C. D. Howe - Knowledge

1422:, the Crown Corporation which handled government purchases, was felt to be inadequate for the task, so the Cabinet decided on a new department to handle procurement. St. Laurent introduced a bill in February 1951 creating a Department of Defence Production and announced that on passage, Howe would add that responsibility to his portfolio. The opposition parties objected to the Defence Production Act, stating that there was no emergency justifying the powers Howe wanted. According to Roberts, Howe sought to implement rearmament by getting "full power for himself and running rights over everyone and everything to get an urgent job done". Backed by the overwhelming Liberal majority, the bill passed and the Department was established on 1 April 1951. 1583:

seeing on television for the last couple of months was, if not a communist himself, then associated with the communists. No one believed him." Fisher defeated Howe by over a thousand votes. Howe was gracious in defeat, shaking Fisher's hand at the television station, and assuring the member-elect's mother, long a Howe admirer, that there were many things for him to do. In the general election, the Tories took the greater number of seats, 112 to 105 for the Liberals. St. Laurent could have remained in office until Diefenbaker and the Tories defeated him in the House, but chose not to—a course with which Howe agreed. The Liberals left office on 21 June 1957, with Howe the only remaining minister of those sworn in with Mackenzie King in 1935.

1567:, Howe told one man demanding to speak that when his own party held a meeting, he could ask all the questions he wanted; the man was the head of a local Liberal association. When asked why he did not answer Mackenzie's question, Howe replied, "Look here, my good man, when the election comes, why don't you go away and vote for the party you support? In fact, why don't you just go away?" At another meeting, Howe was asked why he did not care about the farmers's economic plight. He responded, "Looks like you've been eating pretty well under a Liberal government" and poked the questioner in the midsection. 1511:: the Government and the province of Ontario would themselves build the most expensive part of the route, in Northern Ontario, to be reimbursed by Trans-Canada once the pipeline was open for business. This was approved by both governments. By 1956, however, further difficulties had arisen: until the US government granted formal approval for a part of the route which connected to US pipelines, Trans-Canada could not raise enough money to build its portion. The approval was a matter of routine, but the delay would mean that construction on the pipeline could not begin until the spring of 1957. 1098: 1217: 960:

year, he resigned from government service to go into business with partners as C. D. Howe and Company, whose major business was initially the construction of grain elevators. Both the company headquarters and the marital home were in Port Arthur. Howe's first contract was to build a grain elevator in Port Arthur. In December 1916, a massive storm destroyed the half-built elevator, wiping out Howe's assets. Had his bank not come to his assistance with additional funds, he would have been ruined. When Howe turned over the completed elevator to the owner, the

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and when he returned, he furiously accused Harris of making a deal behind his back. However, when Howe was told that it had been the Prime Minister's decision, he accepted it. Howe had earlier turned down an Opposition offer to agree to a three-year extension of his ministerial powers, saying "That would mean coming back to Parliament in three years, and I've more to do with my time than amusing Parliament." The extension was allowed to expire in 1959, although by then, Howe had left office.

1066:. The debate in the House went smoothly until Howe angered the opposition by declaring that, during Bennett's government, the Conservatives had been corrupt. Despite what became a much more bitter debate, Howe's bill carried. According to Leslie Roberts in his biography of Howe, "This was the Howe the country would soon come to know much better, the Howe on the rampage, the Howe who is impatient of criticism and deplores the debates and delays inherent in the parliamentary system." 1463: 926: 4016: 1261: 703: 1655: 1578:, a local high school teacher. Fisher's campaign was well financed, with support from his party, the unions, and a number of corporate enemies Howe had made throughout his political career. Fisher was able to buy up the key time on the local television station to explain his opposition to the Liberals and his party's proposals—Howe initially scheduled no television appearances. Called back to his riding after the remainder of his disastrous 1140: 1333:, but not Howe. When the honours were announced on New Year's Day 1946, Howe told the Prime Minister that he felt his war service was being slighted and threatened his resignation. Mackenzie King arranged for Howe to receive the honour in June. This created more ill feelings among other members of the Cabinet; two more were elevated in the 1947 New Year's Honours, after which the Prime Minister refused to consider any more. 1532:

truly national scope, which we must either launch now or see languish for years to come." He completed his address by giving notice that the following day, the Government intended to invoke closure. Social Credit, with many members from Alberta, supported the bill, while the Tories and CCF engaged in weeks of bitter debate and parliamentary wrangling. This culminated on 1 June, dubbed by the Tories "Black Friday", when

1495:, "utterly failed to perceive that the bill and his manner of defending it were a godsend to the opposition". When Howe alluded to the Avro Arrow project and that he "was out on a limb for $ 30 million", which gave him "the shudders", the Opposition met the statement with jeers and cries of "What's a million?" In early July, Howe left town for a long weekend, after asking St. Laurent and Minister of Finance 1387:. Drew had used Howe's record as an election issue, accusing him of being power-mad and selling off Crown Corporations for bargain prices, but the allegations got little traction. According to Howe, the only result of Drew's attacks "was to give me a record majority in Port Arthur!" The Liberals won a huge victory, taking 190 seats to 40 for the Tories, and Howe again won Port Arthur easily. 1348:

a crisis erupted. After the talk, the Prime Minister decided that he should retire within a year and that St. Laurent, who had recently threatened to leave Cabinet and return home to Quebec, should be the successor. Howe was among those who persuaded St. Laurent not to resign. He also helped persuade St. Laurent to stand for the leadership, offering to remain in Cabinet to assist him.

948:, where Canadian wheat was transferred from rail to ship. The Board sought to build a series of large terminal grain elevators, which could process as well as store grain. The project would increase both capacity and competition—grain elevator companies had been accused by farmers' interests of charging excessive prices. The first such elevator for the Board was raised in nearby 1281:, with whom Howe forged a strong relationship. The Prime Minister obtained a dissolution of Parliament in April 1945 and in the ensuing election, the Liberals obtained a bare majority. Howe was intensively involved in Liberal fundraising, and campaigned nationally for its candidates. He was easily returned in Port Arthur, taking just over half of all votes cast, with the 1117:. It was some months before the department was established; in the meantime Howe supervised the War Purchasing Board. Howe worked to persuade many of his business contacts to work for him or for other government departments. Roberts suggests that no "political minister" could have done that, as many of Howe's recruits were Conservatives. According to historian and author 1081:, which passed into law with little debate or opposition. Howe also worked to increase airline coverage in Canada; in 1936, many Canadians wishing to fly long distances by air would journey through the United States. The Liberals proposed legislation to establish a government-financed corporation, with half the stock to be owned by the CNR and half by the privately owned 1622:

in the history of Canada's war effort." Opposition Leader Pearson stated, "He was a man who shirked no duty, faltered in no task, was daunted by no obstacle. He got things done, and they were good things for the country he served so well and so long." At his memorial service, enemies and friend alike gathered. Among the eulogies delivered by friends and colleagues at

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having full responsibility for their domestic lives. Clarence took no interest in his home life; as an often-absent father he had only a small role in the upbringing of his five children. In the same manner he did not involve his wife in his business (or, later public) life. During his ministerial career, he replied in response to an opposition question hinting at

