443:
991:. It was the third water plant built in China. As the concession continued to expand, the Tianjin British Municipal Council purchased the water plant in January 1923 and renamed it as the "Tianjin British Municipal Council, Waterway Division". Due to serious water pollution of the Haihe River at that time, in 1925, while expanding the water plant, theTianjin British Municipal Council began attempts to produce water from wells which improved the quality of the water. As of February 1941, the subordinate water plants included the Bacchus Road plant, the Dakra Road plant, the Queen's Garden plant, and the Heba Water Inlet plant. The total production capacity of the four plants was 1,363 cubic meters of river water and 11,818 cubic meters of well water. During the management period, a total of 5.57 kilometers of water supply pipelines were laid. The total area of the British Concession was 3.7 square kilometers, so with 14.58 kilometers of water supply pipelines per square kilometer, the penetration rate was almost 100%.
1152:
1333:
765:
increased year by year. In 1936, Britain had 68 foreign banks of various types in
Tianjin. The British merchants in the British concession had a wide range of operations, ranging from opium to various machines and munitions. Therefore, the merchants had been in a dominant position in import and export trade for a long time. Among them, the two foreign firms, Jardine and Taikoo of the British merchants, monopolized the shipping business in Tianjin and set up special docks and warehouses in the dam of the concession. At that time, the well-known foreign firms in the British Concession in Tianjin were: Gaolin International, Jardine International Holdings Tianjin Branch, Taikoo International Holdings Tianjin Branch, Xintaixing International Holdings, Renji International Holdings Ya Tianjin Branch, Amway International Holdings, etc.
1198:
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882:
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708:
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54:
1309:
1242:
1321:
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561:
69:
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concession and
Tianjin. As the concession developed, companies diversified. In the food industry, Tianjin Wanguo Soda Co., Ltd., Watsons Pharmacy Ice Factory, Xinle Ice Factory, North China Drinking Water Company, Miqos Company, and the United States Dairy factories engaged in business in the concession. Cigarette companies like the British-American Tobacco Company monopolized the tobacco industry in north China. In the textile industry, as many as nine companies like the Siemens Electric Company, Dongfang Machinery Factory, and Jieling Motor Company were established.
1226:
1176:
1164:
536:, Britain switched sides and became more committed to compromise with Japan and resolve the Tianjin crisis as soon as possible. In the end, regardless of China's opposition, Britain formally signed the Tianjin Agreement with Japan on June 12, 1940, and compromised with Japan on the issue of Tianjin bank deposits. Four suspects were turned over to Japanese authorities, all of whom were executed. The Japanese army lifted the 372-day blockade of the British Concession in Tianjin, and the crisis in the Tianjin Concession was thus alleviated.
42:
573:
made by the concession taxpayers’ meeting to reform the status quo of the concessions, the
British consulates could only veto them within a few days after the resolution is made, and had no right to overturn them afterwards. At the same time, the concession police in the British concession were not under the command of the consulate, but one of the few concessions directly controlled by the Tianjin British Municipal Council. Because of this, the British concession was called a concession "autonomous" by the diaspora.
979:'s accession to the throne, the park was officially opened, called "Victoria Park", covering an area of 18.5 acres. The entire plan of the park adopted the regular layout of Western traditional gardens. Its plants configuration, layout building, and garden management were all advanced at the time, and it had a profound influence on the construction of Tianjin's later generations of gardens. In addition, there were also the Queen's Garden (皇后花园), Jiubli Park (久布利公园), and Yilu Golden Garden (义路金花园) in the concession.
845:
967:
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239:
331:. Following the burning of a French church, the French consulate, and the death of consul Henri-Victor Fontainer by mob beating, many foreigners feared that living in the concessions was safer than living in direct Chinese territory and subsequently moved into the concession. In order to promote the development of trade, the British concession authorities committed to build more
1133:
the
British Concession have been included in the list as the Tianjin historical and cultural district. Starting from March 2010, Tianjin repaired and constructed supporting buildings on the historic districts of Tai'an Road and surrounding areas in the former British Concession of Tianjin with Jiefang North Road as the core, with the project being completed in 2011.
688:
China were already financially independent and had the funds to invest into the concession. Additionally, like most other
British concessions, the British concession in Tianjin was the first of the nine countries that would come to own a parcel of Tianjin. Thus, most of Tianjin's foreign economic policies were molded heavily by the concession's interests.
861:
Chinese news, Shangyu, and "any other
Chinese newspapers." The newspaper was called "the best newspaper in the Far East" at the time. In March 1894, the British architect William Bellingham founded the Peking and Tientsin Times with the support of the Tianjin British Municipal Council. It was suspended until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941.
684:, commercial and residential buildings, and provided a suitable investment environment for both Chinese and foreign capital. As a result, the economy of the British concession was exceedingly prosperous, with the economic nucleus of Tianjin shifting to the concession; by 1937, 404 of the 483 foreign firms were concentrated in the concession.
