616:
512:
99:
66:
410:
114:
59:
370:
Although sultans typically designated their sons to succeed them after death, the latter rarely lasted more than a few years before being usurped by one of the powerful Mamluk commanders, usually from among the
Mamluks purchased by previous sultans. Political power-plays often became important in
666:, who came to power in 1501. While he attempted some reforms, including the introduction of the first military regiment with gunpowder weapons, he was unable to fully integrate them into the Mamluk army and he could not fix the country's economic problems.
382:. Over the course of the 15th century, the sultanate was weakened by infighting and economic decline brought about by multiple factors. Although militarily powerful, they were eventually unable to compete with the more modern army of the
2157:
2310:
715:. While the governors were appointed by the Ottoman sultan, the mamluks vied for influence within the country and held many high political positions. They were finally destroyed and exterminated by
615:
588:
later that year, causing great celebration in Egypt. The relationship between the
Ottomans and the Mamluks became more adversarial after this time. Both states constantly vied for control of the
1766:
Yosef, Koby (2013). "The Term Mamlūk and Slave Status during the Mamluk
Sultanate". Al-Qanṭara. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 34 (1): 7–34. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2013.001.
2667:
551:. During Barsbay's reign Egypt's population was greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before, with only one fifth of the number of towns. He frequently raided
2410:
2662:
259:
234:
1462:
453:
threatened to overthrow Barquq though the conspiracy was discovered before agitators could mobilize. Permanently in power, he founded the Burji dynasty.
2403:
1467:
511:
1956:
2396:
655:
by threatening the
Christians in Syria, but without effect. He died in 1496, leaving several hundred thousand ducats in debts to the great
98:
707:
In 1517, the
Ottomans completed their conquest with the capture of Cairo on January 22. The centre of power transferred from Cairo to
696:
in 1514 —and turned their full might against the
Mamluks, who still ruled in Syria and Egypt, to complete the Ottoman conquest of the
1777:
648:
488:, after Timur died in 1405, but Faraj continually faced rebellions from the emirs there and he was forced to abdicate in 1412.
387:
1929:
1902:
1993:
1966:
1939:
1912:
1846:
1814:
1787:
2419:
675:
2537:
499:
was permitted to rule the sultanate in Cairo for several months, but the role of sultan was soon taken by another Mamluk,
1983:
1272:
1889:
By the late fourteenth century
Circassians from the north Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.
2253:
2223:
2131:
2106:
2046:
2021:
1882:
662:
Following another several years of political instability and succession disputes, the last major Mamluk sultan was
2657:
414:
543:. However, Barsbay also introduced a number of economic policies that were damaging in the long term, such as a
1738:
2647:
1500:
1427:
2652:
524:
468:
in a combined resistance and executed Timur's peace envoys. In the following months Timur was engaged in
1628:
1148:
449:
in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty. He was expelled in 1389 but recaptured Cairo in 1390. Early on, the
435:. In 1377 a revolt broke out in Syria which spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the
363:, meaning 'of the tower', refers to the traditional residence of these Mamluks in the barracks of the
2642:
663:
2173:
1733:
1678:
1086:
128:
472:
and unable to respond to Barquq's actions, while Barquq had died by 1399. In 1401, Timur invaded
2637:
2495:
1303:
962:
896:
728:
601:
585:
496:
313:
289:
90:
1804:
399:
2591:
2271:
2146:
1874:
1867:
1728:
1723:
716:
500:
2165:
700:. Al-Ghuri led his army to confront Selim I's invasion of Syria in 1516, but he died in the
65:
2603:
701:
8:
2166:
1535:
1210:
693:
567:
152:
104:
2087:, ed. Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman, Bruce Master, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 20.
647:
and other places within Mamluk territory, but was unable to defeat the
Mamluks during a
2435:
2187:
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2006). "The
Islamic History of the Lighthouse of Alexandria".
1566:
1334:
1179:
927:
861:
620:
559:
485:
2388:
535:, the Mamluk Sultanate grew to its widest territorial extent. In 1426, he invaded the
2477:
2471:
2447:
2441:
2327:
2319:
2249:
2219:
2127:
2102:
2042:
2017:
1989:
1962:
1935:
1908:
1878:
1842:
1810:
1783:
1055:
1024:
993:
652:
644:
536:
469:
356:
409:
2507:
2489:
2459:
2196:
1241:
573:
364:
328:
155:
2315:
2561:
2531:
2501:
2380:
1836:
1707:
492:
304:
280:
148:
86:
34:
2168:
A History of the
Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, edited by ...
