706: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2680:, p. 36. 2679: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2259:, p. 55. 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1937: 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