1577:
634:
been inserted, however, in any renewal or renegotiation of the treaty after 1273. In accordance to this clause, the
Venetian government set up a three-member commission to examine the claims of Venetian merchants for losses incurred by Imperial agents during the truce. The commissioners, Giberto Dandolo, Marino Gradenigo, and Lorenzo Sagredo, examined 339 claims on 257 incidents, consulting official dispatches by Venetian agents in the Aegean as well as oral evidence from individuals, and issued their report in March 1278. The Venetian claims totalled about 35,000
545:
147:
1589:
312:
1601:
397:
480:, his councillors, and for use as a warehouse. Two churches, of Mary and St. Mark, were to be used by the Venetians, and 25 houses were to be provided, free of rent, for the use of Venetian merchants, the number to fluctuate according to needs. This was on the same site, but not as extensive, as the Venetian quarter that had existed in Constantinople before the Fourth Crusade. Similar arrangements were to be made at
621:. By the terms of the Treaty of Orvieto, a state of war existed between Venice and Byzantium. The outbreak of the Vespers had ruined Venetian chances to recover their privileged position, and for the duration of the state of war their trade with the East was interrupted, much to the advantage of the Genoese. After long negotiations, a
604:
It is clear that both sides were cautious, hedging their bets in view of the volatile international situation, as seen by the treaty's short duration. Venice in particular still hoped for the realization of a crusade against
Palaiologos, that might lead to the restoration of Venetian domination as it
531:
The
Venetians were given the right to trade freely in the Empire, and were relieved of any taxes or customs duties on Venetian goods. Non-Venetian goods would have to be declared. Transgressions by Imperial customs officials would be recompensed from the Imperial treasury. The Venetian merchants were
232:
in 1268. Reflecting the improved negotiating position of the
Byzantine emperor, its terms were more advantageous to him than the 1265 treaty. The truce originally expired in 1273, but it is clear from the wording of the 1277 treaty that it had continued being in force for some time afterward as well.
633:
The compensation clause included in the treaty has been the subject of some debate among modern scholars: according to the terms, the mechanism for compensation was to be 'in accordance with the form of the first truce', but there is nothing in the 1268 treaty to this effect. Such a clause may have
449:
Both sides were given liberty to act against each other and their allies in
Negroponte, without restriction, even to the point of conquering it. In the 1265 draft treaty, Palaiologos had been given a similar free hand, but Venetian citizens had been prohibited from aiding the Lombard lords of the
327:
Dismayed at the
Byzantine advances, and by the threat posed to Venetian commerce by the corsairs funded by Palaiologos, the Venetians sent envoys to Constantinople to renew the 1268 treaty. A Venetian embassy under Marino Valaresso, Marco Giustinian, and Angelo Marcello had been at the Byzantine
484:, with three houses provided for the leaders of the Venetian community, up to 25 houses for the merchants, and the use of a church "formerly used by the Armenians". The Venetians were also accorded the right to rent houses, baths, and bakeries in any part of the Empire, according to their needs.
558:
The subsequent clauses of the treaty concern legal affairs of
Venetians who died on Imperial soil, jurisdiction in case of disputes or crimes involving Byzantines and Venetians, and shipwrecks, mostly repeating the terms of the earlier treaty. The provisions for the purchase of grain were also
355:
and Matteo
Gradenigo, received authority to conduct negotiations and conclude an agreement. Contarini was careful to avoid terms that might give offense to Palaiologos, omitting the title 'Lord of one-quarter and one-eighth of the Empire of Romania' that his predecessors
241:
more than 300 cases of injury done to
Venetian ships, merchants, and goods since 1268, at the hands of the Emperor's subjects; many of them pirates in Imperial employ, but also including soldiers, customs officials and local governors, and even, on one occasion, a
591:
Venice undertook not to ally with, or allow its ships to be used to carry the troops of, any prince who might attack
Palaiologos. Likewise, the Empire undertook not allow the manufacture of arms against the Venetians, and to compensate them if that should
476:, from the Gate of the Droungarios inland to the churches of St. Akindynos and Mary, thence to the street of the Zonarai, and down to the Perama Gate on the sea wall. Within that district, the Emperor would provide three houses for the Venetian
426:
A truce of two-year duration, on land and sea, between the two powers. The truce would be automatically extended for a further six months after that, unless either of the two contracting parties announced its intention to terminate the treaty
266:
in 1274, Palaiologos was at a strong position: the Popes now recognized him as a legitimate ruler, blocked Charles of Anjou's plans to attack Constantinople, and tried to recruit the Byzantines into their plans for a Crusade to recover the
134:). Nevertheless, the agreement's short duration made clear that for both parties, it was a temporary expedient. After the treaty expired, the Venetians allied with Charles of Anjou, but their plans were thwarted by the outbreak of the
528:, and any quarrel between the two was referred for arbitration to the Emperor. Any compensation decreed by the Emperor would have to be realized within half a year, but if it were not forthcoming, the Emperor would provide it himself.