1869:
A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War
58:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2525:
1697:
Orange shaded row signifies brief interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by
1682:
795:
711:. However, the mamluks continued to exist as a political and military class in
708:
577:
544:
429:
383:
252:
2200:
2631:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2519:
2362:
2331:
1698:
712:
450:
432:
336:
239:
74:
2071:, Vol. III, ed. Kenneth Setton, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 490.
1659:
679:
593:
1706:
Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by
1597:
697:
589:
548:
436:
352:
344:
339:, the members of the Burji Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (
165:
113:
421:
From 1250, Egypt had been ruled by the first Mamluk dynasty, the mostly
2615:
2609:
1365:
636:
632:
465:
2483:
2465:
605:
581:
461:
124:
2549:
2513:
2453:
2085:
The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul
552:
481:
426:
2423:
2345:
2069:
A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
1686:
1396:
1117:
689:
685:
628:
609:
532:
516:
347:, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in
2148:
Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery
2039:
Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
826:
760:
656:
563:
540:
477:
445:
440:
422:
379:
340:
1838:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
651:
that ended in 1491. Qaitbay also tried to help the Muslims in
2579:
2370:
719:
during his rise to power in Egypt in the early 19th century.
684:
By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan
640:
597:
592:, and the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of the
473:
457:
375:
348:
332:
138:
1779:
The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
351:. During this period, the ruling Mamluks were generally of
604:, of Greek origin, tensions increased. Both Khusqadam and
576:
came to power in 1453 and had friendly relations with the
2291:
L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517
2418:
2041:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 225.
2668:
16th-century disestablishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
608:
supported different candidates to the principality of
404:
2163:
1958:
The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages
318:
294:
40:
2663:
14th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
355:origin, drawn from the Christian population of the
2309:
1866:
1931:The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages
2629:
2186:
2036:
1803:Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (2017).
2248:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–52.
2126:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–39.
2016:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–52.
1841:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 76–80.
1802:
2404:
627:After the death of Mehmed II in 1481, Sultan
484:. Syria was regained by Barquq's son, sultan
1664:
1651:
1633:
1620:
1602:
1589:
1571:
1558:
1540:
1527:
1505:
1492:
1474:
1454:
1432:
1419:
1401:
1388:
1370:
1357:
1339:
1326:
1308:
1295:
1277:
1264:
1246:
1233:
1215:
1202:
1184:
1171:
1153:
1140:
1122:
1109:
1091:
1078:
1060:
1047:
1029:
1016:
998:
985:
967:
954:
932:
919:
901:
888:
866:
853:
831:
818:
800:
787:
765:
752:
335:from 1382 until 1517. As with the preceding
26:
1806:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
669:
16:Dynasty of Egyptian monarchs (1382–1517 CE)
2411:
2397:
2267:
2265:
2218:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
2140:
2101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
1961:. Princeton University Press. p. 18.
112:
1988:. Harvard University Press. p. 117.
2081:Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city
2060:
2058:
1981:
1864:
1834:
1676:
722:
614:
510:
408:
2262:
1900:
1835:Bosworth, C. E. (1996). "The Mamluks".
374:During this period, the Mamluks fought
2630:
1904:A History of African Societies to 1870
1873:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
539:and forced its kings to become Mamluk
2392:
2307:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2213:
2121:
2096:
2055:
2011:
2007:
2005:
1954:
1860:
1858:
1775:
783:Sultan As-Saleh Al-Muzaffar Al-Mansur
635:by harboring his rebellious brother,
527:(16th century), Galleria degli Uffizi
506:
2288:
1927:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1760:
2282:
2273:The Ottoman Empire: A Short History
2172:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p.
1665:
1652:
1634:
1621:
1603:
1590:
1572:
1559:
1541:
1528:
1506:
1493:
1475:
1455:
1433:
1420:
1402:
1389:
1371:
1358:
1340:
1327:
1309:
1296:
1278:
1265:
1247:
1234:
1216:
1203:
1185:
1172:
1154:
1141:
1123:
1110:
1092:
1079:
1061:
1048:
1030:
1017:
999:
986:
968:
955:
933:
920:
902:
889:
867:
854:
832:
819:
801:
788:
766:
753:
308:
284:
27:
13:
2301:
2232:
2180:
2002:
1855:
405:Establishment and early challenges
400:Mamluk Sultanate § Burji rule
14:
2679:
1823:
415:funerary complex of Sultan Barquq
2318:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2150:by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.52
2037:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
1809:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 579.
