311:
112:), or to parts, or the entirety, of the medial system. It is, therefore, the recipient's awareness of an artifact's medial quality that distinguishes meta-reference from more general forms of self-reference. Thus, meta-reference triggers media-awareness within the recipient, who, in turn "becomes conscious of both the medial (or "fictional" in the sense of artificial and, sometimes in addition, "invented") status of the work" as well as "the fact that media-related phenomena are at issue, rather than (hetero-)references to the world outside the media." Although certain devices, such as
900:: Generic Titles: On Paratextual Metareference in Music / Tobias Janz: “Music about Music”: Metaization and Intertextuality in Beethoven's Prometheus Variations op. 35 / René Michaelsen: Exploring Metareference in Instrumental Music – The Case of Robert Schumann / David Francis Urrows: Phantasmic Metareference: The Pastiche 'Operas' in Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera / Jörg-Peter Mittmann: Intramedial Reference and Metareference in Contemporary Music / Martin Butler: “Please Play This Song on the Radio”: Forms and Functions of Metareference in Popular Music
36:
157:
confines of lyrics, meta-reference in music is much harder to create or detect. Music, therefore, would be a less typical medium for the occurrence of meta-reference. Nöth argues in this context that although non-verbal media can be the home of meta-reference, the contained meta-reference can only be implicit because non-verbal media can only show similarities, but never point directly (or explicitly) to meta-referential elements. Others, however, argue that meta-reference is explicit as long as it is clear.
148:. The first study to underscore the problem resulting from the lack of cohesive terminology, as well as the necessity to acknowledge meta-reference as transmedial and trans-generic phenomenon, was published in 2007 by Hauthal et al. Publications by Nöth and Bishara as well as Wolf followed suit, raised similar concerns, included case studies from various media, coined and helped establish the more uniform umbrella term meta-reference as define above.
253:
production process of the fictional reality TV show, which makes the audience aware of the same features being used in the movie at the time of watching. Further examples of meta-reference in the movie include spotlights falling from the sky seemingly out of the blue, or a raincloud which is curiously only raining on Truman following him around on
Seahaven Beach. Both instances point to the artificiality of Truman's life as well as the film itself.
296:
894:: Metareference from a Semiotic Perspective / Andreas Mahler: The Case is 'this': Metareference in Magritte and Ashbery / Irina O. Rajewsky: Beyond 'Metanarration': Form-Based Metareference as a Transgeneric and Transmedial Phenomenon / Sonja Klimek: Metalepsis and Its (Anti-)Illusionist Effects in the Arts, Media and Role-Playing Games
339:, by mimicking both the setting of the balcony as well as the poses of the depicted people, but places them in coffins. Thus, the recipient's attention is drawn to the fact that not only are the people in the painting long dead and only still "alive" in the representation, but arguably also that the artist (
918:
Janine
Hauthal: When Metadrama Is Turned into Metafilm: A Media-Comparative Approach to Metareference / Andreas Böhn: Quotation of Forms as a Strategy of Metareference / Erika Greber: 'The Media as Such': Meta-Reflection in Russian Futurism – A Case Study of Vladimir Mayakovsky's Poetry, Paintings,
910:
Hans Ulrich Seeber: Narrative
Fiction and the Fascination with the New Media Gramophone, Photography and Film: Metafictional and Media-Comparative Aspects of H. G. Wells' A Modern Utopia and Beryl Bainbridge's Master Georgie / Daniella JancsĂł: Metareference and Intermedial Reference: William Carlos
903:
Henry Keazor : "L'architecture n'est pas un art rigoureux": Jean Nouvel, Postmodernism and Meta-Architecture / Katharina
Bantleon, Jasmin Haselsteiner-Scharner: Of Museums, Beholders, Artworks and Photography: Metareferential Elements in Thomas Struth's Photographic Projects Museum Photographs
252:
is a movie that contains a high degree of meta-reference. Truman, the protagonist, is unaware that he is part of a reality TV show, but the audience knows about the artificiality of both Truman's life and, by extension, the movie that is being watched. This is underscored by putting emphasis on the