612:
entered Charles of Anjou's anti-Byzantine coalition, with April 1283 as the projected starting date for the expedition against Constantinople. However, Charles' designs were fatally interrupted by the outbreak of the
236:
The treaty's provisions regarding the free and safe movement of Venetian merchants and their goods were not scrupulously observed by the Byzantines, leading to vociferous protests by the Venetians: in 1278, the Doge
511:
The Emperor's treaty with the Genoese was recognized as valid, and the Genoese would not be expelled from the Empire. As in the 1268 treaty, the Venetians were enjoined to maintain peace with the Genoese between
126:. Furthermore, they were able to stop the Byzantine reconquest of Venetian-aligned territories in the Aegean, although the treaty explicitly allowed both sides to continue fighting for control of the island of
1557:
Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante: Vom neunten bis zum Ausgang des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. III. Theil (1256–1299)
536:
and the local rectors. This was followed by a clause confirming the complete liberty of the Venetians and the inviolability of the privileges, prohibiting the imposition of any duty or restriction to their
384:). Gradenigo died during the long negotiations, and the agreement was finally concluded by Bembo alone on 19 March 1277. Notably, this agreement was not phrased as a treaty between equals, but rather as a
201:. However, the Genoese defeats in the war against Venice, along with the gradual consolidation of Palaiologos' own position, led to a widening rift between the two allies. In 1264, when the Genoese
1491:
Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, Vol. III: Acta et diplomata res graecas italasque illustrantia e tabulariis Anconitano, Florentino, Melitensi, Taurinensi, Veneto, Vindobonensi
332:, 1903) speculated that a treaty was signed already in that year, but there is no evidence for that in the sources. Events were helped along by the death of the recalcitrant Doge
540:
The Emperor undertook to compensate Venetians who had suffered losses at the hands of Imperial subjects or agents since 1268, and the Venetians undertook a reciprocal obligation.
422:
text of the treaty is published in the collection of Venetian documents by Tafel and Thomas, and its Greek text by Miklosich and Müller. The clauses of the treaty were:
1651:
360:
since the Fourth Crusade, and limiting himself to the title of 'Doge of Venice, Dalmatia, and Croatia, and lord of the places and islands subject to his Dogate' (
251:
469:, both of Venetian origin. In exchange, the two lords undertook to not aid the Emperor's enemies, nor to provide shelter to corsairs hostile to his interests.
114:, while the Venetians were able to retain their access to the Byzantine market, and even augment their trading privileges by gaining direct access to the
1636:
178:
233:
It is unknown whether that was due to an annual extension—possibly repeated—of the treaty, or a complete new treaty that has not survived.
1646:
1641:
576:
228:
in Italy, both Palaiologos and the Venetians became interested in a mutual rapprochement, leading finally to the conclusion of a
1631:
497:(1204–1261), was addressed. They were to be considered as Venetian citizens, with the full corresponding rights and liberties.
340:. The Venetians were also worried by the renewal of a Byzantine treaty with the Genoese, which guaranteed their possession of
622:
229:
217:
99:
435:
1656:
1544:
595:
If either party violated the terms of the treaty, both sides pledged not to start hostilities, but instead negotiate.
473:
1671:
1676:
1661:
167:
640:, but it was not until the 1285 treaty that the Venetian claims were recognized by the Byzantine Emperor
618:
135:
1567:
438:, from the island. In the next clause, the Emperor recognized Venetian possession of the fortresses of
198:
1501:
641:
388:, a deed of grant, from the Emperor, "desirous of keeping the peace with all Christians", to Venice.
1555:
472:
The Emperor would accord to the Venetians their own quarter in Constantinople, extending along the
174:
151:
103:
1666:
1626:
1621:
1581:
608:
As a result, the treaty was not renewed after its expiration, and in 1281, the Venetians in the
263:
131:
453:
The Emperor recognized the remaining island possessions of the two major Latin rulers in the
501:
446:, and agreed to not molest them in any way. Both clauses had also been in the 1268 treaty.
