323:. The charge of paternalism was not disputed by those in favor of the company, who even embraced the term, and saw it as the policy of enlightened capitalism. Company paternalism was most evident in company housing. Calumet and Hecla built hundreds of company houses, and provided them to married employees at low rents that left no room for any company profit. The company also allowed employees to build about 1,000 houses on rented Calumet and Hecla land, but under terms by which the company could force them to vacate their houses on short notice. Whether in rented company housing, or their own houses located on rented company land, the employees and their families were dependent on the continued good will of the company for housing. The provision of housing to favored employees also fostered jealousies among those not so favored. Although continued employment with Calumet and Hecla was required for occupancy of company housing, Calumet and Hecla, unlike the Quincy and Copper Range companies, did not evict strikers during the 1913-1914 strike.
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enthused that "no mining company in the world treats its employees better than
Calumet and Hecla." In 1916, the Arizona Bureau of Mines wrote of Calumet and Hecla, which had no operations in Arizona: "Probably no mining company in the country has paid more attention to welfare work than has the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, and its subsidiaries, in the upper Michigan peninsula." The Arizona Bureau of Mines followed with more than a page detailing the employee benefits at Calumet and Hecla in Michigan.
254:) in lakes adjacent to the mills, but about 1900 began investigating methods to recover the copper remaining in the waste tailings. Beginning in 1915, Calumet and Hecla began reprocessing the stamp sands at Lake Linden, using a finer grind and ammonia leaching. Once the process proved profitable, the Tamarack mill also began reprocessing tailings. Through 1949, the company had recovered 535 million pounds (243,000 metric tons) of copper by reprocessing tailings. One of the dredges used,
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415:, when wartime demand raised the price of copper. After the war copper prices plummeted, and most copper mines closed almost immediately. However, Calumet and Hecla was able to stay afloat due to their practice of acquiring many of the formerly great mines in the Keweenaw during and before the Depression, and as a result outlasted nearly all other mining companies.
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companies treated their employees better than most: "… they remained known for being among the most enlightened, fair, humane, and paternalistic employers in the
American mining industry." Some credited Calumet and Hecla, as the district’s leading company, allegedly setting the pattern of improved living conditions followed by other mining operations.
438:) bought Calumet and Hecla in April 1968. In August of that same year, the more than 1,000 Calumet and Hecla employees went on strike. In the wake of this strike, the last of Calumet and Hecla's copper mines shut down, and the company shut down the dewatering pumps in 1970. The mines have remained idle ever since, and most are permanently capped.
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The US Department of Labor report on the strike noted: "The employees of the
Calumet and Hecla Co. were better satisfied than those of any other company, and therefore a much smaller proportion of them joined the federation." Fewer Calumet and Hecla employees joined the strike than employees of other
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Calumet and Hecla strived to create ideal communities around its mines and mills, in the hope that pleasant living conditions would help the company maintain a loyal and productive workforce. Historian
Lankton wrote that in an era and an industry known for hard working conditions, the Michigan copper
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By 1897, the
Calumet and Hecla's Red Jacket shaft had reached a vertical depth of 4,900 ft (1,500 m), making it the deepest mine in the world. The neighboring Tamarack mine became the world's deepest mine for some years; it was bought by Calumet and Hecla, and became part of the Calumet and
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visited a number of iron and copper mines of upper
Michigan in 1882, but singled out Calumet and Hecla's labor policies for particular praise. He wrote: "But the Calumet Company have no reason to fear strikes among any portion of their force." In 1898, the Michigan Commissioner of Mineral Statistics
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to 77 million pounds (35,000 metric tons) in 1917. The boost in production was attained partly by purchase of the
Tamarack Mining Company in 1917. Copper prices fell drastically after the war, and in 1921 copper production fell to 15 million pounds (6,800 metric tons) as the company shut the Osceola
186:
Calumet and Hecla built itself into a copper mining colossus. From 1868 through 1886, it was the leading copper producer in the United States, and from 1869 through 1876, the leading copper producer in the world. From 1871 through 1880, Calumet and Hecla turned out more than half the copper produced
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Calumet and Hecla opened the
Kingston mine in 1965, the first new native copper mine opened in more than 30 years. By 1967, the company was operating six mines in the region. However, the company by this point was not even able to produce enough copper for its internal uses. Universal Oil Products
293:
Historian Larry
Lankton wrote that Calumet and Hecla's success resulted in increased benefits that "trickled down" to workers. This made the company a preferred employer, and it generally had its pick of the best workers. Lankton also noted that the company was willing, when necessary, to "control