704:and the Mamluk army was routed.
623:in Alexandria, completed in 1479
323:), sometimes referred to as the
257:
232:
97:
64:
57:
2246:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2216:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2207:
2124:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2115:
2099:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
2090:
2074:
2030:
2014:The Mamluk Sultanate: A History
1975:
1865:McGregor, Andrew James (2006).
2326:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1948:
1934:. Cambridge University Press.
1921:
1907:. Cambridge University Press.
1894:
1796:
1769:
1751:
1739:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1:
2164:Kenneth Meyer Setton (1969).
2065:The Mamluk Sultans: 1291–1517
1744:
732:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1481:
1461:
1448:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1346:
1333:
1320:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1271:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1191:
1178:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1036:
1023:
1010:
1005:
992:
979:
974:
961:
948:
939:
926:
913:
908:
895:
882:
873:
860:
847:
838:
825:
812:
807:
794:
781:
772:
759:
746:
676:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)
631:offended the Ottoman sultan
386:, leading to their eventual
7:
2308:Petry, Carl Forbes (2012).
1901:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997).
1717:
789:سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور
456:Faced with a common enemy,
417:in Cairo, completed in 1386
319:
295:
41:
10:
2684:
1985:Cairo: Histories of a City
726:
673:
639:. Bayezid II later seized
531:Under the reign of Sultan
521:Mag Caitbeivs Cairi Svltan
397:
393:
371:designating a new sultan.
2431:
2377:
2367:
2359:
2341:
2201:10.1163/22118993-90000093
1782:. ABC-CLIO. p. 170.
738:
735:
525:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
523:") by Florentine painter
327:, were the rulers of the
211:
207:
197:
187:
183:
175:
171:
161:
144:
134:
120:
111:
83:
54:
49:
21:
1982:AlSayyad, Nezar (2013).
1928:Heng, Geraldine (2018).
1734:History of Ottoman Egypt
1679:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1087:An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad
741:
688:had just vanquished the
670:Conquest by the Ottomans
443:; Barquq was proclaimed
23:State of the Circassians
2486:(970–11th/12th century)
2275:by Saraiya Faroqhi p.60
2244:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2214:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2122:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2097:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
2012:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
1955:Petry, Carl F. (2014).
1776:Shoup, John A. (2017).
1598:Sayf-ad-Din Tuman Bay I
586:captured Constantinople
72:Flags according to the
2658:1517 disestablishments
2324:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1507:الناصر محمد بن قایتبای
1434:الناصر محمد بن قایتبای
1304:Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam
897:Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz
729:List of Mamluk sultans
624:
562:an attempt to conquer
528:
418:
199:• Disestablished
2311:"Circassians, Mamlūk"
1729:Black Sea slave trade
1724:History of Arab Egypt
1677:Burji dynasty of the
1501:Muhammad bin Qait Bay
1428:Muhammad bin Qait Bay
796:Salah-ad-Din Hajji II
723:List of Burji Sultans
618:
600:. Under the reign of
514:
460:, Barquq joined with
412:
320:al-Mamalik al-Sharkas
296:al-Mamalik al-Burjiya
2648:Circassian dynasties
2616:Hashemites of Jordan
2289:Clot, André (1996).
2067:, Mustafa M. Ziada,
1757:Fischel 1967, p. 72.
1397:Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay
802:صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی
702:Battle of Marj Dabiq
558:During the reign of
555:, but died in 1438.
2653:1382 establishments
2570:(16th–19th century)
2564:(15th–19th century)
2516:(11th–12th century)
2468:(10th–11th century)
1604:سیف الدین طومان بای
1273:Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad
1211:Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman
1118:Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay
694:Battle of Chaldiran
568:Knights of St. John
189:• Established
105:Mecia de Viladestes
2610:Hashemites of Iraq
2314:. In Fleet, Kate;
1689:in 1517 C.E.
1567:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
1463:Qansuh Khumsama'ah
1335:Sayf ad-Din Bilbay
1180:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq
1149:Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf
963:Al-Musta'in Billah
928:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
903:عز الدین عبدالعزیز
862:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
827:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
761:Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
717:Muhammad Ali Pasha
659:trading families.
