409:(the partially evaporated sugar cane juice). The term 'Natural brown sugar' can be traced back to at least the 1940s, when it was noted that the sugar refiners had pushed the brown sugar from the plantation owner out of the consumer market. Natural brown sugar was: 'The raw sugar, not the brown sugar most easily obtained, which usually is white sugar artificially colored.' So the term 'Natural brown sugar' came up to distinguish brown sugar that still contained part of its molasses from brown sugar that was really white sugar to which molasses had been added.
479:" in developing nations, where they are produced with traditional practices that do not make use of industrialized vacuum evaporators or centrifuges. They are commonly boiled in open pans upon wood-fired stoves until the sugar cane juice reaches approximately 30% of the former volume and sucrose crystallization begins. They are then poured into molds to solidify or onto cooling pans where they are beaten or worked vigorously to produce a granulated brown sugar. In some countries, such as
3119:
3109:
382:
366:
76:
374:
226:
487:, a natural brown sugar called muscovado is produced by partially centrifuging the evaporated and crystallizing cane juice to create a sugar-crystal rich mush, which is allowed to drain under gravity to produce varying degrees of molasses content in the final product. This process approximates a slightly modernized practice introduced in the 19th century to generate a better quality of natural brown sugar.
32:
179:
added. For the latter, a consumer magazine said, "contrary to opinion, this brown sugar is a product of the refinery." The most important consideration is that the term 'brown sugar' now came to refer to a product for consumers, instead of referring to a type of sugar that was processed by sugar refineries.
624:
In following a modern recipe that specifies "brown sugar", one usually may assume that the intended meaning is light brown sugar, but how dark or light one prefers one's sugar is largely a matter of taste. Even in recipes such as cakes, where the overall moisture content might be critical, the amount
174:
it was the same. There were two kinds of raw sugar. The most common kind was muscovado a.k.a. brown sugar, and was processed by
British sugar refineries. The other kind of raw sugar was brown sugar which had been clayed and was known as clayed sugar. It was used for domestic purposes, but this usage
421:
Turbinado sugar is made from crystallized, partially evaporated sugar cane juice which has been spun in a centrifuge to remove almost all of the molasses. The sugar crystals are large and golden-coloured. This sugar can be sold as is or sent to the refinery to produce white sugar. Demerara sugar is
191:
against brown sugar, reproducing microscopic photographs of harmless but repulsive-looking microbes living in brown sugar. The effort was so successful that by 1900, a best-selling cookbook warned that brown sugar was of inferior quality and was susceptible to infestation by "a minute insect". This
620:
of sugar (one-sixteenth of the total volume). Molasses comprises about 10% of brown sugar's total weight, which is about one ninth of the white sugar weight. Due to varying qualities and colors of molasses products, for lighter or darker sugar, reduce or increase its proportion according to taste.
330:
Brown sugar is often produced by adding sugarcane molasses to completely refined white sugar crystals to more carefully control the ratio of molasses to sugar crystals and to reduce manufacturing costs. Brown sugar prepared in this manner is often much coarser than its unrefined equivalent and its
441:
Brown sugars that have been only mildly centrifuged or unrefined (non-centrifuged) retain a much higher degree of molasses than products sold as natural brown sugar to consumers in developed nations. These traditional brown sugars are called various names across the globe often depending on their
178:
In the mid 20th century United States, 'brown sugar' could refer to two products. It could be a raw sugar which had been centrifuged to a purity of about 97% pure sugar and that was offered as brown sugar in health food shops. However, in most cases it was white sugar to which molasses had been
628:
Brown sugar that has hardened can be made soft again by adding a new source of moisture for the molasses, or by heating and remelting the molasses. Storing brown sugar in a freezer will prevent moisture from escaping and molasses from crystallizing, allowing for a much longer shelf life.
417:
Some natural brown sugars have particular names and characteristics, and are sold as turbinado, demerara or raw sugar. These have been centrifuged, and therefore can be said to have been refined to a large degree. Muscovado is darkest of the modern types of natural brown sugar.