1247:. Diefenbaker sharpened the anecdote over time, and it emerged in its final form as Howe saying, "What's a million?" Even Liberals who knew that Howe had made no such statement agreed that it was just the sort of thing he could have said. In the years to come, "What's a million?" would be a mocking Tory attack on the Liberals, most often directed at Howe. 1297:(R.E.L.) confronted Howe on a golf course, the minister stated, "R.E.L. was a war-time plant. The war is through, the plant is through, and your union... what happens to your union is up to you. Get the hell off of the course." In disposing of redundant government property, Howe found that saddles and harnesses had been stored since the end of the 984:. Howe's elevators were built more quickly, were better designed, and were cheaper to construct than those of his competitors. He worked to add to their efficiency; the Dominion-Howe unloader he helped design emptied a grain car in eight minutes, needing only two operators; the same operation had previously taken an hour for a crew of 20 men. 1132:. Liking his job at Transport, Howe was reluctant to move, but the Prime Minister persuaded him. The function of the new department was the complete mobilization of all Canadian resources to support the war effort. Howe initially retained the Transport portfolio as well; on 8 July 1940, he turned over responsibility for that portfolio to 813:, but was expected to make speeches elsewhere as a major Liberal leader. Howe lost his seat in the election, and Diefenbaker became Prime Minister, ending almost 22 years of Liberal rule. Howe returned to the private sector, accepting a number of corporate directorships, and died suddenly of a heart attack in December 1960. 1172:, Howe established 28 Crown Corporations of various responsibilities including secret projects and manufacturing the machine tools the rest of Canadian industry needed to continue operations. These corporations were responsible to Howe and Parliament received no word of their activities unless Howe mentioned them. 1507:, but Cabinet refused, fearful of the political implications of giving a large sum of government money to a US-dominated corporation. Howe was embittered by this decision, and grumbled that he was now part of "a government which has fallen into the hands of children". A solution was proposed by Howe's deputy minister, 1614:. On investigating the university's finances, he found that a professor's salary in 1958 had less buying power than when he had worked there. Howe urged increased salaries and building improvements to attract first-rate scholars to the university. He also accepted a number of honorary degrees from other universities. 1042:. Mackenzie King accepted this deal and on 14 October 1935, Howe was comfortably elected to the Commons from Port Arthur, amassing a majority of 3,784. Across the country, the Liberals won a landslide victory, with 173 seats in the House of Commons to the Conservatives's 40. Mackenzie King appointed Howe to two 952:, and was acclaimed as one of the best grain elevators ever built in Canada, and one of the cheapest. Over the next two years, Howe traveled the West, supervising the construction of terminal elevators near major cities and ports. The capacity would be needed, as Canadian farmers increased production during the 45: 1229:, and Britain. By 1944, Canada had produced over 600 ships for the war effort, 1,100 aircraft, and over half a million cars and trucks, of which 31,000 were armoured. According to Roberts, Howe's actions swung Canada's economy from agriculture-based to industrial, a change that became permanent. 1582:

tour was canceled, Howe found that Fisher's appeals had caused defections among Liberals. Howe managed to get TV time just before the election and according to Bothwell and Kilbourn "treated his viewers to the sight of a tired, harsh old man, telling them that the nice young fellow that they had been

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Diefenbaker used the Pipeline Debate as a major theme in the campaign, one which he mentioned more than any other issue. In Vancouver, he told the largest political crowd in the province since 1935, "I give this assurance to Canadians—that the government shall be the servant and not the master of the

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After the election was called in April 1957 for 10 June, Howe raised sufficient money to enable the Liberals to heavily outspend their opponents. As there were few Liberal ministers from western Canada, Howe was called upon to make appearances throughout the region. He found that the Manitoba Farmers

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as "probably the best of his career". He told the Commons that waiting a year would be imprudent, given the worldwide shortage of steel pipe, and unfair to those who owned natural gas wells in western Canada, which were presently capped. Howe told the House he believed this to be a great project, "of

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army base, where an investigation earlier in the year had found frauds which included placing horses on the payroll. The Liberals lost 20 seats from their 1949 high-water mark, but still constituted almost two-thirds of the House of Commons, and no minister was defeated. Howe was again easily elected

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warned Mackenzie King that the issue of the Prime Minister's age and the uncertainty of the succession was causing political difficulties for the Liberals. Mackenzie King consulted Howe, who bluntly stated that it was best that Mackenzie King resign while still retaining his full faculties and before

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Howe was determined to support technologically advanced industries and wanted Canada to continue the production of aircraft after the war. His Director-General for Aircraft Production, Ralph Bell, disagreed with him, noting that Canada had no aircraft engine manufacturer and that despite the presence

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to maintain his stand while he was gone, although he gave Harris the authority to do as he saw fit. Without informing Howe, St. Laurent contacted Drew, and the two men agreed that the minister's powers would expire in 1959 unless sooner renewed. The amended bill passed the Commons in Howe's absence,

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in 1950. Howe saw it as the wrong war in the wrong place, and thought that Canadian troops should not be sent. Nevertheless, he spent the summer of 1950 at his desk, making plans to implement government controls on the booming economy. In September 1950, Howe tabled a bill allowing him to reallocate

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Howe favoured a quick transition to a peacetime economy. Most industries in which there were no shortages were released from government controls in late 1945. Labour leaders, fearing unemployment, wanted to keep wartime government plants in production; Howe opposed such proposals. When union members

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Prime Minister Diefenbaker said after Howe died, "We often had strong differences but our personal relations remained most friendly at all times ... He gave his great ability, indomitable courage and energy to his country in a manner that has earned for him and will assure him of a large place

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returned the Progressive Conservatives in a record landslide, which left the Liberals with 48 seats. Howe, who took no part in the campaign, had already left for Europe with his wife, Alice, on an extended holiday. On his return, he did what he could to help rebuild the Liberal Party after the

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In mid-1956, Drew fell ill and resigned as Tory party leader. The leadership convention's choice of Diefenbaker as Drew's replacement prompted delight in some Liberal circles. Diefenbaker had long been a maverick within his party, was little known in eastern Canada, and many deemed him unelectable.

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In October 1944, Mackenzie King appointed Howe Minister of Reconstruction. Howe had an excellent reputation for his successful overhaul of the Canadian economy, and Mackenzie King feared he would return to the private sector to amass another fortune in business. Among those who urged Howe to remain

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In March 1955, St. Laurent tabled legislation to make the Department of Defence Production permanent and extend the extraordinary powers of the Minister. Fearful of another damaging confrontation between Howe and the Opposition, the Cabinet agreed that St. Laurent would guide the bill through, but

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According to Roberts, "What Howe started in 1940 was an Industrial Revolution, so widespread that most Canadians were unaware of its extent or of its penetration into the country's economy." Although there had been increases in production throughout the first three years of the war, the minister's

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men", top managers in Canadian business loaned to the government by their companies for a token payment of one dollar a year while their firms maintained them on their payrolls. Even before the department was formally established, Howe's representatives were surveying the country for essential war

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presidency, stated that Howe was not a brilliant lecturer, but that his presentations were always extremely clear. Howe later said of university education, "The worker at college continues to work, and becomes a successful engineer. The shirker continues to shirk, and gets nowhere." In addition to

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Howe was impatient with parliamentary debates for his proposals, causing him to struggle with gaining popularity amongst parliamentarians; he was often accused of dictatorial conduct by the Opposition. As the Liberal government entered its third decade, it and Howe came to be seen as arrogant. The

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reversed a ruling he had made the previous evening which would have allowed the Opposition to continue the debate past the deadline. The Opposition accused the Speaker of yielding to Government pressure. The bill passed within the deadline, and construction on the pipeline began immediately. Howe

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and men had been employed to safeguard and polish them for over 40 years. He strove to eliminate such anachronisms. However, Howe was slower to release economic controls. According to Roberts, "although he worked to return the country's economic power to private hands, he often seemed as loath to

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in Port Arthur. He did agree to seek election to the school board in 1921, and headed the polls at his first attempt. He served two 2-year terms on the board, spending the final year as its chairman. Early in their marriage, Clarence and Alice Howe had decided to separate their roles, with Alice

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In late 1915, Howe traveled back to Massachusetts to court Alice Worcester, daughter of the head of the company he had worked for in the summer at MIT. After some surprise at the attention of a man she barely knew, Worcester eventually accepted him, and the two were married in mid-1916. The same

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Howe returned to Ottawa after his defeat, cleared his office, and soon sold his house there, moving to Montreal. After St. Laurent announced his retirement in September, Howe wrote to the former Prime Minister, "The young men of the party must take on the job of reorganising and rebuilding, and

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devastated the grain industry, with falling prices and little demand for exported grain. There was no demand for more grain elevators, as the existing elevators contained unsold grain, further driving prices down. Howe's company managed to survive on pre-existing government contracts, but these

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During the debate on Howe's war spending estimates in 1945 (which totalled $ 1.365 billion), Howe answered an Opposition question on whether such a large sum could be reduced: "I dare say my honourable friend could cut a million dollars from that amount, but a million dollars from the War

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After Howe's first year in Halifax, engineering instruction of upperclassmen was taken away from Dalhousie. Howe later stated that he liked Dalhousie, and had this change not occurred, he might have remained there as a professor. In 1913, a former colleague at Dalhousie, Robert Magill, who had

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to limit the debate. Closure had not been applied in the House since 1932. The issue was attractive to the Tories and CCF with an election due within two years; it would allow them to portray Howe as an arrogant dictator, and play to those citizens who disliked the American involvement in the

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wheat pools gave him much of their construction business. This made him unpopular among private wheat companies: his firm did not receive any contracts to build terminal elevators for private corporations in the 1920s, but exceeded the number built by all other contractors combined, thanks to

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At the time, Dalhousie was a small university, with only 400 students, and members of the teaching staff had a heavy workload. Howe, at age 23, was little older than some of his students. He had little experience in the field, and on trips outside Halifax, he and his students would solve

829:. The Howes were well-regarded in the local community, and William Clarence Howe, Clarence's father, was involved in local politics and descendant of Puritans arriving in 1630s. When not doing political work, William Howe was a carpenter and house builder. Clarence's mother, Mary Emma ( 1514:

Howe was determined that the pipeline not be delayed, and proposed that the government advance money to the pipeline company to ensure construction in 1956. He emotionally pleaded with his Cabinet colleagues, who agreed with both to the proposal and to the use of rarely used

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was at one time associated with the Memorial Foundation. The Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (CASI) introduced the C. D. Howe Award for achievements in the fields of planning and policymaking, and overall leadership in the field. In 1976, Howe was inducted into

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eventually expired and the staff of 175 had decreased to five by 1933. On the first business day of 1934, Howe's sole remaining partner resigned from the firm. Although Howe remained a wealthy man, his business prospects were few, and he decided to pursue a new career.