865:
the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, as all social strata gradually realized the importance of enlightenment, a large number of newspaper reading offices appeared for citizens to read newspapers, magazines, and books for free. By the early 1930s, there were nearly 30 Chinese and foreign
1132:
The area where the former
British concession of Tianjin is located is still the core area of downtown Tianjin. Most of the buildings have been preserved, and some of them have maintained their original appearance. Currently, the Tai'an Road, Five Avenues, and Jiefang North Road areas that belonged to
764:
Most of the earliest foreign banks established in
Tianjin were operated by British businessmen, located in the British concession. Later, with the development of import and export trade and the continuous improvement of the environment in the British Concession in Tianjin, the number of foreign firms
687:
The
British concession of Tianjin flourished for many reasons. For one, the United Kingdom was the strongest national power that invested into the economy of the concession. Its trade with China accounted for most of the trade between China and foreign countries; therefore, the British businessmen in
342:
of
Tianjin used donations from the concession wharf to build a road from the wharf to Tianjin city, greatly facilitating the traffic between the city and the concession. As a result, the activity of Tianjin's original port center declined as the British concession became Tianjin's trade and financial
974:
In conjunction with the Haihe River dredging project, the Tianjin British Municipal Council, Engineering Bureau reclaimed part of the dredged area into urban parks, such as the Victoria Park, the earliest landscaped park in the British Concession in Tianjin. On June 21, 1887, on the 50th anniversary
937:
The Tianjin-British Concession was initially small in scale; there were only three north–south roads, namely, Victoria Road in the middle, Heba Road on the east side, and Haida Road on the west side. Although there were six or seven east–west roads, they were all extremely short. Among them, Jardine
864:
By the 1930s, foreigners had established more than 40 kinds of newspapers in Tianjin, most of which were run in the British and French concessions and had missionary backgrounds. While spreading the news, these newspapers and magazines also played a role in educating the Tianjin populace. From
696:
In the early days of its establishment, the British Concession of Tianjin opened factories that were wholly foreign-owned and did not have the nature of independent industrial enterprises. Some were machinery packaging services, while others were water and power supply companies that served both the
572:
autonomy. The British consul in Tianjin did not serve as the director-general of the board of directors of the Tianjin British Municipal Council, and under normal circumstances did not interfere with the daily administrative affairs of the Tianjin British Municipal Council. Regarding the resolutions
422:
had extreme grudges with Britain's condemnation of Japan's actions and sending of aid to China. At the same time, Japan's own aggressive expansions in its concession led to conflicts between the Japanese and British; the existence of the international concession had led to major obstacles in Japan's
347:
to 44.27 million taels, boosting Tianjin's commercial activity to one of the most valuable in the country, and Britain's Tianjin concession became more prosperous than all other British concessions at the time. By this time, the British concession also quickly outshone the other concessions as well.
671:
ended their occupation of Tianjin, 806 troops were stationed. By the 1930s, the number of troops stationed in the barracks grew to more than 3,000. In 1937, the former British barracks in Tianjin was occupied by the Japanese army. After Japan surrendered in 1945, the barracks was again stationed by
860:
founded Tianjin's first newspaper, the China Times, in the British Concession of Tianjin. This newspaper was originally an English weekly, and its contributors were mostly missionaries proficient in Chinese culture. The most distinctive feature was that it specialized in translating and publishing
831:
In the following year, due to the increasing number of students, Zhuang Lefeng submitted a request for land expansion to the Tianjin British Municipal Council. He found a new school site for the expansion of a 53-acre depression on the bank of the wall, and hired a British architect to design and
621:
Before 1899, the board of directors of the concession consisted of five directors, all of whom were British nationals. Later, the number of directors increased to nine. When the American concession was merged into the British concession in 1902, the British and American parties stipulated that at
1118:
The British concession had strict regulations regarding environmental sanitation and garbage disposal, prohibiting the dumping of waste or dirty soil in the streets. All households in the concession had to dump garbage in their own houses. In accordance with stipulations from the Tianjin British
776:
in the middle. The Xiaobailou commercial area was home to bars, dance halls, Western-style restaurants, clothing shops, beauty shops, and more. Hotels and catering services were also concentrated in the British concession as well. Among the more famous were the Astor Hotel, Palace Hotel, Taylor,
478:
at the time of his death. Four suspects were arrested in the British concession linked to Xigeng's assassination, and consequently, the Japanese authorities requested that the four people be handed over to Japan. Once again, the British side debated whether to hand the four suspects over. Japan,
458:
Qingwu, but the British side refuted that there was insufficient evidence to prove that Qingwu used the concession as a base for anti-Japanese activities. The stalemate in Qingwu's case led to heated debates in the British government; both the British ambassador and consul in Tianjin believed if
1114:
After the establishment of the concession, a number of hospitals were successively established to ensure medical treatment for foreigners in the concession. Some hospitals in the concession were built by missionaries. As the settlement rapidly increased in size, Chinese doctors also established
1017:
Prior to the opening of the concession, the site was very sparsely populated with only scattered Chinese households of no more than 20 people. During the establishment of the concession, population growth was initially slow. In 1867, 112 foreigners lived in the city. By 1906, the population had
463:, Far East Department disagreed, believing that "Japanese actions during the Tianjin incident is part of its 'new order' policy meant to completely squeeze out British influence in China". The British Foreign Office took the stance of the latter and declined to hand over Qingwu to the Japanese.