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Annual copper production from the mines peaked in 1906 at 100 million pounds (45,000 metric tons), then declined to 67 million pounds (30,000 metric tons) by 1912 in response to lower prices. Output dropped to 46 million pounds (21,000 metric tons) of refined copper in the strike year of 1913, but
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On
Christmas Eve 1913, the Western Federation of Miners organized a party for strikers and their families at the Italian Benevolent Society hall in Calumet. The hall was packed with between 400 and 500 people when someone shouted "fire". There was no fire, but 73 people, the vast majority of them
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By 1908, the company provided a staff of physicians and a hospital for employees and their families, worker clubhouses with bowling alleys; and employee libraries with reading material in 20 languages. The company also contributed to construction of schools and churches in the community. When the
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In 1868, Calumet and Hecla built the first industrial hospital in the United States. In 1877, Calumet and Hecla started an employee aid fund for ill and injured employees. Participation was voluntary. Each participating worker contributed 50 cents per week, which the company matched. Some writers
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Copper production rebounded in 1922, and rose steadily through the 1920s. Calumet and Hecla grew in the 1920s by buying and merging with neighboring copper mines. In 1923, Calumet and Hecla merged with the Ahmeek, Allouez, and Centennial mining companies. The combined entity was renamed the
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credit Calumet and Hecla with being one of the first, or even the first, American company to set up an employee health benefits fund. Other Michigan copper companies ran employee aid funds, but Calumet and Hecla was the only Michigan copper mining company to match contributions.
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Hulbert was a major shareholder in both companies, and was in charge of mine operations. But despite the rich ore, Hulbert did not have the practical knowledge to dig out the ore, crush it, and concentrate it. Frustrated with Hulbert's lack of success, the company sent
357:. After the strike started, the mining companies maintained that it had already been considering a reduction of the work day to eight hours. The company claimed that lower wages were more than made up by the lower cost of living compared to Butte.
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Under Agassiz' expert management, the Hecla company paid its first dividend in 1868, and the Calumet company began paying significant dividends in 1869. The two companies merged in May 1871 to form the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, with
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The mines reopened under National Guard protection, and many went back to work. The companies instituted the 8-hour day, but refused to set a $ 3 per day minimum wage, refused to abandon the one-man drill, and also refused to employ
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called a general strike against all mines in the Michigan Copper Country. Hundreds of strikers surrounded the Calumet and Hecla mine shafts to prevent others from reporting to work. All Calumet and Hecla mines shut down during the
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Hecla system. The Tamarack/Calumet and Hecla remained the world's deepest mine until about 1915, when its vertical depth of 5,500 ft (1,700 m) was exceeded by the 5,824 ft (1,775 m) depth of the
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Although Calumet and Hecla paid high wages by Copper Country standards, at the time of the 1913 strike, their wages were lower, and labor hours longer, than those at the unionized copper mines of
346:, although the workers were said to be sharply divided on the strike question. The union demanded an 8-hour day, a minimum wage of $ 3 per day, an end to use of the one-man
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in 1947. Ore minerals were galena, sphalerite, calcite, and marcasite. The mine, named the Calumet and Hecla mine, opened in 1949. Calumet and Hecla sold the mine to the
1010:
Walter B. Palmer, 1914, "Strike in the Copper Mining District of Michigan," US Dept. of Labor, Senate Document 881, 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, p.40, 43, 62, 70.
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in the United States. In each year save one between 1870 and 1901, Calumet and Hecla made the majority of the copper produced in the Michigan copper district.
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as its first president. In August of that year, Shaw retired to the board of directors and Agassiz became president, a position he held until his death.
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Walter B. Palmer, 1914, Strike in the Copper Mining District of Michigan, US Dept. of Labor, Senate Document 881, 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, p.116-117.
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company supplied consumer goods to employees, it used its buying power to provide coal, firewood, and electricity for its tenants at wholesale prices.
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Walter B. Palmer, 1914, "Strike in the Copper Mining District of Michigan," US Dept. of Labor, Senate Document 881, 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, p.10.
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967:
Walter B. Palmer, 1914, Strike in the Copper Mining District of Michigan, US Dept. of Labor, Senate Document 881, 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, p.122.
