Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347

883: 1526: 1431:

At the same time, Kantakouzenos suffered a series of reverses. These began when John Apokaukos, the nominal governor of Thessalonica, openly announced his allegiance to Kantakouzenos and his plans to surrender the city. He was immediately thwarted by the Zealots who rose up again and killed Apokaukos and the other Kantakouzenist sympathizers in the city. Then John Vatatzes, who had defected to Kantakouzenos the year before, once more switched sides. He attempted to take some of Kantakouzenos' Turkish allies and a few Thracian cities with him, but was murdered soon afterwards. Finally, Kantakouzenos lost the support of his most crucial ally, Umur of Aydin, who left with his army to confront the crusaders in Smyrna. Kantakouzenos replaced him by allying himself with the Emir of Saruhan and, more importantly,

1272:

Once again Umur of Aydin came to Kantakouzenos' assistance with a fleet carrying some 6,000 men, whereupon Apokaukos and his ships fled from the superior Turkish navy. Nevertheless, a reinforced Thessalonica was able to hold out against a siege by Kantakouzenos and Umur. Although he had failed to take Thessalonica, the presence of his Turkish allies allowed Kantakouzenos to turn his attention towards Thrace. In late 1343 he left his son Manuel as governor of Berroia and western Macedonia and marched towards Demotika, relieving the city and seeing his wife for the first time in almost two years. On his way to Demotika, Kantakouzenos had seized a number of fortresses in Thrace, although another siege of Peritheorion failed. He followed up with a successful campaign that took

1237: 1158: 1046:, the 'powerful ones') who dominated the countryside quickly rallying to support him, while the ordinary population, often living in abject conditions and suffering under oppressive taxation, supported the Empress-dowager and the Patriarch. Apokaukos was especially quick to capitalize upon this division and foment popular dislike for the aristocracy, by widely publicizing the immense wealth confiscated from Kantakouzenos' and his supporters' houses and estates. In the words of Donald Nicol, "it was against him and everything that he stood for as a millionaire and landowning aristocrat that the people rose up. 'Kantakouzenism' became their war cry, the slogan of their discontent". 731: 455: 269: 1016: 427: 416: 344: 333: 241: 194: 1035:

Gregoras) and his supporters, largely drawn from the land-holding aristocracy, proclaimed Kantakouzenos Emperor. Although he still presented himself officially as a junior colleague to John V, and claimed to be only acting in the boy's name, having staked his claim on the throne, he had effectively started a civil war. Kantakouzenos still hoped that negotiation might resolve the situation, but all his envoys were imprisoned and he and his supporters excommunicated by Patriarch John XIV. On 19 November 1341, the regency responded to Kantakouzenos' proclamation as Emperor with the formal coronation of John V.

354: 207: 405: 394: 383: 316: 225: 171: 160: 149: 133: 1334: 465: 298: 326: 1611:, from where he made an unsuccessful attempt to seize Constantinople in March 1353. John VI Kantakouzenos responded by having Matthew crowned as co-emperor, but John V Palaiologos, enlisting Genoese support and relying on the declining popularity of Kantakouzenos, succeeded in entering the capital in November 1354. John VI abdicated and retired to a monastery. Matthew held out in Thrace until 1357, when he too abdicated, leaving John V Palaiologos as the sole master of a 444: 255: 289: 1451:. This development prompted Kantakouzenos, who had only been acclaimed Emperor in 1341, to have himself formally crowned in a ceremony held at Adrianople on 21 May, presided over by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Lazaros. Lazaros then convened a synod of bishops to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, John Kalekas. Not long afterwards, Kantakouzenos' ties with his new ally Orhan were cemented through the marriage of his daughter 842:, to seek a negotiated settlement. The subsequent peace treaty concluded between Andronikos III and Dušan was important for the future of Byzantine-Serbian relations. For the first time, the Byzantines recognized the extensive gains the Serbs had made at the Empire's expense in the central Balkans during Andronikos II's reign. In the aftermath of the pact, Dušan also moved his seat, and with it his realm's centre of gravity, south to 1666:

by a shortage of resources and riven by internal strife. Nevertheless, through a combination of fortuitous external circumstances and adroit diplomacy, it survived for another century, until finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1453. Only the Byzantine exclave in the Morea remained prosperous, having been spared the ravages of the civil war because of its relative isolation. The appointment of Manuel Kantakouzenos as its

1406: 1228:

Another effort by Kantakouzenos to break from Serbia into Macedonia failed before Serres. In the meantime, Kantakouzenos' wife Irene called upon the aid of the Bulgarians to help relieve the blockade of Demotika by the regency's army. Ivan Alexander dispatched troops, but although they clashed with the regency's forces, they made no effort in assisting the city, instead pillaging the countryside.

946:, with their pro-aristocracy bias, paint a very negative picture of the man. According to Kantakouzenos, Apokaukos' adherence to the Patriarch's camp resulted from his ambition: Apokaukos sought further advancement by trying to convince Kantakouzenos to declare himself Emperor. When the latter refused, Apokaukos secretly switched his allegiance. 1219:, all of the region appears to have fallen under Serbian rule. Morale among Kantakouzenos' followers fell dramatically. Rumours circulated in Constantinople that a dejected Kantakouzenos planned to retire to Mount Athos as a monk, and riots broke out in the city in which several rich men were killed and their houses looted by the populace. 1300:"The king was insatiable, revelling in the civil wars of the Romans and considering this time the most advantageous to him and the greatest gift of fortune. Wherefore he descended like a flame and was spreading over the Roman cities and land, continuously enslaving them on his way, since there was nothing that could resist his assaults." 907:, who presented a document from Andronikos dating from 1334, assigning to him the care of the imperial family in the case of his death. Only after a demonstration of the capital's troops on 20 June did Kantakouzenos secure recognition as regent and control of the reins of government, as well as maintaining control over the army as its 1256:

Asia at the onset of winter, to which the Turks were unaccustomed. This turn of events displeased Dušan, for Kantakouzenos now had an independent power base and was less reliant on the Serbian ruler's goodwill. The final rift between Kantakouzenos and Dušan occurred in April 1343, when Kantakouzenos persuaded the town of

1174:, he could not afford to miss this unique opportunity to expand south. Desperately in need of Serbian aid, Kantakouzenos apparently agreed that the Serbs could keep any town they took, despite his own later account to the contrary. According to Nikephoros Gregoras, the Serbs claimed all of Macedonia west of Christopolis ( 1649:

exhausted the Byzantine state's resources, as it brought "anarchy to the cities and devastation to the countryside" (Alice-Mary Talbot). Thrace, the largest contiguous territory remaining in the Empire, suffered such destruction that, along with Constantinople, it became dependent on grain imported from Bulgaria and the

1268:. These moves strengthened Kantakouzenos' position and independence from Dušan, thereby thwarting the latter's plans for expansion. Realizing that he had little to gain by continuing to support Kantakouzenos, Dušan opened negotiations with the regency and concluded a formal alliance with them in the summer of 1343. 980:, where he was blockaded by troops. Kantakouzenos returned to Constantinople in early September, where he stayed for a few weeks consulting with the Empress. On his way back to Thrace to prepare for a campaign into the Morea, he went to Epibatai, where he pardoned Apokaukos and restored him to his former offices. 1573:, Dušan and his general Preljub took Kantakouzenos' Macedonian strongholds as well as Epirus and Thessaly in 1347–1348, thereby completing their conquest of the remaining Byzantine lands in mainland Greece. An attempt to break Byzantium's dependence for food and maritime commerce on the Genoese merchants of 1280:

area. Over the next couple of years, the towns and forts of Thrace came over to Kantakouzenos' camp one by one, but at great cost, as his mainly Turkish troops repeatedly plundered the countryside. The shifting tide of the war did not go unnoticed in the opposing camp. In late 1344, several prominent

1271:

Meanwhile, Kantakouzenos and his army camped outside Thessalonica, hoping to take the city through the aid of his supporters within the walls. Apokaukos arrived at the head of the Byzantine fleet to aid the Zealots, pinning Kantakouzenos down in Macedonia between Thessalonica and Dušan's possessions.

1101:

where, on 27 October, the populace expelled the city's aristocrats, securing it for the regency. This event was repeated over the next weeks in town after town throughout Thrace and Macedonia, as the people declared their support for the regency and against the despised forces of 'Kantakouzenism'. In

1034:

As the first groups of his partisans fleeing the capital arrived at Demotika, Kantakouzenos, by his own account, tried to negotiate with the new regency, but his approach was rebuffed. Finally forced to take decisive action, on 26 October 1341, the army (2,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry, according to

766:. The relationship between the two remained close, and in 1330, when the heirless Andronikos III (John V was born in 1332) fell ill he insisted that Kantakouzenos be proclaimed Emperor or regent after his death. Their ties were further strengthened in the spring of 1341, when the latter's eldest son, 1665:

Along with the renewal of the civil war in 1352, these factors destroyed any chance of even a modest recovery similar to that experienced under Andronikos III. Thereafter, Byzantium remained under the menacing threat of stronger neighbours, unable to pursue an independent foreign policy, handicapped

1430:

When Kantakouzenos heard the news he marched towards Constantinople, urged by his supporters, who expected that the death of Apokaukos would result in the collapse of the regency. Kantakouzenos was more sceptical, and indeed the Patriarch and Empress Anna quickly brought the situation under control.

1255:

with a fleet of 300 ships and 29,000 (according to Kantakouzenos) or 15,000 (according to Turkish sources) men-in-arms and relieved Demotika both from the siege by the regency's forces and from the depredations of the Bulgarians. After pillaging Thrace for a few months, Umur was forced to retreat to

1222:

In late fall, Empress Anna twice sent embassies to Dušan trying to convince him to surrender Kantakouzenos, but the Serbian ruler, seeking to extract more profit from their alliance, refused. Kantakouzenos' fortunes began to improve when a delegation of the nobles of Thessaly reached him and offered

1118:, an old associate of Kantakouzenos who was the governor of the Empire's second city, Thessalonica, indicated his support. Synadenos had kept his allegiance to Kantakouzenos secret from the city's populace, and intended to surrender Thessalonica in collusion with the local aristocracy. Furthermore, 1534:

On 8 February 1347, the war formally ended with an agreement making Kantakouzenos senior emperor for ten years, after which he and John V would reign as equals. Kantakouzenos also promised to pardon anyone who had fought against him. To seal the pact, John V married Kantakouzenos' daughter Helena,

1504:

By the summer of 1346, Kantakouzenos stood on the verge of victory. He left Thrace under the control of his son Matthew and moved on to Selymbria, close to Constantinople. He did not attack the capital, but waited for almost a year for the city to surrender. In his memoirs, he explains that he did

1661:

system run by the local magnates. Despite their considerable wealth, the magnates, through exemptions or outright evasion, managed to avoid paying taxes to the imperial government. In addition, the arrival in 1347 of the Black Death and its recurrent outbreaks further reduced the Empire's tax and

1648:

The Byzantines' division and reliance on foreign troops, especially the Serbs and Turks, encouraged the latter's expansionism. Stefan Dušan in particular proved adept in exploiting the civil war to expand his state at Byzantium's expense. Aside from huge territorial losses, the prolonged conflict

547:

led by Alexios Apokaukos and the Patriarch John XIV secured the support of Empress Anna and established a new regency. In response, Kantakouzenos' army and supporters proclaimed him co-emperor in October, cementing the rift between himself and the new regency. The split immediately escalated into

1227:

as the province's governor. Although in effect a semi-independent ruler, Angelos was both loyal and effective. He soon brought Epirus — which he had governed in Andronikos III's name in 1340 — into the Kantakouzenist camp, and even made gains in Thessaly at the expense of the Catalans of Athens.

