1280:
4534:
3855:
1274:
362:
star appeared relatively quickly, occurring within several years of his death. About twenty years passed, however, before the star completed its transformation into a comet. Starting in 44 BC, a money maker named P. Sepullius Macer created coins with the front displaying Julius Caesar crowned with a wreath and a star behind his head. On the back, Venus, the patron goddess of the
342:
431:
and took up the newly freed spirit of her Caesar from his body, and preventing it from vanishing into the air, carried it towards the glorious stars. As she carried it, she felt it glow and take fire, and loosed it from her breast: it climbed higher than the moon, and drawing behind it a fiery tail, shone as a star.
366:, holds a starred scepter. Gurval maintains that this coin was minted about the time of Caesar's assassination and thus probably would not have originally referred to his deification. As it circulated, however, it would have brought that idea to mind because of Caesar's new cult. Kenneth Scott's older work
430:
Then
Jupiter, the Father, spoke..."Take up Caesar's spirit from his murdered corpse, and change it into a star, so that the deified Julius may always look down from his high temple on our Capitol and forum." He had barely finished, when gentle Venus stood in the midst of the Senate, seen by no one,
256:
is conventionally assumed. (In the 1800s a possible match was speculated which would give it a period of about 575 years. This has not been confirmed because the later observations are similarly insufficiently accurate.) The parabolic orbital solution estimates that the comet would now be more than
229:
of around â3 as the
Chinese report is not consistent with daytime visibility during May. Between June 10 and July 20 the comet would have dimmed from magnitude +1 to around magnitude +5. Around July 20, â43, the comet underwent an estimated 9 magnitude outburst in apparent magnitude and had a solar
361:
Tracing the coinage from 44 BC through the developing rule of
Augustus reveals the changing relationship of Julius Caesar to the Sidus Iulium. Robert Gurval notes that the shifting status of Caesar's Comet in the coinage follows a definite pattern. Representations of the deified Julius Caesar as a
406:
writes in his ninth eclogue that the star of Caesar has appeared to gladden the fields. Virgil later writes of the period following Julius Caesar's assassination, "Never did fearsome comets so often blaze." Gurval points out that this passage in no way links a comet to Caesar's divine status, but
322:(Temple of the Deified Julius) was built (42 BC) and dedicated (29 BC) by Augustus for purposes of fostering a "cult of the comet". (It was also known as the "Temple of the Comet Star".) At the back of the temple a huge image of Caesar was erected and, according to
525:
leave the comet's very existence as an open question. Marsden notes in his foreword to Ramsey and Licht's book, "Given the circumstance of a single reporter two decades after the event, I should be remiss if I were not to consider this as a serious possibility."
385:
of 17 BC when money maker M. Sanquinius fashioned coins whose reverse sports a comet over the head of a wreathed man whom classicists and numismatists speculate is either a youthful Caesar, the Genius of the
Secular Games, the Julian family, or
394:. These coins strengthened the link between Julius Caesar and Augustus since Augustus associated himself with the Julians. Another set of Spanish coins displays an eight-rayed comet with the words DIVVS IVLIVS, meaning Divine Julius.
2646:
370:
contests this by assuming that the comet did indeed spark this series because of similarity to other coins he produced. A series of Roman aurei and denarii minted after this cult began show
252:
In the absence of accurate contemporary observations (or later observations confirming an orbit that predicts the earlier appearance), calculation of the comet's orbit is problematic and a
784:): â4.0 (Richter model) and â9.0 (41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-KresĂĄk model); absolute magnitude on May 26, 44 BC (China): â3.3 (Richter) and â4.4 (41P/TGK); calculated in Ramsey and Licht,
3784:
2976:
3806:
2934:
4135:
291:
307:, as celebrations were getting underway, "a comet shone for seven successive days, rising about the eleventh hour, and was believed to be the soul of Caesar."
4586:
3742:
3079:
472:
and Rome. Their analysis, based on historical eyewitness accounts, Chinese astronomical records, astrological literature from later antiquity and
1421:
522:
374:
and a star, which most likely represents his position as Caesar's priest. In later coins likely originating near the end of
Octavian's war with
1105:
3540:
420:, however, who makes the final assertion of the comet's role in Julius Caesar's deification. Ovid describes the deification of Caesar in
1917:
736:
of 3.3) + 2.5 * (n of 4) * log (Sun distance of 0.220 AU) + 5 * log (Earth distance of 1.09 AU) = perihelion apparent magnitude of â3.1.
468:âJohn T. Ramsey (a classicist) and A. Lewis Licht (a physicist)âpublished a book comparing astronomical/astrological evidence from both
1600:
3762:
1066:
209:
is inferred based on available notes. The comet approached Earth both inbound in mid-May and outbound in early August. It came to
4581:
4409:
4165:
4017:
3891:
1353:
435:
It has been argued recently that the idea of
Augustus's use of the comet for his political aims largely stems from this passage.
1087:
3914:
1897:
413:
makes mention of the comet in his epilogues as a boding sign of the civil strife that would plague Rome after Caesar's death.