107:
like published texts/documents, films, paintings, TV series, comic strips, or video games. It includes all references to, or comments on, a specific medium, medial artifact, or the media in general. These references and comments originate from a logically higher level (a "meta-level") within any
156:
While every medium has the potential for meta-reference, some media can transport meta-reference more easily than others. Media that can easily realise its meta-referential potential includes, for instance, literature, painting, and film. Although music can be meta-referential even outside the
135:
in order to deliver the epic better), the term itself is relatively new. Earlier discussions of meta-referential issues often opt for more specific terminology tied to the respective discipline. Notable discussions of meta-reference include, but are not limited to, William H. Gass's and Robert
914:
Ingrid Pfandl-Buchegger, Gudrun
Rottensteiner: Metareferentiality in Early Dance: The Jacobean Antimasque / Karin Kukkonen: Textworlds and Metareference in Comics / Doris Mader: Metareference in the Audio-/Radioliterary Soundscape / Fotis Jannidis: Metareference in Computer
215:
This is an example of explicit meta-reference because the text draws attention to the fact that the novel the recipient is reading is merely a fiction created by the author. It also foregrounds the convention that readers of
887:
Metareference across Media: Theory and Case
Studies. Dedicated to Walter Bernhart on the Occasion of his Retirement. Wolf, Werner (Ed.), Katharina Bantleon and Jeff Thoss (Collaborators). Amsterdam/New York, NY,
128:
While meta-reference as a concept is not a new phenomenon and can be observed in very early works of art and media not tied to specific purposes (e.g. Homer's invocation of the muses at the beginning of the
907:
Jean-Marc
Limoges: The Gradable Effects of Self-Reflexivity on Aesthetic Illusion in Cinema / Barbara Pfeifer: Novel in/and Film: Transgeneric and Transmedial Metareference in Stranger than Fiction
108:
given artifact, and draw attention to—or invite reflection about—media-related issues (e.g. the production, performance, or reception) of said artifact, specific other artifacts (as in
938:
299:
239:. When other characters question whether Deadpool's real name is even Wade Wilson, he jokes that his true identity depends on which writer the reader prefers.
220:
accept the presence of an all-knowing narrator, and breaks it by allowing the narrator to take centre stage which invites meta-reflections by the recipient.
351:
painting style is just a style that may be copied, which further emphasises the fact that both works are only paintings created in a specific way.
235:, to humorous effect. To other non-aware characters in the story, Deadpool's self-awareness as a comic book character appears to be a form of
426:
116:, may be conducive to meta-reference, they are not necessarily meta-referential themselves. However, innately meta-referential devices (e.g.
113:
775:
Michaelsen, René (2009). "Exploring
Metareference in Instrumental Music -- The Case of Robert Schumann". In Wolf, Werner (ed.).
638:
Metaisierung in
Literatur und anderen Medien : theoretische Grundlagen, historische Perspektiven, Metagattungen, Funktionen
972:
859:
834:
809:
784:
533:
508:
483:
691:
645:
606:
1308:
737:
79:
57:
50:
167:
929:
800:
Wolf, Werner (2007). "Metafiction and
Metamusic: Exploring the Limits of Metareference". In Nöth, Winfried (ed.).
17:
278:
and its sequels frequently showed characters referring to the movie script to see what should happen next.
761:
715:
669:
347:
painting style are just as dead as the portrayed individuals. Furthermore, it is foregrounded that the
732:. Wolf, Werner, 1955-, Bantleon, Katharina., Thoss, Jeff., Bernhart, Walter. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2009.
965:
144:. In the context of drama, meta-reference has also become colloquially known as the breaking of the
1010:
310:
140:, Victor Stoichita's examination of early modern meta-painting, and Lionel Abel's investigation of
44:
375:
1262:
1096:
330:
61:
1091:
1313:
958:
825:
Nöth, Winfried (2009). "Metareference from a Semiotic Perspective". In Wolf, Werner (ed.).