8:
1472:
Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258–1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations
544:
513:
466:
298:
75:
31:
1593:
1518:
366:
Venecie, Dalmacie et Croacie Dux, dominus terrarum et insularum suo Ducatui subiectarum
194:
182:
102:
between the two powers. The agreement was beneficial for both sides: Byzantine emperor
95:
67:
1540:
1522:
1476:
609:
439:
210:
190:
155:
1510:
1466:
614:
401:
337:
316:
225:
216:
In the aftermath, Palaiologos began negotiations with Venice for a peace treaty. A
107:
91:
62:
146:
138:
in 1282, forcing Venice once more to renew the peace with the Byzantines in 1285.
1605:
1534:
1489:
1470:
585:. A new provision regulated the commerce of Byzantine merchants in Venice itself.
458:
333:
311:
171:
71:
1514:
361:
348:
from Constantinople, giving the Genoese an advantage in trade with the Empire.
284:
276:
271:. At the same time, the Byzantines had been making headway against the various
221:
186:
119:
50:
1480:
500:
As in the 1268 agreement, the Venetians would have the right to use their own
1615:
462:
245:
368:). Likewise, the Doge was careful to address Palaiologos as 'Emperor of the
1588:
1530:
901:
505:
494:
481:
405:
357:
272:
123:
567:
initiated by Palaiologos, the Venetians would now pay 100, instead of 50,
517:
352:
345:
106:
kept the Venetians and their fleet from participating in the attempts of
1600:
773:
1293:
625:, essentially renewing the 1277 agreement, was concluded in July 1285.
562:
550:
385:
255:
761:
204:
185:
in the Eastern Mediterranean. To safeguard himself against the mighty
1038:
913:
652:
635:
582:
574:
568:
560:
548:
525:
489:
336:, who resisted any concessions to Palaiologos, and his succession by
268:
243:
115:
209:
in Constantinople was implicated in a plot to surrender the city to
521:
454:
369:
181:, was a major blow to the position and commercial interests of the
1536:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1431:
1499:
Morgan, Gareth (1976). "The Venetian Claims Commission of 1278".
396:
292:
280:
111:
1011:
1206:
443:
341:
288:
213:, the Emperor expelled the Genoese from the Byzantine capital.
127:
1554:
Tafel, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich; Thomas, Georg Martin (1857).
1356:
1317:
1269:
1230:
1110:
999:
877:
865:
853:
829:
559:
repeated, in modified form: due to the debasement of the gold
1334:
1332:
1259:
1257:
1196:
1194:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1028:
1026:
944:
942:
940:
722:
710:
683:
431:
419:
259:
220:
was reached on 18 June 1265, but it was not ratified by the
1385:
1383:
671:
262:. Nevertheless, following the Union of the Churches at the
1395:
1368:
1344:
1329:
1305:
1254:
1191:
1155:
1098:
1086:
1067:
1050:
1023:
954:
937:
581:
of grain, but were allowed to export it directly from the
493:, offspring of mixed Greek and Venetian unions during the
98:
that renegotiated and extended for two years the previous
1560:. Vienna: Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
1443:
1281:
1218:
1419:
1407:
1380:
1242:
1122:
966:
841:
817:
807:
805:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
792:
790:
788:
749:
1475:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
739:
737:
700:
698:
1565:
889:
802:
532:
placed under the authority and responsibility of the
434:, and to withdraw his troops, sent in support of the
430:
The Emperor agreed to respect Venetian possession of
1172:
1134:
978:
925:
785:
588:
Both sides would release their respective prisoners.
283:, the Byzantine fleet recovered most of the smaller
734:
695:
291:), apart from its capital, the city of Negroponte (
275:established in the Aegean in the aftermath of the
238:
1613:
1487:
1017:
628:
351:On 2 September 1276, the Venetian ambassadors,
287:, and much of the large island of Negroponte (
179:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1652:Byzantine Empire–Republic of Venice relations
296:
202:
1553:
1465:
1401:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1275:
1263:
1236:
1212:
1200:
1166:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1061:
1044:
1032:
1005:
960:
948:
919:
883:
871:
859:
835:
779:
767:
728:
716:
689:
677:
379:
373:
254:), who had robbed and murdered a Venetian
1539:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
177:in 1261, and the re-establishment of the
1488:Miklosich, Franz; Müller, Josef (1865).