4424:
706:
672:
638:
597:
4452:
3513:
2485:
1977:
1464:
47:
237:
As a result of the cometary outburst in late July, Caesar's Comet is one of only five comets known to have had a negative
3951:
3399:
2909:
2545:
1411:
295:âfor which the 44 BC iteration was long considered to have been held in the month of September (a conclusion drawn by
4254:
3801:
2993:
2072:
1495:
1006:
465:
825:
1211:
3789:
3451:
3013:
2981:
2455:
1747:
1406:
483:, yielded a range of orbital parameters for the hypothetical object. They settled on a perihelion point of 0.22
201:
Based on two questionable reportsâone from China (May 30) and another from Rome (July 23)âan infinite number of
4419:
3941:
3732:
3332:
3018:
2899:
2475:
2425:
1962:
1416:
1169:
746:
729:
453:
300:
187:
4075:
3811:
2939:
2719:
2704:
2027:
1343:
4561:
4210:
3737:
3621:
3028:
2874:
2057:
1847:
1837:
299:). The dating has recently been revised to a July occurrence in the same year, some four months after the
4508:
4260:
4203:
4090:
3884:
2884:
1428:
1338:
456:: "When beggars die there are no comets seen. The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes."
4414:
4383:
4367:
4095:
3747:
3611:
3054:
2914:
2576:
2550:
2510:
2505:
2351:
2195:
2160:
2150:
1459:
1326:
1316:
1311:
449:
1273:
241:(for a comet, this refers to the apparent magnitude if the comet had been observed at a distance of 1
4444:
4357:
4296:
3959:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3219:
3164:
2540:
2062:
1972:
1867:
1348:
566:
535:
253:
1279:
269:) from the Sun. At that distance, the Sun provides less light than the full Moon provides to Earth.
4362:
4291:
3987:
3481:
2668:
2656:
2495:
2052:
1952:
1927:
1822:
1797:
1665:
1510:
630:
3683:
3254:
2300:
2205:
2087:
1997:
1982:
1907:
1807:
1678:
1595:
1438:
1301:
1296:
811:
230:
elongation of 88 degrees in the morning sky. At magnitude â4 it would have been as impressive as
4566:
4539:
4472:
4223:
4189:
4152:
3877:
3752:
3710:
3648:
3337:
3234:
3229:
3049:
2951:
2924:
2500:
2170:
2092:
1882:
620:
319:
4591:
4052:
4002:
3929:
3678:
3643:
3372:
3314:
3264:
3244:
3124:
2602:
2480:
2357:
2275:
2210:
2012:
1967:
1782:
1614:
1575:
1505:
1480:
758:
Hughes, David W (1990). "Cometary absolute magnitudes, their significance and distribution".
696:
662:
4513:
4042:
4022:
3934:
3604:
3446:
3387:
3357:
3179:
3169:
3084:
2971:
2839:
2200:
1937:
1727:
1321:
1204:
763:
444:
115:
911:
Gurval, Robert A. (1997). "Caesar's comet: The politics and poetics of an
Augustan myth".
8:
4080:
4065:
4007:
3997:
3992:
3823:
3577:
3567:
3562:
3523:
3503:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3414:
3382:
3304:
3294:
3274:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3194:
3149:
3094:
3069:
3059:
2879:
2869:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2789:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2430:
1987:
1752:
1609:
1585:
1580:
1560:
1515:
1385:
1084:
378:, the star supplants Caesar's name and face entirely, clearly representing his divinity.
262:
202:
125:
1892:
805:
767:
4317:
4060:
4032:
4012:
3982:
3977:
3594:
3528:
3518:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3409:
3367:
3342:
3284:
3204:
3184:
3099:
3089:
3023:
3008:
2315:
2215:
1957:
1590:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1525:
1485:
1133:
987:
979:
936:
871:
852:
847:
410:
381:
One of the clearest and earliest correlations of Caesar to a comet occurred during the
238:
226:
3700:
3134:
4571:
4312:
4171:
4117:
4107:
3919:
3818:
3616:
3439:
3434:
3289:
3174:
2966:
2956:
2929:
2904:
2662:
2592:
2235:
2220:
1697:
1637:
1540:
1535:
1490:
1288:
1137:
1125:
991:
971:
928:
702:
668:
634:
593:
484:
258:
242:
214:
1852:
801:
213:(closest approach to the Sun) on May 25, â43 at a solar distance of about 0.22
183:
4457:
4247:
4112:
4070:
4037:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3757:
3631:
3626:
3508:
3299:
3199:
3139:
3119:
3109:
3074:
3044:
2571:
1707:
1632:
1520:
1401:
1369:
1365:
1117:
963:
920:
518:
246:
245:
from both the Earth and the Sun) and may have been the brightest daylight comet in
222:
206:
172:
76:
4518:
4276:
4122:
4085:
3858:
3828:
3424:
3309:
3064:
2002:
1992:
1661:
1500:
1331:
1243:
1197:
1168:
The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's
Funeral Games (John T. Ramsey, A. Lewis Licht)
1091:
866:
745:
The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's
Funeral Games (John T. Ramsey, A. Lewis Licht)
624:
587:
487:
for the object which was apparently visible with a tail from the
Chinese capital
83:
2165:
4576:
4477:
4337:
4286:
4240:
4102:
3673:
3599:
3589:
3476:
3144:
3129:
2998:
2692:
2535:
2420:
2400:
2378:
2330:
2320:
2285:
2240:
1947:
1812:
1722:
1642:
562:
4555:
3900:
3695:
3638:
3557:
3419:
3352:
2988:
2961:
2946:
2784:
2555:
2515:
2470:
2405:
2384:
2280:
2185:
1827:
1530:
1375:
1263:
1238:
1129:
975:
954:
Scott, Kenneth (July 1941). "The Sidus Iulium and the Apotheosis of Caesar".