420:
8:
1034:
755:
709:
663:
1168:
1163:
944:
855:
830:
805:
780:
743:
733:
697:
687:
651:
641:
602:
529:
504:
479:
191:
I create never existed outside my own mind. If I have pretended until now to know my
1183:
1000:
577:
366:
274:
891:
340:
336:
326:
1252:
1227:
1208:
1128:
897:
393:
262:
248:
217:
104:
1303:
1237:
1232:
1222:
1178:
1148:
1111:
1101:
414:
100:
363: – Story in a nested narration that brackets one or more embedded stories
1297:
1198:
1173:
1153:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1086:
1054:
1039:
1022:
1017:
995:
981:
747:
701:
655:
408:
381:
348:
344:
231:
is aware that he is a fictional comic book character. He commonly breaks the
224:
582:
565:
1217:
1138:
1081:
1059:
934:
268:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1203:
1158:
1071:
686:. Bishara, Nina, 1977-, Nöth, Winfried. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 2007.
441:
435:
360:
232:
145:
141:
137:
1277:
1242:
1188:
1076:
1049:
1027:
453:
447:
257:
117:
1282:
1193:
1133:
1005:
444: – Aspects of a play that draw attention to its nature as a play
399:
387:
236:
1064:
1044:
228:
131:
599:
The Self-Aware Image. An Insight into Early Modern Meta-Painting
272:
is a silent movie about producing a silent movie. Additionally,
109:
266:, which becomes a story about the production of the film, and
730:
Metareference across media : theory and case studies
950:
930:
alt.tv.simpsons list of Meta References in The Simpsons
417: – Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
404:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
384: – Productive prefix in English derived from Greek
829:. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. pp. 889–121.
779:. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. pp. 235–259.
431:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
371:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
827:
Metareference across Media. Theory and Case Studies
777:
Metareference across Media. Theory and Case Studies
526:
Metareference across Media. Theory and Case Studies
501:
Metareference across Media. Theory and Case Studies
476:
Metareference across Media. Theory and Case Studies
195:' mind and innermost thoughts, it is because I am
1295:
528:. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. p. 73.
503:. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. p. 63.
478:. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. p. 31.
804:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 303–325.
966:
640:. Hauthal, Janine. Berlin: De Gruyter. 2007.
321:An example of meta-reference in painting is
120:) constitute a category of meta-references.
165:John Fowles begins chapter 13 of his novel
973:
959:
774:
596:
581:
456: – Self-reflexive mode of filmmaking
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
624:Metatheatre. A New View of Dramatic Form
309:
43:This article includes a list of general
563:
203:universally accepted at the time of my
14:
1296:
849:
523:
438: – Genre of fiction about fiction
378: – Literary device in metafiction
954:
223:In American comic books published by
824:
799:
621:
548:
498:
473:
402: – Humor that alludes to itself
29:
601:. Antwerp: Studies in Baroque Art.
369: – explanatory scene in a play
329:. It comments on another painting,
24:
881:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1325:
923:
411: – Knowledge about knowledge
626:. New York, NY: Hill & Wang.
396: – Discussion of discussion
294:
256:Other examples include films by
34:
868:
854:. London: Vintage. p. 97.
843:
818:
793:
768:
722:
551:Fiction and the Figures of Life
676:
630:
615:
590:
557:
542:
517:
492:
467:
13:
1:
852:The French Lieutenant's Woman
460:
168:The French Lieutenant's Woman
160:
911:Williams' Poetological Poems
7:
802:Self-Reference in the Media
684:Self-reference in the media
354:
281:
151:
103:occurring in many media or
10:
1330:
940:Metafiction in New Zealand
597:Stoichita, Victor (2015).
429: – literary technique
123:
988:
980:
874:"Cable and Deadpool" #47.
