627:
523:
110:
77:
421:
125:
70:
381:
Although sultans typically designated their sons to succeed them after death, the latter rarely lasted more than a few years before being usurped by one of the powerful Mamluk commanders, usually from among the
Mamluks purchased by previous sultans. Political power-plays often became important in
677:, who came to power in 1501. While he attempted some reforms, including the introduction of the first military regiment with gunpowder weapons, he was unable to fully integrate them into the Mamluk army and he could not fix the country's economic problems.
393:. Over the course of the 15th century, the sultanate was weakened by infighting and economic decline brought about by multiple factors. Although militarily powerful, they were eventually unable to compete with the more modern army of the
2168:
2321:
726:. While the governors were appointed by the Ottoman sultan, the mamluks vied for influence within the country and held many high political positions. They were finally destroyed and exterminated by
626:
599:
later that year, causing great celebration in Egypt. The relationship between the
Ottomans and the Mamluks became more adversarial after this time. Both states constantly vied for control of the
1777:
Yosef, Koby (2013). "The Term Mamlūk and Slave Status during the Mamluk
Sultanate". Al-Qanṭara. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 34 (1): 7–34. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2013.001.
2678:
562:. During Barsbay's reign Egypt's population was greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before, with only one fifth of the number of towns. He frequently raided
2421:
2673:
270:
245:
1473:
464:
threatened to overthrow Barquq though the conspiracy was discovered before agitators could mobilize. Permanently in power, he founded the Burji dynasty.
2414:
1478:
522:
1967:
2407:
666:
by threatening the
Christians in Syria, but without effect. He died in 1496, leaving several hundred thousand ducats in debts to the great
109:
718:
In 1517, the
Ottomans completed their conquest with the capture of Cairo on January 22. The centre of power transferred from Cairo to
707:
in 1514 —and turned their full might against the
Mamluks, who still ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the
1788:
659:
499:, after Timur died in 1405, but Faraj continually faced rebellions from the emirs there and he was forced to abdicate in 1412.
398:
1940:
1913:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1923:
1857:
1825:
1798:
2430:
686:
2548:
510:
was permitted to rule the sultanate in Cairo for several months, but the role of sultan was soon taken by another Mamluk,
1994:
1283:
1900:
By the late fourteenth century
Circassians from the north Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.
2264:
2234:
2142:
2117:
2057:
2032:
1893:
673:
Following another several years of political instability and succession disputes, the last major Mamluk sultan was
2668:
425:
554:. However, Barsbay also introduced a number of economic policies that were damaging in the long term, such as a
1749:
2658:
1511:
1438:
17:
2663:
535:
479:
in a combined resistance and executed Timur's peace envoys. In the following months Timur was engaged in
1639:
1159:
460:
in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but recaptured Cairo in 1390. Early on, the
446:. In 1377 a revolt broke out in Syria which spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the
374:, meaning 'of the tower', refers to the traditional residence of these Mamluks in the barracks of the
2653:
674:
2184:
1744:
1689:
1097:
139:
483:
and unable to respond to Barquq's actions, while Barquq had died by 1399. In 1401, Timur invaded
2648:
2506:
1314:
973:
907:
739:
612:
596:
507:
324:
300:
101:
1815:
410:
2602:
2282:
2157:
1885:
1878:
1739:
1734:
727:
511:
2176:
711:. Al-Ghuri led his army to confront Selim I's invasion of Syria in 1516, but he died in the
76:
2614:
712:
8:
2177:
1546:
1221:
704:
578:
163:
115:
2098:, ed. Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman, Bruce Master, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 20.
658:
and other places within Mamluk territory, but was unable to defeat the
Mamluks during a
2446:
2198:
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2006). "The
Islamic History of the Lighthouse of Alexandria".
1577:
1345:
1190:
938:
872:
631:
570:
496:
2399:
546:, the Mamluk Sultanate grew to its widest territorial extent. In 1426, he invaded the
2488:
2482:
2458:
2452:
2338:
2330:
2260:
2230:
2138:
2113:
2053:
2028:
2000:
1973:
1946:
1919:
1889:
1853:
1821:
1794:
1066:
1035:
1004:
663:
655:
547:
480:
367:
420:
2518:
2500:
2470:
2207:
1252:
584:
375:
339:
166:
2326:
2572:
2542:
2512:
2391:
1847:
1718:
503:
315:
291:
159:
97:
45:
2179:
A History of the
Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, edited by ...