625:
621:Citadel of Qaitbay
560:Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq
529:
507:Apogee and decline
501:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
486:Nasir-ad-Din Faraj
419:
301:Circassian Mamluks
42:Dawlat al-Jarākisa
2625:
2624:
2420:Islamic dynasties
2387:
2386:
2378:Succeeded by
2083:, Bruce Masters,
1995:978-0-674-07245-9
1968:978-1-4008-5641-1
1941:978-1-108-42278-9
1914:978-0-521-45599-2
1848:978-1-4744-6462-8
1816:978-1-119-06857-0
1789:978-1-4408-4041-8
1693:
1692:
1669:
1656:
1638:
1625:
1607:
1594:
1576:
1563:
1545:
1536:Qansuh Al-Ashrafi
1532:
1510:
1497:
1479:
1459:
1437:
1424:
1406:
1403:سیف الدین قایتبای
1393:
1375:
1362:
1344:
1331:
1313:
1310:سیف الدین خوش قدم
1300:
1282:
1269:
1251:
1238:
1220:
1207:
1189:
1176:
1158:
1145:
1127:
1114:
1096:
1083:
1065:
1056:Sayf ad-Din Tatar
1052:
1034:
1021:
1003:
994:Shaykh al-Mahmudi
990:
972:
959:
937:
924:
906:
893:
871:
858:
836:
823:
805:
792:
770:
757:
566:in 1444 from the
537:Kingdom of Cyprus
491:After Faraj, the
390:by the Ottomans.
357:northern Caucasus
317:
293:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
245:
244:
129:Abbasid Caliphate
2675:
2643:Mamluk Sultanate
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2369:Ruling house of
2360:Preceded by
2339:
2338:
2335:
2313:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:Qansuh Al-Ghawri
1624:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:Sayf-ad-Din Inal
1237:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1124:سیف الدین برسبای
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
988:
984:
971:
970:
966:
958:
957:
953:
936:
935:
931:
923:
922:
918:
905:
904:
900:
892:
891:
887:
870:
869:
865:
857:
856:
852:
835:
834:
830:
822:
821:
817:
804:
803:
799:
791:
790:
786:
769:
768:
764:
756:
755:
751:
736:Titular Name(s)
733:
692:Persians at the
574:Sayf ad-Din Inal
388:conquest in 1517
365:Citadel of Cairo
329:Mamluk Sultanate
322:
312:
310:
298:
288:
286:
285:المماليك البرجية
261:
260:
249:
248:
236:
235:
229:
228:
213:
212:
145:Spoken languages
116:
101:
93:
68:
61:
44:
38:
30:
29:
19:
18:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2427:
2417:
2383:
2381:Ottoman dynasty
2374:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2320:Rowson, Everett
2304:
2302:Further reading
2299:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2242:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2208:
2185:
2181:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2095:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1720:
1708:Abbasid dynasty
1662:
1649:
1631:
1618:
1600:
1587:
1569:
1556:
1538:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1490:
1472:
1465:
1452:
1441:
1430:
1417:
1399:
1386:
1368:
1355:
1341:سیف الدین بلبأی
1337:
1324:
1306:
1293:
1279:شھاب الدین أحمد
1275:
1262:
1248:سیف الدین إینال
1244:
1231:
1213:
1200:
1182:
1169:
1155:جمال الدین یوسف
1151:
1138:
1120:
1107:
1093:ناصر الدین محمد
1089:
1076:
1058:
1045:
1027:
1014:
996:
983:
965:
952:
941:
930:
917:
899:
886:
875:
864:
851:
840:
833:سیف الدین برقوق
829:
816:
798:
785:
774:
767:سیف الدین برقوق
763:
750:
731:
725:
682:
672:
664:Qansuh al-Ghuri
509:
407:
402:
396:
309:المماليك الشركس
258:
233:
200:
190:
151:
102:
95:
87:Attributed arms
85:
79:
70:
69:
62:
45:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:(1921–present)
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2316:Krämer, Gudrun
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2231:
2224:
2206:
2179:
2156:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2107:
2089:
2073:
2054:
2047:
2029:
2022:
2001:
1994:
1974:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1883:
1854:
1847:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1691:
1690:
1683:Ottoman Empire
1674:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1595:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1564:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:قانصوہ الأشرفی
1533:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:قانصوه خمسمائة
1460:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:فخرالدین عثمان
1208:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:سیف الدین جقمق
1177:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1008:
1007:
1004:
991:
977:
976:
973:
969:المستعین باللہ
960:
946:
945:
938:
934:ناصر الدین فرج
925:
911:
910:
907:
894:
880:
879:
872:
868:ناصر الدین فرج
859:
845:
844:
837:
824:
810:
809:
806:
793:
779:
778:
771:
758:
744:
743:
740:
739:Personal Name
737:
724:
721:
709:Constantinople
671:
668:
570:was repelled.