293:
288:
136:Scholes's exploration of
1309:Metafictional techniques
564:Scholes, Robert (1970).
450: – Figure of speech
583:10.17077/0021-065X.1135
423: – Literary device
242:
64:more precise citations.
760:: CS1 maint: others (
714:: CS1 maint: others (
668:: CS1 maint: others (
553:. New York, NY: Knopf.
549:Gass, William (1970).
318:
213:
27:Type of self reference
850:Fowels, John (2005).
622:Abel, Lionel (1963).
524:Werner, Wolf (2009).
499:Wolf, Werner (2009).
474:Wolf, Werner (2009).
390: – Type of comic
313:
173:
421:Story within a story
211:stands next to God.
989:Domains and methods
99:) is a category of
1035:Meta-communication
919:Theatre, and Films
319:
1291:
1290:
1169:Meta-organization
1164:Meta-optimization
945:Massey University
904:and Making Time /
861:978-0-099-49707-3
836:978-90-420-2670-4
811:978-3-11-019464-7
786:978-90-420-2670-4
535:978-90-420-2670-4
510:978-90-420-2670-4
485:978-90-420-2670-4
308:
307:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1321:
1184:Metaepistemology
1001:Metabibliography
975:
968:
961:
952:
951:
875:
872:
866:
865:
847:
841:
840:
822:
816:
815:
797:
791:
790:
772:
766:
765:
759:
751:
726:
720:
719:
713:
705:
680:
674:
673:
667:
659:
634:
628:
627:
619:
613:
612:
594:
588:
587:
585:
561:
555:
554:
546:
540:
539:
521:
515:
514:
496:
490:
489:
471:
432:
405:
372:
298:
297:
286:
285:
275:The Muppet Movie
227:, the character
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1253:Meta-regulation
1228:Metaprogramming
1209:Metametaphysics
1129:Metamathematics
984:
979:
935:Harris, Matthew
926:
898:Hermann Danuser
884:
882:Further reading
879:
878:
873:
869:
862:
848:
844:
837:
823:
819:
812:
798:
794:
787:
773:
769:
753:
752:
740:
728:
727:
723:
707:
706:
694:
682:
681:
677:
661:
660:
648:
636:
635:
631:
620:
616:
609:
595:
591:
562:
558:
547:
543:
536:
522:
518:
511:
497:
493:
486:
472:
468:
463:
430:
403:
394:Meta-discussion
370:
357:
323:Manet's Balcony
301:Manet's Balcony
295:
284:
263:Blazing Saddles
249:The Truman Show
245:
218:realist fiction
163:
154:
126:
105:media artifacts
101:self-references
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Meta-reference
1245:
1240:
1238:Metapsychology
1235:
1233:Metapsychiatry
1230:
1225:
1223:Metapopulation
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1179:Metaphilosophy
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Metamotivation
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:Metapragmatics
1104:
1102:Meta-knowledge
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
986:
985:
978:
977:
970:
963:
955:
949:
948:
932:
925:
924:External links
922:
921:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:
901:
895:
889:
883:
880:
877:
876:
867:
860:
842:
835:
817:
810:
792:
785:
767:
738:
721:
693:978-3110194647
692:
675:
647:978-3110199451
646:
629:
614:
608:978-1909400115
607:
589:
576:(4): 100–115.
