74:
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40:
200:
319:
272:
985:, by acknowledging them directly. Conway argues that this expansion of the magic circle in video games actually serves to more fully immerse a player into the fictional world rather than take the viewer out of the fictional world, as is more common in traditional fourth wall breaks. An example of this expansion of the magic circle can be found in the game
425:, "Some film-makers believe you should never have an actor look directly into the camera. They maintain it makes the audience uneasy, and interrupts the screen story. I think that is nonsense, and usually I have my actors, in a single, look direct into the camera at least once in a film, if a point is to be served."
962:
running on the player's computer, with certain characters being aware of this fact and sometimes communicating directly with the player. In other cases of metafictional video games, the game alters the player's expectation of how the game should behave, which may make the player question if their own
182:
is achieved when the performance convention of avoiding direct contact with the camera, generally used by actors in a television drama or film, is temporarily suspended. The phrase "breaking the fourth wall" is used to describe such effects in those media. Breaking the fourth wall is also possible in
166:
or performance space, or the actors' distance from or proximity to the audience. In practice, performers often feed off the energy of the audience in a palpable way while modulating performance around the collective response, especially in pacing action around outbursts of laughter, so that lines are
930:
elements on the screen (such as explanations of the game's controls) that address the player rather than their character. Methods of fourth wall breaking within the narrative include having the character face the direction of the player/screen, having a self-aware character that recognizes that they
173:
is violating this performance convention, which has been adopted more generally in the drama. This can be done by either directly referring to the audience, the play as a play, or the characters' fictionality. The temporary suspension of the convention in this way draws attention to its use in the
1108:
used the genre to question the accepted knowledge and sources of the culture. The use of metafiction or breaking the fourth wall in literature varies from that on stage in that the experience is not communal but personal to the reader and develops a self-consciousness within the character/reader
603:
the entire cast breaks the fourth wall and performs a curtain call as the credits roll. The camera moves slowly along a railway track towards a train that is decked in flags, in front of which all of the cast is assembled, waving and cheering to the camera. At the start of the credit sequence, a
765:
directly speak to the audience during interview sequences. Characters are removed from the rest of the group to speak and reflect on their experiences. The person behind the camera, the interviewer, is also referenced when the characters gaze and speak straight to the camera. The interviewer,
161:
called "public solitude" (the ability to behave as one would in private, despite, in actuality, being watched intently while so doing, or to be "alone in public"). In this way, the fourth wall exists regardless of the presence of any actual walls in the set, the physical arrangement of the
658:
has Paul and Peter repeatedly breaking the fourth wall by turning around and winking at the camera, talking to the audience by saying they are probably rooting for the family, addressing the film is not at its feature runtime and smiling at the camera at the end of the film.
991:, in which the player receives an in-game email at their real-life email address and must visit out-of-game websites to solve some of the puzzles in the game. Other games may expand the magic circle to include the game's hardware. For example,
952:) is aware that she is a part of a video game, and at the end, communicates with the player. To progress further in the story, the player must remove the “monika.chr” file (an action they take outside of the game). The plot of the game
766:
however, is only indirectly spoken to and remains hidden. This technique, when used in shows with complex genres, serves to heighten the comic tone of the show while also proving that the camera itself is far from a passive onlooker.
415:, who frequently spoke to the audience to explain the thinking and motivation of the womanizing young man, speaking directly to the camera, narrating and justifying his actions, his words often contrasting with his actions.
105:
in which an invisible, imaginary wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this "wall", the convention assumes the actors act as if they cannot. From the 16th century onward, the rise of
246:, which has led some artists to draw direct attention to it for dramatic or comic effect when a boundary is "broken" when an actor or character addresses the audience directly. Breaking the fourth wall is common in
966:
But since video games are inherently much more interactive than traditional films and literature, defining what truly breaks the fourth wall in the video game medium becomes difficult. Steven Conway, writing for
1804:
1063:. The metafiction genre occurs when a character within a literary work acknowledges the reality that they are in fact a fictitious being. The use of the fourth wall in literature can be traced back as far as
795:
addresses the audience several times during each episode, giving the viewer comments on his own actions on the show. The same technique is also used, though less frequently, in the
American adaptation of
1662:
215:, who wrote in 1758 that actors and writers should "imagine a huge wall across the front of the stage, separating you from the audience, and behave exactly as if the curtain had never risen". Critic
1109:
relationship that works to build trust and expand thought. This does not involve an acknowledgment of a character's fictive nature. Breaking the fourth wall in literature is not always metafiction.