295:
In order to avoid expenses such as land reclamation, most British businessmen in Tianjin avoided buying property in the concession, preferring instead to rent land in Tianjin proper. Nevertheless, due to the flourishing Sino-British trade, the concession rapidly developed; the number of British
929:
In 1870, the first road was built in the concession, from the Old Customs Building to the Middle Street (now Jiefang North Road) from the Lishunde Hotel. This was also the first road built in any of the Tianjin concessions. In 1887, in front of the residence of the chairman of the British
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to build a small power plant in the Huangjia Garden area. In 1923, two 1,000-kilowatt steam turbine generators were installed and changed to AC power supply. When the power plant was first opened, the total load of the actual connected users was about 1,000 kilowatts. By 1936, the total power
442:
577:
704:, including flour making, machine repair, weaving, carpetmaking, wool spinning, etc. The larger Chinese-established companies were Wanshun Iron Factory (万顺铁工厂), Beiyang Velvet Factory (北洋织绒厂), Renli Wool Spinning Factory (仁立毛纺厂), Dongya Woolen Textile Co., Ltd. (东亚毛呢纺织股份有限公司), etc.
1097:
in its territory. One of the most notable policies of the concession when expanding was to ban brothels, gambling halls, and other institutions that were "inconsistent with ethics". Compared to the Japanese concession, as there were no such institutes, there was generally lower
483:
the concession. Britain offered to form an investigative committee between Britain, Japan, and the United States, but this proposal was staunchly refused by Japan. On June 14, Japan formally blockaded the British Concession, causing a halt to normal life in the concession.
938:
Road and Baoshun Road were named after foreign companies. After the expansion of the concession at the end of the 19th century, more than 70 streets were built one after another. Many of these roads were named after British mainland or territorial cities, such as
815:
and the Chinese in the concessions, modern education in the concession flourished. As the British concession was the most prosperous concession in Tianjin, its achievements in education were a microcosm of Tianjin's modern education. In 1911, Wang Yun founded the
934:, the Tianjin British Municipal Council used gravel to pave a road, which became the first gravel road in Tianjin. Since then, roads such as Race Course Road and Hai Avenue (now Dagu Road) had been created, though they were all simple dirt roads or gravel roads.
395:
would be moved to Tianjin, which was actually the British concession of Tianjin, and issued presidential directives and presidential appointments there, and set up a guest house for members. This once made the British concession of Tianjin the residence of the
820:(竞存女子学校) in the British concession, which was the first girls' primary school in Tianjin. In 1927, under the advocacy of Zhuang Lefeng, director of the British Tianjin Chinese Taxation Association, the city used 18% of the Chinese tax payment to establish
1064:
In terms of church organization, since the opening of the concession, the Church of England decided to establish the English Church of Tianjin, directly under the leadership of the Overseas Missionary Society of the United Kingdom and the Bishop of the
855:
While the missionaries and Chinese in the concessions promoted education, newspapers and magazines founded by foreigners had also emerged, most of which were located in the British and French concessions. On November 6, 1886, the British-German
1018:
jumped to 1970. By 1938, foreign residents numbered 4728, and the total population was marked at 76,815. By the outbreak of the Pacific War, however, no British or American nationals were living in the concession for fear of being sent to the
383:
merged with the British concession, and the Southern Extension of 131 acres was added. The concession expanded yet again, this time west of the Qiangzi River, and acquired an additional 3928 acres of land in the British Extra Rural Extension.
597:
Established in 1862, the Tianjin British Municipal Council in the British Concession was the highest administrative agency in British Tianjin. Gordon Hall, built in 1890, became its headquarters. It was indirectly under the leadership of the
625:
Later, the "Articles of 1918 of the Tianjin British Municipal Council" stipulated that the number of directors of the board of directors of the British Concession in Tianjin must be more than five, of which at least five were to be British.
638:
The board of directors of the Tianjin-British Concession was responsible for all necessary affairs in the Tianjin-British Concession, such as: concession regulations, appointment and removal of officials, buying and selling of
548:, Japanese troops once again invaded and became stationed in the British concession; this time, there were no agreements to be made. On February 18, 1942, Japan announced the transfer of the Tianjin British Concession to the
1123:
and sewage pipes. Later, concession authorities decided to stop using fecal trucks, and the householders and lot owners had to build new sanitary toilet equipment for septic tanks in accordance with the new regulations.
552:, a Chinese puppet government, and a handover ceremony was held on March 29. After the Japanese surrender to the Allied powers in 1945, the Chinese Nationalists announced the formal absorption of the British concession.