543:
395:
310:
145:
189:, Palaiologos had also allied with the
118:and the right to their own quarters in
1637:13th century in the Republic of Venice
1614:
1498:
1449:
1437:
910:, pp. 197 (note 3), 198 (note 1).
895:
811:
328:court already in 1275. Walter Norden (
1529:
1425:
1413:
1389:
1299:
1287:
1248:
1224:
1185:
1149:
1128:
993:
972:
931:
907:
847:
823:
796:
755:
743:
704:
487:For the first time, the issue of the
400:Map of the southern Greece, with the
295:), which was defended by a Venetian
250:(possibly Palaiologos' half-brother
520:, and the northern entrance to the
13:
1647:Treaties of the Republic of Venice
1302:, pp. 192, 200 (esp. note 1).
14:
1688:
617:in March 1282 and the consequent
436:revolt of the Chortatzes brothers
306:
224:. With the rise of the ambitious
88:Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277
22:Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277
1642:Treaties of the Byzantine Empire
1599:
1587:
1575:
651:), who agreed to pay out 24,000
646:
375:Imperator et moderator Romeorum
279:. Headed by the Latin renegade
450:island against the Byzantines.
110:to organize an anti-Byzantine
1:
1632:1270s in the Byzantine Empire
782:, p. 214 (esp. note 91).
660:
409:
378:) and 'the New Constantine' (
154:(14th-century miniature from
141:
90:was an agreement between the
1440:, pp. 412–415, 427–435.
770:, pp. 197–199, 213–216.
665:
653:
636:
629:Venetian compensation claims
599:
575:
569:
561:
549:
244:
168:reconquest of Constantinople
7:
1018:Miklosich & Müller 1865
619:War of the Sicilian Vespers
555:of Michael VIII Palaiologos
474:sea wall of the Golden Horn
258:captured on a ship off the
136:War of the Sicilian Vespers
10:
1693:
1515:10.1515/byzs.1976.69.2.411
1458:
321:Storia dei Dogi di Venezia
1502:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1047:, p. 302 (note 105).
922:, p. 301 (note 100).
642:Andronikos II Palaiologos
605:had existed before 1261.
56:
46:
38:
26:
1657:Michael VIII Palaiologos
391:
175:Michael VIII Palaiologos
152:Michael VIII Palaiologos
104:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1375:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1351:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1339:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1324:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1312:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1276:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1264:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1237:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1201:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1167:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1117:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1062:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1033:Tafel & Thomas 1857
1006:Tafel & Thomas 1857
961:Tafel & Thomas 1857
516:on the entrance of the
330:Das Papsttum und Byzanz
1494:. Vienna: Karl Gerold.
1467:Geanakoplos, Deno John
556:
415:
380:
374:
365:
324:
297:
264:Second Council of Lyon
230:five-year peace treaty
203:
163:
623:ten-year peace treaty
547:
399:
314:
149:
34:and commercial treaty
1672:Non-aggression pacts
1290:, pp. 192, 200.
1227:, pp. 191, 199.
1215:, pp. 215, 301.
502:weights and measures
404:possessions and the
273:Latin principalities
197:with Venice, in the
1677:Medieval Aegean Sea
1662:Commercial treaties
1452:, pp. 426–427.
1428:, pp. 212–215.
1416:, pp. 207–210.
1392:, pp. 200–201.
1365:, pp. 301–302.
1326:, pp. 146–147.
1278:, pp. 144–146.
1251:, pp. 199–200.
1239:, pp. 141–142.
1131:, pp. 198–199.
1119:, pp. 139–140.
1008:, pp. 134–149.
975:, pp. 197–198.
886:, pp. 300–301.
874:, pp. 295–297.
862:, pp. 285–294.
850:, pp. 196–197.
838:, pp. 259–264.
826:, pp. 201–205.
758:, pp. 190–192.
731:, pp. 181–183.
719:, pp. 168–171.
692:, pp. 153–154.
504:and have their own
467:Bartholomew I Ghisi
199:Treaty of Nymphaeum
76:Bartholomew I Ghisi
70:(also on behalf of
32:non-aggression pact
23:
557:
416:
381:novus Constantinus
325:
183:Republic of Venice
164:
96:Republic of Venice
68:Republic of Venice
21:
1020:, pp. 84–96.
