314:, with consequences for other forest-dwelling animals. Many species of ground-dwelling invertebrates rely on near-ground vegetation cover and leaf litter layers for habitat; these invertebrates may be lost from areas with intense browsing. Further, preferential selection of certain plant species by herbivores can impact invertebrates closely associated with those plants. Migratory forest-dwelling songbirds depend on dense understory vegetation for nesting and foraging habitat; reductions in understory plant biomass caused by deer can lead to declines in forest songbird populations. Finally, loss of understory plant diversity associated with ungulate overbrowsing can impact small mammals that rely on this vegetation for cover and food.
82:
168:, allowing scientists to compare flora, fauna, and soil in areas inside and outside of exclosures. Changes in plant communities in response to herbivory reflect the differential palatability of plants to the overabundant herbivore, as well as the variable ability of plants to tolerate high levels of browsing. The heights of plants preferred by herbivores can give indications of the local and regional herbivore density. Compositional and structural changes in forest vegetation can have cascading effects on the entire
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204:. In other cases, populations of herbivores exceed historic levels due to reduced hunting or predation pressure. For example, carnivores declined in North America throughout the 19th century and hunting regulations became stricter, contributing to increased cervid populations across North America. Also,
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areas of contiguous old forest with closed canopies are set aside, (2) predator populations are increased, and (3) hunting of the overabundant herbivore is increased. Encouragement of tree recovery by promoting seed sources of native trees is an important aspect of managing recovery from overbrowsing.
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Overbrowsing can lead plant communities towards equilibrium states which are only reversible if herbivore numbers are greatly reduced for a sufficient period, and actions are taken to restore the original plant communities. Management to reduce deer populations has a three-method approach: (1) large
114:
leads owners to resort to this more often, there is a danger of permanent depletion of the supply. Animals in captivity may be fed browse as a replacement for their wild food sources; in the case of pandas, the browse may consist of bunches of banana leaves, bamboo shoots, slender pine, spruce, fir
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of young plants. Plants also differ in their palatability to herbivores. At high densities of herbivores, plants that are highly selected as browse may be missing small and large individuals from the population. At the community level, intense browsing by deer in forests leads to reductions in the
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tissues and reproductive organs at the apex of a singular stem. This means that a deer may eat all the reproductive and photosynthetic tissues at once, reducing the plant's height, photosynthetic capabilities, and reproductive output. This is one example of how overbrowsing can lead to the loss of
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and is in nature taken directly from the plant, though owners of livestock such as goats and deer may cut twigs or branches for feeding to their stock. In temperate regions, owners take browse before leaf fall, then dry and store it as a winter feed supplement. In time of drought, herdsmen may cut
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Houston, Sarah BrownSarah Phylis BrownOrigin; Articles, TexasEducation: Master of Fine Arts| University of
Massachusetts Amherst She also has Certificate in Statistical Applications She has written numerous; Posts, Blog; Articles; Descriptions, Product; Reviews, Product; Ghost; Fiction; Kenya,
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can provide plants with substrate protected from browsing by cervids. These refugia can contain a proportion of the plant community that would exist without browsing pressure, and may differ significantly from the flora found in nearby browsed areas. If management efforts were to reduce cervid
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Browsing can affect plant reproduction by reducing the availability of leaves for photosynthesis and flowers for pollination. Overbrowsing can lead to a decrease in seed production, hinder the recruitment of new individuals and alter the genetic diversity of plant population.
579:
Pojar, J., Lewis, T., Roemer, H., and
Wilford, D.J. 1980. Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Unpublished Manuscript, Ministry of Forests, Smithers, B.C. 63
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The intensity of browsing pressure often varies depending on the palatability of plant species to herbivores. Some plant species may be heavily browsed due to their high palatability, while others may be avoided or less affected.
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There are several causes of overabundant herbivores and subsequent overbrowsing. Herbivores are introduced to landscapes in which native plants have not evolved to withstand browsing, and predators have not adapted to hunt the
61:, usually associated with animals feeding on grass or other lower vegetations. Alternatively, grazers are animals eating mainly grass, and browsers are animals eating mainly non-grasses, which include both woody and herbaceous
497:
962:
Chollet, Simon; Baltzinger, Christophe; Saout, Soizic Le; Martin, Jean-Louis (2013-12-01). "A better world for bryophytes? A rare and overlooked case of positive community-wide effects of browsing by overabundant deer".