1675:
175:
was diminishing. In the 19th century United States the same meaning of the words raw sugar, brown sugar and muscovado was also noted: "Raw sugar, commonly called muscovado or brown sugar, not advanced beyond its raw state by claying, boiling, clarifying or other process".
632:
Although brown sugar has been touted as having health benefits ranging from soothing menstrual cramps to serving as an anti-aging skin treatment, brown sugar is no better for health than refined sugar, despite the minerals it contains (the amounts are negligible).
350:, color, and taste of fully refined white sugar is for practical purposes the same, no matter from what plant it originates. Even with less-than-perfect refining, the small differences in color, odor, and taste of the white sugar will be masked by the molasses.
1981:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1927:
169:
The meaning of the term 'brown sugar' has changed over time. In the 19th century, American works referred to 'refining brown sugar'. Americans also referred to the 'Brown sugar of
Commerce', which could be refined with a yield of 70% of white sugar. In the
331:
molasses may be easily separated from the crystals by simply washing to reveal the underlying white sugar crystals; in contrast, with unrefined brown sugar, washing will reveal underlying crystals which are off-white due to the inclusion of molasses.
200:
Raw sugars are all more or less liable to be contaminated with decomposing nitrogenous matters, fermentative germs, and other living organisms, both animal and vegetable....For this reason, raw sugars must always be considered dangerous brewing
1671:
422:
now 97-99% pure sucrose and has also been centrifuged. What is now sold to the United States consumer as 'raw sugar' is also a centrifuged product. If it were raw sugar in the generally accepted meaning of an unrefined product, the
625:
of water contained in brown sugar is too small to matter. Much more significant than its water content is the fact that darker brown sugar or more molasses will impart a stronger flavor, with more of a suggestion of caramel.
1919:
1980:
1870:
553:. Okinawan brown sugar is sometimes referred to as 'black sugar' for its darker colour compared to other types of unrefined sugar, although when broken up into smaller pieces its colour becomes lighter.
468:, was the most common type of raw sugar and was also called brown sugar. In the 19th century, this was the sugar that based upon weight yielded about 70% white sugar when fully refined.
1956:
1814:
152:
Particle size is variable but generally smaller than that of granulated white sugar. Products for industrial use (e.g., the industrial production of cakes) may be based on
1356:(link to nutrition table). However, brown sugar packs more densely than white sugar due to the smaller crystal size and may have more calories when measured by volume.
573:; sugarcane cultivation and the production of brown sugar in Japan was first recorded on the island around 400 years ago, using techniques that had been developed in
1339:
1045:
145:
nature of the molasses and is often labeled "soft." The product may undergo processing to make it flow better for industrial handling. The addition of dyes or other
53:
1413:
The Codex
Alimentarius Commission. (2009; 2010). Codex Alimentarius – 212.1 Scope and Description. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1782:
433:. It is made by refining sugar with lime, but not centrifuging it. This means that impurities like dirt and ash are removed, but the molasses remains.
187:
In the late 19th century, the newly consolidated refined white sugar industry, which did not have full control over brown sugar production, mounted a
1359:
Any minerals present in brown sugar come from the molasses added to the white sugar. In a 100-gram reference amount, brown sugar contains 15% of the
1871:"A sweet precious stone that crumbles and melts in your mouth Rare, pure brown sugar that you can only savor on Amami | Oishii Island Kyushu"
475:
and other natural dark brown sugars have been minimally centrifuged or not at all. Typically these sugars are made in smaller factories or "
1424:
612:
For domestic purposes one can create the equivalent of brown sugar by mixing white sugar with molasses. Suitable proportions are about one
2860:
1896:
426:
would take action. Some say that for consumers, raw sugar means that the sugar is highly refined, but has been crystallized only once.