1061:

Polarization of this nature was not new in the Byzantine Empire. Evidence of competition between the landed aristocracy and the city-based middle classes in the political, economic and social spheres has been attested since the 11th century, but the scale of the conflict that erupted in 1341 was

1594:

broke out in 1352, when John V, supported by Venetian and Turkish troops, launched an attack on Matthew Kantakouzenos. John Kantakouzenos came to his son's aid with 10,000 Ottoman troops who retook the cities of Thrace, liberally plundering them in the process. In October 1352, at Demotika, the

1508:

As the months passed, and the privations in Constantinople increased, the pro-Kantakouzenos faction in the capital grew as the Empress refused even to consider negotiations. Twice agents were sent to assassinate Kantakouzenos, but they failed. The Empress eventually fell out with Patriarch John

1317:

At the same time, the regency's alliance with Dušan was paying dividends for the Serbian ruler alone, as he had free rein to plunder and occupy all of Macedonia and Epirus. By the end of 1345, only Thessalonica, held by the Zealots, Serres and the surrounding region, which remained loyal to the

1165:

At the same time, the regency's army campaigned in Thrace, formally taking possession of towns secured by popular revolt. With Thessalonica barred against him, his supply lines to Thrace cut, and desertions having reduced his army to 2,000 men, of whom half belonged to Hrelja, Kantakouzenos was

1058:, which derived its wealth from its estates and traditionally shunned commercial and entrepreneurial activities as unworthy of its status. The lower social strata tended to support the respective dominant faction, the middle classes in the cities and the landholding magnates in the countryside. 1182:, was to be wed to the daughter of Jovan Oliver, although after Dušan later broke the alliance, the marriage did not take place. Hrelja too acceded to the pact, in exchange for the surrender of Melnik by Kantakouzenos' garrison. After Hrelja's death later that year, Melnik was seized by Dušan. 963:

threatened war. In July Kantakouzenos left the capital at the head of the army, leaving control of the government to Apokaukos, whom he still believed loyal to him. Kantakouzenos' campaign proved successful. He persuaded Dušan to withdraw and repulsed the Turkish raiders, while Ivan Alexander,

1321:

These developments placed the regency in considerable difficulties. In spite of Apokaukos' adroit management of the state's finances, the devastation caused by the prolonged wars had emptied the treasury. In August 1343, Empress Anna was forced to pawn the crown jewels to Venice for 30,000

777:

Unlike Andronikos II, who had disbanded the Byzantine army and navy, and who favoured monks and intellectuals, Andronikos III was an energetic ruler who personally led his forces in military campaigns. In 1329, his first campaign against the Ottomans resulted in a disastrous defeat at the

858:

writes, "if the whole peninsula of Greece could be united under Byzantine government then the Empire would once again be a homogeneous structure, able to stand up to the Serbians, the Italians and its other enemies. It would be small, but it would be a compact and manageable economic and

1657:". Kantakouzenos had exhausted his own personal fortune, and Empress Anne had left the Empire heavily indebted to the Venetians. The war also led to the collapse of the centralized imperial administration in the provinces, causing control of the Thracian countryside to shift to a 1397:

friars to the regency to make an offer of conciliation, but it was rejected. Despite this show of confidence, the regency's position remained insecure. The defections of the previous winter had weakened their control of the capital, and in response Apokaukos launched a series of

1146:, where he met with Hrelja to forge an alliance. Their two armies marched toward Thessalonica, but arrived too late to take control. As they approached the city, they were met by Synadenos and other aristocrats, who had fled after an uprising led by a radical popular party, the 1517:, the imperial residence, the next morning, but the Empress refused to surrender for several days, still fearful of the fate that awaited her. Kantakouzenos' men grew impatient and stormed part of the palace complex, and John V persuaded his mother to accept a settlement. 916:

Nevertheless, opposition to Kantakouzenos began to coalesce around three figures: the Patriarch, a forceful man determined to have a voice in the governance of the Empire, the Empress-regent, who feared that Kantakouzenos would dispossess her son, and last but not least

1190:

when the city refused to surrender, and the subsequent siege had to be abandoned after an epidemic killed most of his men, forcing him to retreat into Serbia with a rump force of barely 500 soldiers. Dušan led a more successful parallel campaign, capturing Vodena

1185:

In late summer 1342, Kantakouzenos, accompanied by several Serbian magnates, marched into Macedonia at the head of a Greek and Serbian force, intending to break through to his wife, who still held out at Demotika. His advance was stopped almost immediately before

833:

A war with Serbia in 1331–1334 proved less successful for the Emperor when several towns in Macedonia were captured by the Serbs, led by the renegade Syrgiannes Palaiologos. These gains were only curtailed when the assassination of Syrgiannes and the threat of a

1049:

Thus the battle lines of the civil war were drawn up between urban and rural factions. The cities, dominated by the middle-class civil bureaucracy and merchant class (the "people of the market"), favoured a more mercantile economy and close relations with the

1004:, whom he tied to himself by marriage alliances. The Patriarch, backed by Apokaukos' group and the authority of the Empress, dismissed Kantakouzenos from his offices and declared him a public enemy. Kalekas himself was proclaimed regent and Apokaukos named 522:. The war polarized Byzantine society along class lines, with the aristocracy backing Kantakouzenos and the lower and middle classes supporting the regency. To a lesser extent, the conflict acquired religious overtones; Byzantium was embroiled in the 849:

Although the loss of Asia Minor proved irreversible, successes in Epirus and Thessaly led to a consolidation of the Empire in the Greek-speaking lands of the southern Balkans. Andronikos III and Kantakouzenos planned further campaigns to recover the

1493:. The emirate of Saruhan offered a more substantial force of 6,000 men in the summer of 1346, but instead of fighting, they plundered Thrace and then defected to join Kantakouzenos' army. Revenue remained scarce for the regency, the Genoese under 1066:

as well, where a pro-imperial and pro-Constantinopolitan urban faction confronted the provincial landholding aristocracy between 1340 and 1349. The more conservative and anti-Western tendencies of the aristocrats, and their links to the staunchly

968:

in the Morea. They expressed readiness to surrender the country in exchange for a guarantee of their property and rights. It was a unique opportunity, as Kantakouzenos himself recognized in his memoirs, since if successful, the Catalan-controlled

601:

in 1346, Kantakouzenos entered Constantinople on 3 February 1347. By agreement, he was to rule for ten years as the senior emperor and regent for John V, until the boy came of age and ruled alongside him. Despite this apparent victory, subsequent

1166:

forced to withdraw north to Serbia, where he hoped to secure the aid of Stefan Dušan. Soon after, Hrelja also deserted Kantakouzenos and joined the regency, hoping to gain control of Melnik for himself. In July 1342, Kantakouzenos met Dušan near

1102:

this hostile atmosphere, many of Kantakouzenos' soldiers abandoned him and returned to Constantinople. In Demotika alone the popular uprising was quelled, and the town remained Kantakouzenos' main stronghold in Thrace throughout the war.

1438:

In September 1345, after a long siege, Serres fell to Dušan. The Serbian ruler, who by now controlled about half of the pre-1341 Byzantine realm, was spurred by this success to lay his own claim on the Byzantine throne. Consequently, on

1345:) and nine other towns in northern Thrace along the river Evros. Nevertheless, after their occupation, Ivan Alexander refrained from direct action against Kantakouzenos' forces operating in southern and eastern Thrace. At the same time, 609:

The consequences of the prolonged conflict proved disastrous for the Empire, which had regained a measure of stability under Andronikos III. Seven years of warfare, the presence of marauding armies, social turmoil, and the advent of the

1625:"Upon the death of the young Andronikos , the worst civil war that the Romans had ever known broke out. It was a war that led to almost total destruction, reducing the great Empire of the Romans to a feeble shadow of its former self." 1353:

whom Kantakouzenos had entrusted with control over the region of Merope in the Rhodope mountains, switched over to the regency. In early 1344, Kantakouzenos was deprived of Umur and the bulk of his army, who had sailed home to repel a

1086:, whose views were mostly opposed in the cities. Although several significant exceptions leave the issue open to question among modern scholars, in the contemporary popular mind (and in traditional historiography), the supporters of ' 879:. His nine-year-old son John (John V) was the obvious successor, but he had not been officially proclaimed or crowned as co-emperor. This left a legal vacuum, and raised the question of who would lead the Empire's government. 1645:, "after the end of the second civil war, Byzantium was an empire in name only", while according to Eva de Vries-Van der Velden, it marks "the point of rupture between the 'decline' and 'the fall' of the Byzantine Empire". 941:

of Andronikos III and possibly the richest man in the Empire by 1341, Apokaukos was distrusted by the hereditary aristocracy. The only surviving narrative accounts of the period, Kantakouzenos's memoirs and the history of

1585:

to recover Thessalonica from the Zealots as well as Berroia, Vodena and other Macedonian cities from the Serbs, but the Serbian emperor quickly reversed the Byzantine gains, leaving only Thessalonica in Byzantine hands.

1529:

The rump of the Byzantine Empire and its neighbours in 1355. The disruption of the civil war and the interference of neighbouring states brought extensive losses of territory, mainly to Dušan's Serbia, which doubled in

1589:

Steadily deteriorating relations between Matthew Kantakouzenos, who now ruled eastern Thrace, and John V Palaiologos, who had taken over Matthew's former domain in western Thrace, led to yet another internal conflict.

1402:. He also ordered the construction of a new prison to house political prisoners. On 11 June 1345, while undertaking an inspection of the prison unaccompanied by his bodyguard, Apokaukos was lynched by the prisoners. 694:

wrought havoc in the imperial domains. Taxes also rose dramatically to finance tributes to the Empire's enemies. A combination of these failures and personal ambition moved the Emperor's grandson and heir, the young

1178:), except for Thessalonica and its environs. The only concession Kantakouzenos secured was that an exception be made for those towns that surrendered to him in person. To seal the pact, Kantakouzenos' younger son, 890:

According to Byzantine custom, the empress-dowager automatically headed any regency. Nevertheless, despite the lack of any formal appointment, Kantakouzenos placed Andronikos III's sons and the Empress-dowager

1409:

Emperor John V Palaiologos. His reign, from 1341 to 1391, saw the final disintegration of the Byzantine Empire by recurring civil wars. Aside from the conflict over his custodianship, he would fight a war in

794:, were restored to imperial rule, almost without bloodshed in 1328 and 1337 respectively. Andronikos III also rebuilt a modest fleet, which allowed him to recover the rich and strategically placed island of 1539:. In the end, as Donald Nicol commented, the long conflict had been meaningless, with terms that "could have been agreed five years before and saved the Empire so much bitterness, hatred and destruction." 1008:. Kantakouzenos' relatives and supporters were imprisoned or forced to flee the city, and their properties confiscated. Although Kantakouzenos' wife and children were safe in his headquarters at Demotika ( 754:, and became a childhood friend and the closest and most trusted advisor of Andronikos III. During Andronikos III's reign (1328–1341), John Kantakouzenos acted as his chief minister, holding the office of 988:

Kantakouzenos' second departure proved a great error. Back in the capital, his enemies moved in his absence. Apokaukos gathered a group of high-ranking aristocrats around him, including men such as the

1385:

to the city. Rejecting demands by Kantakouzenos to withdraw, a clash appeared inevitable until the murder of Alexios Apokaukos in Constantinople forced Kantakouzenos to direct his attention there.