604:
voice can be heard shouting "Thank you, Mr. Forbes" to acknowledge producer Bryan Forbes. In the end, Bobbie
Waterbury (Jenny Agutter) holds up a small slate on which "The End" is written in chalk.
211:
between a work of fiction and an audience, allowing them to enjoy the fiction as though they were observing real events. The concept is usually attributed to the philosopher, critic and dramatist
402:(1977), as he explained, "because I felt many of the people in the audience had the same feelings and the same problems. I wanted to talk to them directly and confront them." His 1985 film
1036:
is also a well-known example of this, as the narrator from the game constantly tries to reason with the player, even going so far as to beg the player to switch off the game at one point.
1837:
835:) speaking directly to the television viewer that frequently breaks the fourth wall to explain various literary wordplay in a manner similar to the book's narration. The protagonist of
1592:
1630:
1987:
713:) gave to Sammy about framing beforehand (in a scene recreating the famous encounter between Spielberg and Ford in the 1960s). The shot was already in the script prior to filming.
897:
to trigger media-awareness in the recipient, used to signpost the drastic shift in perspective from the Eldian to the
Marleyan side, and can be employed in all sorts of media.
411:
The fourth wall was used as an integral part of the plot structure and to demonstrate the character played by
Michael Caine, in his eponymous breakout role in the 1966 film
2064:
157:. The actors ignore the audience, focus their attention exclusively on the dramatic world, and remain absorbed in its fiction, in a state that the theatre practitioner
2232:
384:
frequently broke the fourth wall, such that with these films "the fourth wall is so flimsy and so frequently shattered that it might as well not exist", according to
1794:
1414:
879:
in order to draw attention to or invite reflection about a specific in-universe issue. An example of this is in the first episode of the final season of the show
2146:
48:
2263:
759:. Mockumentary shows that break the fourth wall poke fun at the documentary genre with the intention of increasing the satiric tone of the show. Characters in
1684:
Barth, Josie Torres (2019). "Sitting Closer to the Screen: Early
Televisual Address, the Unsettling of the Domestic Sphere, and Close Reading Historical TV".
1321:
1651:
2187:
1868:
464:, the eponymous character breaks the fourth wall to talk directly to the audience throughout the entire movie. Characters in the 2017 mockumentary film
931:
are in a video game, or having secret or bonus content set outside the game's narrative that can either extend the game world (such as with the use of
1048:
Flip, Nemo, and Impie breaking the fourth wall by breaking apart the panel's outlines and detaching the letters of the title within their comic book
1020:
has the eponymous character come to the realization he and other characters are in a video game and narrates what the player sees as part of the UI.
981:" (the fictional game world) to encompass the player. This is in contrast to traditional fourth wall breaks, which break the audience's illusion or
1771:
1828:
1584:
1014:
in his games where the on-screen character would look to the player and tap his foot impatiently if left alone for a while, and one level of
997:
for the Mega Drive/Genesis requires players to reset their game console at a certain point to reset the X-Men's in-game Hazard Room, while
2294:
1026:, which included a sanity meter, would simulate various common computer glitches to the player as the sanity meter drained, including the
1977:
65:
gives the illusion of a real room. The actors act as if unaware of the audience, separated by an invisible "fourth wall", defined by the
1126:
wrote a novel called "The 4th wall" of the setting-up of a theatrical performance of
Antigone in Beirut, while the civil war is raging.
815:
1381:
286:
1546:
926:
Given their interactive nature, nearly all video games break the fourth wall by asking for the player's participation and having
2097:
742:
2119:
2054:
2020:
1954:
1723:
1473:
1294:
1206:
342:, in which the enigmatic author – who portrays herself – interrupts the vignettes onscreen to address the audience directly.
17:
2224:
1404:
282:
1894:
1564:
1526:
949:
841:
also frequently uses the technique to provide exposition, internal monologues, and a running commentary to the audience.
1744:
999:
2142:
973:, suggests that in video games, many purported examples of breaking the fourth wall are actually better understood as
2333:
2255:
1506:
1448:
1357:
1234:
1311:
803:
599:
31:
1718:
Savorelli, Antonio. Beyond Sitcom: New
Directions in American Television Comedy. North Carolina: McFarland, 2010.
