145:"... They roused up the people against the aristocracy, and for two or three days, Thessalonica was like a city under enemy occupation and suffered all the corresponding disasters. The victors went shouting and looting through the streets by day and by night, while the vanquished hid in churches and counted themselves lucky to be still alive. When order returned, the Zealots, suddenly raised from penury and dishonour to wealth and influence, took control of everything and won over the moderate citizens, forcing them to acquiesce and characterizing every form of moderation and prudence as "Kantakouzenism"."
1707:
221:"...one after another the prisoners were hurled from the walls of the citadel and hacked to pieces by the mob of the Zealots assembled below. Then followed a hunt for all the members of the upper classes: they were driven through the streets like slaves, with ropes round their necks-here a servant dragged his master, there a slave his purchaser, while the peasant struck the
179:, tried to deliver it to him. The people of the city however reacted, ousted them and took control of the city. Apokaukos himself arrived shortly after at the head of a fleet, and installed Michael Monomachos as its governor, who was succeeded in 1343 by Ioannes Batatzes and in 1344 by Apokaukos' son, the
127:. During the second civil war Thessalonica was administered by anti-Hesychast metropolitans. We know little about the attitudes of the Zealots to this controversy, but it is a fact that one of their leaders, Andreas Palaiologos, sought spiritual guidance to St. Savvas, one of the leading Hesychasts.
209:
Although it has been claimed that they had a political program supporting the lower classes, as they were based mainly to the workers of the port, they themselves belonged to the aristocracy, while the confiscated properties of the supporters of
Kantakouzenos were directed to the supporters of the
201:
family tree, and we do not even know their relationship to each other: they may, indeed, simply have come from some sort of client family or families who took the dynastic name by extension. But one point does remain unavoidable: the so-called “revolutionaries” did consistently identify themselves
257:
of Serbia. As the tide of the civil war gradually turned toward
Kantakouzenos however, John Apokaukos began plotting against the Zealots. He contacted the remnants of the pro-Kantakouzenian aristocracy, and after having Michael Palaiologos killed, assumed power himself and arrested most prominent
67:
in the 1320s, accompanied with invasions from almost all sides. As the Empire became weaker and more impoverished, the misery of the great masses in the countryside and in the cities became almost unbearable. Both in the country and in the towns all wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small
106:
The literary sources, all in favor of
Kantakouzenos, presented the conflict as a struggle between the "aristoi" (i.e. the best) and the poor. In fact, the aristocracy was divided equally between the two factions, while most aristocratic supporters of Kantakouzenos soon abandoned him in 1342-1343
107:
after his first major defeats. Against
Kantakouzenos also militated the common people of the cities, often after encouragement of the authorities. In many cities of Thrace, which had joined Kantakouzenos in the early stages of the civil war, there were riots in favor of the rightful minor
278:, and was further subject to the continued threat of Stefan Dushan. The situation became increasingly desperate, and there was even talk of surrendering the city to the protection of foreign, namely Serbian, rule. This however was unacceptable to many Thessalonians, including the other
32:
from 1342 until 1350. The contemporary sources, notably anti-Zealot in sympathies, provide little information on the
Zealots' government of Thessalonica. The Zealots managed to establish effective civic self-government for eight years. They confiscated the property of the
165:. Wealthy and almost as populous as the capital, its people had already resented control from the far-off capital, and had already once rebelled against the Constantinople-appointed governor: in the first Palaiologan civil war, in 1322, they had ousted the
258:
Zealots without any popular reaction. After learning of his father's murder in
Constantinople in June 1345, Apokaukos decided to hand the city over to Kantakouzenos, but the city mob, led by Andreas Palaiologos, another leader of the Longshoremen (
174:
in favour of
Andronikos III and his lieutenant, John Kantakouzenos. When the second civil war broke out, control of the city was of great importance to both camps, and Kantakouzenos' supporters, led by its governor
262:), rose up against him. Apokaukos and about a hundred of the leading aristocrats were lynched, and everyone even suspected of "Kantakouzenism" was liable to be killed and his house and property plundered.