583:, Kantakouzenos successfully reversed these gains. By 1345, despite Dušan's defection to the opposition and the withdrawal of Umur, Kantakouzenos retained the upper hand through the assistance of 6283: 537:

As the chief aide and closest friend of Emperor Andronikos III, Kantakouzenos became regent for the underage John V upon Andronikos's death in June 1341. While Kantakouzenos was absent from

976:

At this point Kantakouzenos received grave news from Constantinople. In late August Apokaukos attempted a coup and tried to kidnap John V. Having failed, he fled to his fortified house at

6263: 4744: 899:

claimed for himself the regency and governance of the state by virtue of his close association with the deceased Emperor. He also demanded that John V marry forthwith his own daughter

1114:

to Constantinople. However, they too were dismissed by the Patriarch. By then, almost all of the Byzantine provinces and their governors had declared themselves for the regency. Only

1377:

between the Serbs, Bulgarians and Byzantines, to set himself up as a quasi-independent prince, supported by a substantial force of around 5,000 men. On 7 July 1345, the two armies

4495: 4152: 1154:

was appointed governor of Thessalonica, although effective power rested with the Zealots, who for the next seven years led an autonomous regime unparalleled in Byzantine history.

1370:. Nevertheless, Kantakouzenos was able to ward off joint attacks by Dušan and Apokaukos until Umur returned to his aid the next spring at the head of an army of 20,000 men. 4734: 1150:. Soon afterwards a fleet of 70 ships led by Apokaukos reinforced the city. Synadenos, whose family had remained behind in Thessalonica, defected to the regency. Apokaukos' son 1550:

as the reigning dynasty. Kantakouzenos' eldest son, Matthew, also resented being passed over in favour of John V, and had to be placated with the creation of a semi-autonomous

3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 964:

threatened by a fleet from the Emirate of Aydin, renewed his peace treaty with Byzantium. To crown this success, Kantakouzenos received an embassy of the Latin barons of the

4669: 997: 1330:, promising the submission of herself, John V, Apokaukos and even the Patriarch to his authority, and began persecuting the pro-Kantakouzenists and anti-Western Palamists. 4769: 5104: 5021: 4112: 4980: 6278: 4739: 3834: 955:

and regent however, he had the duty of dealing with the Empire's various enemies, who sought to take advantage of Andronikos' death. Dušan had invaded Macedonia, the

5031: 4026: 5349: 4684: 1260:, besieged by the Serbs, to surrender to him instead of Dušan. This was followed by the surrender of several other forts in the area to Kantakouzenos, including 6073: 4813: 4320: 6028: 4694: 4178: 4649: 4659: 4032: 1161:

The Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan, who exploited the Byzantine civil war to greatly expand his realm. His reign marks the apogee of the medieval Serbian state.

1094:

in Constantinople in 1351. Hesychasm eventually became a hallmark of the Orthodox church tradition, although it was rejected by the Catholics as a heresy.

4818: 4784: 6268: 6083: 6038: 5284: 4759: 4699: 811: 803: 1599:

4,000 Serbs provided to John V by Stefan Dušan. This was the Ottomans' first victory in Europe and an ominous portent. Two years later their capture of

711:

during the 1320s. Although successful in removing the old Emperor from power, the war did not augur well for the future, as the Empire's neighbours—the

4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4789: 4754: 4714: 4709: 4654: 1110:

When heavy snowfall rendered campaigning impossible during the following winter, Kantakouzenos instead sent envoys, including an embassy of monks from

1038:

Reaction to Kantakouzenos' proclamation caused a rift in Byzantine society, with the rich and powerful land-holding magnates (traditionally called the

830:

came to meet the Emperor in person. It was during this encounter that Kantakouzenos and Umur established a long-lasting close friendship and alliance.

17: 1012:), the regency placed his mother, Theodora, under house arrest. The privations she suffered during her imprisonment were to cause her eventual death. 875:

Following a short illness, on the night of 14–15 June 1341 the emperor Andronikos III died at the relatively early age of 44, possibly due to chronic

6033: 4257: 1462:

For the regency, the situation had become desperate. Empress Anna's requests for aid from foreign powers proved unsuccessful, as both Orhan and the

6258: 1505:

not want to turn his Turks on the city, although contemporaries such as Gregoras accused him of indecision and of needlessly prolonging the war.

551:

During the first years of the war, forces of the regency prevailed. In the wake of several anti-aristocratic uprisings, most notably that of the

1373:

Kantakouzenos and Umur raided Bulgaria, and then turned against Momchil. The latter had exploited the power vacuum in the Rhodope, an effective

786:

rapidly collapsed. Subsequent sorties into the Balkans were nevertheless successful in shoring up Andronikos' tottering realm. Thessaly and the

3827: 647: 1569:

After 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos tried to revive the Empire, but met with limited success. Aided by the depopulation brought by about by the

1135: 1170:. The Serbian ruler appeared initially reluctant to form an alliance. Nevertheless, under pressure from his nobles, especially the powerful 5359: 1130:

valley, seemed to lean towards Kantakouzenos. Consequently, as soon as the weather improved, on 2 March 1342, Kantakouzenos left his wife

6238: 5982: 4906: 4901: 4886: 4247: 4204: 4188: 1536: 1542:

Despite the moderation and clemency shown by Kantakouzenos in this settlement, it did not gain universal acceptance. Supporters of the

667:), the policies implemented during his reign had exhausted the state's resources, and the Empire's strength waned under his successor, 5406: 3878: 3820: 3714:

Byzantium and the West c.850–c.1200: Proceedings of the XVIII Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford 30th March–1st April 1984

3603: 1326:. In addition, Turkish ravages in Thrace led to a scarcity of food in Constantinople. Hoping for Western aid, Anna appealed to the 38: 1581:, which ended in 1352 with a compromise peace. In 1350, Kantakouzenos took advantage of Dušan's preoccupation with a war against 1578: 1678:, which experienced the last economic and cultural flowering of the Byzantine world before it too fell to the Ottomans in 1460. 1381:

at Peritheorion. Momchil's army was crushed, and he himself fell in the field. Soon afterwards, Dušan arrived before Serres and

6218: 6117: 4267: 3804:

Joannes Kantakuzenos – Aristokrat, Staatsmann, Kaiser und Mönch – in der Gesellschaftsentwicklung von Byzanz im 14. Jahrhundert

3601:

Lascaratos, J.; Marketos, S. (1997), "The fatal disease of the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (1328–1341 A.D.)",

771: 6228: 4420: 4262: 3928: 3888: 3860: 3765: 3743: 3721: 3700: 3676: 3653: 3592: 3543: 3498: 3480: 1452: 1286: 1282: 6022: 5344: 5005: 4986: 4209: 1419: 1411: 5532: 1509:

Kalekas, who was deposed in a synod on 2 February 1347. On the same night, supporters of Kantakouzenos opened the disused

949:

In Donald Nicol's opinion, had Kantakouzenos remained at Constantinople, his authority might have remained secure. As the

818:

with Genoese assistance. The Emperor led a fleet to recover it and Phocaea, and requested the aid of the Turkish emirs of

6233: 5364: 4370: 6099: 4664: 3955: 4959: 4465: 4430: 1591: 708: 603: 292: 1546:

still distrusted him, while his own partisans would have preferred to depose the Palaiologoi outright and install the

5683: 5016: 4606: 4440: 3868: 3792: 3566: 3521: 1138:

and his daughters to hold Demotika and marched west with his army toward Thessalonica. On the way, he first attacked

1090:' and of 'Kantakouzenism' were usually equated. Kantakouzenos' eventual victory also meant the victory of Hesychasm, 6163: 5733: 4290: 5607: 4515: 1558:

against Dušan's Serbia. Of the remaining Byzantine territories, only the Zealots in Thessalonica, now an isolated

4425: 1091: 5856: 1341:

In 1344, the regency concluded a further alliance with Bulgaria, which required the surrender of Philippopolis (

1318:

regency, along with Berroia, which still held out under Manuel Kantakouzenos, remained outside Serbian control.

652:

In 1341, the Byzantine Empire was in a state of turmoil, and despite the restoration of the Empire's capital to

5768: 5244: 5159: 4510: 3557: 597:

Apokaukos, the regency's chief administrator, dealt the regency a severe blow. Formally crowned as emperor in

5401: 4237: 5723: 5490: 4520: 6253: 5149: 4975: 4969: 4921: 4601: 3913: 1510: 1224: 992: 409: 245: 198: 5011: 4133: 1638:

The civil war proved a critical turning point in the history of the Byzantine Empire. In the words of the

6243: 5627: 5577: 5154: 4162: 1432: 505: 6063: 4794: 6111: 6003: 5998: 5728: 5617: 5369: 4964: 4553: 4280: 3964: 3939: 3843: 1555: 1247:

At this point, Kantakouzenos' position was greatly strengthened by the intervention of his old friend,

1151: 1051: 960: 904: 763: 727:—took advantage of Byzantine infighting to gain territory or expand their influence within the Empire. 696: 489: 357: 42: 5465: 4500: 1513:, and Kantakouzenos entered the city with 1,000 men. Meeting no resistance, his troops surrounded the 5921: 5470: 5395: 5036: 4285: 3873: 3784: 3507: 1653:. Trade had stopped, and the treasury contained, in the words of Gregoras, "nothing but the atoms of 1603:

marked the beginning of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, which culminated a century later in the

1415: 956: 742:, John Kantakouzenos was related to the Palaiologoi through his mother. He inherited vast estates in 683: 668: 572: 6248: 6213: 6153: 5956: 5946: 5642: 5602: 5427: 5193: 4729: 4435: 4410: 4395: 4325: 4242: 4107: 1497:

once again seized the imperial possessions of Chios and Phocaea, and on 19 May 1346, a part of the

1005: 690:. This caused a flood of refugees into Byzantium's European provinces, while at the same time, the 657: 5505: 5084: 3513:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

6105: 5976: 5941: 5916: 5901: 5826: 5821: 5798: 5788: 5668: 5612: 5547: 5517: 5279: 4802: 4679: 4591: 4483: 4330: 4056: 1212: 1147: 1068: 716: 631: 552: 217: 210: 187: 5099: 4405: 3692:

The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295–1383

5896: 5861: 5783: 5773: 5718: 5444: 5388: 5289: 5269: 5109: 5026: 4931: 4643: 4455: 4450: 4335: 4215: 4144: 1675: 1604: 1378: 965: 704: 301: 5891: 5309: 5183: 4823: 4689: 4505: 4380: 6122: 5993: 5988: 5876: 5866: 5673: 5188: 4926: 4375: 4183: 4072: 3944: 3754:

The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors

1414:

to remove the Kantakouzenoi from power, and later in his rule he would be deposed by his son

1367: 767: 700: 523: 497: 387: 229: 5522: 4911: 4400: 4193: 4092: 3883: 1157: 6273: 5572: 5567: 5411: 5254: 5214: 5173: 4596: 4563: 4460: 4124: 4009: 3976: 3712:(1988), "Byzantium between East and West (XIII–XV cent.)", in Howard-Johnston, J.D. (ed.), 1514: 1471: 1423: 1179: 398: 6223: 6078: 5703: 4896: 4315: 3988: 734:

Emperor Andronikos III, who supervised the last period of recovery of the Byzantine state.

