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443:. Lyon's men occupied the capital without resistance and pursued Jackson with approximately 1,400 volunteers and US Army regulars. Against the advice of his senior officers, Jackson exercised his authority as commander-in-chief and ordered the State Guard to make a stand at Boonville. In the resulting
370:
Rumors spread throughout the city that the
Germans were planning to murder the American population of the city; many wealthy St. Louisans fled to Illinois or the Missouri interior. Martial law was imposed, and with the arrival of federal regulars to relieve the German volunteers, the violence came to
366:
newspaper in St. Louis, remarked in his memoirs that he gave several of his men leave to visit their families on the morning of May 11 and that "Most of them did not return... until it grew dark, with clothing torn, faces beaten bloody, and all the signs of having suffered mistreatment... Two of them
400:
Sterling Price as its commander. Unionists described the bill as a "secession act in all but name." Critics also observed that since it stated that all adult men were to be considered reserves of the State Guard and granted the governor vast powers as commander of the Guard, it made
Jackson dictator
344:
Secessionist leader
General Frost reported that his command was "deprived of their arms, and surrendered into the hands of Captain Lyon. After which, whilst thus disarmed and surrounded, a fire was opened upon a portion of it by his troops, and a number of my men put to death, together with several
332:
and ordered to disperse. But the long march was seen as humiliating by pro-secession residents of the city. Angry secessionists shouted insults at the Union troops and threw rocks and debris at them. Units composed predominantly of ethnic
Germans were particularly targeted, with shouts of "Damn the
324:
Lyon suspected the Camp
Jackson forces of conspiring to attack the arsenal. His suspicions were confirmed by personal investigation after he visited Camp Jackson, allegedly disguised as an older woman. On May 10, Lyon marched on Camp Jackson with about 6,000 Missouri Volunteers and U.S. Regulars.
484:
Some
Missourians had attempted to find a compromise as "Conditional Unionists," who opposed secession but with conditions: slavery would not be interfered with, and no "coercion" or military force be used against the seceding states of the Confederacy. After the Camp Jackson affair, many of the
431:
On June 11, Lyon met with
Jackson, Price, and their aides at the Planter's House hotel in St. Louis. They argued for four hours (much of it over Jackson's powers under the "Military Bill") before Lyon abruptly ended the meeting by declaring, "Rather than concede to the State of Missouri for one
106:
them. En route, hostile secessionist crowds gathered and began throwing rocks and shouting ethnic slurs at Lyon's regiments, and after an accidental gunshot, Lyon's men fired into the mob, killed at least 28 civilians, and injured dozens of others. Several days of rioting throughout St. Louis
387:
Governor
Jackson had previously proposed a "Military Bill," which would put the state on a war footing, create a new state military force, and grant the Governor broad executive powers. The bill had stalled at first, but on May 11, the day after the Camp Jackson affair, it was passed by the
432:
single instant the right to dictate to my government in any matter however important, I would see you, and you, and you, and you, and every man, woman, and child in the State, dead and buried! This means war. In an hour one of my officers will call on you and conduct you out of my lines."
336:
This eventually led to gunfire. Exactly what provoked the shooting remains unclear, but the most common explanation is that a drunkard stumbled into the path of Lyon's marching soldiers and fired a pistol into their ranks, fatally wounding
Captain Constantin Blandowski of the
408:, which left the federal military in charge of St. Louis and allowed Price's state militia to maintain order in the rest of the state. Many Missouri Unionists considered the agreement a capitulation to Jackson and the secessionists and lobbied President
480:
issues all played roles in provoking the Camp
Jackson affair. The incident immediately polarized the state between Union and Confederate supporters. Previously, most Missourians had advocated neutrality, but many were now forced to take sides.
259:
but privately supported secession. Since the Constitutional Convention had voted against secession, Jackson and his fellow secessionists decided to carry it out by seizing St. Louis by force and presenting the people of Missouri with a
149:
to amend the state constitution and decide the issue of secession. On March 21, the Convention voted 98 to 1 against secession but also voted not to supply weapons or men to either side if war broke out. The Convention then adjourned.