556:
541:
534:
516:
509:
491:
484:
465:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
424:
418:
415:Self-reference
412:
406:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
364:
356:
353:
306:
305:
291:
290:
289:External image
283:
280:
244:
241:
171:with the words
162:
159:
153:
150:
125:
122:
93:Meta-reference
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1326:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Metasociology
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Meta-ontology
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Metaphenomics
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Metanarrative
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Metamodernism
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Metamaterials
1122:
1118:
1117:Metasemantics
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:Meta-language
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Metaheuristic
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Metadiscourse
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Metacomputing
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Meta-learning
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:Metacognition
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Meta-analysis
994:
993:
991:
987:
983:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
956:
953:
946:
943:
941:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:Winfried Nöth
890:
886:
885:
871:
863:
857:
853:
846:
838:
832:
828:
821:
813:
807:
803:
796:
788:
782:
778:
771:
763:
757:
749:
745:
741:
739:9789042026704
735:
731:
725:
717:
711:
703:
699:
695:
689:
685:
679:
671:
665:
657:
653:
649:
643:
639:
633:
625:
618:
610:
604:
600:
593:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:"Metafiction"
560:
552:
545:
537:
531:
527:
520:
512:
506:
502:
495:
487:
481:
477:
470:
466:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:Mise en abyme
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:Metaknowledge
407:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
352:
350:
349:impressionist
346:
345:impressionist
342:
338:
337:Édouard Manet
334:
333:
328:
327:René Magritte
324:
317:
312:
304:
302:
292:
287:
279:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
254:
251:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Marvel Comics
221:
219:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
170:
169:
158:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
133:
121:
119:
115:
114:mise-en-abîme
111:
106:
102:
98:
97:metareference
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Metareference
1247:
1218:Metapolitics
1139:Metamodeling
1082:Metagenomics
1060:Meta-emotion
1011:Semantic Web
939:
870:
851:
845:
826:
820:
801:
795:
776:
770:
729:
724:
683:
678:
637:
632:
623:
617:
598:
592:
573:
569:
559:
550:
544:
525:
519:
500:
494:
475:
469:
331:
322:
320:
315:
300:
273:
269:Silent Movie
267:
261:
255:
247:
246:
222:
214:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
166:
164:
155:
130:
127:
96:
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
1314:Narratology
1273:Metatheorem
1268:Meta-system
1258:Metascience
1204:Metaphysics
1159:Meta-object
1092:Metahistory
1072:Metafiction
570:Iowa Review
442:Metatheatre
436:Metafiction
361:Frame story
332:The Balcony
316:The Balcony
303:by Magritte
233:fourth wall
207:: that the
185:imagination
146:fourth wall
142:metatheatre
138:metafiction
62:introducing
1298:Categories
1278:Metatheory
1243:Metapuzzle
1189:Metaethics
1077:Metagaming
1050:Metadesign
1028:Metamemory
461:References
448:Metalepsis
376:Hypostasis
343:) and the
260:, such as
258:Mel Brooks
201:convention
193:characters
189:characters
161:Literature
118:metalepsis
45:references
1283:Metaverse
1194:Metalogic
1134:Metamedia
1097:Metahumor
1006:Metaclass
756:cite book
748:436342321
710:cite book
702:471132600
664:cite book
656:155834217
400:Meta-joke
388:Metacomic
367:Induction
237:psychosis
1065:Metamood
1045:Metadata
454:Metafilm
355:See also
282:Painting
229:Deadpool
209:novelist
187:. These
152:Examples
70:May 2021
947:, 2011.
314:Manet,
197:writing
183:is all
181:telling
132:Odyssey
124:History
58:improve
858:
833:
808:
783:
746:
736:
700:
690:
654:
644:
605:
532:
507:
482:
199:in a
110:parody
47:, but
1304:Drama
982:Meta-
915:Games
888:2009.
382:Meta-
341:Manet
205:story
179:I am
177:story
175:This
856:ISBN
831:ISBN
806:ISBN
781:ISBN
762:link
744:OCLC
734:ISBN
716:link
698:OCLC
688:ISBN
670:link
652:OCLC
642:ISBN
603:ISBN
530:ISBN
505:ISBN
480:ISBN
243:Film
95:(or
578:doi
335:by
325:by
1300::
758:}}
754:{{
742:.
712:}}
708:{{
696:.
666:}}
662:{{
650:.
572:.
568:.
974:e
967:t
960:v
942:.
937:,
864:.
839:.
814:.
789:.
764:)
750:.
718:)
704:.
672:)
658:.
611:.
586:.
580::
574:1
538:.
513:.
488:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