2783:
1812:
Jaffe, W. (2014) Non centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) (panela, jaggery, gur, muscovado) process technology and the need of its innovation,
40:
1988:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1848:
1751:
1948:
2730:
1818:
1993:
1466:
1611:
105:
with some residual molasses content (natural brown sugar), but is now often produced by the addition of molasses to refined
2683:
2007:
298:
2755:
1326:
1032:
1725:
270:
2678:
1815:"Non centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) (panela, jaggery, gur, muscovado) process technology and the need of its innovation"
2969:
2698:
2651:
1597:. Vol. III–IV. Consumers' Council Division, Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Washington. 1938. p. 2.
317:
255:
2713:
277:
2046:
557:
is commonly used as a flavouring for drinks and desserts, but can also be eaten raw as it has a taste similar to
2625:
251:
1778:
2529:
284:
1335:
1041:
2559:
1944:
423:
247:
20:
2793:
2708:
2693:
266:
2855:
2835:
2815:
2421:
3122:
602:
346:
molasses is used. The white sugar used can be from either beet or cane, as the chemical composition,
2735:
2703:
2281:
528:
504:
236:
1533:
3143:
3016:
2830:
2688:
2544:
2286:
240:
193:
45:
1428:
3090:
2870:
1700:
1501:
1456:
1249:
903:
2880:
2820:
2326:
1892:
1262:
916:
359:
2381:
2296:
2184:
1275:
955:
929:
582:
570:
122:
8:
2788:
2673:
2630:
2039:
1840:
1338:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1044:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
540:
291:
1527:
3048:
2875:
2765:
2431:
1229:
1149:
942:
883:
736:
546:
476:
339:
118:
3148:
2979:
2845:
2760:
2234:
1999:
1989:
1462:
968:
824:
519:
495:
347:
1495:
3043:
2885:
2807:
2441:
2239:
3026:
2948:
2656:
2635:
2549:
1655:
1638:
1615:
1608:
1590:
1574:
1555:
1776:
Larkin, W. (1993) Sugar and the
Origins of Modern Philippine Society, pp 55–58.
566:
3112:
3036:
3031:
2989:
2953:
2748:
2723:
2615:
2605:
2573:
2436:
2406:
2224:
2138:
2079:
2065:
2032:
1983:
1389:
1376:
598:
593:
Brown sugar adds flavor to desserts and baked goods. It can be substituted for
188:
171:
2341:
3137:
3079:
2743:
2593:
2539:
2386:
2271:
2249:
2244:
2174:
1627:
Southby, E. R. (1885) A Systematic
Handbook of Practical Brewing. pp. 223–224
1394:
1105:
692:
406:
369:
Brown sugar examples: Muscovado (top), dark brown (left), light brown (right)
2938:
2926:
2850:
2825:
2718:
2666:
2524:
2461:
2456:
2276:
2254:
2106:
2003:
1672:"Press release describes manufacturing process for organic turbinado sugar"
1081:
981:
668:
549:
and is often sold in the form of large lumps. It is sometimes used to make
153:
2024:
1943:
601:
much more readily than refined sugar, and this effect can be used to make
3084:
3004:
2994:
2911:
2901:
2840:
2661:
2598:
2503:
2488:
2451:
2391:
2371:
2331:
2306:
2259:
2229:
2189:
2169:
2164:
2133:
1360:
1065:
652:
594:
490:
A similar
Japanese version of uncentrifuged natural cane sugar is called
484:
196:
was also felt in other sectors using raw or brown sugar such as brewing;
106:
2999:
2984:
2921:
2610:
2476:
2471:
2321:
2266:
2199:
2194:
2179:
2154:
1203:
841:
807:
617:
613:
429:
Modern muscovado sugar sold to consumers is different from traditional
381:
365:
343:
335:
142:
75:
2554:
1841:"The Black Sugar That Tops Mochi, Sweetens Soups, and Relieves Nausea"
373:
3058:
3053:
2943:
2931:
2906:
2865:
2493:
2416:
2411:
2363:
2301:
2159:
2126:
2089:
1382:
1367:, with no other vitamins or minerals in significant content (table).