1880:
A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War
69:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2536:
1708:
Orange shaded row signifies brief interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by
1693:
806:
722:. However, the mamluks continued to exist as a political and military class in
719:
588:
555:
440:
394:
263:
2211:
2642:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2530:
2373:
2342:
1709:
723:
461:
443:
347:
250:
85:
2082:, Vol. III, ed. Kenneth Setton, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 490.
1670:
690:
604:
1717:
Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by
1608:
708:
600:
559:
447:
363:
355:
350:, the members of the Burji Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (
176:
124:
432:
From 1250, Egypt had been ruled by the first Mamluk dynasty, the mostly
2626:
2620:
1376:
647:
643:
476:
2494:
2476:
616:
592:
472:
135:
2560:
2524:
2464:
2096:
The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul
563:
492:
437:
2434:
2356:
2080:
A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
1697:
1407:
1128:
700:
696:
639:
620:
543:
527:
358:, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in
2159:
Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery
2050:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
837:
771:
667:
574:
551:
488:
456:
451:
433:
390:
351:
1849:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
662:
that ended in 1491. Qaitbay also tried to help the Muslims in
2590:
2381:
730:
during his rise to power in Egypt in the early 19th century.
695:
By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan
651:
608:
603:, and the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of the
484:
468:
386:
359:
343:
149:
1790:
The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
362:. During this period, the ruling Mamluks were generally of
615:, of Greek origin, tensions increased. Both Khusqadam and
587:
came to power in 1453 and had friendly relations with the
2302:
L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517
2429:
2052:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 225.
2679:
16th-century disestablishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
619:
supported different candidates to the principality of
415:
2174:
1969:
The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages
329:
305:
51:
2674:
14th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
366:origin, drawn from the Christian population of the
2320:
1877:
1942:The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages
2640:
2197:
2047:
1814:Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (2017).
2259:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–52.
2137:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–39.
2027:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–52.
1852:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 76–80.
1813:
2415:
638:After the death of Mehmed II in 1481, Sultan
495:. Syria was regained by Barquq's son, sultan
1675:
1662:
1644:
1631:
1613:
1600:
1582:
1569:
1551:
1538:
1516:
1503:
1485:
1465:
1443:
1430:
1412:
1399:
1381:
1368:
1350:
1337:
1319:
1306:
1288:
1275:
1257:
1244:
1226:
1213:
1195:
1182:
1164:
1151:
1133:
1120:
1102:
1089:
1071:
1058:
1040:
1027:
1009:
996:
978:
965:
943:
930:
912:
899:
877:
864:
842:
829:
811:
798:
776:
763:
346:from 1382 until 1517. As with the preceding
37:
1817:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
680:
27:Dynasty of Egyptian monarchs (1382–1517 CE)
2422:
2408:
2278:
2276:
2229:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
2151:
2112:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
1972:. Princeton University Press. p. 18.
123:
1999:. Harvard University Press. p. 117.
2092:Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city
2071:
2069:
1992:
1875:
1845:
1687:
733:
625:
521:
419:
2273:
1911:
1846:Bosworth, C. E. (1996). "The Mamluks".
385:During this period, the Mamluks fought
14:
2641:
1915:A History of African Societies to 1870
1884:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
550:and forced its kings to become Mamluk
2403:
2318:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2224:
2132:
2107:
2066:
2022:
2018:
2016:
1965:
1871:
1869:
1786:
794:Sultan As-Saleh Al-Muzaffar Al-Mansur
646:by harboring his rebellious brother,
538:(16th century), Galleria degli Uffizi
517:
2299:
1938:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1771:
2293:
2284:The Ottoman Empire: A Short History
2183:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p.
1676:
1663:
1645:
1632:
1614:
1601:
1583:
1570:
1552:
1539:
1517:
1504:
1486:
1466:
1444:
1431:
1413:
1400:
1382:
1369:
1351:
1338:
1320:
1307:
1289:
1276:
1258:
1245:
1227:
1214:
1196:
1183:
1165:
1152:
1134:
1121:
1103:
1090:
1072:
1059:
1041:
1028:
1010:
997:
979:
966:
944:
931:
913:
900:
878:
865:
843:
830:
812:
799:
777:
764:
319:
295:
38:
24:
2312:
2243:
2191:
2013:
1866:
416:Establishment and early challenges
411:Mamluk Sultanate § Burji rule
25:
2690:
1834:
426:funerary complex of Sultan Barquq
2329:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2161:by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.52
2048:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
1820:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 579.