112:

Serbia gained Macedonia and Albania, and soon after Epirus and Thessaly, establishing the

8: 5961: 5836: 5778: 5753: 5647: 5259: 5178: 5076: 5053: 5043: 4704: 4611: 4568: 4385: 4310: 4300: 3709: 1475: 1305: 1142:

but was repelled and continued westward. Kantakouzenos was however able to take fortress

1063: 943: 900: 787: 779: 6093: 5951: 5931: 5841: 5698: 5225: 5089: 4808: 4167: 6068: 6058: 6043: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5597: 5562: 5485: 5416: 5354: 5299: 5274: 5249: 5220: 5144: 5134: 5094: 4891: 4774: 4724: 4634: 4540: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4042: 4020: 4014: 3949: 3918: 3625: 3531: 1596: 1562:

surrounded by the Serbs, refused to acknowledge the new arrangement, instead leading a

1355: 1115: 835: 743: 724: 564: 493: 137: 69: 5542: 5475: 4749: 4719: 4445: 3491:

L'élite byzantine devant l'avance turque à l'époque de la guerre civile de 1341 à 1354

5831: 5758: 5713: 5693: 5678: 5637: 5592: 5557: 5438: 5264: 5167: 4954: 4916: 4779: 4764: 4558: 4390: 4356: 4252: 4199: 4037: 4003: 3970: 3788: 3761: 3739: 3717: 3696: 3672: 3649: 3630: 3588: 3562: 3552: 3539: 3517: 3494: 3476: 1639: 1582: 1277: 1204: 918: 720: 519: 320: 175: 6053: 543: 464: 297: 6048: 5936: 5926: 5911: 5906: 5851: 5763: 5688: 5527: 5511: 5480: 5460: 5421: 5324: 5314: 5304: 5294: 5233: 5139: 5128: 4999: 4992: 4936: 4674: 4530: 4305: 4295: 4067: 3994: 3812: 3774: 3620: 3612: 1662:

recruitment base, curtailing its ability to reverse the Serbian territorial gains.

1490: 1463: 1374: 1143: 896: 854:

of southern Greece, a project of major long-term importance, for, as the historian

757: 508: 485: 468: 404: 393: 382: 368: 315: 224: 170: 164: 159: 148: 132: 5537: 448: 6088: 5881: 5804: 5793: 5708: 5587: 5433: 5336: 5048: 4573: 4525: 4415: 4173: 3982: 3778: 3690: 3666: 3581:

The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century

3511: 3470: 1382: 1363: 1083: 1072: 1055: 1001: 970: 712: 691: 687: 348: 259: 839: 568: 420: 337: 5966: 5886: 5871: 5846: 5582: 5552: 5455: 5319: 4583: 4489: 4475: 3757: 3616: 3584: 3576: 1642: 1501:

cathedral collapsed, a terrible omen in the eyes of the capital's inhabitants.

1494: 1448: 1261: 1192: 1019: 930: 791: 653: 627: 588: 538: 454: 426: 415: 343: 332: 273: 268: 240: 193: 113: 77: 1285:, a general and relative by marriage to both the Patriarch and Apokaukos, the 606:

forced John VI Kantakouzenos to abdicate and retire to become a monk in 1354.

6207: 5971: 5632: 5450: 5239: 4157: 1547: 1467: 1440: 1131: 1127: 892: 730: 501: 325: 153: 882: 6145: 5663: 5622: 5379: 3686: 3662: 3641: 1498: 1485: 1399: 1171: 1139: 1062:

unprecedented. This class conflict was mirrored in the breakaway Byzantine

1009: 938: 864: 860: 855: 851: 556: 435: 4272: 3634: 6168: 5205: 5119: 4364: 3851: 3731: 1658: 1570: 1543: 1443:, 16 April 1346, he was crowned "Emperor of the Serbs and the Romans" in 1252: 1216: 1111: 819: 678:). During Andronikos' long reign, the remaining Byzantine possessions in 611: 283: 1964: 1525: 1236: 1030:

Alexios Apokaukos, one of the leaders of the anti-Kantakouzenos regency.

580: 5500: 5495: 4548: 1612: 1479: 1394: 1098: 1054:, while the countryside remained under the control of the conservative 1025: 934: 924: 679: 615: 598: 514: 3579:(2002), "Political History: An Outline", in Laiou, Angeliki E. (ed.), 3315: 3427: 2612: 2336: 2180: 2161: 1889: 1667: 1600: 1483: 1456: 1405: 1290: 1079: 1076: 1039: 1023: 990: 950: 922: 908: 755: 592: 531: 527: 512: 288: 1015: 1669: 1654: 1551: 1273: 1265: 1248: 1200: 1167: 1123: 1087: 977: 827: 823: 799: 783: 751: 738:

The only son of a former governor of the Byzantine holdings in the

576: 65: 3738:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 248–283, 1566:

independent existence until Kantakouzenos conquered them in 1350.

1362:. On their way, the Turkish force was attacked by the Serbs under 973:

was bound to follow, consolidating Byzantine control over Greece.

6188: 6178: 6173: 1608: 1559: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1208: 1196: 1041: 876: 807: 635: 619: 364: 2883: 1333: 6158: 4118: 1736: 1734: 1650: 1574: 1444: 1359: 1187: 1175: 1119: 843: 815: 747: 623: 560: 431: 73: 1223:

to accept his authority. Kantakouzenos appointed his relative

870: 699:, to revolt. Supported by a group of young aristocrats led by 6284:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 1323: 1289:

Lazaros, and, most importantly, Manuel Apokaukos, son of the

1257: 1241: 795: 739: 584: 496:. It pitted on the one hand Andronikos III's chief minister, 459: 3730:

Reinert, Stephen W. (2002), "Fragmentation (1204–1453)", in

2260: 1731: 1520: 1097:

The first manifestation of this social division appeared in

1075:

monasteries, also explain their increased attachment to the

810:

on the Anatolian mainland. In 1335, however, Andreolo's son

6264:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia

6183: 1327: 500:, and on the other a regency headed by the Empress-Dowager 3671:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2304: 2104: 1687: 1918: 1916: 1122:, the Serbian magnate and virtually independent ruler of 895:

under armed guard in the palace, and in a meeting of the

886:

The Byzantine Empire and its neighbouring states in 1340.

492:

over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir,

3083: 3055: 2939: 2895: 2756: 2192: 1901: 1849: 1837: 1105: 3488: 3415: 3327: 3321: 2933: 2618: 2558: 2526: 2454: 2430: 2410: 2348: 2342: 2186: 2167: 2143: 2070: 1986: 1970: 1958: 1938: 1211:, so that by the summer of 1343, with the exception of 3007: 2983: 2871: 2716: 2600: 2080: 2048: 2024: 1913: 1787: 1785: 1674:

in 1349 heralded the creation of the semi-independent

1482:, but they were routed by a Kantakouzenist army under 1474:, sent an elite force of 1,000 men under his brothers 1203:

shortly afterwards, thereby extending their hold over

826:. Saruhan sent troops and supplies, but Aydin's ruler 790:, two territories separated from the Empire after the 3646:

Church and Society in the Last Centuries of Byzantium

3530: 3516:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3433: 2298: 2254: 1231: 802:

family in 1329 as well as to claim the allegiance of

656:

and the recovery of a measure of its former power by

3842: 3303: 3291: 3263: 3151: 2995: 2728: 2216: 2036: 2012: 1554:

covering much of western Thrace, which doubled as a

5285:

Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)