1398:, was due to retire by 1953. St. Laurent saw this as a way of allowing his friend and colleague to step away from politics for a quieter life. The minister was willing to take the post, but the position unexpectedly opened early when Alexander was appointed to 864:; after Howe graduated in 1907, Swain offered Howe a job as his teaching assistant. Howe accepted, although the young engineer felt that he should leave the Boston area to begin his career. Howe was offered an opportunity to become an engineering professor at 1418:

scarce materials such as steel from the civilian sector to military use. The bill passed, but not before the Opposition had charged that Howe had "an enormous appetite for power". Late in the year, the Government decided on a massive rearmament program. The

1213:, one of Howe's "dollar-a-year club" as the new president and chairman of the board. Victory Aircraft recovered its momentum and went on to become one of Howe's greatest industrial successes, producing Avro aircraft under license, including the Lancaster. 1605:

After some hesitancy that was likely caused by fears the newly empowered Tories would resent any approach to their longtime enemy, major corporations began to approach Howe and ask for him to serve on their boards of directors. In 1958, Howe was made

1077:. Although the opposition complained that Howe was becoming power-mad, they had little quarrel with the proposed reorganization itself, and it was passed into law. In June 1936, Howe brought in legislation to establish another crown corporation, the 1368:

On 20 January 1948, Mackenzie King announced his intent to resign and a Cabinet reshuffle; both St. Laurent and Howe convinced the Prime Minister to move Howe, who had not enjoyed his work at the Ministry of Reconstruction and Supply, to become

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Pearson for the Liberal leadership, and Pearson won the contest in January 1958. Howe advised Pearson not to take any action that might provoke an election. Pearson did not heed Howe and challenged Diefenbaker as soon as Parliament met. The

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In 1933, the Liberal Party was in opposition and considered Howe as a potential candidate for the House of Commons in the upcoming election. Howe, feeling political activism was bad for business, had not publicly expressed political views.

1437:, was a more daunting project in terms of financial commitment and a leap in technological prowess. Howe wrote in a letter to Defence Minister Claxton in 1952 that "I am frightened for the first time in my defence production experience." 1544:

Although Defence Minister Claxton and the RCAF remained firm supporters of the Arrow program as costs continued to rise, in 1957 the Cabinet's defence committee proposed elimination of the Arrow, a decision that was to be reviewed after

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After Parliament assembled in early 1936, Howe sought to have it pass legislation to reform local port authorities. Individual ports were run by Boards of Harbour Commissioners, appointments to which were often politically influenced. A

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people ... The road of the Liberal party, unless it is stopped—and Howe has said, 'Who's going to stop us?'—will lead to the virtual extinction of parliamentary government. You will have the form, but the substance will be gone."

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spoke the following day, and alleged that Howe had said, "We may save a million dollars, but what of it?" Howe angrily denied the quote, accusing Diefenbaker of being "a past master of distortion"—language he was forced to withdraw as

1373:. Howe publicly announced that he was "not available" to stand for the leadership and that he was supporting St. Laurent. The Quebecer was elected Leader of the Liberal Party in August, and Mackenzie King resigned on 15 November. 1617:

Howe had a longtime heart condition, and friends urged him to give up all boards that did not meet in Montreal. Before he could act on this suggestion, Howe suffered a heart attack and died at his home on 31 December 1960.

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problems together. Howe's view was that any problem could be solved through common sense and hard work. Howe took his students to the countryside, where they camped, surveying and planning imaginary railroads. His student

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St. Laurent's supervision of his ministers was minimal at the start of his tenure, and decreased as the years passed. With the Opposition few in numbers, ministers did as they wanted, and when Howe was accused by Tory MP

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surrender his own dictatorial powers over it as he was to submit to Parliament". In November 1945, Howe's wartime portfolio was merged into his new responsibility to form the Department of Reconstruction and Supply.

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by Mackenzie King. The Liberals won the election in a landslide and Howe won his seat. Mackenzie King appointed him to the Cabinet. There, he took major parts in many new enterprises, including the founding of the

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contended that the extension could make the minister "the virtual dictator of the economy". With St. Laurent absent (or when present, silent), Howe took charge of the bill, and according to his biographers,

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Union was organizing opposition to the Liberals; at some meetings Howe had difficulty getting heard at all. At other meetings, Howe engaged in well publicised conflicts with audience members. On 19 May in

1121:, "or Howe and other entrepreneurial spirits interested in the creative uses of government power, the war was a kind of ultimate megaproject, a great development job. Money didn't matter, production did." 1448:

The government spent much of early 1953 in enacting the remainder of its legislative program. St. Laurent scheduled an election for 10 August; Drew attempted to exploit a Defence Ministry scandal at the

1402:. Howe decided he still had work to do as a minister and was reluctant to exchange real power for the nominal power of the governor generalship. St. Laurent recommended the appointment of Canadian-born 1445:

in 1951 of being willing to end tariffs if the people would let him, Howe replied, "Who would stop us? Don't take yourself too seriously. If we wanted to get away with it, who would stop us?"

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in December 1940. This was an intensely dangerous trip; Germany was attempting to blockade Britain and there were many German submarines in the North Atlantic. One of those submarines sank the

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was founded in May 1937. For the rest of his political career, Howe kept Trans-Canada Air Lines in his ministerial portfolio, considering it his "progeny and generally promoted its interests".

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of manufacturing plants and skilled workers, there was no guarantee that they could sell their products. Howe took steps to keep aircraft manufacturers in business, allowing the British

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which could supply Toronto and Montreal. Two rival groups contended for the approval which Howe had the power to grant; Howe forced the groups to work together on the route he wanted.

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With Canadian industry reorganized to supply the British war effort, Howe decided he needed to journey to Britain to discuss matters with the customers. He embarked on the S.S.

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The pipeline project was wracked with financing difficulties. The pipeline company wanted the Government to guarantee the loans needed to build what would become known as the

1433:(RCAF), aircraft development had proven to be a time-consuming and expensive process. The projected next generation aircraft, Canada's first supersonic jet interceptor, the 856:. He took basic courses at the school and did advanced work in engineering. During the summers, he worked for J. B. Worcester & Co., a firm that constructed much of the 1128:, Howe had little trouble being re-elected, and 184 Liberals were returned to Ottawa, the greatest total by any party to that point. Mackenzie King appointed Howe as 1038:

on 20 January 1934. The two men were impressed with each other and, according to Lambert in his diary, Howe wanted a guaranteed Cabinet position were he to run in the new

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his work, Howe found time for an active social life in Halifax, and considered marrying the sister of one of his students, but she had another husband in mind.

765:. After working for the Canadian government as an engineer, he began his own firm and became wealthy. In 1935, he was recruited as a Liberal candidate for the 3437:"Hon. C. D. Howe's son marries Susan Ann Kenny. Of wide interest was the marriage on Monday of Miss Susan Ann Kenny. Daughter of Mr. And MRS. R. M. Ken(...)" 835:

Hastings) was a teacher and the daughter of a prosperous farmer on whose farm Clarence spent his childhood summers. His mother was related to naval hero and

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In February 1947, Mackenzie King fell ill with pneumonia and, after recovering, spent a month on vacation in the United States, with St. Laurent (by then

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On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, starting WWII. Mackenzie King recalled Parliament into session beginning 7 September; during this session,

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The offices of Minister of Marine and Minister of Railways and Canals were abolished and the office of Minister of Transport was created in 1936

964:, he was asked how badly he had done on the contract, and stated, "I lost my shirt." The Association voted him a bonus to make up for his loss. 470: 4583: 1395: 4471: 1390:

In early 1950, St. Laurent considered recommending the appointment of Howe as governor general. The governor general had previously been a

1187:, his aide, was killed trying to climb from the lifeboat to the rescuing ship. Howe professed coolness in the incident, but later told the 56: 1003:

In October 1929, the firm completed a huge grain elevator, with the capacity of 7,000,000 bushels (246,670 cubic meters), at Port Arthur.