480:
457:
443:
430:
342:, although in some areas, especially in Belgium and the Netherlands,
146:
141:
contains up to 10% molasses. The product is naturally moist from the
1450:
1448:
1446:
597:, and maple sugar can be substituted for it in recipes. Brown sugar
225:
93:
sugar product with a distinctive brown color due to the presence of
2916:
2498:
2376:
2316:
2084:
1349:
790:
98:
94:
80:
3063:
2974:
2620:
2588:
2519:
2446:
2396:
2336:
2311:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2094:
1803:
Orr, W. (1844) The
Magazine of Domestic Economy, Volume 5. pp 107
1579:. Geoge W. Bowman, Senate printer, Washington. 1861. p. 268.
1443:
1183:
770:
558:
472:
451:
164:
102:
90:
31:
3021:
3009:
2481:
2426:
2099:
857:
574:
550:
447:
134:
1458:
How Baking Works: Exploring the
Fundamentals of Baking Science
2466:
2401:
2291:
2216:
2055:
1976:
1974:
1500:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Grigg, Eliot, and Co. pp.
1353:
1095:
682:
606:
578:
19:
This article is about the sugar product. For other uses, see
1364:
436:
405:
is sugar that retains some amount of the molasses from the
149:
may be permitted in some areas or for industrial products.
1971:
1949:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1653:
121:
requires brown sugar to contain at least 88% sucrose plus
2534:
1529:
Conspectus of organic materia medica and pharmacal botany
1489:
1487:
1485:
1125:
712:
1654:
Willingham
Erminger, Lila; Hopkins, Marjorie R. (1947).
1532:. Detroit: G. S. Davis, Medical Book Publisher. p.
545:'black sugar'). This is a regional specialty of
358:"Raw sugar" redirects here. For the song by Metric, see
1660:. Illinois children's home and aid society. p. 10.
1352:(nutrition table), as opposed to 387 Calories in white
1920:"The Claim: Brown Sugar Is Healthier Than White Sugar"
1726:"What's the Difference Between Raw and Refined Sugar?"
1482:
533:
509:
412:
125:. Commercial brown sugar contains from 3.5% molasses (
1618:
Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. 32–33
588:
16:
Sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown colour
1779:"Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society"
1637:
Richardson, Irwin D.; Richardson, Maggie G. (1943).
1636:
334:
The molasses usually used for food is obtained from
156:, which has crystals of approximately 0.35 mm.
1985:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1695:
1693:
1560:. A. Mackenzie & Co. Greenock. p. 14, 26.
1493:
1939:
1937:
1239:
1193:
893:
780:
338:, because the flavor is generally preferred over
3135:
1569:
1567:
1497:The dispensatory of the United States of America
1416:
462:
1690:
1454:
97:. It is by tradition an unrefined or partially
1934:
1422:
1348:One hundred grams of brown sugar contains 377
1060:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
647:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
165:From a type of raw sugar to a consumer product
2040:
1564:
1917:
1521:
1519:
2861:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2054:
1525:
254:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2047:
2033:
1945:United States Food and Drug Administration
1576:Journal of the Senate of the United States
208:A Systematic Handbook of Practical Brewing
1601:
1516:
471:Muscovado, panela, piloncillo, chancaca,
318:Learn how and when to remove this message
437:Traditional types of natural brown sugar
380:
372:
364:
74:
56:of all important aspects of the article.
1643:. Washington College Press. p. 68.
565:is also an important local industry on
3136:
1553:
642:Sugar (sucrose), brown (with molasses)
353:
52:Please consider expanding the lead to
2028:
636:
252:adding citations to reliable sources
219:
25:
1851:from the original on 11 August 2020
1423:Levy Beranbaum, Rose (April 2000).
413:Modern types of natural brown sugar
13:
1959:from the original on 27 March 2024
1930:from the original on 15 July 2018.
1899:from the original on 20 March 2013
589:Culinary and health considerations
112:
14:
3160:
2970:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
2066:List of sugars and sugar products
1918:O'Connor, Anahad (12 June 2007).
1785:from the original on 4 March 2016
1678:from the original on 5 April 2012
1657:Food and Fun for Daughter and Son
1386:– a Chinese brown sugar and candy
182:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3107:
1893:"What's Sweet About Brown Sugar"
1461:. New York: Wiley. p. 171.