794:, Chinese businessmen, entrepreneurs, politicians, etc. rushed to buy land and build houses in the concessions and buy properties. This upsurge caused the land price in the concession to rise from 300 taels per
789:
industry, represented by high-end residential buildings. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, with the gradual improvement of the concession infrastructure, and at the same time, in order to avoid the war and
1332:
720:
The British concession had one of the highest concentrated banking industries of its time with both foreign and Chinese-operated companies. The first bank to be established in the concession was the
1268:
1151:
893:
After the establishment of the Tianjin Concession, with the continuous arrival of British expatriates, various modern sports activities were first widely carried out in the concession. Various
832:
build a Chinese-Western building. The school with complete facilities was later moved to the current site on the bank of the wall. In addition, there were English grammar schools, such as the
450:
Disputes between Britain and Japan had been growing as early as 1938. At the end of September, the British concession authorities arrested Su Qingwu, a supposed leader of the anti-Japanese
356:
and China meant French trade relations ground to an almost complete halt. Thus, the French concession, the only concession capable of competing with the British concession, lost its shine.
296:
merchant ships at the concessions' newly built docks increased from 51 in 1861 to 89 in 1862. A number of foreign firms were soon built in the concession, including consulates of Britain,
568:
Britain mimicked its own political system and designed the political system of the British concession in Tianjin, making the British concession the concession with the highest degree of
1253:
1197:
1115:
hospitals and clinics in the concession. The establishment of these modern hospitals, to a certain extent, helped contribute to the modern medicine infrastructure in Tianjin today.
576:
210:
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to 3,000 taels between 1913 and 1923. The promotion sector in the concession became a high-end residential area, attracting all sorts of celebrities and important figures.
680:
The infrastructure initiated by the concession solved the basic problems of urban production and life such as centralized water supply and power supply, roads and bridges,
510:. On the 17th, British officials announced that if the situation in Tianjin has not improved by the end of the week, the UK will deploy three economic retaliatory methods:
262:
to demarcate the future concession in accordance with the Peking stipulations. The British concession was opened on December 17, 1860, with an initial area of about 460
1348:
2152:
1057:
There were multiple religious sites serving foreign nationals, including but not limited to, the All Saints' Church, Union Church, and Tianjin Synagogue. In 1937, the
170:
145:
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in Tianjin, distributing more than 30 types of newspapers, with a total circulation of more than 290,000 copies and a local distribution of 187,000 copies. Numerous
491:
undressed and checked the British people entering and leaving the British concession regardless of gender, which caused an uproar in British public opinion. British
1859:
1320:
53:
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The British concession had been able to supply electricity since 1906. The concession authorities commissioned Gibb, Livingston & Co. to raise 250,000
466:
Another incident arose during the Japanese-British dispute over Qingwu. On April 9, 1939, famed pro-Japanese activist Cheng Xigeng was assassinated in the
606:. The Bureau had multiple custody groups, branch offices, and municipal committees that governed various aspects of life within the British concession.
1280:
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hinted in the House of Commons that unless Japan lifts the blockade, the United Kingdom may resort to economic retaliation. On the 15th, the British
1308:
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479:
exasperated, issued an ultimatum on June 5 to the British Tianjin authorities that if the suspects weren't handed over within two days, Japan will
2106:
276:紫竹林村. Therefore, to the locals, the British concession and the surrounding German concession were also known as the "Zhizhulin concession 紫竹林租界".
1139:
435:. In 1939, at the eve of World War II, the Japanese army breached international contracts by invading both the British concession on Tianjin and
1651:
1453:
1427:
1225:
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began construction of the Holy Way church, though it was only completed after the concession was handed over to the Chinese following the war.
700:
Chinese-owned industries in the concession appeared in the late 1870s, mostly built and funded by Chinese bureaucrats who were inspired by the
721:
912:, a public stadium commonly known as the "British Stadium" was established in the concession in January 1895 via fund-raising. In 1926, the
603:
460:
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sent missionaries to Tianjin to plan the establishment of the church and received the support from the Tianjin British Municipal Council.
2162:
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833:
475:
68:
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tournament in Tianjin. The Tianjin Jockey Club also became the earliest sports club in the British Concession of Tianjin. In terms of
773:
632:
In 1927, the number of Chinese and Chinese directors on the board of directors of the Tianjin British Concession increased to three.
1085:
Due to the efforts of concession officials, the concession maintained a good social atmosphere by prohibiting the activities of any
614:
The directors of the Tianjin British Concession were the governing bodies and decision-making organs. The directors were elected by
2046:
1937:
987:
Built at the intersection of Baoding and Jianshe Road, the first water plant in the British concession was constructed in 1898 by
2147:
1209:
427:". The British concession looked especially favorable for invasion: it held considerable amounts of Chinese governmental silver
881:
424:
1839:
1855:
492:
41:
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Qingwu was guilty, he ought to be transferred to Japan. However, the British ambassador to China and most members of the
454:, on the advice of the Japanese military authorities. The Japanese side requested the British concession authorities to
397:
1989:
1814:
1535:
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in Tianjin was constructed. In the early 20th century, the concession became the center of modern sports in Tianjin.