1581:
413:
285:
At the end of 1349, the people of the city finally rose in revolt against the
Zealots, who were defeated, and plundered their properties. Andreas Palaiologos fled to
2347:
1561:
433:
1148:
518:
Matschke, Klaus-Peter (1994). "Thessalonike und die
Zeloten. Bemerkungen zu einem Schlusselereignis der spatbyzantinischen Stadt- und Reichsgeschichte".
197:
Michael and
Andreas Palaiologos were the leaders of the revolt. Despite efforts to identify them however, they do not fit in any way into the known
2001:
1986:
293:. Negotiations followed, and in 1350, Kantakouzenos, accompanied by Emperor John Palaiologos and Palamas, made a triumphal entry into the city.
194:. As every city of the empire, in local affairs participated the city council, made up by the local aristocracy and other influential citizens.
1244:
171:
270:
In 1347 Kantakouzenos and the Emperor John V reconciled, but the Zealots ignored the orders from Constantinople, such as the appointment of
1158:
188:. Real power in the city however rested with the Zealots' leader, a Michael Palaiologos, who jointly with the governors held the title of
1902:
645:
274:
as its archbishop, as the majority of them were anti-Hesychasts. The city remained isolated from the outside world, suffered from the
1731:
1619:
1294:
243:
During the next years, the city successfully resisted attempts of Kantakouzenos to capture the city with the aid of his allies, the
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1227:
2467:
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1726:
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with Palaiologan legitimacy. Although the Zealots, throughout their existence, continued to recognize the legitimate Emperor
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1828:
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100:
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regency. The people may indeed have anti-aristocratic motives, but this did not represent the purposes of the Zealots.
987:
585:
471:
1940:
2031:
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54:
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45:, but eventually it seems that it had no connection to the Zealot revolt but was composed many decades later.
1612:
1411:
1331:
1326:
2016:
1955:
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111:. In addition, contemporary Byzantine society was also divided on religious issues, between the mysticist
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1971:
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The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, C. 1295–1383
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206:, it is possible that they tried to achieve a semi-autonomous status for the city of Thessalonica.
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37:, and redistributed their wealth. In the past it had been claimed that the Zealots had a kind of
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program, but sources are scant. Many of these claims were built upon a discourse of the scholar
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aristocratic class, and against them was directed the bitterness of the destitute masses.
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2175:
1950:
1945:
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123:, who preferred to pursue the study of philosophy and cherished the inheritance of
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Thessalonica at the time was the second most important city of the Empire after
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2222:
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1586:
1222:
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134:, a Christian heresy, which was present in the region since the 9th century.
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1996:
1991:
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751:
690:
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91:, plotted against him, and managed to enlist the support of dowager empress
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595:
Shevchenko, Ihor (1957). "Nicolas Cabasilas' "Anti-Zealot" Discourse".
434:"Late Byzantine Thessalonike: A Second City's Challenges and Responses"
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84:
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Ancient and Medieval Economic Ideas and Concepts of Social Justice
28:) were a political group that dominated political developments in
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1379:
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82:. A faction in Constantinople, formed around the powerful
464:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453
480:
213:
1562:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
78:
was the effective regent for the latter's infant son,
573:
101:conflict between the new regency and Kantakouzenos
236:describing the anti-aristocratic killings of 1345
130:The movement was probably also influenced by the
2449:
530:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
59:At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the
1613:
639:
501:
138:Rise and establishment of the Zealots regime
481:Lowry, S. Todd; Gordon, Barry L.J. (1998).
397:
395:
1903:Provisional Government of National Defence
1620:
1606:
646:
632:
594:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
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63:went into dramatic decline. There was a
1228:Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
365:
338:
311:
2450:
1627:
1527:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
431:
289:and became a monk in the monastery of
2393:Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
1601:
983:Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
627:
547:
526:
227:and the labourer beat the soldier ."
653:
466:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
214:Apokaukos' coup, reaction and terror
2377:Archaeological Museum of Amphipolis
2348:Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
548:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1996).
527:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1993).
411:Saint Gregory Palamas the Hagiorite
404:
13:
103:broke out openly in October 1341.