412:
for Harney's removal from command. Unionists outside St. Louis reported harassment by secessionists, despite Harney's implicit understanding that the Missouri State Guard would protect them, and many fled to St. Louis for refuge.
226:
By order of the War Department, Lyon's next action was to move the arms held in the St. Louis Arsenal out of reach of Missouri secessionists. Early in the morning of April 26, 1861, nearly 21,000 rifles were loaded on the steamer
110:
Lyon's actions ensured Union control of St. Louis and Missouri for the rest of the war but also deepened the ideological divisions within a state that had initially sought to remain neutral in the larger conflict.
808:
Civil War reenactors of the Turner Brigade of Missouri Volunteers. They include elements of the 1st Missouri Light Artillery, direct descendants of the 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry, which participated in Camp
423:
from St. Louis, as well as a recently-promoted colonel. Lincoln authorized him to relieve Harney at his discretion. On May 30, Blair relieved Harney and permanently replaced him with Lyon. Lyon was promoted to
102:. That led to him and his regiments, consisting mostly of pro-Union German immigrants, marching into St. Louis and capturing the rebels. After capturing the entire unit, Lyon marched the captives into town to
285:. The militia set up "Camp Jackson", about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of the arsenal. The campsite was located at Lindell's Grove (then outside the city of St. Louis, and today part of the campus of
454:
The Constitutional Convention reconvened on July 22 and declared the office of Governor vacant because of Jackson's absence. The Convention then voted to appoint former Chief Justice of the
348:
The incident sparked several days of civil unrest in St. Louis. On May 11, Volunteers were fired upon from windows at 5th and Walnut streets; they returned fire at the mob. Colonel
341:. The Volunteers, in reaction, fired over the heads of the crowd, and then into the crowd. Some 28 civilians were killed, including women and children; more than 75 were wounded.
1476:
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549:
movement in St. Louis. Despite his Polish ethnicity, he was embraced by the German-American community as a martyr and a symbol of ethnic-German devotion to the Union.
207:"Missouri Volunteers," an action that had been ordered by the Secretary of War but not acted upon by Harney. Most of Lyon's early recruits were "Forty-Eighters" and "
558:
20 of the 99 members of the Constitutional Convention were not present since they had retreated to the southwest with Jackson and so did not participate in the vote.
498:
447:
on June 17, Lyon's troops routed the State Guard. Jackson, the State Guard, and a few secessionist state legislators escaped to southwest Missouri, near the
130:
Nevertheless, by early 1861, both pro- and anti-secession factions in Missouri were organizing military and paramilitary forces. Secessionists organized as "
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189:, with its headquarters at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis. Harney, an elderly career officer, wished to avoid open conflict with secessionist forces.
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353:
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131:
439:. Lyon delivered federal troops by steamboat to Jefferson City on June 12, and Jackson fled west to join newly-assembled State Guard troops near
281:. Around May 1, Jackson called out part of the Missouri Volunteer Militia for "maneuvers" near St. Louis, under the command of Brigadier General
138:
enrolled five companies of St. Louis-area Minutemen as the new 2nd Regiment of the Missouri Volunteer Militia. The same month, a new law banned
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304:, 500 muskets, and ammunition in crates marked as Tamoroa marble. The Confederates had captured these munitions when they seized the Federal
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308:. Militia officers met the shipment at the St. Louis riverfront and transported it to Camp Jackson, 6 miles (9.7 km) inland.
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William S. Harney was reinstated as Commander of the Western District and met with Price on May 21. They signed the
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Lyon placed the captured soldiers under arrest and began marching them under guard to the arsenal, where they were
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216:
531:, on the German side of the Russo-German frontier. He received his military training in Germany, served with the
193:
165:, and stole about 1000 rifles and muskets. This sparked fears that Confederates would also seize the much larger
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as acting commander. Lyon, a passionate Unionist, immediately began enlisting and arming St. Louis Unionists as
107:
followed. The violence ended only after martial law had been imposed and Union regulars dispatched to the city.
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immigrants. Pro-slavery native-born Missourians prejudicially targeted the anti-slavery foreign-born Germans.