3472:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453

3179: 3139: 3095: 2360: 2228: 2204: 2149: 2092: 1877: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1535:and in May, Kantakouzenos was crowned again in the 1388: 1281:personalities defected to Kantakouzenos, including 983: 6074:December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush 3600: 1895: 534:was often equated with support for Kantakouzenos. 6029:Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998) 707:, Andronikos III deposed his grandfather after a 567:came under regency control. With assistance from 6205: 3561:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 1455:to the Ottoman emir at an elaborate ceremony in 1240:John Kantakouzenos as Emperor, presiding over a 626:and most of Macedonia, where he established the 6084:July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes 6039:April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush 1337:Andronikos III's empress-dowager, Anna of Savoy 1251:, who in late 1342 or early 1343 sailed up the 648:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 6279:Byzantine Empire–Republic of Venice relations 6034:Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999) 3828: 3716:, Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert, pp. 319–332, 3534:; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin, eds. (2009), 1207:. The Serbs also expanded their control over 618:. The conflict also allowed Dušan to conquer 5360:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3780:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 1466:rebuffed her overtures for assistance. Only 6144: 5983:NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3708: 2278: 2246: 1435:of the rising Ottoman emirate in Bithynia. 871:Kantakouzenos' regency: June–September 1341 6269:Wars involving the Second Bulgarian Empire 3835: 3821: 3668:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 2805: 2803: 1607:. Meanwhile, John V fled to the island of 5407:June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina 3806:(in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 3773: 3624: 3409: 3393: 3373: 3285: 3257: 3237: 3217: 3133: 3049: 2845: 2778: 2694: 2678: 2658: 2282: 2266: 2250: 1521:Peace settlement and Kantakouzenos' reign 614:devastated Byzantium and reduced it to a 3604:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3536:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 3468: 3445: 3361: 3345: 3213: 3025: 3013: 2634: 2378: 2131: 1922: 1867: 1831: 1803: 1721: 1705: 1524: 1404: 1332: 1235: 1156: 1014: 881: 782:, after which the Byzantine position in 729: 3729: 3551: 3449: 3405: 3389: 3333: 2889: 2800: 2294: 2119: 1693: 903:. This claim was disputed by Patriarch 484:, was a conflict that broke out in the 14: 6259:Wars involving medieval Serbian states 6206: 6118:Dubrava Prison bombings and executions 4268:Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia 4089:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) 4064:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) 3751: 3253: 3233: 3201: 3117: 3033: 2977: 2961: 2865: 2829: 2813: 2794: 2750: 2734: 2690: 2674: 2654: 2594: 2542: 2522: 2486: 2470: 2450: 2406: 2386: 2042: 2006: 1942: 1883: 1871: 1827: 959:raided the coasts of Thrace, and Tsar 4263:Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde 4214:Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by 3816: 3801: 3685: 3661: 3640: 3575: 3493:(in French), Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 3489:de Vries-Van der Velden, Eva (1989), 3453: 3421: 3385: 3369: 3309: 3297: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3061: 3045: 3029: 3001: 2989: 2973: 2957: 2945: 2929: 2913: 2901: 2877: 2861: 2774: 2762: 2722: 2706: 2670: 2638: 2606: 2586: 2570: 2554: 2514: 2498: 2446: 2426: 2402: 2382: 2366: 2326: 2322: 2310: 2234: 2222: 2198: 2155: 2135: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2066: 2054: 2030: 2018: 1998: 1982: 1954: 1934: 1907: 1855: 1843: 1823: 1811: 1807: 1791: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1725: 1709: 1106:Kantakouzenos seeks Dušan's aid: 1342 686:, most notably the newly established 634:also acquired territory north of the 97:John VI Kantakouzenos defeats regents 41:, the Byzantine–Serbian wars and the 3506: 3475:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 3365: 3349: 3281: 3269: 3249: 3229: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3129: 3073: 2917: 2857: 2841: 2825: 2809: 2790: 2746: 2710: 2650: 2630: 2590: 2574: 2538: 2518: 2502: 2482: 2466: 2442: 2422: 2398: 2354: 2330: 2210: 2139: 2002: 5365:Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) 4907:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) 4902:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) 4887:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) 4248:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) 4205:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) 4189:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) 3434:Jeffreys, Haldon & Cormack 2009 2299:Jeffreys, Haldon & Cormack 2009 2255:Jeffreys, Haldon & Cormack 2009 838:invasion forced the Serbian ruler, 24: 6239:Civil wars of the Byzantine Empire 4104:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 4061:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 4053:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 4050:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 4047:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 3558:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 1393:In early 1345, Kantakouzenos sent 1232:Kantakouzenos resurgent: 1343–1345 933:) and head of the bureaucracy. A ' 25: 6295: 5684:1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia 4277:Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324) 4117:Ottoman invasion and conquest of 3879:Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 937:' promoted to high office as the 859:administrative unit running from 116:. Bulgaria gains northern Thrace. 6100:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley 5734:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels 5006:Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) 4987:Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) 4291:Serbian nobility conflict (1369) 4222:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 4210:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 3844:Wars and battles involving Serbs 3752:Soulis, George Christos (1984), 3439: 3399: 3379: 3355: 3339: 3275: 3243: 3223: 3207: 3191: 1537:Church of St. Mary of Blachernae 1389:Last years of the war: 1345–1347 984:Outbreak of the war: Autumn 1341 478:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 463: 453: 442: 425: 414: 403: 392: 381: 352: 342: 331: 324: 314: 296: 287: 267: 253: 239: 223: 205: 192: 169: 158: 147: 131: 56:September 1341 – 8 February 1347 32:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 4426:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) 4371:Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 3884:Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt 3736:The Oxford History of Byzantium 3163: 3123: 3107: 3067: 3039: 3019: 2967: 2951: 2923: 2907: 2851: 2835: 2819: 2784: 2768: 2740: 2700: 2684: 2664: 2644: 2624: 2580: 2564: 2548: 2532: 2508: 2492: 2476: 2460: 2436: 2416: 2392: 2372: 2316: 2288: 2272: 2240: 2173: 2125: 2060: 1992: 1976: 1948: 1928: 1861: 1817: 1618: 673: 662: 480:, sometimes referred to as the 5769:Battle of the Miljevci Plateau 5245:Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) 4960:Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 4466:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) 4431:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 3695:, Cambridge University Press, 3648:, Cambridge University Press, 1896:Lascaratos & Marketos 1997 1797: 1715: 1699: 559:, a majority of the cities in 541:in September the same year, a 18:Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 13: 1: 6219:1340s in the Byzantine Empire 5608:Operation Rösselsprung (1944) 5533:Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive 5402:Uprising in Montenegro (1941) 5017:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4607:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 4516:Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion 4441:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 4421:Rákóczi's War of Independence 4238:Hungarian invasions of Europe 1681: 1631:Memoirs of John Kantakouzenos 682:slowly fell to the advancing 641: 4976:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 4922:Battles for Plav and Gusinje 4602:War of the Polish Succession 3914:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) 3909:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) 3904:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) 3899:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) 3894:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) 3322:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2934:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2619:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2559:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2527:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2455:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2431:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2411:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2343:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2187:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2181: 2168:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2144:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 2071:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 1987:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 1971:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 1959:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 1939:de Vries-Van der Velden 1989 1668: 1484: 1295:and governor of Adrianople. 1291: 1276:and other fortresses in the 1040: 1024: 991: 951: 923: 909: 762:, commander-in-chief of the 756: 593: 513: 482:Second Palaiologan Civil War 100:Recognized as senior emperor 7: 5628:Stratsin-Kumanovo operation 5578:Operation Southeast Croatia 4163:Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje 3538:, Oxford University Press, 3176:, pp. 308–309, 321–322 1195:). Serbian forces captured 929:(commander-in-chief of the 774:, a cousin of the Emperor. 604:resumption of the civil war 506:Patriarch of Constantinople 10: 6300: 6112:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 6004:Operation Maritime Monitor 5999:Operation Deliberate Force 5729:Siege of Bjelovar Barracks 5724:Siege of Varaždin Barracks 5618:Operation Spring Awakening 5491:Capture of Banja Koviljača 5160:Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) 4521:Battle of Martinići (1796) 4511:Serb uprising of 1737–1739 4496:Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 4153:Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 3965:Fall of the Serbian Empire 3687:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 3642:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 3617:10.1177/014107689709000215 3469:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997), 3462: 2185:in Palaiologan times, cf. 1052:Italian maritime republics 961:Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria 905:John XIV of Constantinople 806:, the Genoese governor of 697:Andronikos III Palaiologos 645: 591:. The June 1345 murder of 490:Andronikos III Palaiologos 6137: 6014: 5814: 5656: 5643:Battle of Sarajevo (1945) 5471:1942 Montenegro offensive 5396:Uprising in Serbia (1941) 5378: 5335: 5204: 5118: 5075: 5068: 5037:Battle of Sarajevo (1878) 5012:Krivošije uprising (1869) 4970:Priest Jovica's Rebellion 4947: 4879: 4633: 4626: 4582: 4539: 4474: 4355: 4348: 4286:Serbian civil war of 1331 4230: 4143: 3927: 3869:Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) 3859: 3850: 3785:Stanford University Press 2892:, pp. 263, 265, 270. 