1327:Full link to USDA database entry
1033:Full link to USDA database entry
224:
30:
2010:from the original on 9 May 2024
1911:
1885:
1863:
1833:
1806:
1797:
1770:
1744:
1718:
1664:
1647:
1630:
1621:
101:soft sugar consisting of sugar
44:may be too short to adequately
1583:
1547:
1407:
139:regular commercial brown sugar
54:provide an accessible overview
1:
1494:G. B. Wood; F. Bache (1849).
1401:
1070:1,619 kJ (387 kcal)
657:1,576 kJ (377 kcal)
389:
377:Whole cane sugar, unclarified
215:
1334:Percentages estimated using
1040:Percentages estimated using
424:Food and Drug Administration
21:Brown sugar (disambiguation)
7:
1752:"CPG Sec 515.400 Raw Sugar"
1370:
1055:Sugar (sucrose), granulated
534:
510:
385:Whole cane sugar, clarified
10:
3165:
2856:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
2836:Demerara rebellion of 1823
2816:1811 German Coast uprising
2422:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
357:
194:campaign of disinformation
159:
109:(commercial brown sugar).
18:
3103:
3072:
2962:
2894:
2806:
2776:
2644:
2581:
2572:
2512:
2350:
2215:
2208:
2147:
2072:
2063:
1701:"What Is Demerara Sugar?"
1333:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1248:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1005:
1001:
993:
980:
967:
954:
941:
928:
915:
902:
881:
877:
873:
856:
840:
823:
806:
789:
768:
764:
760:
753:
749:
733:
729:
725:
709:
705:
701:
691:
681:
665:
661:
651:
646:
523:
499:
137:. Based on total weight,
2282:High-fructose corn syrup
1455:Paula I. Figoni (2010).
581:, and spread across the
442:country of origin: e.g.
2831:Colonial molasses trade
2287:High-maltose corn syrup
1614:27 January 2023 at the
1609:Revolution at the Table
1554:Niccol, Robert (1864).
1336:US recommendations
1042:US recommendations
3091:Pure, White and Deadly
2871:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
2777:By region (historical)
1595:Consumers' guide index
1340:the National Academies
1046:the National Academies
463:
386:
378:
370:
213:
83:
2881:Taiwan Sugar Railways
2821:Amelioration Act 1798
1168:Vitamins and minerals
755:Vitamins and minerals
609:brown while cooking.
384:
376:
368:
360:Grow Up and Blow Away
198:
133:) based on its total
78:
2560:Unrefined sweeteners
2382:Crystalline fructose
2297:Inverted sugar syrup
1821:on 14 September 2014
1607:Levenstein, Harvey.
1526:L. E. Sayre (1880).
1425:"Rose's Sugar Bible"
616:of molasses to each
583:Japanese archipelago
571:Kagoshima Prefecture
460:from the Portuguese
454:, piloncillo, etc.
248:improve this section
129:) to 6.5% molasses (
2645:By region (current)
2545:Sugar confectionery
1056:
643:
395:Natural brown sugar
354:Natural brown sugar
340:beet sugar molasses
3049:Sweetened beverage
2876:Sugar Intervention
2784:Danish West Indies
2766:U.S. Sugar Program
2525:Cotton candy floss
2432:Plantation Reserve
2327:Steen's cane syrup
1758:. 13 February 2020
1591:"Picking a winner"
1431:on 14 October 2016
1397:– a Javanese sugar
1301:Other constituents
1054:
1007:Other constituents
641:
585:after that point.