851:
798:
736:
439:
2318:
2183:
1921:
Doctor Who
Magazine #279, 30 June 1999, Archive: The Caves Of Androzani by Andrew Pixley, Marvel Comics UK Ltd.
1175:
1011:
824:
594:
breaks the fourth wall by declaring that the film is not over and then proceeding to ruin a wedding ceremony.
137:. When a scene is set indoors and three of the walls of its room are presented onstage, in what is known as a
1860:
978:
779:
82:
1155:
643:
586:
546:
381:
338:
856:
460:
358:
1829:"Fleabag, episode 4 review: another superb, poignant episode that was both shocking and shockingly good"
1761:
935:) or provide "behind the scenes" type content. Such cases typically create a video game that includes a
740:, which the troupe also brought to their feature films. George Burns regularly broke the fourth wall on
2338:
1118:
944:
939:
narrative, commonly presently characters in the game incorporating knowledge they are in a video game.
880:
119:
987:
791:
761:
755:
580:
228:
85:. It is the frame decorated with square tiles that form the vertical rectangle separating the stage (
73:
1628:
Batkin, Jane (2016). "Rethinking the rabbit: revolution, identity and connection in Looney Tunes".
910:", the character of Morgus looks directly at the camera when thinking aloud. This was due to actor
862:
404:
219:
described it in 1987 as "that invisible scrim that forever separates the audience from the stage".
1614:
455:(1964) is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and Lewis as actor/director.
1890:
1560:
1522:
993:
982:
654:
638:
516:
298:
208:
158:
44:
613:, the entire cast, together with massed extras, break the fourth wall while joining in singing "
250:
and children's theatre where, for example, a character might ask the children for help, as when
2286:
1140:
1104:
1016:
907:
664:
445:
227:
The fourth wall did not exist as a concept for much of dramatic history. Classical plays from
174:
rest of the performance. This act of drawing attention to a play's performance conventions is
1085:
868:
773:
who is part of the show's events, but at times speaks directly to the audience. For example,
688:
609:
451:
2015:
1766:
1373:
1065:
1027:
900:
The use of breaking the fourth wall in television has sometimes been unintentional. In the
827:, incorporates some of the narrative elements from the books by having Lemony Snicket as a
697:
has the camera deliberately break the fourth wall and re-frame the horizon on the image of
556:
115:
918:, felt that this helped increase dramatic tension, and decided not to reshoot the scenes.
8:
1657:
1569:
1165:
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102:
1349:
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1701:
1316:
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58:
53:
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1444:
1353:
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1202:
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832:
494:
294:
243:
138:
111:
62:
2319:
List of films that break the fourth wall on the Art and
Popular Culture Encyclopedia
2127:
2092:
1982:
1949:
1944:
1693:
1259:
1077:
1022:
872:
use fourth wall breaks to set up stories or have characters comment on situations.
785:
774:
684:
426:
332:
One of the earliest recorded breakings of the fourth wall in serious cinema was in
2010:
1436:
734:
and other later animated shows, as well as the live-action 1960s sketch comedy of
130:
1044:
911:
890:
889:, starts to hallucinate about events that took place in the last 3 seasons. This
702:
626:
591:
534:
breaks the fourth wall with a glance at the camera near the end of the 1986 film
443:(1963), and Lewis' character holds a pantomime conversation with the audience in
721:
On television, the fourth wall has broken throughout the history of the medium.
1160:
1123:
1089:
932:
927:
894:
876:
820:
698:
677:
618:
551:
536:
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434:
364:
324:
1899:
854:. Most episodes have several other fourth wall breaks. This is similar to how
2327:
1697:
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1409:
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1099:
915:
693:
647:
614:
541:
506:
489:
473:
386:
216:
212:
179:
1059:(the transgression of narrative levels), which is a technique often used in
352:, when he would stare directly at the camera to seek sympathy from viewers.
1652:"Monty Python : Will the wrinkly revolutionaries have the last laugh?"
750:
730:
561:
521:
511:
477:
377:
353:
345:
333:
1531:
231:
to the
Renaissance have frequent direct addresses to the audience such as
1345:
Reaching a critical mass: a critical analysis of television entertainment
1071:
1060:
1049:
1007:
controller on their neck to simulate a back massage being given in-game.
936:
886:
710:
673:
669:
566:
418:
393:
368:(1932), in the latter film advising them to "go out to the lobby" during
349:
255:
175:
107:
39:
2143:"Perceived Preceptor: Narrator's role in Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey"
963:
game system is at fault, helping to increase the immersion of the game.