669:Andronikos II Palaiologos 307: 124: 48: 36: 31: 6229:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 6154:Central African Republic 6064:Battle of Belaćevac Mine 5947:Battle of Vrbanja Bridge 5857:Siege of Bihać (1992–95) 5603:Siege of Rogatica (1941) 5428:Battle of Loznica (1941) 4436:Siege of Belgrade (1717) 4411:Siege of Belgrade (1690) 4396:Siege of Belgrade (1688) 4326:Siege of Belgrade (1440) 3889:Bulgarian-Serb War (998) 3783:. Stanford, California: 1743:, pp. 157–161, 167. 1006:Eparch of Constantinople 658:Michael VIII Palaiologos 6106:Prizren incident (1999) 5977:Operation Southern Move 5822:Battle of Bosanski Brod 5669:Plitvice Lakes incident 5613:Kosovo Operation (1944) 5548:Capture of Olovo (1941) 5518:Battle of Kupres (1942) 5466:Battle of Lijevče Field 5280:Kosovo offensive (1915) 5105:Fight on Čelopek (1906) 4803:Second Serbian Uprising 4592:Serbian Hussar Regiment 4501:Battle of Mohács (1687) 4484:Long War (Ottoman wars) 4331:Battle of Kosovo (1448) 4057:Battle of Trnava (1430) 1447:, thereby founding the 1366:, but prevailed at the 814:captured the island of 526:, and adherence to the 293:Principality of Albania 218:Principality of Karvuna 188:Zealots of Thessalonica 6234:Byzantine–Ottoman wars 5784:Operation Medak Pocket 5719:Battle of the Barracks 5445:Battle of the Sutjeska 5389:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5370:Drenica-Junik Uprising 5290:Battle of Malka Nidzhe 5270:Battle of Kaymakchalan 5110:Battle of Pirot (1913) 5032:Battle of Vitez (1878) 5027:Battle of Jajce (1878) 4981:Battle of Vršac (1849) 4735:Liberation of Belgrade 4644:First Serbian Uprising 4554:Cretan War (1645–1669) 4456:Battle of Petrovaradin 4336:Fall of Constantinople 4281:War of Hum (1326–1329) 4216:Syrgiannes Palaiologos 4027:Battle of Vitosha Pass 3956:Battle of Sırp Sındığı 3802:Weiss, Günter (1969), 1676:Despotate of the Morea 1627: 1605:Fall of Constantinople 1531: 1427: 1338: 1302: 1287:Patriarch of Jerusalem 1244: 1162: 1082:movement advocated by 1031: 966:Principality of Achaea 887: 735: 705:Syrgiannes Palaiologos 308:Commanders and leaders 302:Principality of Muzaka 43:Byzantine–Turkish wars 6123:1999 F-117A shootdown 5994:Operation Deny Flight 5989:1995 Pale air strikes 5867:Operation Corridor 92 5674:Battle of Borovo Selo 5506:Operation Draufgänger 5189:Siege of Vidin (1913) 5085:Fight on Šuplji Kamen 4795:Hadži Prodan's Revolt 4665:Batočina and Jagodina 4184:Battle of Tara (1150) 4073:Battle of Nish (1443) 3945:Battle of Stephaniana 3874:Bulgar–Serb War (853) 3408:, pp. 265, 267; 3392:, pp. 265, 267; 2793:, pp. 304, 307; 2749:, pp. 301, 304; 2313:, pp. 39–41, 85. 2297:, pp. 468, 923; 1623: 1579:Byzantine–Genoese war 1528: 1453:Theodora Kantakouzene 1408: 1368:Battle of Stephaniana 1358:on his main harbour, 1336: 1298: 1239: 1160: 1134:, his brother-in-law 1018: 885: 867:and Constantinople". 768:Matthew Kantakouzenos 733: 646:Further information: 524:Hesychast controversy 498:John VI Kantakouzenos 388:John VI Kantakouzenos 230:John VI Kantakouzenos 91:Kantakouzenos victory 6023:Insurgency in Kosovo 5942:Operation Summer '95 5917:Operation Winter '94 5799:Operation Summer '95 5789:Operation Winter '94 5573:Operation Mihailovic 5568:Operation Kugelblitz 5412:Battle of Novi Pazar 5255:Battle of Dobro Pole 5215:Montenegrin campaign 5194:Ohrid–Debar uprising 5174:Battle of Bregalnica 5100:Fight in Velika Hoča 4745:Malajnica and Štubik 4597:Pruth River Campaign 4564:Battle on Vrtijeljka 4461:Battle of Banja Luka 4406:Battle of Niš (1689) 4321:Battle of Despotovac 4243:Magyar–Serb conflict 4132:Ottoman conquest of 4125:Battle of Breadfield 4010:Battle of Karanovasa 3977:Battle of Dubravnica 3710:Oikonomides, Nicolas 3508:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3388:, pp. 216–218; 3284:, pp. 326–327; 3252:, pp. 325–326; 3232:, pp. 323–324; 3172:, pp. 215–216; 3032:, pp. 205–206; 2844:, pp. 303–304; 2828:, pp. 303–304; 2593:, pp. 301–302; 2485:, pp. 299–300; 2469:, pp. 297–298; 2445:, pp. 294–297; 2425:, pp. 295–296; 2325:, pp. 192–194; 2281:, pp. 329–331; 2253:, pp. 815–816; 2249:, pp. 327–329; 2005:, pp. 292–293; 1957:, pp. 186–187; 1826:, pp. 178–181; 1696:, pp. 263, 265. 1515:Palace of Blachernae 1422:and by his grandson 1092:confirmed in a synod 852:Latin principalities 399:Manuel Kantakouzenos 39:Byzantine civil wars 6254:Palaiologos dynasty 5962:Operation Mistral 2 5892:Operation Bøllebank 5862:Operation Vrbas '92 5837:Siege of Srebrenica 5779:Operation Maslenica 5754:Operation Whirlwind 5648:Battle of Zelengora 5350:Uprising in Drenica 5310:Ovče Pole Offensive 5260:Battle of the Drina 5184:Battle of Knjaževac 5179:Battle of Kalimanci 5155:Siege of Adrianople 5077:Macedonian Struggle 5054:Battle of Slivnitsa 5044:Serbo-Bulgarian War 4974:Several battles of 4569:Battle of Slankamen 4506:Uprising in Vučitrn 4386:Battle of Keresztes 4381:Battle of Sződfalva 4311:Battle of Kosmidion 4301:Battle of Nicopolis 4179:Siege of Ras (1127) 3940:Battle of Gallipoli 3532:Jeffreys, Elizabeth 3092:, pp. 206–207. 3064:, pp. 205–206. 2948:, pp. 202–203. 2904:, pp. 201–202. 2765:, pp. 199–200. 2357:, pp. 294–295. 2269:, pp. 815–816. 2201:, pp. 191–192. 2122:, pp. 467–468. 1910:, pp. 185–186. 1898:, pp. 106–109. 1858:, pp. 174–175. 1846:, pp. 171–172. 1306:Nikephoros Gregoras 1064:Empire of Trebizond 944:Nikephoros Gregoras 901:Helena Kantakouzene 788:Despotate of Epirus 780:Battle of Pelekanos 709:series of conflicts 488:after the death of 6244:Medieval Macedonia 6069:Battle of Podujevo 6059:Battle of Oraovica 6044:Attack on Orahovac 5749:Operation Orkan 91 5744:Operation Otkos 10 5739:Siege of Dubrovnik 5598:Operation Prijedor 5563:Operation Kopaonik 5523:Battle of Višegrad 5486:Belgrade Offensive 5417:Battle of Pljevlja 5355:Christmas Uprising 5300:Monastir offensive 5275:Battle of Kolubara 5250:Battle of Bazargic 5221:Battle of Mojkovac 5145:Battle of Monastir 5135:Battle of Kumanovo 5095:Fight in Tabanovce 4965:Jančić's rebellion 4912:Battle of Vučji Do 4892:Battle of Grahovac 4635:Serbian Revolution 4401:Battle of Batočina 4194:Siege of Braničevo 4113:Siege of Smederevo 4099:Battle of Leskovac 4093:Battle of Kruševac 4084:Battle of Kunovica 4078:Battle of Zlatitsa 4043:Second Scutari War 4033:Battle of Carmorlu 4021:Siege of Novo Brdo 4015:Battle of Tripolje 3950:Battle of Demotika 3919:Battle of Velbazhd 3577:Laiou, Angeliki E. 3553:Kazhdan, Alexander 3456:, pp. 130–131 3288:, pp. 775–778 3260:, pp. 775–776 3256:, pp. 49–51; 3236:, pp. 42–46; 3220:, pp. 773–774 3216:, pp. 98–99; 2976:, pp. 75–76; 2960:, pp. 74–75; 2936:, pp. 108–109 2693:, pp. 23–24; 2677:, pp. 22–23; 2673:, pp. 67–68; 2657:, pp. 21–23; 2577:, pp. 300–301 2557:, pp. 65–66; 2453:, pp. 14–15; 2329:, pp. 58–60; 2301:, pp. 289–290 2069:, pp. 53–55; 1985:, pp. 45–48; 1941:, pp. 62–63; 1814:, pp. 169–171 1806:, pp. 91–92; 1728:, pp. 156–161 1724:, pp. 87–91; 1532: 1428: 1339: 1245: 1163: 1116:Theodore Synadenos 1056:landed aristocracy 1032: 888: 772:Irene Palaiologina 736: 701:John Kantakouzenos 494:John V Palaiologos 138:John V Palaiologos 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6133: 6132: 6079:Battle of Glođane 5957:Operation Miracle 5832:Siege of Sarajevo 5759:Operation Baranja 5714:Battle of Kusonje 5704:Battle of Šibenik 5694:Battle of Vukovar 5679:Operation Stinger 5638:Battle of Zvornik 5593:Battle of Poljana 5558:Operation Delphin 5439:Battle of Neretva 5265:Battle of Florina 5168:Second Balkan War 5064: 5063: 4955:Kumanovo uprising 4932:Battle of Novšiće 4917:Battle of Fundina 4897:Battle of Kolašin 4622: 4621: 4559:Great Turkish War 4451:Battle of Trenčín 4391:Great Turkish War 4344: 4343: 4316:Battle of Çamurlu 4253:Battle of Sirmium 4200:Battle of Pantina 4145:Serbian–Byzantine 4108:Siege of Belgrade 4038:First Scutari War 4004:Serbian Despotate 3989:Battle of Pločnik 3971:Battle of Maritsa 3936:Early skirmishes 3861:Serbian–Bulgarian 3775:Treadgold, Warren 3767:978-0-88402-137-7 3745:978-0-19-814098-6 3723:978-0-902566-19-4 3702:978-0-521-52201-4 3678:978-0-521-43991-6 3655:978-0-521-22438-3 3594:978-0-88402-332-6 3545:978-0-19-925246-6 3500:978-90-5063-026-9 3482:978-0-8122-1620-2 3424:, pp. 26–28. 2992:, pp. 76–78. 2880:, pp. 71–73. 2725:, pp. 70–71. 2609:, pp. 65–66. 2489:, pp. 17, 21 2089:, pp. 54–55. 2057:, pp. 51–52. 2033:, pp. 50–51. 1973:, pp. 64–67. 1830:, pp. 8–10; 1205:western Macedonia 993:megas droungarios 919:Alexios Apokaukos 804:Andreolo Cattaneo 798:from the Genoese 520:Alexios Apokaukos 474: 473: 377: 321:Alexios Apokaukos 284:Beylik of Saruhan 278: 264: 250: 203: 176:Alexios Apokaukos 120: 119: 16:(Redirected from 6291: 6142: 6141: 6094:Battle of Košare 6049:Attack on Prekaz 5952:Battle of Vozuća 5937:Operation Leap 2 5932:Battle of Orašje 5927:Operation Leap 1 5922:Battle of Vlašić 5912:Operation Spider 5907:Operation Amanda 5902:Battle of Kupres 5852:Operation Jackal 5842:Siege of Goražde 5827:Battle of Kupres 5764:Operation Jackal 5699:Battle of Gospić 5689:Battle of Osijek 5528:Mostar operation 5512:Kozara Offensive 5481:Battle of Batina 5461:Battle of Mostar 5422:Battle of Kozara 5325:Toplica Uprising 5315:Vardar offensive 5305:Morava Offensive 5295:Macedonian front 5234:Serbian campaign 5226:Battle of Lovćen 5150:Siege of Scutari 5140:Battle of Prilep 5129:First Balkan War 5090:Fight on Čelopek 5073: 5072: 5000:Siege of Cattaro 4993:Battle of Vranje 4937:Battle of Murino 4631: 4630: 4612:Seven Years' War 4531:Battle of Lopate 4376:Battle of Szőlős 4353: 4352: 4306:Battle of Ankara 4296:Battle of Rovine 4168:Battle of Zvečan 4068:Crusade of Varna 3995:Battle of Kosovo 3857: 3856: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3770: 3748: 3726: 3705: 3682: 3663:Nicol, Donald M. 3658: 3637: 3628: 3597: 3572: 3548: 3527: 3503: 3485: 3457: 3452:, p. 1410; 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3403: 3397: 3383: 3377: 3359: 3353: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3247: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2971: 2965: 2964:, pp. 26–30 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868:, pp. 25–26 2855: 2849: 2839: 2833: 2832:, pp. 24–25 2823: 2817: 2807: 2798: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2753:, pp. 24–25 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2698: 2688: 2682: 2668: 2662: 2648: 2642: 2641:, pp. 66–67 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2597:, pp. 20–21 2584: 2578: 2568: 2562: 2561:, pp. 70–71 2552: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2512: 2506: 2496: 2490: 2480: 2474: 2473:, pp. 15–18 2464: 2458: 2440: 2434: 2420: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2292: 2286: 2279:Oikonomides 1988 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2247:Oikonomides 1988 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2189:, pp. 53–58 2184: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2077:, pp. 33–36 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2009:, pp. 10–11 1996: 1990: 1989:, pp. 63–66 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1961:, pp. 63–64 1952: 1946: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1834:, pp. 92–93 1821: 1815: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1729: 1719: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1673: 1634: 1597:met and defeated 1491:George Phakrases 1489: 1464:beylik of Karasi 1313: 1294: 1045: 1029: 996: 954: 952:megas domestikos 928: 921:, the ambitious 912: 910:megas domestikos 897:Byzantine Senate 761: 758:megas domestikos 677: 676: 1282–1328 675: 666: 665: 1259–1282 664: 632:Bulgarian Empire 596: 548:armed conflict. 