477:cottage industries
387:
379:
371:
119:Codex Alimentarius
84:
3131:
3130:
2980:Blood sugar level
2846:Leith Sugar House
2802:
2801:
2761:Sugar Association
2568:
2567:
2530:Maple sugar foods
2235:Barley malt syrup
2058:as food commodity
1995:978-0-309-48834-1
1468:978-0-470-39267-6
1346:
1345:
1291:
1290:
1052:
1051:
997:
996:
637:Nutritional value
544:
532:
508:
348:nutritional value
328:
327:
320:
302:
127:light brown sugar
71:
70:
3156:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3044:Sugar substitute
2886:Triangular trade
2579:
2578:
2240:Brown rice syrup
2213:
2212:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1732:. 16 August 2016
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1427:. Archived from
1420:
1414:
1411:
1243:
1207:
1197:
1164:
1163:
1057:
1053:
897:
861:
845:
828:
811:
794:
784:
751:
750:
644:
640:
539:
537:
527:
525:
513:
503:
501:
466:
464:açúcar mascavado
403:whole cane sugar
323:
316:
312:
309:
303:
301:
260:
228:
220:
211:
131:dark brown sugar
66:
63:
57:
34:
26:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3099:
3068:
3027:Sugar addiction
2958:
2949:Sugar sculpture
2890:
2798:
2772:
2749:Tate & Lyle
2740:United Kingdom
2657:Bundaberg Sugar
2640:
2636:Sugar marketing
2564:
2550:Sugarcane juice
2508:
2346:
2204:
2143:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1996:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1942:
1935:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1705:The Spruce Eats
1699:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1652:
1648:
1640:The Diet System
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1616:Wayback Machine
1606:
1602:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1492:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1453:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1373:
1329:
1324:
1282:
1269:
1256:
1244:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1169:
1158:
1153:
1134:
1129:
1090:
1085:
1035:
1030:
988:
975:
962:
949:
936:
923:
910:
898:
868:
859:
851:
843:
835:
826:
818:
809:
801:
792:
785:
756:
745:
740:
721:
716:
677:
672:
639:
591:
575:Fujian Province
439:
415:
392:
363:
356:
324:
313:
307:
304:
261:
259:
245:
229:
218:
212:
206:E. R. Southby.
205:
185:
167:
162:
115:
113:Characteristics
67:
61:
58:
51:
39:This article's
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:Types of sugar
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3037:Residual sugar
3032:Sugars in wine
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Health effects
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2990:Flavored syrup
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:Treacle mining
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2724:Tongaat Hulett
2721:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Sugarcane mill
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Molasses sugar
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:List of syrups
2221:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2139:Reducing sugar
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:Monosaccharide
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2021:
1994:
1970:
1933:
1924:New York Times
1910:
1884:
1862:
1832:
1805:
1796:
1769:
1743:
1730:Imperial Sugar
1717:
1689:
1663:
1646:
1629:
1620:
1600:
1582:
1563:
1557:Essay on Sugar
1546:
1515:
1481:
1467:
1442:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1390:Sugar industry
1387:
1379:
1377:Caramelization
1372:
1369:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
978:
977:
973:
971:
965:
964:
960:
958:
952:
951:
947:
945:
939:
938:
934:
932:
926:
925:
921:
919:
913:
912:
908:
906:
900:
899:
892:
887:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
854:
853:
849:
847:
838:
837:
833:
831:
821:
820:
816:
814:
804:
803:
799:
797:
787:
786:
779:
774:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
747:
746:
743:
741:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
717:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
673:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
638:
635:
590:
587:
438:
435:
414:
411:
391:
388:
355:
352:
326:
325:
232:
230:
223:
217:
214:
203:
189:smear campaign
184:
183:Smear campaign
181:
172:United Kingdom
166:
163:
161:
158:
114:
111:
69:
68:
48:the key points
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3161:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Robert Lustig
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:United States
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:British Sugar
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Sugar alcohol
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Glucose syrup
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Maesil-cheong
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1873:(in Japanese)