715:and the Mamluk army was routed.
634:in Alexandria, completed in 1479
334:), sometimes referred to as the
268:
243:
108:
75:
68:
2257:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2227:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2218:
2135:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2126:
2110:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2101:
2085:
2041:
2025:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
1986:
1876:McGregor, Andrew James (2006).
2337:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1959:
1945:. Cambridge University Press.
1932:
1918:. Cambridge University Press.
1905:
1807:
1780:
1762:
1750:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
13:
1:
2175:Kenneth Meyer Setton (1969).
2076:The Mamluk Sultans: 1291–1517
1755:
743:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1459:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1388:
1375:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1331:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1016:
1003:
990:
985:
972:
959:
950:
937:
924:
919:
906:
893:
884:
871:
858:
849:
836:
823:
818:
805:
792:
783:
770:
757:
687:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)
642:offended the Ottoman sultan
397:, leading to their eventual
7:
2319:Petry, Carl Forbes (2012).
1912:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997).
1728:
800:سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور
467:Faced with a common enemy,
428:in Cairo, completed in 1386
330:
306:
52:
10:
2695:
1996:Cairo: Histories of a City
737:
684:
650:. Bayezid II later seized
542:Under the reign of Sultan
532:Mag Caitbeivs Cairi Svltan
408:
404:
382:designating a new sultan.
2442:
2388:
2378:
2370:
2352:
2212:10.1163/22118993-90000093
1793:. ABC-CLIO. p. 170.
749:
746:
536:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
534:") by Florentine painter
338:, were the rulers of the
222:
218:
208:
198:
194:
186:
182:
172:
155:
145:
131:
122:
94:
65:
60:
32:
1993:AlSayyad, Nezar (2013).
1939:Heng, Geraldine (2018).
1745:History of Ottoman Egypt
1690:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1098:An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad
752:
699:had just vanquished the
681:Conquest by the Ottomans
454:; Barquq was proclaimed
34:State of the Circassians
2497:(970–11th/12th century)
2286:by Saraiya Faroqhi p.60
2255:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2225:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2133:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2108:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2023:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
1966:Petry, Carl F. (2014).
1787:Shoup, John A. (2017).
1609:Sayf-ad-Din Tuman Bay I
597:captured Constantinople
83:Flags according to the
2669:1517 disestablishments
2335:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1518:الناصر محمد بن قایتبای
1445:الناصر محمد بن قایتبای
1315:Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam
908:Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz
740:List of Mamluk sultans
635:
573:an attempt to conquer
539:
429:
210:• Disestablished
2322:"Circassians, Mamlūk"
1740:Black Sea slave trade
1735:History of Arab Egypt
1688:Burji dynasty of the
1512:Muhammad bin Qait Bay
1439:Muhammad bin Qait Bay
807:Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
734:List of Burji Sultans
629:
611:. Under the reign of
525:
471:, Barquq joined with
423:
331:al-Mamalik al-Sharkas
307:al-Mamalik al-Burjiya
2659:Circassian dynasties
2627:Hashemites of Jordan
2300:Clot, André (1996).
2078:, Mustafa M. Ziada,
1768:Fischel 1967, p. 72.
1408:Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay
813:صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
713:Battle of Marj Dabiq
569:During the reign of
566:, but died in 1438.
2664:1382 establishments
2581:(16th–19th century)
2575:(15th–19th century)
2527:(11th–12th century)
2479:(10th–11th century)
1615:سیف الدین طومان بای
1284:Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
1222:Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman
1129:Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay
705:Battle of Chaldiran
579:Knights of St. John
200:• Established
116:Mecia de Viladestes
2621:Hashemites of Iraq
2325:. In Fleet, Kate;
1700:in 1517 C.E.
1578:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
1474:Qansuh Khumsama'ah
1346:Sayf ad-Din Bilbay
1191:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq
1160:Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf
974:Al-Musta'in Billah
939:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
914:عز الدین عبدالعزیز
873:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
838:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
772:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
728:Muhammad Ali Pasha
670:trading families.