680:, pp. 81–89.
657:in compensation.
610:Treaty of Orvieto
315:Portrait of Doge
211:Manfred of Sicily
191:Republic of Genoa
156:George Pachymeres
84:
83:
1684:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1582:Byzantine Empire
1580:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:
1550:
1531:Nicol, Donald M.
1526:
1495:
1484:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1402:Geanakoplos 1959
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1363:Geanakoplos 1959
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1321:
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1279:
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1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1213:Geanakoplos 1959
1210:
1204:
1198:
1189:
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1164:
1153:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1105:Geanakoplos 1959
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1096:
1093:Geanakoplos 1959
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1081:Geanakoplos 1959
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1059:
1048:
1045:Geanakoplos 1959
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964:
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949:Geanakoplos 1959
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920:Geanakoplos 1959
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905:
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884:Geanakoplos 1959
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872:Geanakoplos 1959
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860:Geanakoplos 1959
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845:
839:
836:Geanakoplos 1959
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827:
821:
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783:
780:Geanakoplos 1959
777:
771:
768:Geanakoplos 1959
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753:
747:
741:
732:
729:Geanakoplos 1959
726:
720:
717:Geanakoplos 1959
714:
708:
702:
693:
690:Geanakoplos 1959
687:
681:
678:Geanakoplos 1959
675:
656:
650:
649: 1282–1328
648:
639:
615:Sicilian Vespers
580:
572:
566:
554:
414:
411:
383:
377:
338:Jacopo Contarini
317:Jacopo Contarini
302:
249:
226:Charles of Anjou
208:
108:Charles of Anjou
92:Byzantine Empire
63:Byzantine Empire
24:
20:
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1207:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1173:
1165:
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1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
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1079:
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1051:
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1024:
1016:
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979:
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723:
715:
711:
703:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
668:
663:
645:
631:
602:
459:Marco II Sanudo
412:
394:
334:Lorenzo Tiepolo
309:
218:draft agreement
172:Nicaean emperor
144:
72:Marco II Sanudo
17:
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Peace treaties
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:1270s treaties
1624:
1622:1277 in Europe
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42:19 March 1277
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16:Peace treaty
1594:Middle Ages
1450:Morgan 1976
1438:Morgan 1976
896:Morgan 1976
812:Morgan 1976
573:to the 100
518:Dardanelles
427:beforehand.
413: 1278
358:had claimed
353:Marco Bembo
346:Golden Horn
344:across the
319:, from the
252:Constantine
100:1268 treaty
57:Signatories
1616:Categories
1481:1011763434
1426:Nicol 1988
1414:Nicol 1988
1390:Nicol 1988
1300:Nicol 1988
1288:Nicol 1988
1249:Nicol 1988
1225:Nicol 1988
1186:Nicol 1988
1150:Nicol 1988
1129:Nicol 1988
994:Nicol 1988
973:Nicol 1988
932:Nicol 1988
908:Nicol 1988
848:Nicol 1988
824:Nicol 1988
797:Nicol 1988
756:Nicol 1988
744:Nicol 1988
705:Nicol 1988
661:References
563:hyperpyron
551:Hyperpyron
506:Latin Rite
386:chrysobull
256:archdeacon
142:Background
132:Negroponte
1523:159571822
666:Citations
654:hyperpyra
637:hyperpyra
600:Aftermath
583:Black Sea
570:hyperpyra
537:commerce.
526:Black Sea
508:churches.
490:gasmouloi
402:Byzantine
269:Holy Land
239:submitted
116:Black Sea
30:Two-year
1606:Politics
1533:(1988).
1469:(1959).
522:Bosporus
455:Cyclades
150:Emperor
94:and the
47:Location
1568:Portals
1459:Sources
592:happen.
524:on the
293:Chalkis
281:Licario
205:podestà
170:by the
160:History
112:crusade
1543:
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577:modioi
514:Abydos
465:, and
370:Romans
342:Galata
323:, 1867
289:Euboea
195:at war
128:Euboea
39:Signed
1519:S2CID
534:bailo
478:bailo
444:Coron
440:Modon
432:Crete
420:Latin
392:Terms
362:Latin
299:bailo
260:Morea
1541:ISBN
1477:OCLC
442:and
418:The
166:The
122:and
86:The
74:and
27:Type
1511:doi
372:' (
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