680:) constantly breaking the fourth wall by interacting with the audience.
476:
breaks the fourth wall with a glance towards the camera near the end of
1978:"Doki Doki Literature Club Makes The Case For Breaking The Fourth Wall"
1271:
1056:
902:
725:
632:
575:
501:
482:
398:
373:
369:
242:
The presence of the fourth wall is an established convention of modern
184:
154:
146:
142:
134:
78:
66:
1795:"How Netflix's 'Series of Unfortunate Events' outshines the 2004 film"
1250:
Gray, Paul (1964). "Stanislavski and America: a critical chronology".
141:, the fourth of them would run along the line (technically called the
30:
This article is about the performance convention. For other uses, see
2059:
1799:
1170:
1004:
969:
828:
770:
706:
531:
254:
appeals to the audience to applaud in an effort to revive the fading
251:
247:
236:
207:
The acceptance of the transparency of the fourth wall is part of the
1405:"This supercut breaks cinema's fabled fourth wall hundreds of times"
1263:
724:
Fourth wall breakage is common in comedy, and is used frequently by
199:
2088:"Brilliant Indie Game The Stanley Parable Will Mess With Your Head"
1547:"Jerry Lewis: b. Joseph Levitch, Newark New Jersey, res. Hollywood"
668:
film was criticized for its modernization take on the classic 1817
466:
318:
126:
769:
Another approach to breaking the fourth wall is through a central
705:) walking on the studio lot, referencing the advice film director
470:
consistently address the audience throughout the movie's runtime.
408:
features the breaking of the fourth wall as a central plot point.
27:
Concept in performing arts separating performers from the audience
1112:
Modern examples of breaking the fourth wall include Ada Palmer's
954:
837:
810:
322:
Josef Forte breaks the fourth wall to warn viewers at the end of
2055:"A Circular Wall? Reformulating the Fourth Wall for Video Games"
914:
misunderstanding a stage direction, but the episode's director,
850:
breaks the fourth wall during the introduction by the character
749:
Another convention of breaking the fourth wall is often seen on
510:
when he looked directly at the camera for a split-second when a
2170:
Metafiction – The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction
1585:"Persuasion and the Risky Business of Breaking the Fourth Wall"
1861:"10 Best Shows Where Characters Break The Fourth Wall, Ranked"
1135:
232:
958:
revolves around the fictional universe of the game being a
188:
1055:
The method of breaking the fourth wall in literature is a
875:
Furthermore, breaking the fourth wall can also be used in
2256:"Meta, Irony, Narrative, Frames, and The Princess Bride"
1084:
It was popularized in the early 20th century during the
2225:"A Dialog on Narrative Voice, Complicity, and Intimacy"
578:
breaks the wall by addressing the audience directly in
1945:"The Best New Videogames Are All About ... Videogames"
1466:
Salvation from cinema : the medium is the message
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
153:, though, is a theatrical convention, rather than of
122:, led to the development of the fourth wall concept.
1686:
Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies
437:
each look directly into the camera several times in
621:, accompanied by a recording by the song's writer.
524:makes two brief, wordless glances at the camera in
2035:
1827:
1650:
1572:. JoBlo Videos. 10 April 2020 – via YouTube.
258:("If you believe in fairies, clap your hands!").
2325:
1938:
1936:
1534:. dino4ever. 9 January 2015 – via YouTube.
1287:Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory
1901:TVアニメ「進撃の巨人」The Final Season放送記念生放送 スタッフ兵団座談会#1
1737:The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen
1457:
1224:
642:are specifically known for the main character
396:broke the fourth wall repeatedly in his movie
348:often broke the fourth wall in his films with
110:in staging practices, which culminated in the
1933:
1010:Other examples include the idle animation of
1374:"Mary MacLane – Women Film Pioneers Project"
1739:. Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
1615:"The 9 Best Final Shots of 2022 in Movies"
1278:
514:song came on as a reference to the famous
203:Typical stage, fourth wall being the house
2284:
1858:
977:of the fourth wall or expansions of the "
650:, consistently breaking the fourth wall.
2085:
1759:
1734:
1435:
1220:
1218:
1043:
317:
297:by adding descriptive text and removing
198:
72:
38:
2140:
1648:
1463:
1443:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 77.
1402:
1341:
14:
2326:
2253:
2208:
2052:
2008:
1930:The Caves Of Androzani, DVD commentary
1859:Wilkinson, Matthew (21 January 2020).