817:
436:
392:
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On March 31, 1897, with negotiations with the Qing government, the British extended their concession westward to the
225:. The settlement prospered economically, and many legacies of the British influence over Tianjin can be seen today.
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848:
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and a building area of 23,500 square meters. The initial garrison of the barracks was 1,400 men. In 1902, when the
1163:
707:
209:, and was the earliest established and most successful out of all of the concessions. The concession bordered the
273:
2121:"泰安道改造工程拉开序幕 "英伦风情"明年见 [Tai'an Road renovation project kicked off, "British style"; see you next year!]"
1443:
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380:
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to Nazi Germany. Britain fell into a lonely battle in Europe. Under the leadership of the new Prime Minister
487:
The provocative actions made by Japan led to a strong reaction from British residents in the concession. The
218:
1274:
The Astor Hotel on Victoria Road, built in 1886, was one of the oldest structures in the British concession.
1448:
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center. From the early 1870s to 1894, Tianjin's foreign trade value more than quadrupled from 10 million
2098:
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376:, and acquired 1630 acres of land known as the British Municipal Extension. On October 23, 1902, the
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the US military. In 1947, the Tianjin Municipal Middle School was established on the former site.
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in Tianjin was built in 1900. When it was first established, the barracks occupied an area of 124
524:
However, the situation in Europe that followed became increasingly unfavorable to Britain. German
327:
In 1870, another incident led to a sharp increase of foreign immigration into the concession: the
1099:
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474:, by a sniper. Xigeng had been a Tianjin customs supervisor and manager of the Tianjin Branch of
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1938:"天津近代精致马球生活的延续 [The continuation of the exquisite polo life in Tianjin in modern times]"
1396:
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1406:
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In 1926, the board of directors of the Tianjin British Concession had two Chinese directors.
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least five members of the board of directors were to be British and one was to be American.
284:
2099:"民国时期的看病难看病 [In the Republic of China, seeing a doctor is difficult and expensive]"
1622:"The Development Intent and Details of the British Extra Rural Extension in Tianjin, China"
1216:
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8:
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851:, writer for the China Times (Tianjin), with faculty of the Chinese Imperial University.
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in the concession for a term of one year. All directors were re-elected upon expiry.
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The Taylor hotel, built in 1933. It is now the No. 1 ranked hotel in Tianjin.
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Municipal Council, all residents must have had a tested and well-performing
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submitted several proposals to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on economic
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against Japan, the most important of which was the abolition of the 1911
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On September 11, 1860, the Qing government and Great Britain signed the
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generation capacity of the plant had increased to 7,000 kilowatts.
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The most concentrated investment project in the concession was the
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There were two major commercial areas in the British concession:
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In 1862, the Tianjin Jockey Club was established and held the
1881:. Office of Tianjin Local Chronicles Editing Committee. 2007.
1795:. Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press. 2009. p. 81.
332:
259:
202:
2039:"津沽自来水谈往 [Talking about the running water in Jingu]"
1963:"天津有座"戒酒楼 [There is a "No drinking bar" in Tianjin]"
1247:
Victoria Restaurant, built in 1940, now Kiessling Restaurant
916:
was completed and a number of large-scale events were held.
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Cancel Japan's "most favored nation" treatment economically;
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to the northwest and southeast, respectively, and faced the
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Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ)
1926:. Selections of Tianjin Literature and History Materials.
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291:, head urban planner of the British concession in Tianjin
1740:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 pages 351 & 353–354
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Notable people who had lived in the concession included
1834:. Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House. p. 187.
272:), located on the west bank of the Hai river in former
609:
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1326:
Prince Ching's Mansion in the Extra Rural Extension
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The British Consul-General's Mansion, built in 1937
772:(formerly the American concession) in the east and
1717:
748:, and more had set up branches in the concession.
404:British-Japanese Dispute and the Concession Crisis
233:
2153:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
1203:The HSBC Building on Victoria Road, built in 1925
897:were established in Tianjin. The earliest public
254:. On December of the same year, British diplomat
2139:
1809:. Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House. 2012.
1181:Settlement-era buildings in Xiaobailou district
1069:of the Anglican Church. Among them, before the
635:After 1930, a Chinese vice chairman was added.
580:Emblem of the Tianjin British Municipal Council
1433:Sir Alwyne George Neville Ogden (1941, acting)
724:in 1882. From there, various other firms like
520:Impose heavy taxes on Japanese imported goods.
446:Diplomatic Letter on the Cheng Xigeng Incident
811:Under the influence and participation of the
593:Postcard of Gordon Hall, Tienstin, circa 1907
828:Supervisor Wang Longguang as the principal.