14:
2484:
1829:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
1317:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
1295:Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)
988:Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
317:Lowry & Gordon (1998), p. 411
1941:Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace
1814:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
1809:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
1705:
1305:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
1280:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
502:Malatras, Christos (2012–2013).
380:Malatras (2012-2013), p. 237-238
217:
141:
2032:Thessaloniki International Fair
1169:Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)
953:Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
282:, Alexios Laskaris Metochites.
55:Byzantium under the Palaiologoi
2473:14th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
2389:Archaeological Museum of Pella
1322:Battle of the Echinades (1427)
1201:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
580:. Cambridge University Press.
576:The Last Byzantine Renaissance
554:. Cambridge University Press.
533:. Cambridge University Press.
383:
374:
356:
329:
320:
302:
1:
2468:1350s in the Byzantine Empire
2458:1340s in the Byzantine Empire
2385:Archaeological Museum of Dion
1412:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
1332:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
1245:Under the Palaiologos dynasty
1189:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
74:, after the death of Emperor
48:
2017:Ptolemaida-Florina coal mine
1956:Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
1250:Reconquest of Constantinople
1174:Siege of Patras (805 or 807)
868:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
296:
7:
2397:Museum of Byzantine culture
2381:Aiani Archaeological Museum
1972:Agios Dimitrios Power Plant
1794:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
1744:Wars of Alexander the Great
1482:Church of the Parigoritissa
1455:Church of the Holy Apostles
1375:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
1216:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
1159:Under the Heraclian dynasty
10:
2489:
1784:Sack of Thessalonica (904)
1270:Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
1017:Eustathius of Thessalonica
968:Constantine XI Palaiologos
908:Andronikos III Palaiologos
853:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
462:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
425:
389:Bartusis (1997), pp. 95-96
76:Andronikos III Palaiologos
52:
2436:
2405:
2277:
2123:
2040:
1964:
1933:
1844:Greek War of Independence
1714:
1703:
1635:
1434:
1342:
1327:Morea revolt of 1453–1454
1137:
1101:
1050:
863:John I Doukas of Thessaly
833:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
760:
663:
504:"The myth of the Zealots"
119:and the intellectuals or
25:
1920:Macedonia naming dispute
1789:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1582:Saints Theodoroi, Serres
1184:Muslim conquest of Crete
873:Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
858:Michael VIII Palaiologos
838:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
716:Theme of the Peloponnese
432:Barker, John W. (2002).
2290:Alexandrion (Litochoro)
1819:Zealots of Thessalonica
1799:Kingdom of Thessalonica
1567:Panagia Ekatontapiliani
1547:Old Metropolis of Veria
1300:Zealots of Thessalonica
1149:Persecution of paganism
1102:Greek states after 1204
958:Theodore II Palaiologos
172:Constantine Palaiologos
2439:Greek Macedonia Portal
1824:Byzantine–Ottoman wars
1804:Empire of Thessalonica
1397:Byzantine architecture
1312:Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
1196:Macedonian Renaissance
1124:Despotate of the Morea
1119:Empire of Thessalonica
923:Stephen Gabrielopoulos
326:Runciman (1970), p. 27
265:
2463:Medieval Thessalonica
2342:Tomb of the Palmettes
1774:Theme of Thessalonica
1679:Macedonian Bulgarians
1557:Panagia Kontariotissa
1487:Didymoteicho Fortress
1285:Hesychast controversy
1235:Battle of Klokotnitsa
1211:Byzantine–Norman wars
973:Demetrios Palaiologos
948:Esau de' Buondelmonti