1825:
1792:
1627:
1335:
1284:
1225:Wallis, Mick; Shepherd, Simon (1998).
1192:
1190:
885:, where a newly introduced character,
743:The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show
2167:
2149:from the original on 20 February 2022
2100:from the original on 27 November 2020
1975:
1942:
1683:
1544:
1496:
1384:from the original on 21 December 2018
1309:
1215:
672:novel by having the main protagonist
2023:from the original on 9 February 2021
1840:from the original on 11 January 2022
1665:from the original on 11 January 2022
1312:"Film view: sex can spoil the scene"
1249:
1196:
372:'s piano interlude. Comedy films by
265:
2067:from the original on 5 October 2016
1871:from the original on 2 October 2021
1762:"Breaking the Fourth Wall Supercut"
1595:from the original on 12 August 2022
1417:from the original on 27 August 2016
1187:
24:
2285:Chalandon, Sorj (21 August 2013).
2266:from the original on 13 March 2018
2235:from the original on 13 March 2018
2190:from the original on 13 March 2018
2124:Lexico Dictionaries | English
2086:Schreier, Jason (14 August 2011).
1990:from the original on 5 August 2019
1957:from the original on 27 March 2016
1348:. L. Erlbaum Associates. pp.
356:spoke directly to the audience in
25:
2350:
2312:
2297:from the original on 29 June 2022
2009:Walker, John (12 December 2016).
1807:from the original on 6 March 2020
1793:Lawler, Kelly (13 January 2017).
1760:Macaulay, Scott (24 April 2013).
1582:
1545:Stern, Michael (21 August 2017).
1324:from the original on 27 July 2020
492:breaks the fourth wall in 1999's
429:look directly at the audience in
87:mostly behind the lowered curtain
1976:Green, Holly (25 October 2017).
1943:Muncy, Julie (10 January 2016).
1774:from the original on 1 June 2013
1649:Langley, William (5 July 2014).
1631:Animation Studies Online Journal
270:
2278:
2254:Walton, Jo (24 December 2015).
2247:
2217:
2202:
2176:
2161:
2134:
2112:
2079:
2053:Conway, Steven (22 July 2009).
2002:
1969:
1924:
1915:
1883:
1852:
1826:Wilson, Benji (25 March 2019).
1819:
1786:
1753:
1728:
1712:
1677:
1642:
1621:
1607:
1576:
1553:
1538:
1515:
1490:
1310:Canby, Vincent (28 June 1987),
777:in the British TV drama series
129:suggests a relationship to the
2184:"Metafiction as Genre Fiction"
1429:
1396:
1366:
1303:
1243:
1176:Violation of abstraction level
1081:is a late modern era example.
921:
816:A Series of Unfortunate Events
433:(1955), and Lewis and co-star
13:
1:
1570:"WTF Happened to MIKE MYERS?"
1501:. Random House. p. 120.
1403:Blevins, Joe (1 March 2016).
1181:
1086:Post-Modern literary movement
1039:
716:
145:) dividing the room from the
61:, 1904), a three-dimensional
2145:. Brigham Young University.
1156:List of narrative techniques
844:Every episode of the sitcom
737:Monty Python's Flying Circus
382:Zucker, Abrahams, and Zucker
339:Men Who Have Made Love to Me
83:Auditorium Building, Chicago
7:
2211:Dramaturgy and Architecture
2120:"Definition of Metafiction"
1197:Bell, Elizabeth S. (2008).
1129:
1003:asks the player to put the
857:The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
449:(1964). The final scene of
120:theatre of the 19th century
81:arch of the theatre in the
10:
2355:
1735:Cartmell, Deborah (2007).
1441:Woody Allen on Woody Allen
945:Doki Doki Literature Club!
222:
194:
29:
1464:Downing, Crystal (2016).
1289:. John Wiley & Sons.
988:Evidence: The Last Ritual
948:, one of the characters (
581:Gremlins 2: The New Batch
504:broke the fourth wall in
261:
167:not delivered inaudibly.
2334:Metafictional techniques
2213:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
2168:Waugh, Patricia (1984).
1698:10.1215/02705346-7772375
1532:"The Patsy Movie Ending"
1342:Abelman, Robert (1998).
1116:, and William Goldman's
863:Clarissa Explains It All
728:and other characters in
639:Deadpool & Wolverine
461:Ferris Bueller's Day Off
405:The Purple Rose of Cairo
171:Breaking the fourth wall
2141:Godfrey, Jason (2017).