545:state monopoly
515:Mamluk Sultan
508:
505:
406:
403:
395:
392:
384:Ottoman Empire
378:and conquered
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
255:
253:Ottoman Empire
246:
243:
242:
237:
225:
224:
219:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
109:
108:
96:
81:
80:
71:
63:
56:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Burji dynasty
2636:
2635:
2633:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:Bahri dynasty
2358:
2354:
2353:Burji dynasty
2349:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2255:9781108471046
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2225:9781108471046
2221:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2133:9781108471046
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2108:9781108471046
2104:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2048:9789774160776
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2023:9781108471046
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1884:9780275986018
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:Bahri dynasty
1695:
1694:
1688:
1685:under Sultan
1684:
1680:
1675:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1635:قانصوہ الغوری
1630:
1617:
1613:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1336:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1274:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1062:سیف الدین تتر
1057:
1044:
1040:
1026:
1013:
1009:
995:
982:
978:
964:
951:
947:
944:
929:
916:
912:
898:
885:
881:
878:
863:
850:
846:
843:
828:
815:
811:
797:
784:
780:
777:
762:
749:
745:
734:
730:
720:
718:
714:
713:Ottoman Egypt
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
681:
677:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:prolonged war
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
522:
518:
513:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:Zahiri Revolt
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
433:Bahri dynasty
431:
428:
424:
416:
411:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Bahri Mamluks
334:
330:
326:
325:Burji dynasty
321:
315:
306:
302:
297:
291:
282:
278:
277:Burji Mamluks
256:
254:
251:
250:
247:
241:
240:Bahri Mamluks
238:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
100:
94:
92:
91:Mamluk Sultan
88:
82:
77:
76:
75:Catalan Atlas
67:
60:
53:
48:
43:
36:
28:دولة الجراكسة
20:
2576:(1560s–1690)
2375:1382 – 1517
2368:
2352:
2343:
2323:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2245:
2215:
2209:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2038:
2032:
2013:
1984:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1868:
1837:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1705:
1696:
1660:Tuman Bay II
1646:
1615:
1584:
1553:
1522:
1516:second reign
1515:
1487:
1449:
1442:
1414:
1383:
1366:Taimur Bugha
1352:
1321:
1290:
1259:
1228:
1197:
1166:
1135:
1104:
1073:
1042:
1011:
1000:شيخ المحمودى
980:
949:
943:second reign
942:
914:
883:
876:
848:
842:second reign
841:
813:
782:
775:
747:
706:
683:
680:Egypt Eyalet
661:
626:
572:
557:
530:
520:
490:
455:
444:
439:Barakah and
420:
373:
369:
360:
324:
300:
276:
274:
222:Succeeded by
221:
216:
84:
73:
2612:(1921–1958)
2606:(1805–1952)
2600:(1726–1834)
2594:(1704–1831)
2588:(1697–1842)
2582:(1649–1850)
2558:(1382–1517)
2552:(1376–1843)
2546:(1250–1382)
2540:(1234–1262)
2534:(1171–1341)
2528:(1127–1250)
2522:(1104–1154)
2510:(1024–1080)
2346:Royal house
2195:(1): 1–14.