448:
1316:
Kain, Morgan; Battaglia, Loretta; Royo, Alejandro; Carson, Walter P. (2011). "Over-browsing in
Pennsylvania creates a depauperate forest dominated by an understory tree: Results from a 60-year-old deer exclosure".
595:
Wardle, David A.; Barker, Gary M.; Yeates, Gregor W.; Bonner, Karen I.; Ghani, Anwar (2001-01-01). "Introduced
Browsing Mammals in New Zealand Natural Forests: Aboveground and Belowground Consequences".
1289:
Chollet, Simon; Baltzinger, Christophe; Ostermann, Lukas; Saint-André, Flore; Martin, Jean-Louis (2013-02-01). "Importance for forest plant communities of refuges protecting from deer browsing".
122:. If over-browsing continues for too long, the ability of the ecosystem's trees to reproduce may be impaired, as young plants cannot survive long enough to grow too tall for browsers to reach.
1352:
Long, Zachary T.; Carson, Walter P.; Peterson, Chris J. (1998-01-01). "Can
Disturbance Create Refugia from Herbivores: An Example with Hemlock Regeneration on Treefall Mounds".
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If the population of browsers grows too high, all of the browse that they can reach may be devoured. The resulting level below which few or no leaves are found is known as the
444:
911:
Augustine, David J.; Decalesta, David (2003-01-01). "Defining deer overabundance and threats to forest communities: From individual plants to landscape structure".
538:
CÎté, Steeve D.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Tremblay, Jean-Pierre; Dussault, Christian; Waller, Donald M. (2004-01-01). "Ecological
Impacts of Deer Overabundance".
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Borowski, Zbigniew; Gil, Wojciech; BartoĆ, Kamil; ZajÄ
czkowski, Grzegorz; Ćukaszewicz, Jan; Tittenbrun, Andrzej; RadliĆski, BogusĆaw (2021-09-15).
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Control fence to assess the impact of browsing by ungulates – outside the fencing, there is a lack of natural forest regeneration
1237:
Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Bazely, Dawn R.; Koh, Saewan; Timciska, Mika; Haggith, Edward G.; Carleton, Terry J.; Coomes, David A. (January 2011).
498:"Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. - Google Scholar"
633:"Failure to Respond to Food Resource Decline Has Catastrophic Consequences for Koalas in a High-Density Population in Southern Australia"
700:"Deer browsing in northern hardwoods after clearcutting. Effect on height, density, and stocking of regeneration of commercial species"
1210:
Jirinec, Vitek; Cristol, Daniel A.; Leu, Matthias (2017-05-01). "Songbird community varies with deer use in a fragmented landscape".
398:
Scripts She has led a team of experts in establishing the impacts of subsidized sewerage connections in rural slums in (2019-04-26).
861:
Alverson, William S.; Waller, Donald M.; Solheim, Stephen L. (1988-01-01). "Forests Too Deer: Edge
Effects in Northern Wisconsin".
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Res. Pap. Ne-57. Upper Darby, Pa: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15 P
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populations in the landscape, these refugia could serve as a model for understory recovery in the surrounding plant community.
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Overbrowsing occurs when overpopulated or densely-concentrated herbivores exert extreme pressure on plants, reducing the
1048:"Density-related effect of red deer browsing on palatable and unpalatable tree species and forest regeneration dynamics"
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and altering the ecological functions of their habitat. Examples of overbrowsing herbivores around the world include
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1171:"The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: a review of the evidence and priorities for future research"
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BurĆeviÄa, NatÄlija; OzoliĆĆĄ, JÄnis; Gaitnieks, TÄlis (2023-01-01), Asiegbu, Fred O.; Kovalchuk, Andriy (eds.),
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levels. The negative effects of browsing are greater among intolerant species, such as members of the genus
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branches from beyond the reach of their stock, as forage at ground level. In the tropical regions, where
723:"Trillium grandiflorum height is an indicator of white-tailed deer density at local and regional scales"
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Koh, Saewan; Bazely, Dawn R.; Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Voigt, Dennis R.; Da Silva, Eric (March 2010).
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387:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. p. 304. (via Google books, Feb 25, 2008)
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1239:"Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?"
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Whisson, Desley A.; Dixon, Victoria; Taylor, Megan L.; Melzer, Alistair (2016-01-06).