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and asked for heavy artillery to breach the walls of the arsenal. His letter was carried by militia officers
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266:. The most significant obstacle was the St. Louis Arsenal, which was heavily fortified with thick walls.
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activity outside the framework of that militia, which forced pro-Union activists to organize in secret.
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219:. According to one estimate, 80% of the volunteers in the first Missouri Volunteer regiments were
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123:, and many of its leaders were Southern sympathizers who favored secession and joining the
742:. Translated by Rowan, Steven. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press. p. 303.
8:
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182:
72:
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689:. North's Civil War. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Fordham University Press.
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425:
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162:
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485:"Conditional Unionists" became full Confederate supporters, such as former Governor
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Although usually described as "German", Blandowski was ethnically Polish, born in
51:
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409:
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55:"Terrible Tragedy at St. Louis, Mo.", wood engraving originally published in the
134:" and were often assisted by state officials. On February 13, Brigadier General
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when the Civil War began. However, only a minority initially favored secession.
103:
1255:
1224:
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95:
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regiment captured a unit of secessionists at Camp Jackson, outside the city of
578:
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807:
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36:
23:
722:
Report of Brig. Gen. Daniel M Frost, Missouri State Militia, May 11, 1861,
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581:"The Role of the Negro in Missouri History, 1719-1970: Slavery in Missouri"
739:
Memoirs of a nobody: the Missouri years of an Austrian radical, 1849-1866
208:
84:
543:
76:
80:
476:, mistrust of the federal government, fears for and of slavery, and
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239:. The remainder were held for issue to Lyon's Missouri Volunteers.
236:
94:
The newly appointed Union commander in Missouri, Brigadier General
88:
316:
139:
325:
Lyon forced the surrender of the militia, taking 669 prisoners.
329:
383:
Monument to Nathaniel Lyon with the arsenal in the background
451:
border, which left most of the state under federal control.
618:. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Civil War Museum. Archived from
269:
In mid-April 1861, Jackson wrote to Confederate President
292:
Davis agreed to Jackson's request. On May 9, the steamer
651:
649:
579:
Dr. Lorenzo J. Greene; Antonio F. Holland; Gary Kremer.
251:
had been elected in 1860 on the ticket of the pro-Union
857:
499:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
428:
and assigned command of all Union forces in Missouri.
786:. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press.
646:
612:"The role of German immigrants in civil war Missouri"
539:. After emigrating to the U.S., he was active in the
1477:
United States military killing of American civilians
1432:
Riots and civil unrest during the American Civil War
764:
General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West
535:, and fought for the Hungarian rebels in the failed
367:
never returned and they were never heard of again."
686:Melting pot soldiers: the Union's ethnic regiments
736:Börnstein, Heinrich (1997). Rowan, Steven (ed.).
1408:
345:innocent lookers-on--men, women, and children."
585:Official Manual - State of Missouri, 1973-1974
419:was a well-known Republican leader and former
843:
820:Missouri Civil War Museum discussion of the
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172:
850:
836:
1487:White American riots in the United States
735:
667:
435:Jackson returned to the state capital at
1467:Massacres committed by the United States
672:(master's thesis). St. Louis University.
378:
315:
211:," a marching society formed during the
185:that was commanded by Brigadier General
50:
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655:
643:, University of Kansas Press, 2001, p93
242:
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682:
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1462:Riots and civil disorder in Missouri
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709:Sandie Grassino and Art Schuermann,
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587:. Lincoln University. Archived from
153:On April 20, several days after the
1482:Massacres of the American Civil War
783:Frank Blair: Lincoln's Conservative
504:St. Louis in the American Civil War
296:delivered the Confederate aid: two
157:, a pro-Confederate mob seized the
145:On February 28, Missouri elected a
13:
1427:Missouri in the American Civil War
859:Missouri in the American Civil War
801:
509:Missouri in the American Civil War
464:Provisional Government of Missouri
75:on May 10, 1861, when a volunteer
16:Massacre during American Civil War
14:
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470:recognized Gamble's government.