636:
632:Citadel of Qaitbay
571:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq
540:
518:Apogee and decline
512:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
497:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
430:
312:Circassian Mamluks
53:Dawlat al-Jarākisa
2636:
2635:
2431:Islamic dynasties
2398:
2397:
2389:Succeeded by
2094:, Bruce Masters,
2006:978-0-674-07245-9
1979:978-1-4008-5641-1
1952:978-1-108-42278-9
1925:978-0-521-45599-2
1859:978-1-4744-6462-8
1827:978-1-119-06857-0
1800:978-1-4408-4041-8
1704:
1703:
1680:
1667:
1649:
1636:
1618:
1605:
1587:
1574:
1556:
1547:Qansuh Al-Ashrafi
1543:
1521:
1508:
1490:
1470:
1448:
1435:
1417:
1414:سیف الدین قایتبای
1404:
1386:
1373:
1355:
1342:
1324:
1321:سیف الدین خوش قدم
1311:
1293:
1280:
1262:
1249:
1231:
1218:
1200:
1187:
1169:
1156:
1138:
1125:
1107:
1094:
1076:
1067:Sayf ad-Din Tatar
1063:
1045:
1032:
1014:
1005:Shaykh al-Mahmudi
1001:
983:
970:
948:
935:
917:
904:
882:
869:
847:
834:
816:
803:
781:
768:
577:in 1444 from the
548:Kingdom of Cyprus
502:After Faraj, the
401:by the Ottomans.
368:northern Caucasus
328:
304:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
256:
255:
140:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
2686:
2654:Mamluk Sultanate
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2380:Ruling house of
2371:Preceded by
2350:
2349:
2346:
2324:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:Qansuh Al-Ghawri
1635:
1634:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1253:Sayf-ad-Din Inal
1248:
1247:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:
1135:سیف الدین برسبای
1132:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1000:
999:
995:
982:
981:
977:
969:
968:
964:
947:
946:
942:
934:
933:
929:
916:
915:
911:
903:
902:
898:
881:
880:
876:
868:
867:
863:
846:
845:
841:
833:
832:
828:
815:
814:
810:
802:
801:
797:
780:
779:
775:
767:
766:
762:
747:Titular Name(s)
744:
703:Persians at the
585:Sayf ad-Din Inal
399:conquest in 1517
376:Citadel of Cairo
340:Mamluk Sultanate
333:
323:
321:
309:
299:
297:
296:المماليك البرجية
272:
271:
260:
259:
247:
246:
240:
239:
224:
223:
156:Spoken languages
127:
112:
104:
79:
72:
55:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2438:
2428:
2394:
2392:Ottoman dynasty
2385:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2331:Rowson, Everett
2315:
2313:Further reading
2310:
2309:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2219:
2196:
2192:
2173:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1731:
1719:Abbasid dynasty
1673:
1660:
1642:
1629:
1611:
1598:
1580:
1567:
1549:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1501:
1483:
1476:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1428:
1410:
1397:
1379:
1366:
1352:سیف الدین بلبأی
1348:
1335:
1317:
1304:
1290:شھاب الدین أحمد
1286:
1273:
1259:سیف الدین إینال
1255:
1242:
1224:
1211:
1193:
1180:
1166:جمال الدین یوسف
1162:
1149:
1131:
1118:
1104:ناصر الدین محمد
1100:
1087:
1069:
1056:
1038:
1025:
1007:
994:
976:
963:
952:
941:
928:
910:
897:
886:
875:
862:
851:
844:سیف الدین برقوق
840:
827:
809:
796:
785:
778:سیف الدین برقوق
774:
761:
742:
736:
693:
683:
675:Qansuh al-Ghuri
520:
418:
413:
407:
320:المماليك الشركس
269:
244:
211:
201:
162:
113:
106:
98:Attributed arms
96:
90:
81:
80:
73:
56:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:(1921–present)
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2327:Krämer, Gudrun
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2292:
2272:
2265:
2242:
2235:
2217:
2190:
2167:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2118:
2100:
2084:
2065:
2058:
2040:
2033:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1894:
1865:
1858:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1702:
1701:
1694:Ottoman Empire
1685:
1684:
1681:
1668:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:قانصوہ الأشرفی
1544:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:قانصوه خمسمائة
1471:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1436:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1228:فخرالدین عثمان
1219:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:سیف الدین جقمق
1188:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1064:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1002:
988:
987:
984:
980:المستعین باللہ
971:
957:
956:
949:
945:ناصر الدین فرج
936:
922:
921:
918:
905:
891:
890:
883:
879:ناصر الدین فرج
870:
856:
855:
848:
835:
821:
820:
817:
804:
790:
789:
782:
769:
755:
754:
751:
750:Personal Name
748:
735:
732:
720:Constantinople
682:
679:
581:was repelled.