719: 3436: 1383:. St. Laurent called an election for June 1949, and Howe again was successful in fundraising from corporate backers, including CPR and 1225:

efforts truly bore fruit in 1943, in which Canada had the fourth-highest industrial production among the Allies, trailing only the US,

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continuously from 1935 to 1957. He is credited with transforming the Canadian economy from agriculture-based to industrial. During the

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to market. There were US-backed proposals to build pipelines directly to the United States; Howe wanted a route passing north of the

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four-engined heavy bomber, which he subsequently championed for Canadian production. On his return, Howe expropriated the troubled

1047: 1039: 527: 1797: 1795: 4146: 1683:, in honour of his contribution to creating a national airline and efforts to create and sustain a viable aviation industry. The 1593: 5119: 3906: 1792: 1110: 961: 913:. Howe stated, "I've never seen one of those things in my life, but I'll take the job." The same year, he applied to become a 5104: 5029: 4551: 3851: 3828: 3805: 3782: 3763: 3735: 3712: 3693: 3661: 3623: 3595: 3572: 3553: 1341: 1337: 853: 671: 5069: 4915: 4837: 4693: 4049: 1282: 5129: 4253: 4139: 1626:

in Montreal, it was remarked that Howe often stated proudly that he was "an American by birth but Canadian by choice".

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After the war, Mackenzie King recommended to the British government that two Cabinet ministers be appointed to the

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perhaps the sooner they get at it the better." While publicly taking no position, Howe privately supported former

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The 1939 Mackenzie King Cabinet; Mackenzie King in centre front row, Howe, second from the right in the rear row

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Over the next several years, Howe's business expanded into engineering consulting and, much more profitably,

782:). Howe played a crucial role in Canada's war effort during WWII and recruited many corporate executives (as 522: 1482:

after the first day of debate St. Laurent, who was prone to depression, absented himself. Tory frontbencher

5044: 1294: 1274: 889: 5109: 5034: 4045: 3973: 1816: 1750: 1051: 1035: 810: 750:, his involvement in the war effort was so extensive that he was nicknamed the "Minister of Everything". 739: 4935: 4723: 4683: 4405: 1070: 766: 702: 1394:; many nationalists wanted a Canadian to hold the post, and St. Laurent agreed. The governor general, 1043: 4925: 4796: 4411: 1540:

wrote, "I should not like to face a general election at this moment. Fortunately we do not have to."

1426: 1152: 934: 906: 839: 4806: 4258: 4232: 4221: 1575: 1434: 1430: 1244: 1082: 909:, offered Howe the post of chief engineer, with responsibility for supervising the construction of 736: 562: 1034:, a Liberal Party official and friend of Howe, brought him to a meeting with Liberal Party leader 727:(15 January 1886 – 31 December 1960) was an American-born Canadian engineer, businessman and 4666: 4656: 4641: 4466: 4456: 1063: 972: 885: 728: 630: 1806: 892:, said of Howe that by the time the camp ended, his students had great respect for him. Student 831: 4279: 1607: 1330: 1086: 822: 775: 594: 1536: 876:. Howe accepted the job, partly because unemployment among his classmates was high due to the 4703: 4688: 4672: 4651: 4375: 4284: 4268: 3425: 1504: 1307: 945: 861: 95: 3542: 3394: 3392: 3390: 5024: 5019: 4636: 4625: 4365: 4325: 4273: 4205: 4108: 3877: 1671: 1611: 1496: 1442: 1184: 1031: 949: 941: 930: 865: 762: 503: 368: 159: 79: 25: 8: 4646: 4294: 4263: 4238: 4216: 4211: 4200: 4074: 3387: 3225: 1778: 1684: 1659: 849: 451: 4791: 4698: 3817: 3794: 3724: 3673: 1377: 1202: 1194:

that he considered every hour that he lived from that day onwards to be borrowed time.

1165: 1085:(CPR). The CPR balked at the deal, and the remaining stock was taken up by the CNR and 1062:

in 1932 had recommended the positions be abolished, and Howe's bill was to establish a

976: 968: 4451: 3584: 1670:

After Howe's death, the C. D. Howe Memorial Foundation was created in his memory; the

4975: 4678: 4661: 4248: 4189: 3847: 3824: 3801: 3778: 3759: 3731: 3708: 3689: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3591: 3568: 3549: 1602:

disaster, assisting with fundraising and seeking to unite factions within the party.

1579: 1450: 1278: 1160: 1074: 783: 743: 732: 83: 4786: 4770: 4749: 4738: 4431: 4940: 4811: 4713: 4620: 4575: 4476: 4395: 4390: 4320: 4243: 4194: 3993: 1564: 1492: 1323: 1239: 1206: 1073:(CNR) on a sound financial basis and introduced legislation to form the CNR into a 1059: 806: 107: 4801: 1691:

and is named for the former minister, as is a public school in Thunder Bay in the

4955: 4502: 4441: 4426: 4370: 4184: 4041: 4021: 3840: 3819:

Arrow Through the Heart: The Life and Times of Crawford Gordon and the Avro Arrow

3565:

Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Chrétien

1802: 1688: 1663: 1528: 1488: 914: 869: 842: 795: 1238:

Appropriations Bill would not be a very important matter." Saskatchewan Tory MP

1216: 4965: 4900: 4733: 4728: 4436: 4227: 4179: 1508: 1483: 1403: 1380: 1344: 1268:

fringes at the Instruments Division in the Canadian Arsenals Ltd. optical plant

1198: 1148: 1144: 1105:, VC and Howe, during memorial service for General James Wolfe, 1 January 1941. 1102: 1004: 910: 893: 212: 4385: 4054: 3726:

Double Cross: The Inside Story of James A. Richardson and the Canadian Airways

996:, "I don't like to discuss my family in public. Members may have noticed that 5013: 4960: 4950: 4765: 4744: 4630: 4546: 4486: 4416: 4354: 4315: 4289: 4007: 1696: 1210: 1133: 1118: 1097: 971:. His firm dominated the construction of grain elevators in the West, as the 877: 826: 754: 598: 356: 3842:

Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow

1524:

by 7 June 1956, options that Trans-Canada held for steel pipe would expire.

4945: 4930: 4910: 4890: 4874: 4541: 4512: 4461: 4446: 4400: 4058: 1521: 1226: 1188: 1169: 747: 1376:

In October 1948, the Progressive Conservatives also elected a new leader,

4895: 4718: 4556: 4517: 4481: 4380: 4131: 1475: 1471: 1311: 1183:

on 14 December. Howe survived the sinking and eight hours in a lifeboat.

1021: 981: 953: 873: 758: 4015: 1749:

The "dollar-a-year club was also derisively known as "Howe's Boys". The

1136:, although Howe retained control of the CBC and Trans-Canada Air Lines. 4920: 4905: 4536: 3257: 3255: 3071: 3069: 1737: 1675: 1462: 1414: 1384: 925: 779: 3618:. The Canadians. Don Mills, Ontario: Fitzhaven and Whiteside Limited. 3443: 2747: 2745: 1356: 4869: 4853: 4821: 4816: 4421: 3498: 1695:. The former Department of Transport and Canadian Coast Guard vessel 1139: 44: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3327: 3252: 3177: 3153: 3066: 1260: 4996: 3946: 2940: 2901: 2877: 2742: 2706: 2646: 2562: 2328: 2316: 1315: 1298: 993: 988: 987:

In the early 1920s, Howe turned down several requests to stand for

615: 2492: 2490: 4970: 2046: 2022: 2010: 1962: 1938: 1654: 1516: 836: 791: 4496:

Ministers of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities (2006–15)

3926: 3897:

Gould, Tom (24 May 1957). "Diefenbaker draws 6,000 to meeting".