813:Nikephoros Melissenos
711:Theme of Thessalonica
664:Provinces and regions
597:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
441:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
53:Further information:
2217:Pindus National Park
2007:Port of Thessaloniki
1977:Amyntaio Power Plant
1749:Wars of the Diadochi
1667:Jews of Thessaloniki
1655:Macedonians (Greeks)
1447:Angelokastro (Corfu)
1365:Byzantine literature
1260:Battle of Makryplagi
1164:Byzantine Iconoclasm
933:Manuel Kantakouzenos
928:Nikephoros II Orsini
843:Demetrios Chomatenos
803:Nikephoros II Phokas
721:Theme of Cephallenia
443:(57). Archived from
401:Barker (2002), p. 18
371:Barker (2002), p. 20
362:Nicol (1993), p. 195
353:Barker (2002), p. 17
335:Barker (2002), p. 16
151:John Kantakouzenos,
2322:Hellenistic theatre
2317:Archaeological Park
1888:Macedonian Struggle
1764:Barbarian invasions
1643:Ancient Macedonians
1275:Battle of Demetrias
1265:Battle of Neopatras
1240:Battle of Pelagonia
1179:Arab–Byzantine wars
1154:Barbarian invasions
1109:Despotate of Epirus
1007:Nicephorus Gregoras
676:Theme of the Aegean
2300:Lion of Amphipolis
1876:Sanjak of Salonica
1854:Sanjak of Monastir
1769:Theme of Macedonia
1683:Ethnic Macedonians
1629:Macedonia (Greece)
1255:Battle of Prinitza
1002:George Akropolites
978:Thomas Palaiologos
943:Thomas Preljubović
913:Michael Monomachos
726:Theme of Nicopolis
701:Theme of Macedonia
696:Macedonia Province
416:2007-02-18 at the
204:John V Palaiologos
177:Theodore Synadenos
95:and the Patriarch
72:John Kantakouzenos
43:Nikolaos Kabasilas
2445:
2444:
2338:Tomb of Judgement
2176:Small Prespa Lake
1951:Central Macedonia
1946:Western Macedonia
1859:Sanjak of SerfiÄźe
1722:Ancient Macedonia
1697:Megleno-Romanians
1595:
1594:
1542:Nea Moni of Chios
1470:Soteira Lykodemou
1465:Little Metropolis
1407:Byzantine cuisine
1370:Alexander romance
1042:George Sphrantzes
997:Niketas Choniates
883:Demetrios Kydones
818:Michael Choniates
561:978-0-521-52201-4
540:978-0-521-43991-6
494:978-90-04-09964-7
241:
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234:Demetrius Cydones
182:megas primikērios
159:
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89:Alexios Apokaukos
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2285:Agios Athanasios
2238:Vermio Mountains
2012:Prinos oil field
1925:Prespa agreement
1898:Macedonian front
1866:Salonica Vilayet
1849:Manastir Vilayet
1779:Theme of Strymon
1709:
1686:
1622:
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1608:
1599:
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1552:Panagia Episkopi
1460:Daphni Monastery
1206:East-West Schism
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1114:Empire of Nicaea
963:Gemistos Plethon
706:Theme of Strymon
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656:Byzantine Greece
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2363:Platamon Castle
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2255:Voras Mountains
2183:Lake Vegoritida
2119:
2036:
1982:Drama coal mine
1960:
1929:
1915:Greek Civil War
1910:Axis occupation
1881:Sanjak of Siroz
1871:Sanjak of Drama
1759:Roman Macedonia
1754:Macedonian Wars
1710:
1701:
1676:
1672:Slavic speakers
1631:
1626:
1596:
1591:
1512:Kassiopi Castle
1502:Hexamilion wall
1492:Feraklos Castle
1477:Castle of Chios
1430:
1402:Byzantine dress
1385:Greek Anthology
1360:Byzantine music
1338:
1139:
1133:
1097:
1046:
1032:Joannes Zonaras
898:Andronikos Asen
893:Nicholas Orsini
888:Catalan Company
878:Gregory Palamas
783:Irene of Athens
756:
686:Theme of Hellas
671:Achaea Province
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609:10.2307/1291106
588:
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2208:Pangaion Hills
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2198:Nestos (river)
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2166:Lake Orestiada
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848:John Apokaukos
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186:John Apokaukos
163:Constantinople
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2228:Strymon River
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2203:Mount Olympus