1872:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1845:Atlas Obscura
1842:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1395:Coconut sugar
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1204:Riboflavin (B
1201:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:Dietary fiber
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:Carbohydrates
1077:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
985:
983:
979:
972:
970:
966:
959:
957:
953:
946:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
920:
918:
914:
907:
905:
901:
896:
891:
888:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
865:
863:
855:
848:
846:
839:
832:
830:
822:
815:
813:
808:Riboflavin (B
805:
798:
796:
788:
783:
778:
775:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
752:
748:
742:
739:
738:
732:
728:
724:
718:
715:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
693:Dietary fiber
690:
686:
684:
680:
674:
671:
670:
669:Carbohydrates
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
634:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
542:
536:
530:
521:
517:
512:
506:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
465:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
434:
432:
427:
425:
419:
410:
408:
407:mother liquor
404:
400:
396:
383:
375:
367:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
322:
319:
311:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269: –
268:
267:"Brown sugar"
264:
263:Find sources:
257:
253:
249:
243:
242:
238:
233:This section
231:
227:
222:
221:
209:
202:
197:
195:
190:
180:
176:
173:
157:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
77:
73:
65:
55:
49:
47:
42:
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3089:
2939:Sugar people
2927:Sugar packet
2851:Molasses Act
2826:Blackbirding
2719:Illovo Sugar
2714:South Africa
2667:Wilmar Sugar
2462:Butterscotch
2457:Barley sugar
2362:
2357:
2277:Golden syrup
2255:Mogwa-cheong
2107:Disaccharide
2012:. Retrieved
1984:
1961:. Retrieved
1952:
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:14 September
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1825:29 September
1823:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1808:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1729:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1682:20 September
1680:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1556:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1528:
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1472:. Retrieved
1457:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1418:
1409:
1381:
1358:
1347:
1305:
1300:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1148:
1124:
1100:99.91 g
1089:99.98 g
1080:
1011:
1006:
894:
889:
882:
781:
776:
769:
735:
711:
687:96.21 g
676:97.33 g
667:
631:
627:
623:
611:
592:
567:Amami ĹŚshima
562:
554:
515:
491:
489:
470:
461:
456:
450:, rapadura,
440:
428:
420:
416:
402:
398:
394:
393:
333:
329:
314:
308:October 2021
305:
295:
288:
281:
274:
262:
246:Please help
234:
207:
199:
186:
177:
168:
154:caster sugar
151:
138:
130:
126:
123:invert sugar
116:
86:
85:
79:Brown sugar
72:
59:
43:
41:lead section
3085:John Yudkin
2995:Fruit syrup
2912:Sugar shack
2902:Added sugar
2841:Holing cane
2699:Philippines
2599:Casa-grande
2513:Other forms
2489:Sugar glass
2452:Sugar candy
2392:Gula melaka
2372:Candi sugar
2351:Solid forms
2342:YacĂłn syrup
2332:Table syrup
2307:Maple syrup
2260:Yuja-cheong
2230:Agave syrup
2165:Agave syrup
2134:Added sugar
1361:Daily Value
1315:0.03 g
1021:1.77 g
791:Thiamine (B
599:caramelizes
595:maple sugar
485:Philippines
143:hygroscopic
107:white sugar
87:Brown sugar
3138:Categories
3123:Production
3000:Date honey
2985:Cane knife
2922:Sugar nips
2611:Sugar bush
2594:Plantation
2582:Production
2477:Rock candy
2442:Preserving
2322:Pine honey
2267:Corn syrup
2155:Sugar beet
1789:27 October
1539:7 November
1508:7 November
1474:5 November
1402:References
943:Phosphorus
614:tablespoon
390:Definition
344:sugar beet
336:sugar cane
278:newspapers
216:Production
201:materials.
62:March 2024
3059:Sweetness
3054:Sweetener
2944:Sugar tit
2932:Sucrology
2907:Crop Over
2866:Sugar Act
2709:Sri Lanka
2694:Mauritius
2679:Caribbean
2652:Australia
2494:Sugarloaf
2412:Muscovado
2364:Peen tong
2302:Kuromitsu
2160:Sugarcane
2127:Trehalose
2090:Galactose
2073:Chemistry
1877:16 August
1383:Peen tong
1276:Potassium
956:Potassium
930:Magnesium
858:Folate (B
842:Vitamin B
825:Niacin (B
529:romanized
505:romanized
481:Mauritius
458:Muscovado
444:muscovado
431:Muscovado
399:raw sugar
235:does not
147:chemicals
46:summarize
3149:Molasses
3113:Category
3073:Research
2917:Sugaring
2731:Tanzania
2606:Refinery
2574:Industry
2499:Wasanbon
2437:Powdered
2377:Chancaca
2317:Molasses
2209:Products
2185:Honeydew
2085:Fructose
2008:Archived
2004:30844154
1963:28 March
1957:Archived
1947:(2024).