3479: 3339: 3279: 3267: 3240: 3201: 3165: 3129: 3054: 3042: 3018: 1842: 1470:

Beginning in 1954, Howe planned for pipelines to take Alberta's

3796:

The Politics of Canada's Airlines: From Diefenbaker to Mulroney

2952: 2928: 2841: 2793: 2781: 2757: 2634: 2574: 2550: 2487: 2244: 1209:

as a Crown corporation, removing the executives and installing

1197:

While on tour of British industrial plants, Howe was shown the

619: 3907:"Funeral Tomorrow: C. D. Howe Dies, Cabinet Minister 22 Years" 3516: 2133: 2121: 2097: 2070: 1998: 1986: 1926: 1687:, located at Bank and Sparks Street in Ottawa, is the home of 2918: 2916: 1902: 1890: 1878: 3775:

It Seems Like Only Yesterday: Air Canada, the First 50 Years

2996: 2994: 860:. While at school, he became a favourite pupil of Professor 5085:

Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

3686:

They Led the Way: Members of Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame

3315: 3105: 3093: 1205:

plant which was beset with management problems, setting up

3945:. Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. Archived from 2964: 2913: 2817: 2670: 2538: 1723:

Howe's portfolios were combined in late 1936 into the new

1457: 1220:

Howe speaks to a worker at an aircraft factory, March 1941

848:

Clarence did well in school and, upon his graduation from

3925: 3449: 2991: 2208: 1527:

Bothwell and Kilbourn describe Howe's speech opening the

1351: 1164:

needs, with the department accumulating huge reserves of

3905: 3896: 3707:(First ed.). Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing. 3544:

Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business

3455: 3398: 3231: 2981: 2979: 2889: 2865: 2730: 2622: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2369: 2367: 2292: 2280: 2256: 2232: 2220: 2198: 2196: 2157: 2145: 2087: 2085: 2058: 1974: 1950: 1854: 944:

to take up his new post. The Board was headquartered in

4990:

Minister of International Trade Diversification (2018–)

3705:

National Treasure: The History of Trans Canada Airlines

3688:. Wetaskiwin, Alberta: Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. 3637:. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. 3567:(revised ed.). Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers. 3291: 3141: 3030: 3006: 1143:

Three men, including the Hon. C. D. Howe and Brigadier

5080:

Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario

3407: 3303: 3117: 2829: 2718: 2694: 2682: 2658: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2526: 2475: 2463: 2181: 4036: 3467: 3213: 3189: 3081: 2976: 2805: 2514: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2379: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2193: 2169: 2109: 2082: 2034: 1914: 1830: 1264:

Howe watches a scientist test the curve of a lens by

798:

led to major controversy in the House of Commons. In

4605: 3983: 2853: 2769: 2502: 2304: 1866: 1364:

join the US and Canadian segments of an oil pipeline

802:, Howe's actions and policies were made an issue by 4831:

Minister of State for International Trade (1979–80)

4780:

Ministers of Industry, Trade and Commerce (1969–83)

3756:

Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John Diefenbaker

5095:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 4863:Ministers of State (International Trade) (1982–83) 3839: 3816: 3793: 3723: 3672: 3583: 3541: 1753:(OBE) was bestowed on 13 of "Howe's Boys" in 1946. 1310:to take over Victory Aircraft as A.V. Roe Canada ( 852:in 1903, passed the entrance examinations for the 816: 3747:C.D.: The Life and Times of Clarence Decatur Howe 1815:. Vol. XVIII (1951–1960) (online ed.). 786:) to serve as executives in wartime enterprises. 5011: 3581: 3485: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3246: 3207: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3135: 3075: 3060: 3048: 3024: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2907: 2883: 2847: 2799: 2787: 2763: 2751: 2712: 2652: 2640: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2496: 2334: 2322: 2250: 2139: 2127: 2103: 2076: 2052: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1968: 1944: 1932: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1848: 1586: 1574:Howe was opposed in his riding by CCF candidate 1466:Map showing the Trans-Canada pipeline (in green) 1232: 3876: 1425:Despite Avro Canada's success in producing the 761:as a young adult to take up a professorship at 5090:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada 3749:. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin, and Company Limited. 3633:Maginley, Charles D.; Collin, Bernard (2001). 3632: 3522: 1520:pipeline project. If the bill did not receive 1069:Howe worked to place the government-dominated 4591: 4147: 4884:Ministers of International Trade (1983–2018) 3582:Bothwell, Robert; Kilbourn, William (1979). 1000:wife never appears on political platforms." 4614:Ministers of Trade and Commerce (1892–1969) 4032:C. D. Howe – Parliament of Canada biography 3941: 3461: 1736:Trans-Canada Air Lines changed its name to 920: 232:13 October 1944 – 21 December 1945 5050:Ministers of railways and canals of Canada 4598: 4584: 4161: 4154: 4140: 3607:The Search for Identity: Canada, 1945–1967 1809:. In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). 1775:"The War Economy and Controls: C. D. Howe" 483:23 October 1935 – 1 November 1936 431:23 October 1935 – 1 November 1936 180:1 January 1946 – 14 November 1948 43: 5055:Ministers of trade and commerce of Canada 3791: 3758:. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross. 2262: 3878:"History: CBC News in depth: Air Canada" 3800:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3675:Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years 3656:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1801: 1653: 1461: 1355: 1259: 1215: 1138: 1096: 1020: 924: 905:recently been appointed chairman of the 809:. Howe faced a serious challenge in his 284:9 April 1940 – 31 December 1945 5100:Politicians from Waltham, Massachusetts 3860: 3837: 3814: 3744: 3613: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3147: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3036: 3012: 3000: 2970: 2922: 2835: 2823: 2724: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2358: 2346: 2298: 2286: 2238: 2226: 2202: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2115: 2091: 2064: 2040: 1980: 1956: 1920: 1872: 1860: 1836: 1458:St. Laurent government's second mandate 1338:Secretary of State for External Affairs 1255: 540:14 October 1935 – 10 June 1957 69:19 January 1948 – 21 June 1957 5065:Academic staff of Dalhousie University 5012: 3721: 3702: 3683: 3670: 3651: 3604: 3473: 3413: 3219: 3195: 2985: 2859: 2811: 2214: 1352:St. Laurent government's first mandate 1147:, inspecting the first Canadian-built 1016: 962:Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association 896:, who Howe would later appoint to the 381:2 November 1936 – 7 July 1940 4579: 4135: 3772: 3753: 3730:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 3654:The Canadian General Election of 1957 3635:The Ships of Canada's Marine Services 3562: 3539: 3087: 2895: 2871: 2775: 2736: 2508: 2310: 2187: 1429:, Canada's first jet fighter for the 1340:) as Acting Prime Minister. In July, 854:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 830: 672:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 336:13 May 1942 – 5 October 1942 168:Minister of Reconstruction and Supply 127:1 April 1951 – 20 June 1957 4042:Newspaper clippings about C. D. Howe 1283:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 821:Howe was born on 15 January 1886 in 4847:Minister of State (Trade) (1980–82) 3777:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 3590:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 3548:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 1740:in 1965, and is still in operation. 1159:Howe's department was assisted by " 1092: 13: 3679:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 3609:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 1115:Department of Munitions and Supply 14: 5141: 3979: 1548:and which was supported by Howe. 1079:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 772:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 5075:MIT School of Engineering alumni 5060:Ministers of transport of Canada 4607:Ministers of International Trade 4171:Ministers of Railways and Canals 4014: 4000: 3986: 3846:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson. 3823:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson. 3491: 3429: 3419: 1812:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1551: 1130:Minister of Munitions and Supply 701: 272:Minister of Munitions and Supply 5125:Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery 4759:Ministers of Industry (1963–69) 4124:Marcia Anastasia Christoforides 4082:Minister of Railways and Canals 3913:. CP. 3 January 1961. p. 9 3865:. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. 3532: 2268: 1743: 1730: 1717: 1420:Canadian Commercial Corporation 1048:Minister of Railways and Canals 940:In mid-1913, Howe journeyed to 817:Early years and academic career 790:Government's attempt to impose 649: 419:Minister of Railways and Canals 16:Canadian politician (1886–1960) 4037:Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame 1767: 1693:Lakehead District School Board 1681:Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame 1558:1957 Canadian federal election 1371:Minister of Trade and Commerce 1111:Canada declared war on Germany 888:, who would go on to lead the 115:Minister of Defence Production 57:Minister of Trade and Commerce 1: 5120:Christians from Massachusetts 4309:Ministers of Marine (1930–36) 3450:C. D. Howe Institute, History 1705: 1674:, a Canadian economic policy 1587:Later life, death, and legacy 731:politician. Howe served as a 5105:Politicians from Thunder Bay 5030:American emigrants to Canada 4802:Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien 3486:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3382:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3370:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3358:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3346:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3334:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3286:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3274:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3262:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3247:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3208:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3184:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3172:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3160:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3136:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3076:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3061:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3049:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 3025:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2959:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2947:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2935:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2908:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2884:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2848:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2800:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2788:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2764:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2752:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2713:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2653:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2641:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2581:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2569:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2557:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2497:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2335:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2323:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2251:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2140:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2128:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2104:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2077:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2053:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2029:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2017:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 2005:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1993:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1969:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1945:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1933:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1909:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1897:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1885:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1849:Bothwell & Kilbourn 1979 1760: 1649: 1633:William (Bill) Hastings Howe 1406:, who was duly appointed by 1342:Minister of National Defence 1295:Research Enterprises Limited 935:Board of Grain Commissioners 907:Board of Grain Commissioners 890:Montreal Engineering Company 7: 5070:Liberal Party of Canada MPs 4981:François-Philippe Champagne 4046:20th Century Press Archives 3974:Library and Archives Canada 3963: 3863:Louis St. Laurent: Canadian 1817:University of Toronto Press 1751:Order of the British Empire 1293:who were laid off from the 1103:Major-General G. R. Pearkes 1036:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1011: 740:William Lyon Mackenzie King 10: 5146: 5130:Waltham High School alumni 4792:Alastair William Gillespie 4724:Malcolm Wallace McCutcheon 3523:Maginley & Collin 2001 3503:Cdhowe.lakeheadsschools.ca 1555: 1360:Howe and Vermont Governor 1250: 1071:Canadian National Railways 917:, as Canadians then were. 767:House of Commons of Canada 220:Minister of Reconstruction 4989: 4883: 4862: 4846: 4830: 4779: 4758: 4613: 4565: 4526: 4495: 4339: 4308: 4169: 4115: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4079: 4071: 4066: 3861:Thomson, Dale C. (1967). 