932:
886:
422:
382:
375:
357:
head right/Reverse: DIVVS IVLIV, with comet (star) of eight rays, tail upward
296:
195:
191:
160:
4322:
3545:
3104:
2834:
2698:
2674:
2622:
2607:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2465:
2395:
2230:
2190:
2175:
2155:
2145:
2077:
2067:
1922:
1912:
1842:
1792:
1787:
1777:
363:
3653:
3269:
1121:
1029:
4498:
4281:
4217:
3969:
3924:
3705:
3584:
3429:
3392:
3159:
2632:
2627:
2612:
2415:
2373:
2363:
2345:
2340:
2310:
2305:
2265:
2260:
2245:
2140:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2082:
2032:
2022:
1932:
1902:
1872:
1832:
1817:
1702:
1360:
488:
469:
439:
371:
286:
179:
4493:
4327:
4159:
3796:
3658:
3456:
3362:
3279:
3214:
3003:
2597:
2490:
2460:
2440:
2410:
2135:
2112:
2042:
2037:
1887:
1877:
1857:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1742:
1717:
1550:
1433:
1306:
1258:
1248:
940:
311:
210:
983:
4503:
4467:
4388:
3688:
3668:
3663:
3572:
3550:
3533:
3404:
3377:
3347:
3224:
3209:
3189:
3154:
3114:
2919:
2894:
2889:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2829:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2779:
2768:
2743:
2390:
2368:
2295:
2290:
2270:
2255:
2250:
2225:
2180:
2047:
1942:
1802:
1732:
1570:
477:
314:
that launched the career of Caesar's great-nephew (and adoptive son)
304:
266:
218:
94:
924:
4393:
4352:
4196:
4027:
2686:
2680:
2617:
2097:
2017:
2007:
1862:
1762:
1737:
1443:
1380:
1253:
967:
473:
354:
346:
315:
491:(in late May) and as a star-like object from Rome (in late July):
182:
seen in July 44 BC. It was interpreted by Romans as a sign of the
1712:
480:
350:
3869:
1106:"Caesar's Comet, the Julian Star, and the Invention of Augustus"
2774:
C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)
828:. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
403:
387:
1220:
496:
391:
231:
105:
2790:
C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
1065:
Siculus, Titus Calpurnius; Scott, Edward John Long (1890).
781:
514:
503:
417:
323:
341:
1189:
1011:, the divinity of men, and the Golden Age in Virgil's
698:
Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 1933-1959. Volume 4
664:
Cometography: A Catalog of Comets. 1933-1959. Volume 4
198:). It was perhaps the most famous comet of antiquity.
1110:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
810:. Translated by John Farrar. Hilliard, Gray. p.
1180:
Marsden, Brian G., "Forward"; In: Ramsey and Licht,
310:
The Comet became a powerful symbol in the political
303:, as well as Caesar's own birth month. According to
289:appeared suddenly during the festival known as the
277:Caesar's Comet was known to ancient writers as the
225:of 11 degrees and is hypothesized to have had an
4553:
589:The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games
800:
326:, a flaming comet was affixed to its forehead:
3885:
1205:
368:The Sidus Iulium and the Apotheosis of Caesar
1162:
1064:
1052:Georgic 1.487â488 qtd. In Ramsey and Licht,
739:
722:
667:. Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
654:
619:
585:
563:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/â43 K1"
523:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
330:To make that soul a star that burns forever
4587:Astronomical objects known since antiquity
3892:
3878:
1660:
1212:
1198:
701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
586:Ramsey, John T.; Licht, A. Lewis (1997).
557:
555:
553:
551:
2875:C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
2850:C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
2785:C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
1004:
818:
796:
794:
340:
4136:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
2885:C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)
913:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
285:("Star of Julius Caesar"). The bright,
4554:
1103:
910:
893:
757:
548:
452:remarks on the fateful morning of her
332:Above the Forum and the gates of Rome.
3873:
2825:C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
1659:
1193:
1022:Leeds International Classical Studies
953:
791:
694:
660:
459:
4453:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
1465:List of comets visited by spacecraft
688:
2910:C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)
336:
13:
407:rather links comets to his death.
14:
4603:
4255:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
3899:
3050:C/1992 J1 (SpacewatchâRabinowitz)
2830:C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
826:"Horizon Online Ephemeris System"
466:University of Illinois at Chicago
221:). At perihelion the comet had a
4533:
4532:
3854:
3853:
2900:C/1927 X1 (SkjellerupâMaristany)
1278:
1272:
397:
205:can fit the observations, but a
62:Caesaris astrum "Star of Caesar"
2994:C/1970 K1 (WhiteâOrtizâBolelli)
2880:C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
2870:C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
2845:C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
2820:C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
2815:C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
2810:C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
2805:C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
2800:C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
2795:C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
2764:C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
2759:C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)
2754:C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)
2749:C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)
2744:X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
1407:Observational history of comets
1174:
1150:
1097:
1073:
1058:
1046:
1005:Williams, Mary Frances (2003).