518: 509:John XIV Kalekas 486:Byzantine Empire 469:Andrea II Muzaka 467: 458: 457: 447: 446: 445: 430: 429: 419: 418: 408: 407: 397: 396: 386: 385: 375: 373: 363: 356: 355: 347: 346: 336: 335: 328: 319: 318: 300: 291: 282: 276: 272: 271: 262: 258: 257: 256: 248: 244: 243: 228: 227: 216: 209: 208: 201: 197: 196: 186: 174: 173: 165:John XIV Kalekas 163: 162: 152: 151: 136: 135: 50: 49: 29: 28: 21: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6249:Medieval Thrace 6214:1340s conflicts 6204: 6203: 6202: 6193: 6129: 6089:Battle of Junik 6010: 5897:Operation Tiger 5882:Siege of Mostar 5810: 5805:Operation Storm 5794:Operation Flash 5774:Operation Tiger 5709:Battle of Zadar 5652: 5588:Operation Uzice 5543:Battle of Odžak 5476:Bihać Operation 5434:Battle of Livno 5374: 5331: 5200: 5114: 5060: 5049:Battle of Pirot 4943: 4875: 4730:Belgrade (1806) 4618: 4578: 4574:Battle of Senta 4535: 4526:Battle of Krusi 4470: 4446:Battle of Zsibó 4416:Battle of Lugos 4340: 4258:Battle of Gacko 4226: 4174:Battle of Haram 4139: 3983:Battle of Savra 3929:Serbian–Ottoman 3923: 3846: 3841: 3795: 3768: 3746: 3724: 3703: 3679: 3656: 3595: 3569: 3546: 3524: 3501: 3483: 3465: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3404: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3372:, p. 219; 3368:, p. 321; 3360: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3212: 3208: 3200:, p. 320; 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132:, p. 308; 3128: 3124: 3116:, p. 207; 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076:, p. 308; 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048:, p. 206; 3044: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2924: 2916:, p. 202; 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864:, p. 202; 2860:, p. 305; 2856: 2852: 2840: 2836: 2824: 2820: 2812:, p. 304; 2808: 2801: 2789: 2785: 2777:, p. 198; 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709:, p. 200; 2705: 2701: 2689: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2653:, p. 302; 2649: 2645: 2633:, p. 295; 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2585: 2581: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2541:, p. 301; 2537: 2533: 2521:, p. 300; 2517:, p. 196; 2513: 2509: 2501:, p. 196; 2497: 2493: 2481: 2477: 2465: 2461: 2449:, p. 196; 2441: 2437: 2429:, p. 195; 2421: 2417: 2401:, p. 295; 2397: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2293: 2289: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142:, p. 294; 2138:, p. 191; 2130: 2126: 2118: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2001:, p. 188; 1997: 1993: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1937:, p. 186; 1933: 1929: 1921: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1822: 1818: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1636: 1629: 1621: 1523: 1470:, the ruler of 1391: 1364:Gregory Preljub 1315: 1304: 1234: 1108: 1084:Gregory Palamas 1002:George Choumnos 986: 971:Duchy of Athens 957:Emir of Saruhan 873: 692:Catalan Company 688:Ottoman emirate 672: 661: 650: 644: 587:, ruler of the 462: 452: 451: 443: 441: 440: 424: 423: 421:Stefan IV Dušan 413: 412: 402: 401: 391: 390: 380: 369: 361: 360: 353: 351: 349:Gregory Preljub 341: 340: 338:Stefan IV Dušan 330: 329: 313: 295: 286: 280: 279: 266: 265: 260:Beylik of Aydin 254: 252: 251: 238: 237: 232: 222: 214: 213: 206: 204: 191: 190: 184: 183: 178: 168: 167: 157: 156: 146: 145: 140: 130: 108: 94: 80: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6297: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6054:Battle of Lođa 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5967:Operation Sana 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5887:Operation Irma 5884: 5879: 5877:Kravica attack 5874: 5872:Operation Bura 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Siege of Doboj 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5583:Operation Trio 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5553:Operation Alfa 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Battle of Knin 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5320:Srem Offensive 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4927:Velika attacks 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4639: 4637: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4588: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4490:Banat Uprising 4487: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3942: 3933: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3771: 3766: 3758:Dumbarton Oaks 3749: 3744: 3727: 3722: 3706: 3701: 3683: 3677: 3659: 3654: 3638: 3611:(2): 106–109, 3598: 3593: 3585:Dumbarton Oaks 3573: 3567: 3555:, ed. (1991). 3549: 3544: 3528: 3522: 3504: 3499: 3486: 3481: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3448:, p. 98; 3438: 3436:, p. 291. 3426: 3414: 3410:Treadgold 1997 3398: 3394:Treadgold 1997 3378: 3374:Treadgold 1997 3364:, p. 98; 3354: 3348:, p. 98; 3338: 3336:, p. 267. 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3286:Treadgold 1997 3274: 3272:, p. 326. 3262: 3258:Treadgold 1997 3242: 3238:Treadgold 1997 3222: 3218:Treadgold 1997 3206: 3190: 3188:, p. 309. 3178: 3162: 3160:, p. 210. 3150: 3138: 3134:Treadgold 1997 3122: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3066: 3054: 3050:Treadgold 1997 3038: 3028:, p. 97; 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 203. 2994: 2982: 2966: 2950: 2938: 2932:, p. 74; 2922: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2850: 2846:Treadgold 1997 2834: 2818: 2799: 2783: 2779:Treadgold 1997 2767: 2755: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2699: 2695:Treadgold 1997 2683: 2679:Treadgold 1997 2663: 2659:Treadgold 1997 2643: 2637:, p. 96; 2623: 2611: 2599: 2589:, p. 65; 2579: 2573:, p. 65; 2563: 2547: 2531: 2525:, p. 19; 2507: 2491: 2475: 2459: 2435: 2415: 2409:, p. 14; 2405:, p. 62; 2391: 2385:, p. 62; 2381:, p. 95; 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2315: 2303: 2287: 2283:Treadgold 1997 2271: 2267:Treadgold 1997 2259: 2251:Treadgold 1997 2239: 2227: 2225:, p. 192. 2215: 2213:, p. 294. 2203: 2191: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2134:, p. 95; 2124: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2073:, p. 67; 2059: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2021:, p. 188. 2011: 1991: 1975: 1963: 1947: 1927: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1874:, pp. 6–8 1870:, p. 92; 1860: 1848: 1836: 1816: 1810:, p. 25; 1796: 1794:, p. 185. 1781: 1779:, p. 186. 1769: 1767:, p. 168. 1757: 1755:, p. 155. 1745: 1730: 1714: 1708:, p. 67; 1698: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1643:Angeliki Laiou 1622: 1620: 1617: 1595:Ottoman force 1522: 1519: 1495:Simone Vignoso 1449:Serbian Empire 1390: 1387: 1297: 1233: 1230: 1107: 1104: 1020:Donor portrait 985: 982: 872: 869: 792:Fourth Crusade 764:Byzantine army 654:Constantinople 643: 640: 628:Serbian Empire 589:Ottoman beylik 539:Constantinople 472: 471: 378: 358:Ivan Alexander 310: 309: 305: 304: 274:Ottoman beylik 220: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114:Serbian Empire 110: 104: 103: 102: 101: 98: 93: 92: 88: 86: 82: 81: 78:Constantinople 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6296: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Operation Una 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633:Syrmian Front 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Niš operation 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5451:Raid on Drvar 5449: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:Carinthia War 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240:Battle of Cer 5238: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:Battle of Bar 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3794:0-8047-2630-2 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3568:0-19-504652-8 3564: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523:0-472-08260-4 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:Bartusis 1997 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 777 3411: 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 773 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 770 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362:Bartusis 1997 3358: 3352:, p. 321 3351: 3347: 3346:Bartusis 1997 3342: 3335: 3330: 3324:, p. 61. 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 26. 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 45. 3299: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 774 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3214:Bartusis 1997 3210: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3148:, p. 82. 3147: 3142: 3136:, p. 771 3135: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3104:, p. 81. 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3080:, p. 206 3079: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3052:, p. 770 3051: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026:Bartusis 1997 3022: 3016:, p. 96. 3015: 3014:Bartusis 1997 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920:, p. 308 2919: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2848:, p. 768 2847: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2781:, p. 768 2780: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2737:, p. 26. 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2713:, p. 303 2712: 2708: 2703: 2697:, p. 768 2696: 2692: 2687: 2681:, p. 768 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2661:, p. 768 2660: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2636: 2635:Bartusis 1997 2632: 2627: 2621:, p. 71. 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2505:, p. 295 2504: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Bartusis 1997 2375: 2369:, p. 61. 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2345:, p. 69. 2344: 2339: 2333:, p. 294 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2285:, p. 815 2284: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2257:, p. 290 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2237:, p. 22. 2236: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2170:, p. 68. 2169: 2164: 2158:, p. 60. 2157: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:Bartusis 1997 2128: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2101:, p. 55. 