3792:Stevenson, Garth (1987). 3614:Harbron, John D. (1980). 1807:"Howe, Clarencne Decatur" 1594:External Affairs Minister 1318:was sold to the US-based 1153:Montreal Locomotive Works 898:National Research Council 709: 697: 677: 667: 659: 636: 626: 605: 577: 572: 568: 556: 544: 533: 521: 509: 497: 487: 476: 469: 457: 445: 435: 424: 417: 407: 395: 385: 374: 362: 350: 340: 329: 322: 310: 298: 288: 277: 270: 258: 246: 236: 225: 218: 206: 194: 184: 173: 166: 153: 141: 131: 120: 113: 101: 89: 73: 62: 55: 51: 42: 23: 5115:American civil engineers 5040:Canadian civil engineers 4797:Donald Campbell Jamieson 3745:Roberts, Leslie (1957). 3722:Render, Shirley (1999). 3540:Bliss, Michael (1994) . 1710: 1639:Barbara Stewart Marshall 1629:Howe had five children: 1546:the forthcoming election 1431:Royal Canadian Air Force 1285:(the predecessor of the 1207:Victory Aircraft Limited 1083:Canadian Pacific Railway 933:, built by Howe for the 921:Engineer and businessman 4642:Richard John Cartwright 3838:Stewart, Greig (1991). 3815:Stewart, Greig (1998). 3703:Pigott, Peter (2001) . 3563:Bliss, Michael (2004). 1624:Christ Church Cathedral 1203:National Steel Car Ltd. 1064:National Harbours Board 4901:James Francis Kelleher 4729:Mitchell William Sharp 4528:Ministers of Transport 4341:Ministers of Transport 4163:Ministers of Transport 3929:. C. D. Howe Institute 3773:Smith, Philip (1986). 3671:Newman, Peter (1963). 3605:Fraser, Blair (1967). 3586:C.D. Howe: A Biography 1667: 1645:Elisabeth Howe Stedman 1467: 1396:The Viscount Alexander 1365: 1331:Imperial Privy Council 1269: 1221: 1156: 1151:at Angus Shops of the 1106: 1087:Trans-Canada Air Lines 1026: 937: 823:Waltham, Massachusetts 776:Trans-Canada Air Lines 735:in the governments of 4709:Clarence Decatur Howe 4704:James Angus MacKinnon 4694:Richard Burpee Hanson 4689:Henry Herbert Stevens 4673:Henry Herbert Stevens 4652:Henry Herbert Stevens 3754:Smith, Denis (1995). 3684:Oswald, Mary (1999). 3652:Meisel, John (1962). 1725:Ministry of Transport 1657: 1505:Trans-Canada Pipeline 1465: 1359: 1320:Electric Boat Company 1308:Hawker Siddeley Group 1263: 1219: 1142: 1100: 1040:riding of Port Arthur 1024: 946:Fort William, Ontario 929:Terminal elevator at 928: 716:Clarence Decatur Howe 582:Clarence Decatur Howe 324:Minister of Transport 96:James Angus MacKinnon 4911:John Carnell Crosbie 4734:Robert Henry Winters 4667:James Alexander Robb 4657:James Alexander Robb 4637:William Bullock Ives 4626:William Bullock Ives 4109:Dalhousie University 3402:& 3 January 1961 1672:C. D. Howe Institute 1612:Dalhousie University 1599:election on 31 March 1289:) a distant second. 1287:New Democratic Party 1256:Mackenzie King years 1032:Norman Platt Lambert 980:business from those 950:Port Arthur, Ontario 942:Northwestern Ontario 931:Port Arthur, Ontario 866:Dalhousie University 858:Boston subway system 763:Dalhousie University 523:Member of Parliament 504:Lucien Henri Gendron 493:W. L. Mackenzie King 441:W. L. Mackenzie King 391:W. L. Mackenzie King 369:Joseph-Enoil Michaud 346:W. L. Mackenzie King 294:W. L. Mackenzie King 242:W. L. Mackenzie King 190:W. L. Mackenzie King 160:Howard Charles Green 80:W. L. Mackenzie King 26:The Right Honourable 5045:Canadian economists 4766:Charles Mills Drury 4745:Charles Mills Drury 4647:George Eulas Foster 4075:Robert James Manion 3927:"Institute History" 3384:, pp. 346–347. 3372:, pp. 342–344. 3360:, pp. 338–339. 3336:, pp. 336–338. 3324:, pp. 525–526. 3264:, pp. 328–329. 3186:, pp. 324–325. 3162:, pp. 266–267. 3114:, pp. 434–436. 3102:, pp. 218–220. 3078:, pp. 309–311. 2973:, pp. 401–403. 2949:, pp. 299–300. 2925:, pp. 396–397. 2910:, pp. 283–285. 2898:, pp. 527–528. 2886:, pp. 278–281. 2874:, pp. 181–182. 2826:, pp. 179–181. 2754:, pp. 242–243. 2739:, pp. 167–168. 2715:, pp. 218–219. 2679:, pp. 210–211. 2655:, pp. 209–211. 2571:, pp. 202–203. 2547:, pp. 148–149. 2337:, pp. 128–129. 2325:, pp. 126–127. 2217:, pp. 250–251. 1779:Canadian War Museum 1702:was named for him. 1685:C. D. Howe Building 1660:C. D. Howe Building 1413:Canada entered the 1400:the British Cabinet 1275:Minister of Justice 1233:"What's a million?" 1166:strategic materials 1155:(MLW), 27 May 1941. 1017:Election and prewar 969:general contracting 850:Waltham High School 784:"dollar-a-year-men" 452:Robert James Manion 5110:American Anglicans 5035:Canadian Anglicans 4719:George Harris Hees 4699:William Daum Euler 4120:Title next held by 4067:Political offices 3943:"C. D. Howe Award" 1863:, pp. 13, 15. 1668: 1468: 1366: 1270: 1222: 1157: 1107: 1052:Minister of Marine 1027: 938: 471:Minister of Marine 402:Office established 305:Office established 253:Office established 201:Office established 148:Office established 5005: 5004: 4976:Chrystia Freeland 4817:Herbert Eser Gray 4807:John Henry Horner 4679:James Dew Chaplin 4662:Thomas Andrew Low 4573: 4572: 4130: 4129: 4096:Academic offices 4090:Office abolished 3899:The Vancouver Sun 3853:978-0-07-551119-9 3830:978-0-07-560102-9 3807:978-0-8020-6637-4 3784:978-0-7710-8211-5 3765:978-0-921912-92-7 3737:978-1-55054-722-1 3714:978-1-55017-268-3 3695:978-0-9684843-0-2 3663:978-0-598-16041-6 3625:978-0-88902-226-3 3597:978-0-7710-4535-6 3574:978-0-00-639484-6 3555:978-0-7710-1569-4 3235:& 24 May 1957 3233:The Vancouver Sun 3003:, pp. 55–56. 2631:, pp. 45–46. 2424:, pp. 23–24. 2412:, pp. 44–45. 2400:, pp. 82–83. 2301:, pp. 72–73. 2289:, pp. 63–64. 2241:, pp. 49–50. 2229:, pp. 35–36. 2190:, pp. 33–34. 2166:, pp. 27–32. 2154:, pp. 24–26. 2067:, pp. 23–24. 2055:, pp. 50–51. 2031:, pp. 46–48. 2019:, pp. 42–43. 1983:, pp. 19–20. 1971:, pp. 37–38. 1959:, pp. 16–18. 1947:, pp. 32–33. 1851:, pp. 22–23. 1662:in Ottawa houses 1454:for Port Arthur. 1451:Petawawa, Ontario 1279:Louis St. Laurent 1126:the 1940 election 1075:crown corporation 804:Opposition leader 800:the 1957 election 744:Louis St. Laurent 713: 712: 563:Douglas M. Fisher 137:Louis St. Laurent 84:Louis St. Laurent 5137: 4941:Pierre Pettigrew 4812:Robert de Cotret 4714:Gordon Churchill 4621:Mackenzie Bowell 4600: 4593: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4072:Preceded by 4064: 4063: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3994:Biography portal 3991: 3990: 3989: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3949:on 12 April 2012 3938: 3936: 3934: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3866: 3857: 3845: 3834: 3822: 3811: 3799: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3741: 3729: 3718: 3699: 3680: 3678: 3667: 3648: 3629: 3610: 3601: 3589: 3578: 3559: 3547: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1803:Bothwell, Robert 1799: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1771: 1754: 1747: 1741: 1734: 1728: 1721: 1565:Morris, Manitoba 1493:William Kilbourn 1362:William H. Wills 1324:General Dynamics 1240:John Diefenbaker 1170:Second World War 1093:Second World War 1060:Royal Commission 834: 807:John Diefenbaker 757:, Howe moved to 748:Second World War 733:cabinet minister 726: 705: 653: 651: 612: 609:31 December 1960 591: 589: 573:Personal details 559: 547: 538: 516:Office abolished 512: 500: 490: 481: 464:Office abolished 460: 448: 438: 429: 410: 398: 388: 379: 365: 353: 343: 334: 317:Office abolished 313: 301: 291: 282: 265:Office abolished 261: 249: 239: 230: 209: 197: 187: 178: 156: 144: 134: 125: 108:Gordon Churchill 104: 92: 76: 67: 47: 37: 21: 20: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4985: 4956:Michael Fortier 4906:Patricia Carney 4879: 4858: 4842: 4826: 4775: 4754: 4609: 4604: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4522: 4491: 4335: 4304: 4165: 4160: 4121: 4112: 4085: 4077: 4022:Politics portal 4020: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3970:C.D. Howe fonds 3966: 3961: 3952: 3950: 3932: 3930: 3916: 3914: 3887: 3885: 3854: 3831: 3808: 3785: 3766: 3738: 3715: 3696: 3664: 3645: 3626: 3598: 3575: 3556: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3462:C.D. Howe Award 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300:, pp. 7–8. 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839:, pp. 7–9. 1835: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1800: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1689:Industry Canada 1664:Industry Canada 1652: 1589: 1560: 1554: 1529:Pipeline Debate 1489:Robert Bothwell 1460: 1378:Ontario Premier 1354: 1258: 1253: 1245:unparliamentary 1235: 1095: 1019: 1014: 954:First World War 923: 915:British subject 911:grain elevators 894:C. J. Mackenzie 843:Stephen Decatur 819: 796:Pipeline Debate 737:prime ministers 718: 693: 690:business leader 655: 652: 1916) 647: 643: 642:Alice Worcester 627:Political party 614: 610: 593: 592:15 January 1886 587: 585: 584: 583: 557: 545: 539: 534: 525: 510: 498: 488: 482: 477: 458: 446: 436: 430: 425: 408: 396: 386: 380: 375: 363: 351: 341: 335: 330: 311: 299: 289: 283: 278: 259: 247: 237: 231: 226: 207: 195: 185: 179: 174: 154: 142: 132: 126: 121: 102: 90: 82: 74: 68: 63: 38: 33: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4966:Peter Van Loan 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4916:Michael Wilson 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4838:Michael Wilson 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787:Jean-Luc Pépin 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4771:Jean-Luc Pépin 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4750:Jean-Luc Pépin 4747: 4742: 4739:Jean-Luc Pépin 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4530:(2015–present) 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4167: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4107:Chancellor of 4104: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4052: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4011: 3997: 3981: 3980:External links 3978: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3923: 3911:Ottawa Citizen 3903: 3894: 3871:Online sources 3868: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3835: 3829: 3812: 3806: 3789: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3602: 3596: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525:, p. 146. 3515: 3490: 3488:, p. 349. 3478: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3428: 3418: 3416:, p. 417. 3406: 3400:Ottawa Citizen 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3348:, p. 338. 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3288:, p. 330. 3278: 3276:, p. 329. 3266: 3251: 3249:, p. 328. 3239: 3224: 3212: 3210:, p. 325. 3200: 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 327. 3164: 3152: 3150:, p. 493. 3140: 3138:, p. 317. 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3090:, p. 483. 3080: 3065: 3063:, p. 309. 3053: 3051:, p. 316. 3041: 3039:, p. 420. 3029: 3027:, p. 312. 3017: 3015:, p. 424. 3005: 2990: 2975: 2963: 2961:, p. 301. 2951: 2939: 2937:, p. 299. 