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411:, copper prices dropped, and as a result most copper mines in the Copper Country closed, including Calumet and Hecla. Many mines reopened during
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to the southwest, but a long way from either. Hulbert formed the Hulbert Mining Company in 1864 to acquire the land rights, before creating the
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Company in 1954. The company also diversified into copper-based products, including a copper tube manufacturing business and fertilizers.
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The company branched into other minerals after World War II. Calumet and Hecla geologists drilled into a major lead-zinc ore body in
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In 1864, Edwin J. Hulbert discovered a copper-bearing section of what became known as the Calumet Conglomerate dating back to the
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Claude T. Rice, "Labor conditions at Calumet and Hecla," Engineering & Mining Journal, 23 Dec. 1911, p.1235-1239.
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Claude T. Rice, "Labor conditions at Calumet and Hecla," Engineering & Mining Journal, 23 Dec. 1911, p.1235-1239.
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However, Calumet and Hecla's labor policy, like that the other mining companies in the Copper Country, was rife with
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Main office of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company (now the headquarters of the Keweenaw National Historical Park)
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Calumet and Hecla employees were not again unionized until 1943, when the company signed an agreement with the
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By 1901, the underground mining complex had 16 shafts. The company operated a large ore treatment facility at
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labor management relations", to use "coercion, covert manipulation, armed deputy sheriffs, or mass firings".
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than employees of other companies after the Michigan National Guard arrived to protect strikebreakers.
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By 1902, Calumet and Hecla had 5,000 employees, and the towns of Calumet (then named Red Jacket),
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Horace Stevens, The Copper Handbook, v.8 (Houghton, Mich.: Horace Stevens, 1909) 463-464, 468.
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235:(amygdaloid) mine in 1920, and shut down mining on the Calumet conglomerate in April 1921.
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Its treatment of employees brought praise from outside the Copper Country. A writer for
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243:. The merged company essentially controlled all the operating copper mines north of
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the following year, and assigned shares in the new company to Calumet shareholders.
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Bennett H, Brough, "On deep levels mining practice in the United Kingdom,"
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children, were crushed to death trying to escape. This became known as the
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in 2011. Electrolytic refining had the advantage that it separated out the
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Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines
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Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines
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Frederic Jesup Stimson, Popular Law-Making (N.Y.: Scribner’s, 1910) 238.
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Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines
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Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines
350:, and that the companies recognize it as the employees' representative.
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Warehouse of the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company in Calumet, Michigan.
392:. The strikers held out until April 1914, but then gave up the strike.
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in 1865, with investment capital from Boston. The company spun off the
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Today, many Calumet and Hecla company mines and buildings are part of
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George A. Newett, Michigan Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, 1898,
691:
Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 11/07/11 through 11/10/11
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The company had always disposed of the mill tailings (locally called
399:-affiliated International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers.
273:. The mining superintendents (called "captains") were traditionally
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
744:, Michigan Geological Survey, Publication 33, Geological Series 27.
732:, Michigan Geological Survey, Publication 27, Geological Series 22.
98:
1073:
Annual Statistical Summary 11, Mineral Industry of Michigan, 1968
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Annual Statistical Summary 5, Mineral Industry of Michigan, 1965
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202:, which took advantage of the cheap electricity generated from
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The Geology of the Upper Mississippi Valley Zinc-Lead District
997:
Claude T. Rice, "Labor conditions at Calumet and Hecla,"
676:, v.2, Houghton, Mich.: Horace J. Stevens, p.1457,1466.
1049:, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 309, p.227.
979:, Engineering & Mining Jour., 2 Aug. 1913, p.230.
650:, v.2, Houghton, Mich.: Horace J. Stevens, p.133-144.
522:
Copper specimen from the old mine. Height 15 cm.
1036:(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1952) 234.
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The company library and bathhouse for its employees.
637:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p.46-51.
624:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p.28-39.
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Calumet and Hecla stamp mill, Lake Linden, Michigan
461:", a song about the Italian Hall disaster. His son
663:, v.8, Houghton, Mich.: Horace J. Stevens, p.1457.
705:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
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757:, Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press, p.177-193, 209.
687:"National Register of Historic Places Listings"
361:mines, and more employees of Calumet and Hecla
1097:Defunct mining companies of the United States
840:(Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 2010) 167.