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changes due to human development, such as in agriculture and forestry, can produce
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1088:"Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics"
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Chapter 12 - Vertebrate herbivore browsing and impact on forest production
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1103:"Effects of herbivory on the reproductive effort of 4 prairie perennials"
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1153:"Browsing_and_Grazing_Ungulates_on_Plant_Characteristics_and_Dynamics"
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abundance of palatable understory herbaceous shrubs, and increases in
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Spotswood, Erica; Bradley, Kate L.; Knops, Johannes MH (2002-02-12).
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34:
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806:"Declining woodland birds in North America: should we blame Bambi?"
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164:(fenced-off areas) are used to determine the ecological impacts of
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Special Issue: Deer eating the future of
Pennsylvania's Forests!
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in
Southern Australia, introduced mammals in New Zealand, and
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Overbrowsing can change near-ground forest structure, plant
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forest patches between which deer travel, browsing in early
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Overbrowsing impacts plants at individual, population, and
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reproductive individuals in a population, and a lack of
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habitat at the periphery. Agricultural fields and young
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stands provide deer with high quality food leading to
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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
65:. In either case, an example of this dichotomy are
1351:
910:
765:"Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology"
1209:
804:Chollet, Simon; Martin, Jean-Louis (2013-04-01).
1937:
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115:and willow branches, straw and native grasses.
26:browsing on leaves in Enderby, British Columbia
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1354:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1319:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
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224:and increased browsing pressure on forest
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552:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725
284:Browsing Pressure and Plant Palatability
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150:in forests of North America and Europe.
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400:"Difference Between Browser and Grazer"
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385:Ecology: Principles and Applications
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445:Buy a bunch of browse for the bears
69:(which are primarily browsers) and
13:
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883:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x
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422:Oxford English Dictionary: Browse.
276:abundance which are released from
33:is a type of herbivory in which a
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698:Jordan, James S. (1967-01-01).
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383:Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J.,
178:micro- and macro- invertebrates
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73:(which are primarily grazers).
1169:Stewart, A.J.A. (2001-01-01).
933:10.1080/11956860.2003.11682795
763:Flowerdew, J.R. (2001-01-01).
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350:Consumerâresource interactions
37:(or, more narrowly defined, a
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1291:Forest Ecology and Management
1052:Forest Ecology and Management
727:Forest Ecology and Management
476:University of Pennsylvania, "
463:Texas Parks & Wildlife, "
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293:Effects on Plant Reproduction
1303:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.043
1263:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.015
1212:Landscape and Urban Planning
1065:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119442
739:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.021
658:10.1371/journal.pone.0144348
431:St. John's College, Oxford:
7:
1331:10.3159/torrey-d-11-00018.1
810:Diversity and Distributions
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331:mounds, rocky outcrops, or
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57:. This is contrasted with
49:of high-growing, generally
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302:Impacts on other animals
41:) feeds on leaves, soft
1905:Antipredator adaptation
1243:Biological Conservation
487:"; accessed 2016.02.16.
467:"; accessed 2016.02.16.
318:Management and recovery
172:, including impacts on
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1120:10.1186/1472-6785-2-2
598:Ecological Monographs
435:: Browse, Browsewood.
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863:Conservation Biology
365:Yellow-cedar decline
1920:Carnivorous protist
1774:Intraguild predator
1255:2011BCons.144..376T
977:2013Ecosc..20..352C
925:2003Ecosc..10..472A
875:1988ConBi...2..348A
822:2013DivDi..19..481C
649:2016PLoSO..1144348W
335:elevated above the
308:species composition
112:population pressure
1915:Carnivorous fungus
1565:Sexual cannibalism
1550:Animal cannibalism
1415:Feeding behaviours
483:2016-10-05 at the
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404:Difference Between
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985:10.2980/20-4-3627
831:10.1111/ddi.12003
502:scholar.google.ca
465:Browsing Pressure
258:, which have all
232:Impacts on plants
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16:Type of herbivory
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1872:Mesocarnivore
1870:
1868:
1867:Hypocarnivore
1865:
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1826:Filter feeder
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1816:Bottom feeder
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1764:Apex predator
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1543:cannibalistic
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1529:Breastfeeding
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1524:Placentophagy
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1443:Egg predation
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222:overabundance
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218:silvicultural
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52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
1892:Trophallaxis
1832:
1796:Pivot feeder
1791:Lunge feeder
1769:Egg predator
1657:Phagocytosis
1507:reproductive
1478:Myrmecophagy
1468:Molluscivore
1357:
1353:
1347:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1290:
1246:
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1215:
1211:
1205:
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1016:
1009:
968:
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772:
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640:
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601:
597:
543:
539:
505:. Retrieved
501:
492:
472:
459:
440:
427:
418:
407:. Retrieved
403:
392:
384:
379:
360:Tree shelter
355:Silvopasture
337:forest floor
321:
305:
296:
287:
253:
247:
242:Alaska moose
214:successional
198:
174:soil quality
157:
137:
126:Overbrowsing
119:
117:
106:
104:
51:woody plants
30:
29:
1713:Planktivore
1698:Detritivore
1693:Coprophagia
1683:Bacterivore
1678:Microbivory
1662:Myzocytosis
1621:Nectarivore
1611:Graminivore
1458:Lepidophagy
1453:Insectivore
1448:Hematophagy
1297:: 470â477.