998:
947:
878:
860:
839:
780:Flare-up on July 23â25, 44 BC (
592:. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press.
4582:Assassination of Julius Caesar
3029:C/1989 Y1 (SkorichenkoâGeorge)
3019:C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)
2426:P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
774:
751:
613:
579:
301:assassination of Julius Caesar
188:recently assassinated dictator
1:
3014:C/1983 H1 (IRASâArakiâAlcock)
1496:C/2023 A3 (TsuchinshanâATLAS)
541:
464:In 1997, two scholars at the
4410:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
4211:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
3055:C/1993 Y1 (McNaughtâRussell)
2977:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)
2577:D/1993 F2 (ShoemakerâLevy 9)
2486:57P/du ToitâNeujminâDelporte
1978:57P/du ToitâNeujminâDelporte
1067:"The Eclogues of Calpurnius"
7:
4204:Commentarii de Bello Civili
2546:226P/PigottâLINEARâKowalski
1918:45P/HondaâMrkosâPajduĆĄĂĄkovĂĄ
1898:41P/TuttleâGiacobiniâKresĂĄk
1429:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
1104:Pandey, Nandini B. (2013).
732:(Comet absolute magnitude H
529:
10:
4608:
2935:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)
2915:C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)
2855:X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
2840:C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
1460:List of missions to comets
1219:
272:
59:Sidus lulium "Julian Star"
4527:
4486:
4437:
4402:
4376:
4345:
4336:
4305:
4269:
4232:
4181:
4144:
4051:
3968:
3950:
3907:
3849:
3323:
3220:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
3165:C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
3037:
2865:C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
2780:C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
2739:C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
2731:
2718:
2705:67P/ChuryumovâGerasimenko
2645:
2585:
2564:
2448:
2439:
2329:
2126:
2073:76P/WestâKohoutekâIkemura
2028:67P/ChuryumovâGerasimenko
1688:
1677:
1673:
1655:
1623:
1605:(BernardinelliâBernstein)
1473:
1452:
1394:
1287:
1270:
1231:
1227:
631:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
623:; Forman, Werner (1970).
567:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
536:List of hyperbolic comets
134:
124:
114:
104:
92:
82:
75:
45:
40:
29:
24:
4292:Temple of Venus Genetrix
2925:C/1956 R1 (ArendâRoland)
2860:C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
2835:C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
2058:73P/SchwassmannâWachmann
1848:31P/SchwassmannâWachmann
1838:29P/SchwassmannâWachmann
1511:C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)
509:Apparent magnitude: â4.0
48:Alternative designations
3400:de KockâParaskevopoulos
3255:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
2456:11P/TempelâSwiftâLINEAR
1748:11P/TempelâSwiftâLINEAR
1596:C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
1439:Small Solar System body
695:Kronk, Gary W. (2009).
661:Kronk, Gary W. (2009).
292:Ludi Victoriae Caesaris
77:Orbital characteristics
4473:Julio-Claudian dynasty
4297:Caesar's Rhine bridges
4224:Poems by Julius Caesar
4190:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
4166:Constitutional reforms
4153:Lex Julia de maiestate
3235:C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
3230:C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
3075:C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
2972:C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
2952:C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)
2551:271P/van HoutenâLemmon
2511:107P/WilsonâHarrington
2506:97P/MetcalfâBrewington
2476:54P/de VicoâSwiftâNEAT
2352:4015 WilsonâHarrington
2196:147P/KushidaâMuramatsu
2161:107P/WilsonâHarrington
2151:97P/MetcalfâBrewington
1963:54P/de VicoâSwiftâNEAT
433:
358:
334:
320:Temple of Divus Iulius
287:daylight-visible comet
217:(33 million
3915:Early life and career
3753:SpacewatchâRabinowitz
3315:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
3265:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
3245:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
3210:C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
3190:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
3135:C/2006 A1 (PojmaĆski)
3125:C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)
3105:C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
3070:C/1997 L1 (ZhuâBalam)
3065:C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
3060:C/1995 O1 (HaleâBopp)
2895:C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
2541:206P/BarnardâBoattini
2063:74P/SmirnovaâChernykh
1973:56P/SlaughterâBurnham
1868:35P/HerschelâRigollet
1615:C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
1576:C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
1506:C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)
1481:C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
1122:10.1353/apa.2013.0010
428:
344:
328:
173:numerical designation
4514:Marcus Junius Brutus
4425:Julia Minor (sister)
4420:Julia Major (sister)
4018:Invasions of Britain
3935:Crossing the Rubicon
3733:SkjellerupâMaristany
3270:1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
3180:C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
3170:C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
3145:C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
3130:C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
3085:C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