1466: [
1443:first reign
1260:Al-Mu'ayyad
1012:Al-Muzaffar
981:Al-Mu'ayyad
877:first reign
776:first reign
698:Middle East
594:Holy Cities
590:spice trade
549:spice trade
497:al-Musta'in
476:and sacked
437:Circassians
359:. The name
217:Preceded by
166:Sunni Islam
2632:Categories
2504:(990–1096)
2498:(990–1085)
2492:(990–1081)
2474:(909–1171)
2462:(890–1004)
2450:(750–1258)
1745:References
1672:1516–1517
1647:Al-Ashraf
1641:1501–1516
1616:Al-Ashraf
1579:1500–1501
1548:1498–1500
1513:1497–1498
1440:1496–1497
1409:1468–1496
1378:1467–1468
1316:1461–1467
1254:1453–1461
1192:1438–1453
1161:1437–1438
1130:1422–1437
1099:1421–1422
1006:1412–1421
727:See also:
674:See also:
633:Bayezid II
553:Asia Minor
398:See also:
353:Circassian
345:manumitted
153:Circassian
127:under the
107:map, 1413)
78:of c. 1375
2538:Lu'lu'ids
2508:Mirdasids
2496:Marwanids
2490:Numayrids
2484:Jarrahids
2480:(935–969)
2478:Ikhsidids
2466:Hadhabani
2460:Hamdanids
2456:(868–905)
2444:(661–750)
2438:(632–661)
2436:Rashiduns
2332:1873-9830
2293:. Perrin.
1681:falls to
1666:طومان بای
1554:Al-Ashraf
1384:Al-Ashraf
1372:تیمور بغا
1229:Al-Ashraf
1198:Al-Mansur
1105:Al-Ashraf
940:1405–1412
884:Al-Mansur
874:1399–1405
839:1390–1399
773:1382–1389
606:Mehmed II
602:Khusqadam
582:Mehmed II
466:Toktamish
462:Bayezid I
314:romanized
290:romanized
162:Religion
125:Sultanate
50:1382–1517
2604:Alawiyya
2550:Bahdinan
2532:Ayyubids
2514:Artuqids
2502:Uqaylids
2472:Fatimids
2454:Tulunids
2448:Abbasids
2442:Umayyads
2322:(eds.).
2189:Muqarnas
1718:See also
1523:Al-Zahir
1488:Al-Nasir
1450:Al-Zahir
1415:Al-Nasir
1353:Al-Zahir
1322:Al-Zahir
1291:Al-Zahir
1167:Al-Zahir
1074:As-Saleh
1043:Al-Zahir
915:Al-Nasir
849:Al-Nasir
814:Al-Zahir
748:Al-Zahir
657:Venetian
482:Damascus
2598:Jalilis
2592:Mamluks
2586:Shihabs
2562:Harfush
2526:Zengids
2424:Mashriq
1687:Selim I
1585:Al-Adil
1204:المنصور
1136:Al-Aziz
950:Al-Adil
890:المنصور
690:Safavid
686:Selim I
629:Qaitbay
610:Karaman
580:sultan
578:Ottoman
547:on the
541:vassals
533:Barsbay
517:Qaytbay
495:caliph
493:Abbasid
470:Georgia
427:Kipchak
394:History
341:mamluks
316::
292::
176:History
135:Capital
89:of the
2574:Ridwan
2520:Burids
2426:region
2330:
2252:
2222:
2130:
2105:
2045:
2020:
1992:
1965:
1938:
1911:
1881:
1845:
1813:
1786:
1653:الأشرف
1622:الأشرف
1591:العادل
1573:جنبلاط
1560:الأشرف
1529:الظاہر
1494:الناصر
1456:الظاہر
1421:الناصر
1390:الأشرف
1359:الظاہر
1328:الظاہر
1297:الظاہر
1266:المؤید
1235:الأشرف
1173:الظاہر
1142:العزیز
1111:الأشرف
1080:الصالح
1049:الظاہر
1018:المظفر
987:المؤید
956:العادل
921:الناصر
855:الناصر
820:الظاہر
754:الظاہر
742:Reign
645:Tarsus
584:, who
564:Rhodes
478:Aleppo
446:sultan
441:Barquq
430:Turkic
380:Cyprus
343:) and
305:Arabic
281:Arabic
179:
156:Turkic
149:Arabic
121:Status
35:Arabic
31:
2580:Baban
2568:Soran
2556:Burji
2544:Bahri
2371:Egypt
1610:1501
1482:1497
1470:]
1347:1467
1285:1461
1223:1453
1068:1421
1037:1421
1025:Ahmad
975:1412
909:1405
808:1389
653:Spain
641:Adana
598:Islam
474:Syria
458:Timur
423:Cuman
376:Timur
361:Burji
349:Cairo
333:Egypt
299:) or
139:Cairo
2328:ISSN
2250:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1784:ISBN
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