231:, which carried them across the
181:, a geographical command of the
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354:2nd Missouri Volunteer Infantry
339:3rd Missouri Volunteer Infantry
1472:1861 in the American Civil War
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1:
1452:History of racism in Missouri
780:Parrish, Warren Earl (1998).
670:The Camp Jackson Affair, 1861
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114:
668:Covington, James W. (1943).
537:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
374:
100:federal arsenal in St. Louis
7:
1437:Secession crisis of 1860–61
925:Price's Missouri Expedition
683:Burton, William L. (1998).
492:
311:
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824:, its origins and effects.
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726:, Series 1, Volume 3, p.7.
458:and conservative Unionist
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57:New York Illustrated News
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177:Missouri was within the
173:Initial Unionist actions
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883:Harney–Price Convention
878:Capture of Camp Jackson
289:on Lindell Boulevard).
37:38.636551°N 90.236721°W
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468:Lincoln administration
456:Missouri Supreme Court
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179:Department of the West
71:, occurred during the
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963:Battle of Dug Springs
822:Camp Jackson Incident
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460:Hamilton Rowan Gamble
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356:and publisher of the
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249:Claiborne Fox Jackson
196:replaced Harney with
155:Battle of Fort Sumter
69:Camp Jackson massacre
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42:38.636551; -90.236721
1442:History of St. Louis
724:War of the Rebellion
394:Missouri State Guard
392:, which created the
359:Anzeiger des Westens
287:St. Louis University
243:Secessionist actions
67:, also known as the
641:Civil War St. Louis
639:Gerties, Louis S.,
591:on 15 December 2018
462:as Governor of the
445:Battle of Boonville
421:U.S. Representative
352:, commander of the
306:Baton Rouge Arsenal
302:32-pound siege guns
65:Camp Jackson affair
33: /
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814:2013-05-16 at the
711:Jefferson Barracks
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610:Williams, Scott.
426:brigadier general
279:Basil Wilson Duke
233:Mississippi River
192:On April 23, the
187:William S. Harney
167:St. Louis Arsenal
163:Liberty, Missouri
83:, in the divided
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283:Daniel M. Frost
271:Jefferson Davis
255:faction of the
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159:Liberty Arsenal
136:Daniel M. Frost
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1161:2nd Newtonia
1069:Clark's Mill
1064:Island Mound
1059:1st Newtonia
1039:Moore's Mill
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1213:Confederate
1175:Involvement
1136:Little Blue
1100:Chalk Bluff
899:Confederacy
417:Frank Blair
209:Wide Awakes
125:Confederacy
121:slave state
85:slave state
40: /
1417:1861 riots
1411:Categories
1334:Cemeteries
1044:Kirksville
1034:New Madrid
892:Combatants
626:2011-01-10
566:References
544:Turnverein
294:J. C. Swan
205:home guard
115:Background
77:Union Army
28:90°14′12″W
25:38°38′12″N
1309:Newtonia
1305:Lexington
1278:memorials
1269:Aftermath
1197:St. Louis
1187:Centralia
1090:Hartville
1054:Lone Jack
953:Cole Camp
948:Boonville
913:Campaigns
441:Boonville
375:Aftermath
132:Minutemen
81:St. Louis
1384:Category
1290:Carthage
1151:Westport
1146:Big Blue
958:Carthage
812:Archived
616:mcwm.org
595:22 March
493:See also
474:Nativism
449:Arkansas
371:an end.
333:Dutch!"
312:Conflict
237:Illinois
89:Missouri
1395:Commons
1206:Leaders
1192:Osceola
1126:Glasgow
1121:Sedalia
1003:Belmont
934:Battles
866:Origins
809:Jackson
774:Sources
330:paroled
253:Douglas
215:by the
198:Captain
140:militia
1285:Athens
968:Athens
790:
766:, p.24
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466:. The
300:, two
104:parole
59:, 1861
1239:Union
904:Union
515:Notes
396:with
1109:1864
1078:1863
1022:1862
941:1861
788:ISBN
744:ISBN
691:ISBN
597:2017
362:, a
277:and
63:The
235:to
161:in
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