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2045:, p. 11. 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1925:, p. 94. 1924: 1923:Bartusis 1997 1919: 1917: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1868:Bartusis 1997 1864: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1832:Bartusis 1997 1829: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Bartusis 1997 1800: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1722:Bartusis 1997 1718: 1711: 1707: 1706:Bartusis 1997 1702: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Kantakouzenoi 1545: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:Easter Sunday 1436: 1434: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Andronikos IV 1413: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1400:proscriptions 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:no man's land 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1310:Roman History 1307: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283:John Vatatzes 1279: 1275: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Irene Asanina 1129: 1128:Strymon River 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 981: 979: 974: 972: 967: 962: 958: 953: 947: 945: 940: 936: 932: 927: 926: 920: 914: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 893:Anna of Savoy 884: 880: 878: 868: 866: 862: 857: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 760: 759: 753: 749: 745: 741: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 670: 659: 655: 649: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 607: 605: 600: 595: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 516: 510: 507: 503: 502:Anna of Savoy 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 470: 466: 461: 456: 450: 439: 438: 433: 428: 422: 417: 411: 406: 400: 395: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372: 366: 359: 350: 345: 339: 334: 327: 322: 317: 312: 311: 306: 303: 299: 294: 290: 285: 275: 270: 263:(1342/3–1345) 261: 247: 242: 235: 231: 226: 221: 219: 212: 200: 195: 189: 181: 177: 172: 166: 161: 155: 154:Anna of Savoy 150: 143: 139: 134: 129: 128: 123: 115: 111: 106: 105: 99: 96: 95: 90: 89: 87: 84: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 52: 51: 47: 44: 40: 35: 30: 27: 19: 6146:Peacekeeping 6138:21st century 6110: 6098: 6021: 5981: 5803: 5664:Pakrac clash 5657:Croatian War 5623:Srb uprising 5510: 5443: 5426: 5394: 5387: 5380:World War II 5232: 5213: 5166: 5127: 5069:20th century 5004: 4985: 4801: 4642: 4627:19th century 4349:Foreign rule 4221: 4002: 3963: 3810: 3803: 3779: 3753: 3735: 3732:Mango, Cyril 3713: 3691: 3667: 3645: 3608: 3602: 3580: 3556: 3535: 3512: 3490: 3471: 3450:Kazhdan 1991 3441: 3429: 3417: 3406:Reinert 2002 3401: 3390:Reinert 2002 3381: 3357: 3341: 3334:Reinert 2002 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3277: 3265: 3245: 3225: 3209: 3204:, p. 35 3193: 3181: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3125: 3120:, p. 34 3109: 3097: 3085: 3069: 3057: 3041: 3036:, p. 33 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2980:, p. 33 2969: 2953: 2941: 2925: 2909: 2897: 2890:Reinert 2002 2885: 2873: 2853: 2837: 2821: 2816:, p. 24 2797:, p. 24 2786: 2770: 2758: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2702: 2686: 2666: 2646: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2582: 2566: 2550: 2545:, p. 19 2534: 2529:, p. 70 2510: 2494: 2478: 2462: 2457:, p. 70 2438: 2433:, p. 69 2418: 2413:, p. 69 2394: 2389:, p. 13 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2318: 2306: 2295:Kazhdan 1991 2290: 2274: 2262: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2146:, p. 67 2127: 2120:Kazhdan 1991 2094: 2082: 2062: 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 1994: 1978: 1966: 1950: 1945:, p. 10 1930: 1903: 1891: 1886:, p. 8. 1879: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1819: 1799: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1717: 1712:, p. 93 1701: 1694:Reinert 2002 1689: 1664: 1647: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1619:Consequences 1592:Open warfare 1588: 1568: 1563: 1541: 1533: 1507: 1503: 1499:Hagia Sophia 1486:protostrator 1461: 1437: 1429: 1392: 1372: 1356:Latin attack 1340: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1270: 1246: 1225:John Angelos 1221: 1215:-controlled 1184: 1172:Jovan Oliver 1164: 1140:Peritheorion 1109: 1096: 1060: 1048: 1037: 1033: 1010:Didymoteicho 998:John Gabalas 987: 975: 948: 915: 889: 874: 865:Thessalonica 861:Cape Matapan 856:Donald Nicol 848: 840:Stefan Dušan 832: 776: 737: 651: 608: 569:Stefan Dušan 557:Thessalonica 550: 542: 536: 530:doctrine of 481: 477: 475: 436: 410:John Angelos 370: 233: 179: 141: 125:Belligerents 37:Part of the 26: 6274:Sarukhanids 6169:Ivory Coast 5815:Bosnian War 5206:World War I 5120:Balkan Wars 4486:(1593–1606) 4367:'s uprising 4365:Jovan Nenad 3254:Soulis 1984 3234:Soulis 1984 3202:Soulis 1984 3118:Soulis 1984 3034:Soulis 1984 2978:Soulis 1984 2962:Soulis 1984 2866:Soulis 1984 2830:Soulis 1984 2814:Soulis 1984 2795:Soulis 1984 2751:Soulis 1984 2735:Soulis 1984 2691:Soulis 1984 2675:Soulis 1984 2655:Soulis 1984 2595:Soulis 1984 2543:Soulis 1984 2523:Soulis 1984 2487:Soulis 1984 2471:Soulis 1984 2451:Soulis 1984 2407:Soulis 1984 2387:Soulis 1984 2043:Soulis 1984 2007:Soulis 1984 1943:Soulis 1984 1884:Soulis 1984 1872:Soulis 1984 1828:Soulis 1984 1640:Byzantinist 1633:, Book III. 1571:Black Death 1544:Palaiologoi 1511:Golden Gate 1349:, a former 1253:Evros river 1217:Dyrrhachium 1136:Manuel Asen 1112:Mount Athos 636:Evros river 612:Black Death 544:coup d'état 376:(1344–1345) 277:(1345–1347) 249:(1342–1343) 202:(1343–1347) 107:Territorial 6208:Categories 6015:Kosovo War 5501:Case White 5496:Case Black 5022:AU-BiH War 4839:Kragujevac 4670:Kragujevac 4549:Morean War 3454:Nicol 1993 3422:Laiou 2002 3386:Nicol 1993 3370:Nicol 1993 3310:Laiou 2002 3298:Nicol 1996 3170:Nicol 1993 3158:Nicol 1993 3146:Nicol 1996 3114:Nicol 1993 3102:Nicol 1996 3090:Nicol 1993 3078:Nicol 1993 3062:Nicol 1993 3046:Nicol 1993 3030:Nicol 1993 3002:Nicol 1993 2990:Nicol 1996 2974:Nicol 1996 2958:Nicol 1996 2946:Nicol 1993 2930:Nicol 1996 2914:Nicol 1993 2902:Nicol 1993 2878:Nicol 1996 2862:Nicol 1993 2775:Nicol 1993 2763:Nicol 1993 2723:Nicol 1996 2707:Nicol 1993 2671:Nicol 1996 2639:Nicol 1996 2607:Nicol 1996 2587:Nicol 1996 2571:Nicol 1996 2555:Nicol 1996 2515:Nicol 1993 2499:Nicol 1993 2447:Nicol 1993 2427:Nicol 1993 2403:Nicol 1996 2383:Nicol 1996 2367:Nicol 1996 2327:Nicol 1996 2323:Nicol 1993 2311:Nicol 1979 2235:Nicol 1979 2223:Nicol 1993 2199:Nicol 1993 2156:Nicol 1996 2136:Nicol 1993 2099:Nicol 1996 2087:Nicol 1996 2075:Weiss 1969 2067:Nicol 1996 2055:Nicol 1996 2031:Nicol 1996 2019:Nicol 1993 1999:Nicol 1993 1983:Nicol 1996 1955:Nicol 1993 1935:Nicol 1993 1908:Nicol 1993 1856:Nicol 1993 1844:Nicol 1993 1824:Nicol 1993 1812:Nicol 1993 1808:Laiou 2002 1792:Nicol 1993 1777:Nicol 1993 1765:Nicol 1993 1753:Nicol 1993 1741:Nicol 1993 1726:Nicol 1993 1710:Nicol 1993 1682:References 1613:rump state 1480:Dobrotitsa 1395:Franciscan 1383:laid siege 1292:megas doux 1099:Adrianople 1026:megas doux 925:megas doux 717:Bulgarians 680:Asia Minor 642:Background 616:rump state 599:Adrianople 594:megas doux 515:megas doux 511:, and the 4849:Karanovac 4824:Požarevac 4705:Ivankovac 4695:Karanovac 4690:Požarevac 4357:Habsburgs 4273:Mačva War 3510:(1994) . 3366:Fine 1994 3350:Fine 1994 3282:Fine 1994 3270:Fine 1994 3250:Fine 1994 3230:Fine 1994 3198:Fine 1994 3186:Fine 1994 3174:Fine 1994 3130:Fine 1994 3074:Fine 1994 2918:Fine 1994 2858:Fine 1994 2842:Fine 1994 2826:Fine 1994 2810:Fine 1994 2791:Fine 1994 2747:Fine 1994 2711:Fine 1994 2651:Fine 1994 2631:Fine 1994 2591:Fine 1994 2575:Fine 1994 2539:Fine 1994 2519:Fine 1994 2503:Fine 1994 2483:Fine 1994 2467:Fine 1994 2443:Fine 1994 2423:Fine 1994 2399:Fine 1994 2355:Fine 1994 2331:Fine 1994 2211:Fine 1994 2140:Fine 1994 2003:Fine 1994 1601:Gallipoli 1577:led to a 1457:Selymbria 1420:1376–1379 1412:1352–1357 1312:, II.746. 1080:Hesychasm 1071:and anti- 836:Hungarian 744:Macedonia 725:Venetians 719:, Turks, 565:Macedonia 532:Hesychasm 70:Macedonia 6224:Aydınids 6164:DR Congo 5337:Interwar 4869:Batočina 4854:Batočina 4844:Jagodina 4834:Družetić 4775:Varvarin 4725:Deligrad 4680:Čokešina 4660:Svileuva 4476:Ottomans 3852:Medieval 3777:(1997). 3689:(1996), 3665:(1993). 3644:(1979), 1670:despotes 1659:manorial 1655:Epicurus 1564:de facto 1552:appanage 1476:Theodore 1426:in 1390. 1424:John VII 1274:Komotini 1266:Platamon 1249:Umur Bey 1201:Kastoria 1168:Pristina 1126:and the 1124:Strumica 1088:Palamism 1077:mystical 1073:Catholic 1069:Orthodox 978:Epibatai 828:Umur Beg 812:Domenico 800:Zaccaria 784:Bithynia 752:Thessaly 577:Umur Beg 528:mystical 449:Umur Bey 211:Bulgaria 66:Thessaly 61:Location 6189:Somalia 6179:Liberia 6174:Lebanon 4880:Ottoman 4864:Valjevo 4780:Loznica 4765:Suvodol 4760:Prahovo 4740:Loznica 4700:Adakale 4136:in 1499 4127:in 1479 4121:in 1459 4101:in 1454 4095:in 1454 4086:in 1444 4080:in 1443 4029:in 1413 4023:in 1412 4017:in 1402 3997:in 1389 3991:in 1386 3985:in 1385 3979:in 1381 3973:in 1371 3958:in 1364 3952:in 1352 3734:(ed.), 3635:9068444 3626:1296151 3463:Sources 2182:dynatoi 2179:on the 1609:Tenedos 1560:exclave 1472:Dobruja 1379:clashed 1351:brigand 1347:Momchil 1343:Plovdiv 1278:Rhodope 1258:Berroia 1213:Angevin 1209:Albania 1197:Florina 1148:Zealots 1042:dynatoi 1022:of the 939:protégé 935:new man 877:malaria 820:Saruhan 808:Phocaea 721:Genoese 620:Albania 553:Zealots 371:† 365:Momchil 142:Regents 109:changes 6159:Cyprus 4829:Rudnik 4809:Ljubić 4790:Ravnje 4755:Jasika 4715:Vrbica 4710:Rudnik 4675:Drlupa 4655:Rudnik 4650:Vračar 4584:Russia 4541:Venice 4492:(1594) 4218:(1334) 4196:(1154) 4170:(1094) 4119:Serbia 3791: 3764: 3742: 3720: 3699: 3675: 3652: 3633: 3623: 3591: 3565: 3542: 3520: 3497: 3479: 1651:Crimea 1583:Bosnia 1575:Galata 1445:Skopje 1360:Smyrna 1324:ducats 1262:Servia 1193:Edessa 1188:Serres 1180:Manuel 1176:Kavala 1144:Melnik 1120:Hrelja 844:Prilep 816:Lesbos 770:, wed 748:Thrace 630:. The 624:Epirus 573:Serbia 561:Thrace 504:, the 434: 432:Hrelja 367: 362: 323: 281: 246:Serbia 234:Allies 215: 199:Serbia 185: 180:Allies 85:Result 76:, and 74:Thrace 4948:Other 4859:Užice 4819:Palež 4814:Čačak 4785:Mačva 4770:Drina 4750:Čegar 4720:Mišar 4685:Šabac 4231:Other 1556:march 1530:size. 1468:Balik 1433:Orhan 1242:synod 824:Aydin 796:Chios 740:Morea 713:Serbs 684:Turks 585:Orhan 581:Aydin 460:Orhan 6184:Mali 4134:Zeta 3789:ISBN 3762:ISBN 3740:ISBN 3718:ISBN 3697:ISBN 3673:ISBN 3650:ISBN 3631:PMID 3589:ISBN 3563:ISBN 3540:ISBN 3518:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3477:ISBN 1478:and 1328:Pope 1264:and 1199:and 1152:John 931:navy 822:and 750:and 723:and 703:and 575:and 563:and 476:The 53:Date 3621:PMC 3613:doi 1418:in 1000:or 863:to 579:of 571:of 555:in 6210:: 3787:. 3760:, 3756:, 3629:, 3619:, 3609:90 3607:, 3587:, 3583:, 2802:^ 2106:^ 1915:^ 1784:^ 1733:^ 1615:. 1459:. 1308:, 913:. 846:. 746:, 715:, 674:r. 663:r. 638:. 622:, 72:, 68:, 3836:e 3829:t 3822:v 3797:. 3681:. 3615:: 3571:. 3526:. 1191:( 671:( 660:( 437:X 236:: 182:: 144:: 20:)

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Knowledge

Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347

Index