2927: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 266. 2840: 2838:, p. 183. 2828: 2816: 2814:, p. 127. 2804: 2802:, p. 255. 2792: 2790:, p. 253. 2780: 2778:, p. 178. 2768: 2766:, p. 259. 2756: 2741: 2729: 2727:, p. 163. 2717: 2705: 2703:, p. 225. 2693: 2691:, p. 215. 2681: 2669: 2667:, p. 204. 2657: 2645: 2643:, p. 190. 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 158. 2609: 2607:, p. 151. 2597: 2595:, p. 153. 2585: 2583:, p. 206. 2573: 2561: 2559:, p. 198. 2549: 2537: 2535:, p. 141. 2525: 2513: 2511:, p. 165. 2501: 2499:, p. 240. 2486: 2484:, p. 155. 2474: 2472:, p. 119. 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2313:, p. 165. 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2265:, p. 198. 2263:Stevenson 1987 2255: 2253:, p. 113. 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1791: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1742: 1729: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1588: 1585: 1556:Main article: 1553: 1550: 1509:Mitchell Sharp 1484:Donald Fleming 1459: 1456: 1408:King George VI 1404:Vincent Massey 1381:George A. Drew 1353: 1350: 1345:Brooke Claxton 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1234: 1231: 1199:Avro Lancaster 1181:Western Prince 1177:Western Prince 1149:Valentine tank 1145:Kenneth Stuart 1113:and created a 1094: 1091: 1050:and the first 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1005:The Depression 922: 919: 818: 815: 711: 710: 707: 706: 699: 695: 694: 692: 691: 688: 685: 681: 679: 675: 674: 669: 665: 664: 661: 657: 656: 645: 641: 640: 638: 634: 633: 628: 624: 623: 613:(aged 74) 607: 603: 602: 581: 579: 575: 574: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 554: 553: 551:Riding created 548: 542: 541: 531: 530: 519: 518: 513: 507: 506: 501: 495: 494: 491: 489:Prime Minister 485: 484: 474: 473: 467: 466: 461: 455: 454: 449: 443: 442: 439: 437:Prime Minister 433: 432: 422: 421: 415: 414: 411: 405: 404: 399: 393: 392: 389: 387:Prime Minister 383: 382: 372: 371: 366: 360: 359: 354: 348: 347: 344: 342:Prime Minister 338: 337: 327: 326: 320: 319: 314: 308: 307: 302: 296: 295: 292: 290:Prime Minister 286: 285: 275: 274: 268: 267: 262: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 240: 238:Prime Minister 234: 233: 223: 222: 216: 215: 213:Robert Winters 210: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 188: 186:Prime Minister 182: 181: 171: 170: 164: 163: 157: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 135: 133:Prime Minister 129: 128: 118: 117: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 77: 75:Prime Minister 71: 70: 60: 59: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 32: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5142: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5008: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:Stockwell Day 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:David Emerson 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936:Sergio Marchi 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Thomas Hockin 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4870:Edward Lumley 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4854:Edward Lumley 4852: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4822:Edward Lumley 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:James Malcolm 4682: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4631:John Costigan 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4008:Canada portal 3998: 3995: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3928: 3924: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3884:. 14 May 2004 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3644:1-55125-070-5 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3537: 3524: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3476:, p. 99. 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 62. 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3228: 3222:, p. 59. 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3198:, p. 55. 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3126:, p. 56. 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2988:, p. 37. 2987: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2862:, p. 36. 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 48. 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2460:, p. 87. 2459: 2454: 2448:, p. 14. 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 24. 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2388:, p. 85. 2387: 2382: 2376:, p. 43. 2375: 2370: 2368: 2361:, p. 80. 2360: 2355: 2349:, p. 37. 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2283: 2277:, 14 May 2004 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2205:, p. 30. 2204: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2178:, p. 30. 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2142:, p. 81. 2141: 2136: 2130:, p. 66. 2129: 2124: 2118:, p. 24. 2117: 2112: 2106:, p. 62. 2105: 2100: 2094:, p. 10. 2093: 2088: 2086: 2079:, p. 55. 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2043:, p. 17. 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2007:, p. 42. 2006: 2001: 1995:, p. 41. 1994: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1935:, p. 30. 1934: 1929: 1923:, p. 19. 1922: 1917: 1911:, p. 29. 1910: 1905: 1899:, p. 27. 1898: 1893: 1887:, p. 26. 1886: 1881: 1875:, p. 18. 1874: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1552:1957 election 1549: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1537:René Beaudoin 1535: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1497:Walter Harris 1494: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1363: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1262: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1230: 1228: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211:J. P. Bickell 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1168:. During the 1167: 1162: 1161:dollar-a-year 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134:Arthur Cardin 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1119:Michael Bliss 1116: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1009: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 990: 985: 983: 978: 974: 970: 965: 963: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 936: 932: 927: 918: 916: 912: 908: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 881: 879: 878:Panic of 1907 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 841: 838: 833: 828: 827:United States 824: 814: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:Massachusetts 751: 749: 745: 741: 738: 734: 730: 729:Liberal Party 725: 721: 717: 708: 704: 700: 696: 689: 686: 683: 682: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 662: 658: 639: 635: 632: 629: 625: 621: 617: 608: 604: 600: 599:Massachusetts 596: 580: 576: 571: 567: 564: 561: 555: 552: 549: 543: 537: 532: 529: 524: 520: 517: 514: 508: 505: 502: 496: 492: 486: 480: 475: 472: 468: 465: 462: 456: 453: 450: 444: 440: 434: 428: 423: 420: 416: 413:Arthur Cardin 412: 406: 403: 400: 394: 390: 384: 378: 373: 370: 367: 361: 358: 357:Arthur Cardin 355: 349: 345: 339: 333: 328: 325: 321: 318: 315: 309: 306: 303: 297: 293: 287: 281: 276: 273: 269: 266: 263: 257: 254: 251: 245: 241: 235: 229: 224: 221: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 199: 193: 189: 183: 177: 172: 169: 165: 161: 158: 152: 149: 146: 140: 136: 130: 124: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 100: 97: 94: 88: 85: 81: 78: 72: 66: 61: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 36: 27: 22: 19: 5007: 4946:Jim Peterson 4931:Art Eggleton 4926:Roy MacLaren 4891:Gerald Regan 4875:Gerald Regan 4708: 4359: 4349: 4330: 4299: 4122: 4116: 4106: 4101: 4089: 4080: 4059:Find a Grave 3967: 3951:. 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D. Howe 3088:Bliss 1994 2896:Bliss 1994 2872:Bliss 2004 2776:Bliss 2004 2737:Smith 1995 2509:Smith 1995 2311:Bliss 2004 2188:Smith 1986 1738:Air Canada 1706:References 1676:think tank 1642:Mary Dodge 1608:chancellor 1415:Korean War 1044:portfolios 780:Air Canada 774:(CBC) and 684:Legislator 678:Profession 588:1886-01-15 30:C. D. Howe 4552:Rodriguez 4391:McIlraith 4321:Duranleau 4190:Macdonald 3616:C.D. Howe 1761:Citations 1699:C.D. Howe 1697:CGS 1650:Namesakes 1636:John Howe 1314:), while 840:Commodore 698:Signature 668:Education 536:In office 479:In office 427:In office 377:In office 280:In office 228:In office 176:In office 123:In office 65:In office 4997:Jim Carr 4741:(acting) 4675:(acting) 4669:(acting) 4633:(acting) 4547:Alghabra 4487:Lapierre 4472:Anderson 4452:Bouchard 4437:Axworthy 4417:Marchand 4412:Jamieson 4408:(acting) 4371:Chevrier 4362:(acting) 4276:(acting) 4244:Cochrane 4235:(acting) 4233:Fielding 4228:Emmerson 4224:(acting) 4222:Fielding 4208:(acting) 4197:(acting) 3964:Archives 3953:26 March 3933:26 March 3882:CBC News 2275:CBC News 1805:(2009). 1784:6 August 1316:Canadair 1299:Boer War 1273:was the 1191:Guardian 1012:Politics 994:nepotism 989:alderman 753:Born in 724:PC (Can) 687:engineer 660:Children 622:, Canada 616:Montreal 162:(acting) 4971:Ed Fast 4542:Garneau 4462:Corbeil 4447:Crosbie 4401:Hellyer 4366:Michaud 4326:Gendron 4285:Dunning 4274:Drayton 4269:Dunning 4259:Kennedy 4254:Stewart 4212:Haggart 4201:Haggart 4048:of the 4044:in the 3508:23 July 1580:Prairie 1534:Speaker 1517:closure 1385:Eaton's 1322:(later 1251:Postwar 977:Alberta 870:Halifax 837:US Navy 792:closure 778:(today 720:PC (UK) 654: 646: 631:Liberal 595:Waltham 4513:Strahl 4503:Cannon 4482:Valeri 4386:Balcer 4376:Marler 4355:Cardin 4316:Cardin 4295:Manion 4290:Crerar 4264:Graham 4239:Graham 4206:Ouimet 4195:Bowell 4180:Tupper 4117:Vacant 3850: 3827: 3804: 3781: 3762: 3734: 3711: 3692: 3660: 3641: 3622: 3594: 3571: 3552: 3499:"Home" 1427:CF-100 811:riding 637:Spouse 620:Quebec 601:, U.S. 332:Acting 4557:Anand 4537:Raitt 4518:Lebel 4508:Baird 4467:Young 4457:Lewis 4432:Pépin 4280:Black 4217:Blair 1711:Notes 1101:L–R: 648:( 644: 4422:Lang 4381:Hees 4360:Howe 4350:Howe 4331:Howe 4300:Howe 4249:Reid 4185:Pope 3955:2012 3935:2012 3919:2010 3890:2010 3848:ISBN 3825:ISBN 3802:ISBN 3779:ISBN 3760:ISBN 3732:ISBN 3709:ISBN 3690:ISBN 3658:ISBN 3639:ISBN 3620:ISBN 3592:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3550:ISBN 3510:2022 1824:2023 1786:2013 1658:The 1491:and 1227:USSR 975:and 742:and 606:Died 578:Born 526:for 4057:at 4050:ZBW 3972:at 1610:of 1326:). 1124:In 868:in 832:née 5016:: 3976:. 3909:. 3880:. 3501:. 3389:^ 3254:^ 3068:^ 2993:^ 2978:^ 2915:^ 2744:^ 2489:^ 2366:^ 2195:^ 2084:^ 1794:^ 1777:. 1410:. 1277:, 1046:: 998:my 956:. 880:. 872:, 845:. 825:, 722:, 650:m. 618:, 597:, 35:PC 4599:e 4592:t 4585:v 4155:e 4148:t 4141:v 3957:. 3937:. 3921:. 3892:. 3856:. 3833:. 3810:. 3787:. 3768:. 3740:. 3717:. 3698:. 3666:. 3647:. 3628:. 3600:. 3577:. 3558:. 3512:. 3464:. 3452:. 3439:. 3404:. 3237:. 1826:. 1788:. 1727:. 1666:. 663:5 590:) 586:(

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