1928:Archived
1897:Archived
1849:Archived
1783:Archived
1676:Archived
1612:Archived
1371:See also
1350:Calories
1306:Quantity
1236:Quantity
1230:Minerals
1215:0.019 mg
1190:Quantity
1184:Vitamins
1157:0 g
1133:0 g
1110:0 g
1012:Quantity
890:Quantity
884:Minerals
852:0.026 mg
836:0.082 mg
819:0.007 mg
802:0.008 mg
777:Quantity
771:Vitamins
744:0 g
720:0 g
697:0 g
535:kurozatĹŤ
520:Japanese
516:kurozato
496:Japanese
204:—
103:crystals
95:molasses
81:crystals
3064:Vinasse
2975:Bagasse
2963:Related
2895:Culture
2808:History
2621:Engenho
2589:Boilery
2555:Tuzemák
2520:Caramel
2447:Sucanat
2397:Jaggery
2387:Gelling
2337:Treacle
2312:Mizuame
2175:Coconut
2148:Sources
2122:Sucrose
2117:Maltose
2112:Lactose
2095:Glucose
2014:21 June
1903:4 April
1762:29 July
1736:29 July
1710:29 July
1435:6 April
1270:0.01 mg
1250:Calcium
1150:Protein
989:0.18 mg
924:1.91 mg
904:Calcium
737:Protein
607:gravies
559:caramel
547:Okinawa
543:
531::
507::
483:or the
473:jaggery
452:jaggery
292:scholar
256:removed
241:sources
160:History
99:refined
91:sucrose
3094:(1972)
3022:Nectar
3010:Jallab
2794:Hawaii
2736:Uganda
2704:Rwanda
2482:Toffee
2427:Panela
2245:Cheong
2217:Syrups
2100:Xylose
2002:
1992:
1465:
1096:Sugars
1066:Energy
969:Sodium
963:133 mg
683:Sugars
653:Energy
603:glazes
563:Kokuto
555:Kokuto
551:shochu
511:kokutĹŤ
492:kokuto
448:panela
294:
287:
280:
273:
265:
135:volume
3005:Grape
2689:India
2684:Kenya
2631:Zafra
2626:Batey
2504:White
2467:Candy
2402:Misri
2358:Brown
2292:Honey
2190:Maple
2170:Birch
2056:Sugar
1354:sugar
1312:Water
1018:Water
976:39 mg
950:22 mg
937:29 mg
911:85 mg
579:China
514:) or
299:JSTOR
285:books
89:is a
2789:Fiji
2674:Cuba
2472:Hard
2200:Malt
2195:Palm
2180:Date
2016:2024
2000:PMID
1990:ISBN
1965:2024
1905:2013
1879:2024
1857:2020
1827:2014
1791:2015
1764:2023
1738:2023
1712:2023
1684:2008
1541:2011
1510:2011
1504:–619
1476:2011
1463:ISBN
1437:2013
1365:iron
1363:for
1283:2 mg
1263:Iron
1257:1 mg
982:Zinc
917:Iron
869:1 ÎĽg
605:and
541:lit.
271:news
239:any
237:cite
210:1885
117:The
2662:CSR
2535:Rum
2417:Nib
1953:FDA
1756:FDA
1534:180
1502:616
1241:%DV
1195:%DV
1126:Fat
922:11%
895:%DV
782:%DV
713:Fat
618:cup
524:é»’ç ‚çł–
401:or
250:by
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1998:.
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1936:^
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1484:^
1445:^
1281:0%
1268:0%
1255:0%
1213:1%
987:2%
974:2%
961:4%
948:2%
935:7%
909:7%
867:0%
850:2%
834:1%
817:1%
800:1%
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