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2161:Lake Koroneia
2159:
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2147:
2146:Galikos River
2144:
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2027:Stratoni mine
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
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1992:Olympias mine
1990:
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1577:Porta Panagia
1575:
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1572:Patras Castle
1570:
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1507:Hosios Loukas
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1417:Byzantine law
1415:
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1398:
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1390:Acritic songs
1388:
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1350:Byzantine art
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1051:Major centres
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752:Great Vlachia
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587:0-521-07787-7
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473:0-8122-1620-2
469:
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450:on 2009-03-05
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93:Anna of Savoy
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73:
69:
66:
62:
56:
46:
44:
40:
39:social reform
36:
31:
23:
19:
2438:
2372:
2259:
2156:Lake Kerkini
2112:
2048:Thessaloniki
2041:Major cities
1818:
1677:
1421:
1299:
1058:Thessaloniki
1027:Anna Komnene
992:
918:John Angelos
793:Nikephoros I
778:Justinian II
600:
596:
575:
550:
529:
519:
510:
483:
463:
452:. Retrieved
445:the original
440:
406:
385:
376:
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331:
322:
313:
304:
284:
279:
269:
259:
255:Stefan Dusan
242:
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196:
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166:
160:
152:
150:
129:
105:
97:John Kalekas
83:
70:
58:
30:Thessalonica
17:
15:
2413:Vergina Sun
2329:Mount Athos
2193:Mount Paiko
2171:Lake Prespa
2136:Doiran Lake
2131:Axios River
1893:Balkan Wars
1522:Mount Athos
1442:Acrocorinth
938:Simeon Uroš
828:Leo Gabalas
823:Leo Sgouros
768:Justinian I
291:Great Lavra
287:Mount Athos
276:Black Death
199:Palaiologan
121:Barlaamites
35:aristocracy
2452:Categories
2305:Kasta Tomb
2295:Amphipolis
2269:Ammouliani
2188:Lake Volvi
1732:Government
1692:Aromanians
1532:Monemvasia
1423:Hexabiblos
993:Historians
731:Sclaviniae
511:Byzantiaka
454:2008-11-07
132:Bogomilism
113:Hesychasts
85:megas doux
49:Background
2278:Monuments
2233:Vasilitsa
2151:Haliacmon
1435:Monuments
773:Heraclius
487:. Brill.
297:Citations
224:strategos
117:Palamites
2373:Museums
2358:Philippi
2103:Siatista
2073:Katerini
2058:Kastoria
1289:Palamism
1129:Thessaly
1093:Ioannina
808:Basil II
788:Danielis
747:Tsakonia
740:Ezeritai
736:Melingoi
572:(1970).
414:Archived
168:despotēs
2428:Cuisine
2406:Culture
2368:Vergina
2260:Islands
2141:Falakro
2083:Florina
1965:Economy
1727:History
1715:History
1537:Mystras
1517:Meteora
1451:Athens
1343:Culture
1140:History
1073:Mystras
1068:Corinth
798:Basil I
617:1291106
426:Sources
153:History
26:Ζηλωταί
18:Zealots
2264:Thasos
2213:Pindus
2124:Nature
2108:Kilkis
2098:Kozani
2093:Naousa
2078:Edessa
2063:Serres
2053:Kavala
1636:People
1083:Thebes
1078:Patras
1063:Athens
761:People
615:
603:(11).
584:
558:
537:
491:
470:
280:archon
245:Seljuk
191:archĹŤn
109:John V
99:. The
80:John V
2423:Music
2353:Pella
2334:Mieza
2250:Verno
2114:Other
2088:Drama
2068:Veria
1737:Kings
681:Crete
613:JSTOR
522:(55).
513:(30).
507:(PDF)
448:(PDF)
437:(PDF)
22:Greek
2418:Flag
2312:Dion
2243:Seli
1660:List
1648:List
1380:Suda
1088:Arta
738:and
582:ISBN
556:ISBN
535:ISBN
489:ISBN
468:ISBN
253:and
251:Umur
248:Emir
16:The
605:doi
266:End
115:or
2454::
2395:,
2391:,
2387:,
2383:,
2379:,
2375::
2340:,
2262::
1681:,
995::
611:.
601:11
599:.
509:.
439:.
394:^
340:^
24::
2344:)
2336:(
2219:)
2215:(
1621:e
1614:t
1607:v
1356:)
1352:(
1291:)
1287:(
647:e
640:t
633:v
619:.
607::
590:.
564:.
543:.
497:.
476:.
457:.
20:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.