2999:C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
2669:26P/GriggâSkjellerup
2657:21P/GiacobiniâZinner
2496:72P/DenningâFujikawa
2053:72P/DenningâFujikawa
1953:52P/HarringtonâAbell
1928:47P/AshbrookâJackson
1823:26P/GriggâSkjellerup
1798:21P/GiacobiniâZinner
203:orbit determinations
169:Great Comet of 44 BC
68:Great Comet of 44 BC
4562:Non-periodic comets
4353:Cossutia (disputed)
3802:WhiteâOrtizâBolelli
3305:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
3295:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
3275:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
3260:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
3250:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
3240:C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
3225:C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
3195:C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
3175:C/2009 F6 (YiâSWAN)
3150:C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
3095:C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)
2989:C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
2962:C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
2947:C/1961 R1 (Humason)
2920:C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
2431:(300163) 2006 VW139
2301:332P/IkeyaâMurakami
2206:156P/RussellâLINEAR
2088:79P/du ToitâHartley
1998:61P/ShajnâSchaldach
1983:58P/JacksonâNeujmin
1908:43P/WolfâHarrington
1808:23P/BrorsenâMetcalf
1610:C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
1586:C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
1581:C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
1561:C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
1531:C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
1516:C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
1028:(1). Archived from
956:Classical Philology
768:1990acm..proc..327H
502:July 23â25, 44 BC (
353:: CAESAR AVGVSTVS,
281:("Julian Star") or
30:Discovery date
21:
4394:Augustus (adopted)
4318:Chiaramonti Caesar
4096:Battle of the Nile
3952:Military campaigns
3930:Caesar's civil war
3738:SkorichenkoâGeorge
3333:Aarseth-Brewington
3285:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
3205:C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
3185:C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
3155:C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
3115:C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
3100:C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
3090:C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
3024:C/1989 X1 (Austin)
3009:C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
2890:C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
2593:D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
2501:80P/PetersâHartley
2216:162P/Siding Spring
2093:80P/PetersâHartley
1958:53P/Van Biesbroeck
1883:38P/StephanâOterma
1591:C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
1566:C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
1556:P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)
1546:C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
1526:C/2020 F5 (MASTER)
1486:C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)
1156:Ramsey and Licht,
1090:2015-02-23 at the
872:Naturalis Historia
855:The Twelve Caesars
460:Modern scholarship
411:Calpurnius Siculus
359:
239:absolute magnitude
227:apparent magnitude
178:) was a seven-day
36:(earliest mention)
19:
16:Non-periodic comet
4549:
4548:
4433:
4432:
4313:Tusculum portrait
4172:Dictator perpetuo
4131:
4130:
4023:Ambiorix's revolt
3920:First Triumvirate
3908:Major life events
3867:
3866:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3452:IRASâArakiâAlcock
3290:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
3160:C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
2967:C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)
2957:C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)
2930:C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)
2905:C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
2714:
2713:
2641:
2640:
2603:18D/PerrineâMrkos
2481:55P/TempelâTuttle
2358:7968 ElstâPizarro
2276:273P/PonsâGambart
2221:168P/Hergenrother
2211:161P/HartleyâIRAS
2171:109P/SwiftâTuttle
2013:64P/SwiftâGehrels
1968:55P/TempelâTuttle
1783:18D/PerrineâMrkos
1651:
1650:
1638:Comets in fiction
1541:C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)
1536:C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
1491:C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)
1417:Comet discoverers
708:978-0-521-58504-0
674:978-0-521-58504-0
640:978-0-297-00199-7
599:978-0-7885-0273-6
513:Robert Gurval of
180:cometary outburst
153:("Julian Star");
142:
141:
4599:
4536:
4535:
4458:Temple of Caesar
4415:Aurelia (mother)
4343:
4342:
4248:Veni, vidi, vici
3966:
3965:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3857:
3856:
3815:
3793:
3785:Tago-Sato-Kosaka
3612:McNaughtâRussell
3300:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
3215:C/2012 S1 (ISON)
3200:C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
3140:C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
3120:C/2002 V1 (NEAT)
3110:C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
3080:C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
3045:C/1990 K1 (Levy)
3004:C/1975 V1 (West)
2985:
2943:
2729:
2728:
2446:
2445:
2201:153P/IkeyaâZhang
1938:49P/ArendâRigaux
1728:7P/PonsâWinnecke
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1657:
1656:
1633:Antimatter comet
1521:C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
1402:Naming of comets
1282:
1276:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1101:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1002:
996:
995:
951:
945:
944:
908:
891:
882:
876:
864:
858:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
822:
816:
815:
798:
789:
778:
772:
771:
755:
749:
743:
737:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
583:
577:
576:
574:
573:
559:
519:Brian G. Marsden
454:husband's murder
337:On Roman coinage
247:recorded history
223:solar elongation
207:retrograde orbit
35:
22:
18:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4523:
4519:Curia of Pompey
4482:
4429:
4398:
4372:
4332:
4301:
4277:Forum of Caesar
4265:
4228:
4177:
4140:
4127:
4086:Alexandrian war
4047:
3964:
3946:
3903:
3898:
3868:
3863:
3833:
3809:
3787:
3325:
3319:
3310:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
3033:
2979:
2937:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2648:
2637:
2581:
2560:
2435:
2332:
2325:
2128:
2122:
2003:62P/Tsuchinshan
1993:60P/Tsuchinshan
1988:59P/KearnsâKwee
1753:12P/PonsâBrooks
1690:
1680:
1669:
1662:Lists of comets
1647:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1501:C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
1469:
1448:
1390:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1223:
1218:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1102:
1098:
1092:Wayback Machine
1078:
1074:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1017:
1003:
999:
952:
948:
925:10.2307/4238747
909:
894:
883:
879:
867:Pliny the Elder
865:
861:
844:
840:
831:
829:
824:
823:
819:
807:Tract On Comets
799:
792:
779:
775:
756:
752:
744:
740:
735:
727:
723:
713:
711:
709:
693:
689:
679:
677:
675:
659:
655:
645:
643:
641:
626:The Roman Forum
618:
614:
604:
602:
600:
584:
580:
571:
569:
561:
560:
549:
544:
532:
495:May 18, 44 BC (
462:
400:
349:(c. 19â18 BC);
345:Coin minted by
339:
331:
283:Caesaris astrum
275:
254:parabolic orbit
156:Caesaris astrum
135:Last perihelion
84:Observation arc
71:
50:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4478:Caesar (title)
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Caesar's Comet
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:Life of Caesar
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Basilica Julia
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4241:Alea iacta est
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3807:WilsonâHubbard
3804:
3799:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:311P/PanSTARRS
3671:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2720:Near-Parabolic
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:205P/Giacobini
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:358P/PANSTARRS
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:311P/PanSTARRS
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2379:60558 Echeclus
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2321:460P/PanSTARRS
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:311P/PanSTARRS
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:205P/Giacobini
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:51P/Harrington
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:32P/Comas SolĂ
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:24P/Schaumasse
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1643:Comet vintages
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Near-parabolic
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Jupiter-family
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1116:(2): 405â449.
1096:
1072:
1057:
1045:
997:
968:10.1086/362515
962:(3): 257â272.
946:
892:
877:
859:
838:
817:
802:François Arago
790:
773:
750:
738:
733:
721:
707:
687:
673:
653:
639:
633:. p. 94.
621:Grant, Michael
612:
598:
578:
546:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
531:
528:
511:
510:
507:
500:
461:
458:
399:
396:
338:
335:
274:
271:
145:Caesar's Comet
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
73:
72:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
53:
51:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
31:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4604:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Julius Caesar
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3942:Assassination
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Julius Caesar
3895:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:Siding Spring
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:289P/Blanpain
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:113P/Spitaler
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:27P/Crommelin
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:324P/La Sagra
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:118401 LINEAR
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:289P/Blanpain
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:178P/HugâBell
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:141P/Machholz
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:27P/Crommelin
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:Unknown-orbit
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1265:
1264:Meteor shower
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:Metamorphoses
1076:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1035:on 2014-06-11
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
889:
888:
887:Metamorphoses