1549:. brightlightsfilm.com.
1229:. Arnold. p. 214.
1199:Theories of Performance
983:suspension of disbelief
458:In the 1986 teen film,
421:wrote in his 1971 book
299:less pertinent examples
209:suspension of disbelief
159:Konstantin Stanislavski
89:) from the auditorium (
2209:Turner, Cathy (2015).
2011:"Wot I Think: OneShot"
1378:wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu
1285:Cuddon, J. A. (2012).
1141:Audience participation
1105:Breakfast of Champions
1052:
908:The Caves of Androzani
570:(a nod to Reynolds in
446:The Disorderly Orderly
431:You're Never Too Young
329:
204:
178:. A similar effect of
94:
70:
1497:Lewis, Jerry (1971).
1201:. Sage. p. 203.
1047:
869:Malcolm in the Middle
689:semi-autobiographical
547:Smokey and the Bandit
321:
202:
183:other media, such as
76:
42:
18:Break the fourth wall
2016:Rock, Paper, Shotgun
1066:The Canterbury Tales
1028:Blue Screen of Death
600:The Railway Children
520:head-banging scene.
336:'s 1918 silent film
1834:The Daily Telegraph
1661:. London, England.
1658:The Daily Telegraph
1617:. 28 December 2022.
1499:The Total Filmmaker
1252:Tulane Drama Review
1166:Namespace violation
1033:The Stanley Parable
753:sitcoms, including
440:The Nutty Professor
423:The Total Filmmaker
295:improve the article
91:the area with seats
2287:"Le quatrième mur"
1904:, 18 December 2020
1317:The New York Times
1146:Breaking character
1119:The Princess Bride
1053:
1012:Sonic the Hedgehog
829:narrator character
802:by main character
771:narrator character
610:Mr. Bean's Holiday
584:. Near the end of
330:
205:
95:
71:
59:Moscow Art Theatre
54:The Cherry Orchard
2339:Stage terminology
2231:. 18 April 2017.
1724:978-0-7864-5992-6
1583:Walsh, Savannah.
1475:978-1-138-91393-6
1296:978-1-118-32600-8
1208:978-1-4129-2637-9
1095:To the Lighthouse
847:Saved by the Bell
833:Patrick Warburton
683:The last shot of
557:We're The Millers
316:
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244:realistic theatre
101:is a performance
16:(Redirected from
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1023:Eternal Darkness
1000:Metal Gear Solid
942:For example, in
895:self-referencing
877:meta-referencing
825:of the same name
786:To Play the King
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1088:. Artists like
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933:false documents
924:
912:John Normington
891:literary device
882:Attack on Titan
823:'s book series
804:Frank Underwood
719:
703:Gabriel LaBelle
592:Tiffany Haddish
359:Animal Crackers
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32:The Fourth Wall
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1090:Virginia Woolf
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821:Daniel Handler
799:House of Cards
780:House of Cards
718:
715:
699:Sammy Fabelman
678:Dakota Johnson
619:Charles Trenet
552:Jason Sudeikis
537:Pretty In Pink
527:Trading Places
435:Stella Stevens
365:Horse Feathers
325:Reefer Madness
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507:The Love Guru
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487:
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480:'s 1991 film
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180:metareference
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2299:. Retrieved
2290:
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2268:. Retrieved
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2228:
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2192:. Retrieved
2178:
2172:. Routledge.
2169:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2136:
2128:the original
2123:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2058:
2025:. Retrieved
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1992:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1948:
1926:
1917:
1906:, retrieved
1900:
1891:Ghostarchive
1889:Archived at
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1833:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1798:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1765:
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1736:
1730:
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1692:(3): 31–61.
1689:
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1656:
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1588:
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1559:Archived at
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1521:Archived at
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1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1408:
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1386:. Retrieved
1377:
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1337:
1326:, retrieved
1315:
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1280:
1258:(2): 21–60.