556:state monopoly
526:Mamluk Sultan
519:
516:
417:
414:
406:
403:
395:Ottoman Empire
389:and conquered
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
266:
264:Ottoman Empire
257:
254:
253:
248:
236:
235:
230:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
120:
119:
107:
92:
91:
82:
74:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Burji dynasty
2647:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2375:
2374:Bahri dynasty
2369:
2365:
2364:Burji dynasty
2360:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2266:9781108471046
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2236:9781108471046
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2144:9781108471046
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2119:9781108471046
2115:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2059:9789774160776
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2034:9781108471046
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1895:9780275986018
1891:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:Bahri dynasty
1706:
1705:
1699:
1696:under Sultan
1695:
1691:
1686:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1646:قانصوہ الغوری
1641:
1628:
1624:
1610:
1597:
1593:
1579:
1566:
1562:
1548:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1480:
1475:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1254:
1241:
1237:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1073:سیف الدین تتر
1068:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1006:
993:
989:
975:
962:
958:
955:
940:
927:
923:
909:
896:
892:
889:
874:
861:
857:
854:
839:
826:
822:
808:
795:
791:
788:
773:
760:
756:
745:
741:
731:
729:
725:
724:Ottoman Egypt
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
688:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:prolonged war
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
633:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
533:
529:
524:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
462:Zahiri Revolt
459:
458:
453:
449:
445:
444:Bahri dynasty
442:
439:
435:
427:
422:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Bahri Mamluks
345:
341:
337:
336:Burji dynasty
332:
326:
317:
313:
308:
302:
293:
289:
288:Burji Mamluks
267:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
251:Bahri Mamluks
249:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
203:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
111:
105:
103:
102:Mamluk Sultan
99:
93:
88:
87:
86:Catalan Atlas
78:
71:
64:
59:
54:
47:
39:دولة الجراكسة
31:
19:
18:Burji dynasty
2587:(1560s–1690)
2386:1382 – 1517
2379:
2363:
2354:
2334:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2256:
2226:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2049:
2043:
2024:
1995:
1988:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1879:
1848:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1716:
1707:
1671:Tuman Bay II
1657:
1626:
1595:
1564:
1533:
1527:second reign
1526:
1498:
1460:
1453:
1425:
1394:
1377:Taimur Bugha
1363:
1332:
1301:
1270:
1239:
1208:
1177:
1146:
1115:
1084:
1053:
1022:
1011:شيخ المحمودى
991:
960:
954:second reign
953:
925:
894:
887:
859:
853:second reign
852:
824:
793:
786:
758:
717:
694:
691:Egypt Eyalet
672:
637:
583:
568:
541:
531:
501:
466:
455:
450:Barakah and
431:
384:
380:
371:
335:
311:
287:
285:
233:Succeeded by
232:
227:
95:
84:
2623:(1921–1958)
2617:(1805–1952)
2611:(1726–1834)
2605:(1704–1831)
2599:(1697–1842)
2593:(1649–1850)
2569:(1382–1517)
2563:(1376–1843)
2557:(1250–1382)
2551:(1234–1262)
2545:(1171–1341)
2539:(1127–1250)
2533:(1104–1154)
2521:(1024–1080)
2357:Royal house
2206:(1): 1–14.