544:On December 8, 1941, at the breakout of the
528:befell on Britain. On June 22, 1940, France
368:Changes in the British Concession of Tianjin
205:. It was one of nine foreign concessions in
1298:The auditorium of Tienchin Kung Hsueh (now
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654:
67:
1727:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 page 351
1714:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1989 page 353
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1390:Benjamin Charles George Scott (1897–1899)
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1102:activity, lower crime rates, and higher
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242:Chinese copy of the Convention of Peking
237:
1911:. Journal of Tianjin Normal University.
1896:. Journal of Tianjin Normal University.
1757:
1690:. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
1583:"Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre"
711:The HSBC bank in Tianjin, built in 1925
2140:
2096:
1921:
1704:
1550:
836:(天津市第二十中学) in the British concession.
824:(天津市耀华中学) in the concession and hired
425:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
324:, and other entertainment facilities.
2071:. Tianjin Social Sciences. p. 5.
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2022:
1957:
1955:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1681:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1235:House on Victoria Road, built in 1896
1219:House on Victoria Road, built in 1926
889:match in the British concession, 1938
818:Tianjin Private Jingcun Girls' School
647:, and operating public equipment and
391:announced that the government of the
73:British concession denoted in orange.
2086:. Tianjin People's Publishing House.
2066:
1856:"The garrison in Tianjin Concession"
1781:. Archives of the Republic of China.
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1354:Tientsin Country Club, built in 1925
1262:, or Episcopal Church, built in 1936
352:and expenses from the wars waged in
1829:
1776:
1767:, New York: Pantheon, 1939 page 356
1619:
604:British Ministry of Foreign Affairs
13:
2053:
1952:
1866:
1587:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1415:James William Jamieson (1926–1930)
1393:William Richard Carles (1899–1901)
610:Tianjin British Board of Directors
517:Abolish the Anglo-Japanese Treaty;
398:President of the Republic of China
14:
2174:
1658:
1473:
1424:Edgar George Jamieson (1938–1939)
1314:Tientsin Synagogue, built in 1940
1127:
961:
585:Tianjin British Municipal Council
437:Gulangyu International Settlement
2131:from the original on 2011-05-12.
2109:from the original on 2016-03-04.
2049:from the original on 2016-08-16.
2006:"维多利亚公园 [Victoria Park]"
1862:from the original on 2016-03-05.
1654:from the original on 2021-06-11.
1387:Henry Barnes Bristow (1893–1897)
1347:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1224:
1208:
1196:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1080:
849:William Alexander Parsons Martin
564:Former Tianjin British consulate
279:
194:: 天津英租界) was one of seven total
168:
143:
52:
40:
2113:
2090:
2075:
2031:
2016:
1998:
1980:Qimin, Jing; Hao, Jing (2011).
1973:
1930:
1915:
1900:
1885:
1848:
1823:
1799:
1785:
1770:
1743:
1565:
1412:William Pollock Ker (1917–1926)
1402:Sir Alexander Hosie (1908–1912)
1371:William Hyde Lay (1870, acting)
994:
982:
970:Victoria Park in Tientsin, 1909
234:Establishment of the concession
16:Former British enclave in China
2163:China–United Kingdom relations
2148:Foreign concessions in Tianjin
2027:. Landscape Review. p. 5.
1613:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1444:Foreign concessions in Tianjin
780:
381:American concession of Tianjin
1:
1467:
1454:Map of concessions in Tianjin
1421:John Barr Affleck (1935–1938)
1157:Haihe River along Tai'an Road
1145:Night view of the Astor hotel
1012:
539:
476:China United Preparatory Bank
359:
188:British concession of Tianjin
23:British concession of Tianjin
1984:. Machinery Industry Press.
1944:. 2014-01-15. Archived from
1753:. 知识出版社 . 1982. p. 172.
1581:Fairbank, John King (1957).
1449:Foreign concessions in China
1376:Chaloner Grenville Alabaster
806:
7:
1437:
1052:
777:English Country Club, etc.
751:
702:Self-Strengthening Movement
691:
555:
82:Concession of Great Britain
10:
2179:
2082:Zhengzhong, Li; Li, Zhao.
1555:. 北京:人民交通出版社 . p. 82.
1418:Lancelot Giles (1928–1934)
1340:Gibb, Livingston & Co.
1186:
1007:
834:Tianjin No. 20 High School
822:Tianjin Yaohua High School
715:
675:
600:British Consulate in China
407:
228:
2097:Lipeng, Su (2015-03-24).
1342:Building on Consular Road
1109:
989:Gibb, Livingston & Co
876:
348:The French defeat in the
122:
118:
108:
98:
94:
86:
78:
66:
36:
31:
21:
1368:James Mongan (1860–1877)
924:
839:
416:Second Sino-Japanese War
2158:20th century in Tianjin
1686:Changkang, Fei (1992).
1363:List of consuls-general
1169:Site of the Gordon Hall
1020:Weixian Internment Camp
873:were produced as well.
734:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
655:Former British barracks
258:forced the governor of
1907:Zhentong, Hou (1982).
1397:Lionel Charles Hopkins
971:
920:Municipal construction
890:
852:
802:Life in the concession
761:
712:
594:
581:
565:
461:British Foreign Office
447:
369:
292:
243:
2023:Yichi, Zhang (2010).