881:
874:
873:
868:
863:
857:
856:
850:
849:
842:
827:
821:
813:
809:
808:
803:
797:
795:
787:
783:
777:
769:
765:
761:
754:
748:
742:
731:
725:
710:
704:
700:
699:
691:
676:
670:
666:
665:
657:
642:
636:
632:
628:
627:
622:
616:
601:
595:
591:
590:
582:
568:
564:
558:
556:
554:
552:
547:
537:
534:
533:
527:
524:
520:
516:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
493:
492:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
457:
455:
451:
450:Caesar's wife
447:
446:
445:Julius Caesar
441:
436:
432:
427:
425:
424:
423:Metamorphoses
419:
414:
412:
408:
405:
398:In literature
395:
393:
389:
384:
383:Secular Games
379:
377:
376:Sextus Pompey
373:
369:
365:
364:Julian family
356:
352:
348:
343:
333:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
297:Edmund Halley
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
192:Julius Caesar
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
151:
146:
138:May 25, 44 BC
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:1.0 (assumed)
119:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:
74:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
52:
49:
44:
39:
34:May 18, 44 BC
32:
28:
23:
4592:Great comets
4538:
4531:
4462:
4445:
4323:Green Caesar
4253:
4246:
4239:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4170:
4158:
4151:
3546:C/2001 OG108
3338:ArendâRoland
2738:
2699:103P/Hartley
2689:(2005, 2011)
2675:19P/Borrelly
2623:75D/Kohoutek
2608:20D/Westphal
2531:177P/Barnard
2526:157P/Tritton
2521:122P/de Vico
2396:259P/Garradd
2231:177P/Barnard
2191:144P/Kushida
2176:122P/de Vico
2166:108P/Ciffréo
2156:103P/Hartley
2146:96P/Machholz
2078:77P/Longmore
2068:75D/Kohoutek
1923:46P/Wirtanen
1913:44P/Reinmuth
1843:30P/Reinmuth
1793:20D/Westphal
1788:19P/Borrelly
1386:Interstellar
1339:Non-periodic
1181:
1176:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1113:
1109:
1099:
1080:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1025:
1021:
1012:
1009:Sidus Iulium
1008:
1000:
959:
955:
949:
916:
912:
885:
880:
870:
862:
854:
848:Divus Julius
846:
841:
830:. Retrieved
820:
806:
785:
776:
759:
753:
741:
724:
712:. Retrieved
697:
690:
678:. Retrieved
663:
656:
644:. Retrieved
625:
615:
603:. Retrieved
588:
581:
570:. Retrieved
512:
463:
443:
437:
434:
429:
421:
415:
409:
401:
380:
367:
360:
329:
309:
290:
282:
279:Sidus Iulium
278:
276:
251:
236:
200:
175:
168:
165:Comet Caesar
164:
155:
154:
150:Sidus Iulium
149:
148:
144:
143:
116:Eccentricity
56:Comet Caesar
41:Designations
4499:Mark Antony
4448:by Plutarch
4282:Curia Julia
4218:De analogia
4145:Legislation
4076:Dyrrhachium
4043:Uxellodunum
3970:Gallic Wars
3925:Gallic wars
3810: [
3788: [
3684:C/2015 ER61
3393:C/2013 US10
2980: [
2938: [
2633:85D/Boethin
2628:83D/Russell
2613:25D/Neujmin
2416:354P/LINEAR
2374:167P/CINEOS
2364:165P/LINEAR
2346:2060 Chiron
2341:596 Scheila
2311:354P/LINEAR
2306:333P/LINEAR
2266:252P/LINEAR
2261:249P/LINEAR
2246:209P/LINEAR
2141:92P/Sanguin
2118:85D/Boethin
2108:83D/Russell
2103:82P/Gehrels
2083:78P/Gehrels
2033:68P/Klemola
2023:66P/du Toit
1933:48P/Johnson
1903:42P/Neujmin
1893:40P/VÀisÀlÀ
1873:36P/Whipple
1833:28P/Neujmin
1818:25D/Neujmin
1723:6P/d'Arrest
1626:speculation
1624:Culture and
1453:Exploration
1361:Great Comet
1317:Halley-type
1312:Long period
1085:XV; 745â842
845:Suetonius,
730:pp. 122â23:
728:See Ramsey
440:Shakespeare
372:Mark Antony
184:deification
126:Inclination
4556:Categories
4494:Julia gens
4328:Arles bust
4261:Last words
4160:Lex Roscia
4066:Brundisium
3758:Stonehouse
3711:SekiâLines
3659:Pan-STARRS
3649:Oukaimeden
3524:C/2000 WM1
3447:Ikeya-Seki
3324:After 1910
3280:2I/Borisov
3038:After 1990
2732:Until 1990
2649:spacecraft
2647:Visited by
2598:5D/Brorsen
2491:69P/Taylor
2466:17P/Holmes
2461:15P/Finlay
2411:331P/Gibbs
2331:Comet-like
2136:88P/Howell
2127:After 1985
2113:84P/Giclas
2043:70P/Kojima
2038:69P/Taylor
1888:39P/Oterma
1878:37P/Forbes
1858:33P/Daniel
1778:17P/Holmes
1773:16P/Brooks
1768:15P/Finlay
1758:13P/Olbers
1743:10P/Tempel
1718:5D/Brorsen
1689:Until 1985
1551:2I/Borisov
1434:Oort cloud
1366:Sungrazing
1349:Hyperbolic
1327:Encke-type
1259:Comet dust
1143:2014-03-22
1039:2014-03-23
890:; XV, 840.
875:, 2.93â94.
832:2015-11-16
629:. London:
572:2015-11-16
542:References
312:propaganda
261:(120
211:perihelion
159:("Star of
106:Perihelion
4504:Cleopatra
4468:Caesarism
4389:Caesarion
4368:Calpurnia
4306:Portraits
4270:Buildings
4081:Pharsalus
4061:Corfinium
4053:Civil War
4008:Octodurus
3824:ZhuâBalam
3778:C/2020 F8
3773:C/2012 E2
3768:C/2006 M4
3726:C/2013 A1
3721:C/2007 Q3
3701:PojmaĆski
3689:C/2017 K2
3679:C/2014 Q1
3669:C/2012 K1
3664:C/2011 L4
3654:ʻOumuamua
3644:Nishimura
3632:C/2002 V1
3627:C/2001 Q4
3605:C/2009 R1
3600:C/2006 P1
3578:C/2014 Q2
3573:C/2013 R1
3568:C/2011 W3
3563:C/2007 E2
3551:C/2007 F1
3534:C/2002 T7
3529:C/2001 A2
3519:C/1999 S4
3497:C/2019 U6
3492:C/2018 C2
3487:C/2012 F6
3440:C/1964 N1
3435:C/1963 A1
3425:Hyakutake
3415:Hale-Bopp
3388:C/1999 F1
3373:Bradfield
3348:Beljawsky
3326:(by name)
2769:C/1652 Y1
2724:(notable)
2693:C/2006 P1
2687:9P/Tempel
2663:1P/Halley
2586:Not found
2565:Destroyed
2449:Recovered
2391:238P/Read
2369:166P/NEAT
2333:asteroids
2296:323P/SOHO
2291:322P/SOHO
2271:255P/Levy
2256:246P/NEAT
2251:238P/Read
2226:169P/NEAT
2181:126P/IRAS
2129:(notable)
2048:71P/Clark
1943:50P/Arend
1803:22P/Kopff
1738:9P/Tempel
1733:8P/Tuttle
1698:1P/Halley
1601:C/2014 UN
1571:C/2017 U7
1332:Main-belt
1138:153697502
1130:1533-0699
992:162367121
976:0009-837X
933:0065-6801
919:: 39â71.