1477: [
1454:first reign
1271:Al-Mu'ayyad
1023:Al-Muzaffar
992:Al-Mu'ayyad
888:first reign
787:first reign
709:Middle East
605:Holy Cities
601:spice trade
560:spice trade
508:al-Musta'in
487:and sacked
448:Circassians
370:. The name
228:Preceded by
177:Sunni Islam
2643:Categories
2515:(990–1096)
2509:(990–1085)
2503:(990–1081)
2485:(909–1171)
2473:(890–1004)
2461:(750–1258)
1756:References
1683:1516–1517
1658:Al-Ashraf
1652:1501–1516
1627:Al-Ashraf
1590:1500–1501
1559:1498–1500
1524:1497–1498
1451:1496–1497
1420:1468–1496
1389:1467–1468
1327:1461–1467
1265:1453–1461
1203:1438–1453
1172:1437–1438
1141:1422–1437
1110:1421–1422
1017:1412–1421
738:See also:
685:See also:
644:Bayezid II
564:Asia Minor
409:See also:
364:Circassian
356:manumitted
164:Circassian
138:under the
118:map, 1413)
89:of c. 1375
2549:Lu'lu'ids
2519:Mirdasids
2507:Marwanids
2501:Numayrids
2495:Jarrahids
2491:(935–969)
2489:Ikhsidids
2477:Hadhabani
2471:Hamdanids
2467:(868–905)
2455:(661–750)
2449:(632–661)
2447:Rashiduns
2343:1873-9830
2304:. Perrin.
1692:falls to
1677:طومان بای
1565:Al-Ashraf
1395:Al-Ashraf
1383:تیمور بغا
1240:Al-Ashraf
1209:Al-Mansur
1116:Al-Ashraf
951:1405–1412
895:Al-Mansur
885:1399–1405
850:1390–1399
784:1382–1389
617:Mehmed II
613:Khusqadam
593:Mehmed II
477:Toktamish
473:Bayezid I
325:romanized
301:romanized
173:Religion
136:Sultanate
61:1382–1517
2615:Alawiyya
2561:Bahdinan
2543:Ayyubids
2525:Artuqids
2513:Uqaylids
2483:Fatimids
2465:Tulunids
2459:Abbasids
2453:Umayyads
2333:(eds.).
2200:Muqarnas
1729:See also
1534:Al-Zahir
1499:Al-Nasir
1461:Al-Zahir
1426:Al-Nasir
1364:Al-Zahir
1333:Al-Zahir
1302:Al-Zahir
1178:Al-Zahir
1085:As-Saleh
1054:Al-Zahir
926:Al-Nasir
860:Al-Nasir
825:Al-Zahir
759:Al-Zahir
668:Venetian
493:Damascus
2609:Jalilis
2603:Mamluks
2597:Shihabs
2573:Harfush
2537:Zengids
2435:Mashriq
1698:Selim I
1596:Al-Adil
1215:المنصور
1147:Al-Aziz
961:Al-Adil
901:المنصور
701:Safavid
697:Selim I
640:Qaitbay
621:Karaman
591:sultan
589:Ottoman
558:on the
552:vassals
544:Barsbay
528:Qaytbay
506:caliph
504:Abbasid
481:Georgia
438:Kipchak
405:History
352:mamluks
327::
303::
187:History
146:Capital
100:of the
2585:Ridwan
2531:Burids
2437:region
2341:
2263:
2233:
2141:
2116:
2056:
2031:
2003:
1976:
1949:
1922:
1892:
1856:
1824:
1797:
1664:الأشرف
1633:الأشرف
1602:العادل
1584:جنبلاط
1571:الأشرف
1540:الظاہر
1505:الناصر
1467:الظاہر
1432:الناصر
1401:الأشرف
1370:الظاہر
1339:الظاہر
1308:الظاہر
1277:المؤید
1246:الأشرف
1184:الظاہر
1153:العزیز
1122:الأشرف
1091:الصالح
1060:الظاہر
1029:المظفر
998:المؤید
967:العادل
932:الناصر
866:الناصر
831:الظاہر
765:الظاہر
753:Reign
656:Tarsus
595:, who
575:Rhodes
489:Aleppo
457:sultan
452:Barquq
441:Turkic
391:Cyprus
354:) and
316:Arabic
292:Arabic
190:
167:Turkic
160:Arabic
132:Status
46:Arabic
42:
2591:Baban
2579:Soran
2567:Burji
2555:Bahri
2382:Egypt
1621:1501
1493:1497
1481:]
1358:1467
1296:1461
1234:1453
1079:1421
1048:1421
1036:Ahmad
986:1412
920:1405
819:1389
664:Spain
652:Adana
609:Islam
485:Syria
469:Timur
434:Cuman
387:Timur
372:Burji
360:Cairo
344:Egypt
310:) or
150:Cairo
2339:ISSN
2261:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2054:ISBN
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