241:Calumet and Hecla Consolidated Copper Company
873:"The brighter side of industrial relations,"
958:(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991) 166-167.
862:(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991) 166-167.
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230:rebounded due to high copper prices during
85:Calumet and Hecla Mine shaft No. 2, c. 1906
718:Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record
128:to the northeast, and the copper mines of
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
923:University of Arizona, Bureau of Mines,
875:Social Service Review, April 1916, p.11.
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284:
258:, is currently sunk in shallow water in
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770:(Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991) 201.
206:to electrolytically refine copper. The
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783:, (Oxford Univ. Press, 1991) 23, 144.
577:Calumet and Hecla Industrial District
693:. National Park Service. 2011-11-18.
212:National Register of Historic Places
18:
1112:Defunct companies based in Michigan
927:, Bulletin 38, 31 Oct. 1916, p9-11.
742:Mineral Resources of Michigan, 1921
730:Mineral Resources of Michigan, 1917
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256:Calumet and Hecla Dredge Number One
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807:Building the Workingman’s Paradise
794:Building the Workingman’s Paradise
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587:Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
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344:Copper Country Strike of 1913–1914
333:Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914
179:The town of Red Jacket (now named
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887:"The Upper Peninsula of Michigan"
716:"World's deepest mines in U.P.,"
443:Keweenaw National Historical Park
194:. The first smelter was built at
1092:Calumet and Hecla Mining Company
1045:Allen V. Heyl and others (1959)
1021:Engineering & Mining Journal
999:Engineering & Mining Journal
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1075:, Michigan Geological Survey.
1062:, Michigan Geological Survey.
720:, 12 Feb. 1916, v.17 n.7 p.7.
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97:-mining company based within
1001:, 23 Dec. 1911, p.1235-1239.
912:Mines and Mineral Statistics
371:Western Federation of Miners
339:Western Federation of Miners
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183:) formed next to the mine.
49:the claims made and adding
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633:C. Harry Benedict, (1952)
620:C. Harry Benedict, (1952)
536:(Calumet and Hecla leader)
468:
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148:, son of famous geologist
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1102:Houghton County, Michigan
977:The Copper Country strike
753:C. Harry Benedict (1952)
672:Horace J. Stevens (1902)
659:Horace J. Stevens (1908)
646:Horace J. Stevens (1902)
572:Copper mining in Michigan
122:Houghton County, Michigan
885:Johnson, F. (May 1882).
582:Calumet & Hecla Band
465:also recorded the song.
403:The end of copper mining
16:US copper-mining company
1023:, 13 Dec. 1913, p.1136.
1019:"Lake Superior wages",
871:William Ferris Higbie,
562:Buffalo Smelting Works
482:Mine smelters c. 1906
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208:Buffalo Smelting Works
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498:Lake Linden, Michigan
484:Lake Linden, Michigan
390:Italian Hall Disaster
383:Italian Hall disaster
377:Italian Hall massacre
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226:gold mine in Brazil.
192:Lake Linden, Michigan
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120:age. The find was in
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796:(Verso, 1995) 31-32.
707:, 1897. v.130 p.201.
108:during that period.
1032:C. Harry Benedict,
805:Margaret Crawford,
792:Margaret Crawford,
674:The Copper Handbook
661:The Copper Handbook
648:The Copper Handbook
124:, between the rich
1107:Mining in Michigan
836:Larry D. Lankton,
779:Larry D. Lankton,
534:Alexander Agassiz
337:In July 1913, the
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210:was listed on the
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34:possibly contains
1071:Donald F. Klyce,
1058:Donald F. Klyce,
925:State Safety News
891:Harper's Magazine
809:(Verso, 1995) 32.
312:Harper's Magazine
245:Hancock, Michigan
218:from the copper.
200:Buffalo, New York
196:Hancock, Michigan
174:Quincy Adams Shaw
146:Alexander Agassiz
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118:Precambrian
1086:Categories
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260:Torch Lake
126:Cliff mine
99:Michigan's
43:improve it
1034:Red Metal
755:Red Metal
635:Red Metal
622:Red Metal
424:Wisconsin
373:members.
47:verifying
914:, p.181.
896:12 March
556:See also
59:May 2022
469:Gallery
267:Laurium
181:Calumet
112:History
41:Please
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216:silver
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898:2024
89:The
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45:by
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