1107:BMC Ecology
546:: 113â147.
312:leaf litter
280:for light.
278:competition
265:recruitment
194:grey rhebok
120:browse line
1940:Categories
1877:Parasitism
1811:Bait balls
1801:Ram feeder
1733:Plastivore
1728:Lithotroph
1718:Saprophagy
1641:Osteophagy
1631:Palynivore
1588:Herbivores
1519:Paedophagy
1493:Spongivore
1483:Ophiophagy
1423:Carnivores
1058:: 119442.
1033:2024-04-13
965:Ăcoscience
913:Ăcoscience
507:2017-03-08
409:2024-04-13
371:References
226:understory
210:fragmented
162:exclosures
1946:Herbivory
1882:Scavenger
1754:Predation
1723:Xenophagy
1703:Geophagia
1688:Fungivore
1636:Xylophagy
1626:Mellivory
1606:Frugivore
1601:Florivore
1498:Vermivore
1488:Piscivore
1473:Mucophagy
1463:Man-eater
1271:0006-3207
1197:0015-752X
1129:1472-6785
1074:0378-1127
993:1195-6860
941:1195-6860
840:1472-4642
791:0015-752X
747:0378-1127
667:1932-6203
329:windthrow
274:bryophyte
270:graminoid
250:community
206:landscape
192:Browsing
170:ecosystem
95:Karnataka
91:Nagarhole
85:Browsing
35:herbivore
1833:Browsing
1708:Omnivore
1650:Cellular
1596:Folivore
1339:85648031
1175:Forestry
1113:(1): 2.
1001:84448035
949:88837457
848:86531297
769:Forestry
685:26735846
637:PLOS ONE
560:30034112
481:Archived
449:Archived
344:See also
255:Trillium
228:plants.
154:Overview
53:such as
39:folivore
31:Browsing
1848:Grazing
1747:Methods
1534:Weaning
1514:Oophagy
1438:Avivore
1374:2997303
1251:Bibcode
1218:: 1â9.
973:Bibcode
921:Bibcode
891:2386294
871:Bibcode
818:Bibcode
676:4703219
645:Bibcode
618:3100037
325:Refugia
166:cervids
148:cervids
59:grazing
1951:Fodder
1853:Forage
1843:Fodder
1671:Others
1372:
1337:
1269:
1195:
1135:
1127:
1072:
1024:
999:
991:
947:
939:
889:
846:
838:
789:
745:
683:
673:
665:
616:
558:
240:Young
184:Causes
144:koalas
107:browse
87:chital
77:Browse
63:dicots
55:shrubs
47:fruits
43:shoots
1431:adult
1370:JSTOR
1335:S2CID
1138:77412
997:S2CID
945:S2CID
887:JSTOR
844:S2CID
614:JSTOR
556:JSTOR
159:Moose
99:India
71:sheep
67:goats
45:, or
1738:Pica
1267:ISSN
1193:ISSN
1125:ISSN
1070:ISSN
1022:ISBN
989:ISSN
937:ISSN
836:ISSN
787:ISSN
743:ISSN
681:PMID
663:ISSN
272:and
1362:doi
1358:125
1327:doi
1323:138
1299:doi
1295:289
1259:doi
1247:144
1220:doi
1216:161
1183:doi
1133:PMC
1115:doi
1060:doi
1056:496
981:doi
929:doi
879:doi
826:doi
777:doi
735:doi
731:259
708:057
671:PMC
653:doi
606:doi
548:doi
89:in
1942::
1368:.
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1321:.
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1279:^
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785:.
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767:.
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725:.
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661:.
651:.
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602:71
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585:^
580:p.
568:^
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881::
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