1892:Shuxiang, Yu (2002).
1793:天津通志 大事记 (1979-2008)
1530:. 天津社会科学院出版社 . 1996.
1407:Henry English Fulford
969:
884:
847:
759:
746:Generale Belgian Bank
710:
682:public transportation
669:Eight Nation Alliance
592:
579:
563:
508:Anglo-Japanese Treaty
445:
367:
335:and port facilities.
289:Charles George Gordon
287:
268:(approximately 28.26
241:
2025:天津首座英租界公园 —— 维多利亚花园
1639:10.3130/aija.79.2191
1620:Liu, Yichen (2014).
742:Yokohama Specie Bank
643:, raising finances,
500:Chambers of Commerce
340:municipal government
252:Convention of Peking
1922:Zhihou, Yu (1982).
1830:Tan, Ruwei (2005).
1551:Huabin, Li (1988).
1067:North China Diocese
659:The former British
550:Wang Jingwei regime
350:Franco-Prussian war
312:, etc., as well as
164:Wang Jingwei regime
100:• Established
2067:Zhao, Jin (1987).
1967:Bohai Morning Post
1779:英国在远东的双重外交与天津租界危机
1632:(704): 2191–2198.
1300:Yaohua High School
1260:All Saints' Church
972:
932:Gustav von Detring
891:
853:
826:Beiyang University
762:
730:Russo-Chinese Bank
726:Standard Chartered
713:
595:
582:
566:
448:
370:
293:
244:
219:Russian concession
110:• Annexation
1924:1927年至抗战前天津新闻界概况
1841:978-7-80696-179-7
534:Winston Churchill
410:Tientsin incident
393:Republic of China
318:basketball courts
248:Treaty of Tianjin
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
156:
155:
2170:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1942:The Beijing News
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1777:Min, Fu (2009).
1774:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1593:(3/4): 480–511.
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1458:
1351:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1256:
1244:
1228:
1212:
1200:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1059:Methodist church
649:public utilities
439:simultaneously.
329:Tianjin Massacre
274:Zhizulin village
172:
171:
160:
159:
147:
146:
140:
139:
124:
123:
71:
56:
44:
19:
18:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1894:外国人在天津租界所办报刊考略
1890:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1684:
1659:
1618:
1614:
1599:10.2307/2718360
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1474:
1470:
1456:
1440:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1217:Yokohama Specie
1213:
1204:
1201:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1112:
1104:social security
1083:
1075:Anglican Church
1055:
1015:
1010:
997:
985:
964:
927:
922:
914:Minyuan Stadium
879:
842:
809:
804:
783:
774:Huangjia garden
754:
718:
694:
678:
657:
641:public property
612:
587:
558:
542:
412:
406:
362:
282:
256:Frederick Bruce
236:
231:
169:
144:
111:
101:
74:
62:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
45:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2127:. 2010-03-01.
2112:
2089:
2074:
2052:
2045:. 2007-04-18.
2030:
2015:
1997:
1990:
1972:
1951:
1948:on 2016-03-05.
1929:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1865:
1858:. 2011-09-05.
1847:
1840:
1822:
1815:
1798:
1784:
1769:
1756:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1696:
1657:
1612:
1573:
1570:. p. 474.
1558:
1543:
1536:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1462:British Empire
1459:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:) in the 1940s
1297:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1128:Current status
1126:
1111:
1108:
1082:
1079:
1071:Boxer Movement
1054:
1051:
1035:Wellington Koo
1031:Herbert Hoover
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
996:
993:
984:
981:
977:Queen Victoria
963:
962:Public gardens
960:
926:
923:
921:
918:
878:
875:
858:Gustav Detring
841:
838:
808:
805:
803:
800:
782:
779:
753:
750:
717:
714:
693:
690:
677:
674:
656:
653:
611:
608:
586:
583:
557:
554:
541:
538:
522:
521:
518:
515:
493:Prime Minister
423:pursuit of a "
414:Following the
408:Main article:
405:
402:
387:In June 1923,
361:
358:
314:billiard rooms
281:
278:
260:Zhili province
235:
232:
230:
227:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
166:
157:
154:
153:
148:
136:
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72:
64:
63:
58:
51:
50:
46:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2175:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2043:Tianjin Daily
2040:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2012:. 2009-05-10.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1991:9787111352020
1987:
1983:
1976:
1969:. 2015-04-26.