1255:
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1117:
1114:Terra Ignota
1113:
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979:magic circle
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748:
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731:Looney Tunes
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723:
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663:
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562:Kurt Russell
555:
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522:Eddie Murphy
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378:Monty Python
363:
362:(1930), and
357:
354:Groucho Marx
346:Oliver Hardy
344:
337:
334:Mary MacLane
331:
323:
304:
293:Please help
281:may contain
280:
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226:
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170:
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124:
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52:
45:Stanislavski
36:
2027:16 February
1908:6 September
1865:Screen Rant
1589:Vanity Fair
1388:12 November
1072:Don Quixote
1061:metafiction
1050:Little Nemo
975:relocations
937:metafiction
922:Video games
887:Falco Grice
852:Zack Morris
831:(played by
819:, based on
711:David Lynch
709:(played by
701:(played by
676:(played by
674:Anne Elliot
670:Jane Austen
655:Funny Games
567:Death Proof
419:Jerry Lewis
394:Woody Allen
350:Stan Laurel
256:Tinker Bell
237:soliloquies
185:video games
151:fourth wall
108:illusionism
99:fourth wall
2328:Categories
2071:23 January
1811:13 January
1182:References
1057:metalepsis
1040:Literature
960:simulation
903:Doctor Who
762:The Office
756:The Office
726:Bugs Bunny
717:Television
665:Persuasion
633:Deadpool 2
624:The films
576:Hulk Hogan
540:, as does
502:Mike Myers
495:Fight Club
399:Annie Hall
374:Mel Brooks
370:Chico Marx
287:irrelevant
155:set design
147:auditorium
143:proscenium
116:naturalism
103:convention
79:proscenium
67:proscenium
49:production
2153:25 August
2060:Gamasutra
1800:USA Today
1767:Filmmaker
1706:211651602
1599:23 August
1484:908375992
1439:(1995) .
1421:19 August
1171:News leak
1017:Max Payne
1005:DualShock
970:Gamasutra
906:episode "
893:utilises
707:John Ford
662:The 2022
532:Jon Cryer
452:The Patsy
307:July 2024
283:excessive
252:Peter Pan
248:pantomime
133:behind a
2295:Archived
2270:12 March
2264:Archived
2239:12 March
2233:Archived
2194:12 March
2188:Archived
2147:Archived
2104:5 August
2098:Archived
2065:Archived
2021:Archived
1994:5 August
1988:Archived
1955:Archived
1893:and the
1869:Archived
1844:31 March
1838:Archived
1805:Archived
1772:Archived
1663:Archived
1593:Archived
1563:and the
1525:and the
1415:Archived
1382:Archived
1322:archived
1130:See also
746:(1950).
687:'s 2022
644:Deadpool
627:Deadpool
467:I, Tonya
289:examples
127:metaphor
2260:Tor.com
1961:18 June
1272:1125101
955:OneShot
838:Fleabag
813:series
811:Netflix
328:, 1936.
223:Theatre
195:History
139:box set
118:of the
112:realism
63:box set
2301:25 May
1875:11 May
1778:5 July
1743:
1722:
1704:
1669:15 May
1505:
1482:
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1447:
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1328:3 July
1293:
1270:
1233:
1205:
950:Monika
636:, and
615:La Mer
572:Bandit
560:, and
380:, and
262:Cinema
233:asides
149:. The
2093:wired
1983:Paste
1950:Wired
1702:S2CID
1268:JSTOR
1136:Aside
994:X-Men
691:film
617:" by
512:Queen
413:Alfie
189:books
69:arch.
2303:2022
2272:2018
2241:2018
2196:2018
2155:2021
2106:2019
2073:2017
2029:2021
1996:2019
1963:2021
1910:2021
1877:2021
1846:2019
1813:2017
1780:2013
1741:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1671:2015
1601:2022
1503:ISBN
1480:OCLC
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1423:2016
1390:2018
1354:ISBN
1350:8–11
1330:2007
1291:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1098:and
1069:and
866:and
809:The
789:and
235:and
187:and
125:The
114:and
97:The
77:The
1694:doi
1260:doi
1102:in
1092:in
607:In
597:In
574:).
564:in
554:in
544:in
483:JFK
285:or
51:of
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2289:.
2262:.
2258:.
2227:.
2186:.
2122:.
2096:.
2090:.
2063:.
2057:.
2037:^
2019:.
2013:.
1986:.
1980:.
1953:.
1947:.
1935:^
1897::
1867:.
1863:.
1836:.
1832:.
1803:.
1797:.
1770:.
1764:.
1700:.
1690:34
1688:.
1655:.
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1591:.
1587:.
1567::
1529::
1478:.
1413:.
1407:.
1380:.
1376:.
1352:.
1314:,
1266:.
1254:.
1217:^
1189:^
1122:.
1075:.
1030:.
860:,
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