788:, p. 236.
760:Asteroids
478:Greenland
474:ice cores
470:Han China
402:The poet
305:Suetonius
257:800
95:precovery
93:Earliest
25:Discovery
4572:Augustus
4540:Category
4509:Servilia
4377:Children
4358:Cornelia
4197:Anticato
4033:Gergovia
4028:Avaricum
4013:Morbihan
4003:Atuatuci
3983:Bibracte
3960:Mytilene
3859:Category
3748:Southern
3595:McNaught
3590:Machholz
3477:Kohoutek
3383:Catalina
3358:Boattini
2681:81P/Wild
2618:34D/Gale
2572:3D/Biela
2098:81P/Wild
2018:65P/Gunn
2008:63P/Wild
1863:34D/Gale
1763:14P/Wolf
1708:3D/Biela
1703:2P/Encke
1679:Periodic
1444:Asteroid
1381:Exocomet
1302:Numbered
1297:Periodic
1254:Antitail
1232:Features
1182:Op. cit.
1158:Op. cit.
1088:Archived
804:(1832).
786:Op. cit.
530:See also
489:Chang'an
481:glaciers
448:(1599),
355:laureate
347:Augustus
316:Augustus
194:(100â44
176:C/â43 K1
65:C/â43 K1
20:C/â43 K1
4487:Related
4363:Pompeia
4118:Thapsus
4113:Corduba
4108:Ruspina
3819:YiâSWAN
3696:Pereyra
3639:NEOWISE
3558:Lovejoy
3504:Leonard
3472:Johnson
3467:Jacques
3462:Iwamoto
3420:Humason
3405:Eclipse
3363:Borisov
3353:Bennett
1713:4P/Faye
1412:Centaur
1395:Related
1376:Extinct
1239:Nucleus
1054:Op. cit
941:4238747
764:Bibcode
762:: 327.
714:16 June
680:16 June
646:16 June
605:16 June
521:of the
426:(8 AD):
351:Obverse
273:History
263:billion
110:0.22 AU
88:54 days
4438:Legacy
4338:Family
4233:Quotes
4071:Ilerda
4038:Alesia
3988:Vosges
3541:LONEOS
3514:LINEAR
3482:Lemmon
3410:Elenin
3378:Brooks
3368:Bowell
3343:Austin
2722:comets
2707:(2014)
2701:(2010)
2695:(2007)
2683:(2004)
2677:(2001)
2671:(1992)
2665:(1986)
2659:(1985)
2387:(176P)
2381:(174P)
2360:(133P)
2354:(107P)
1681:comets
1474:Latest
1422:LINEAR
1370:Kreutz
1221:Comets
1170:pg 121
1136:
1128:
1079:Ovid,
1013:Aeneid
990:
984:265276
982:
974:
939:
931:
884:Ovid,
747:p. 123
705:
671:
637:
596:
416:It is
404:Virgil
390:' son
388:Aeneas
318:. The
265:
167:; the
161:Caesar
147:(also
4577:44 BC
4403:Other
4384:Julia
4346:Wives
4182:Works
4123:Munda
4091:Siege
3998:Sabis
3993:Axona
3814:]
3792:]
3706:Ryves
3617:Mrkos
3585:Lulin
3430:Ikeya
2984:]
2942:]
2348:(95P)
1691:(all)
1289:Types
1249:Tails
1134:S2CID
1033:(PDF)
1018:(PDF)
1007:"The
988:S2CID
980:JSTOR
937:JSTOR
497:China
476:from
392:Iulus
232:Venus
4103:Zela
3978:Arar
3797:West
3763:SWAN
3743:SOHO
3622:NEAT
3509:Levy
3457:ISON
2441:Lost
2316:362P
1666:more
1307:Lost
1244:Coma
1126:ISSN
972:ISSN
929:ISSN
782:Rome
716:2024
703:ISBN
682:2024
669:ISBN
648:2024
635:ISBN
607:2024
594:ISBN
517:and
515:UCLA
504:Rome
418:Ovid
324:Ovid
163:");
130:110°
100:4433
97:date
3829:ZTF
1603:271
1118:doi
1114:143
964:doi
921:doi
853:88
442:'s
438:In
186:of
4558::
3812:de
3790:de
2982:de
2940:de
1132:.
1124:.
1112:.
1108:.
1083:;
1024:.
1020:.
986:.
978:.
970:.
960:36
958:.
935:.
927:.
917:42
915:.
895:^
869:,
851:;
812:71
793:^
565:.
550:^
485:AU
267:km
259:AU
249:.
243:AU
234:.
219:km
215:AU
196:BC
190:,
171:;
3893:e
3886:t
3879:v
2776:)
1668:)
1664:(
1372:)
1368:(
1213:e
1206:t
1199:v
1146:.
1120::
1094:.
1069:.
1042:.
1026:2
1015:"
994:.
966::
943:.
923::
835:.
814:.
770:.
766::
734:1
718:.
684:.
650:.
609:.
575:.
506:)
499:)
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