1968:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1816:9787552800678
1812:
1808:
1807:天津英租界工部局史料选编
1802:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
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1672:
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1668:
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1662:
1653:
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1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1553:天津港史(古、近代部分)
1547:
1539:
1537:9787805635736
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
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1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
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1370:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1233:Russo-Asiatic
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:Law and Order
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Sun Chuanfang
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1005:
1002:
992:
990:
980:
978:
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
935:
933:
917:
915:
911:
910:sports venues
907:
902:
900:
896:
888:
883:
874:
872:
868:
867:news agencies
862:
859:
850:
846:
837:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
799:
797:
793:
788:
778:
775:
771:
766:
758:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
709:
705:
703:
698:
689:
685:
683:
673:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
646:
642:
636:
633:
630:
627:
623:
619:
617:
607:
605:
601:
591:
578:
574:
571:
562:
553:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
489:Japanese army
485:
482:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
457:
453:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
411:
401:
399:
394:
390:
385:
382:
379:
375:
374:Qiangzi River
366:
357:
355:
351:
346:
341:
338:In 1883, the
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
286:
280:Early history
277:
275:
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266:
261:
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240:
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208:
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107:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
65:
55:
43:
35:
30:
20:
2125:Northern Net
2124:
2115:
2103:City Express
2102:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2010:City Express
2009:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1946:the original
1941:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1909:试论天津近代教育的开端
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1850:
1831:
1825:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1765:How War Came
1764:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1738:How War Came
1737:
1732:
1725:How War Came
1724:
1719:
1712:How War Came
1711:
1706:
1697:7-80515649-2
1687:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1566:Mei, Huili.
1561:
1552:
1546:
1528:天津通志·附志·租界.
1527:
1457:(in Chinese)
1428:Oswald White
1382:Byron Brenan
1131:
1117:
1113:
1084:
1063:
1056:
1049:, and more.
1027:Eric Liddell
1024:
1016:
998:
995:Power supply
986:
983:Water supply
973:
936:
930:concession,
928:
906:horse racing
903:
895:sports clubs
892:
863:
854:
830:
813:missionaries
810:
795:
784:
767:
763:
719:
699:
695:
686:
679:
658:
637:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
613:
596:
567:
543:
523:
486:
468:Grand Cinema
465:
449:
413:
386:
377:
371:
337:
326:
294:
263:
245:
187:
185:
151:Qing dynasty
133:Succeeded by
132:
127:
59:Coat of arms
2069:租界与天津城市近代化
1879:天津市志·基础教育志
1763:Watt, D.C.
1736:Watt, D.C.
1723:Watt, D.C.
1710:Watt, D.C.
1568:中国和日本的通商口岸
1430:(1939–1941)
1409:(1912–1917)
1399:(1901–1908)
1384:(1885–1893)
1378:(1877–1885)
1121:septic tank
1047:Yan Huiqing
958:Road, etc.
792:seek asylum
787:real estate
781:Real Estate
546:Pacific War
530:surrendered
526:blitzkriegs
496:Chamberlain
389:Li Yuanhong
221:across the
199:concessions
128:Preceded by
2142:Categories
1468:References
1087:opium dens
1013:Population
770:Xiaobailou
540:Withdrawal
452:guerrillas
433:Kuomintang
360:Expansions
2084:近代天津名人故居
1751:重光葵外交回忆录
1648:111833280
948:Edinburgh
944:Cambridge
940:Singapore
807:Education
722:HSBC Bank
616:taxpayers
504:sanctions
456:extradite
223:Hai river
32:1860–1943
2129:Archived
2107:Archived
2047:Archived
1982:天津的建筑文化
1860:Archived
1652:Archived
1438:See also
1095:brothels
1053:Religion
871:tabloids
752:Business
738:Citibank
692:Industry
661:barracks
645:taxation
602:and the
570:diaspora
556:Politics
481:blockade
472:Shanghai
429:reserves
378:de facto
306:Portugal
270:hectares
250:and the
1832:天津地名文化
1607:2718360
1187:Gallery
1091:casinos
1043:Cao Kun
1008:Society
899:stadium
716:Finance
676:Economy
354:Vietnam
310:Belgium
302:Denmark
298:Prussia
229:History
215:Germans
207:Tianjin
196:British
192:Chinese
87:History
1988:
1838:
1813:
1694:
1688:中国租界史
1646:
1605:
1534:
1110:Health
1093:, and
1073:, the
956:Dublin
954:Road,
952:London
950:Road,
946:Road,
942:Road,
887:soccer
877:Sports
333:wharfs
211:French
90:
79:Status
1644:S2CID
1603:JSTOR
1100:triad
925:Roads
840:Media
665:acres
420:Japan
345:taels
322:clubs
203:China
26:天津英租界
1986:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1405:Sir
1374:Sir
1338:The
1231:The
1215:The
1001:yuan
213:and
186:The
114:1943
104:1860
47:Flag
1634:doi
1595:doi
975:of
201:in
2144::
2123:.
2105:.
2101:.
2055:^
2041:.
2008:.
1965:.
1954:^
1940:.
1868:^
1660:^
1650:.
1642:.
1630:79
1628:.
1624:.
1601:.
1591:20
1589:.
1585:.
1475:^
1106:.
1089:,
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
1022:.
885:A
796:mu
744:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
651:.
470:,
418:,
400:.
320:,
316:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
265:mu
1994:.
1844:.
1819:.
1700:.
1636::
1609:.
1597::
1540:.
190:(
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