Partisan Congress riots

886: 563: 191: 360:, the central Czechoslovak government in Prague pressured the autonomous Slovak government to adopt a law for the restitution of Aryanized property. In May 1946, the Slovak autonomous government passed the Restitution Act 128/1946, which canceled Aryanizations in cases where the victim was judged to be loyal to the Czechoslovak state. Jews could regain their property via the court system, rather than local authorities, which were less favorable to their claims. At this time, most of the Aryanized property was in the hands of either the Aryanizers or national administrators. The government faced overwhelming public pressure not to implement the law and many officials refused to implement it. The restitution law triggered a resurgence of popular anti-Jewish sentiment which led to the riots at the Partisan Congress. 617:, due to a false rumor that some partisans had gone there to attack Jews. At 21:00 in October Square a crowd described as mostly partisans in the police report assaulted the Jewish businessman Manuel Landa, who had to be hospitalized after he was hit on the head. At 22:00, a crowd reported to be 300 strong in a subsequent police report chased a Jew on Kolárska Street, who took refuge in a police station. The rioters broke into the station, vandalized it, and cut the telephone line. Other Jews were injured at Sloboda Square. At 23:00, more rioters attacked Eugen Gwürt's residence on Svoradova Street and beat him, causing severe injuries, as well as robbing the apartment. Some former partisans were arrested and briefly detained at the city hall, but were released before they could be identified. 33: 849:

presenting a detailed report on the riots. They were assured that the ministry "has taken and will take all necessary steps to prevent the reoccurrence of such and similar disturbances" and that the policemen who had sided with the rioters would be disciplined. Frischer disagreed, pointing out that only seventeen people had been formally arrested, of whom twelve had been since released, and the government had not actively condemned antisemitism. In response to criticism, the Slovak government did not condemn the riots but instead blamed Hungarians in Slovakia, arguing that the Hungarians were trying to discredit Czechoslovakia at the Paris Peace Conference. The coverage given to the events in the Hungarian media was supposed to substantiate this theory. On 8 August, Minister of the Interior

833: 284:, and ex-political prisoners were prioritized for appointment as national administrators of previously Jewish businesses or residences. In some cases, national administrators were appointed even though the owners or their heirs were still alive. The newly appointed national administrators considered their gains just reward for their sacrifices during the war—a rationale that was endorsed by the government. Disputes were polarized by prewar antisemitism combined with the residual effects of the Slovak State's anti-Jewish propaganda and the economic interests of non-Jewish Slovaks in the contested properties. However, informal agreements between former Jewish owners and national managers were not uncommon and were usually approved by the authorities. 633:, especially by the former partisans from eastern Slovakia. Jews were physically attacked on Svoradova and Zamocká Streets, but the rioters were dispersed by police and several of the attackers arrested. On 5 August, the Jewish kitchen was attacked for the third time, reportedly by twelve partisans, causing several injuries among the Jews there. A boarding school for Jewish girls on Šrajberova Street was also vandalized; police intervened to stop the damage. Physical attacks on Jews and robbery of their apartments continued. Winterstein told Frischer that thousands of Jews had left the city for fear of being targeted. Frischer responded with more appeals to the Czechoslovak authorities, who again assured him that the situation was under control. 423:, met with the SRP. He told them that a thousand politically reliable former partisans were on hand to protect the Jews in Bratislava. However, the police erred in planning the strictest security measures for the evening of 3 August to the morning of 5 August—when the main group of former partisans were expected to be in the city. Previous to that, only 250–300 delegates were scheduled to attend meetings. Contrary to expectations, two to three thousand former partisans arrived in Bratislava on 2 August; total attendance at the congress was estimated at fifteen thousand. Many of the partisans were armed. The local police went on alert and the SRP set up an observation station in the Jewish quarter to report on incidents by telephone. 437: 865:(HVNB) claimed that the riots were "orchestrated with the intention of sullying the reputation of the Republic at the Peace Conference". On 19 August, the agency distributed an order to local police authorities emphasizing that anti-Jewish speeches and demonstrations were to be suppressed. Partisan organizations were also ordered to seek out and eliminate antisemites among their membership. A 1947 report, the last known official document relating to the riots, downplayed the events, asserted that the police had intervened in all of the anti-Jewish attacks, and claimed that all perpetrators of the attacks had been prosecuted—despite the fact that no known prosecutions resulted. 894:

Alica Franková, a Jewish woman, called Prášilová "an SS woman" and they attacked each other. After both women were arrested, passersby beat up another two Jewish women, one of whom was hospitalized. Yelling "Hang the Jews!" and "Jews out!", they sacked the same Jewish kitchen that had been attacked two years previously. Another attempted demonstration the next day was dispersed by police, and 130 rioters were arrested, of whom forty were convicted. The 1948 riots occurred at a time when antisemitic incidents were decreasing in Slovakia. About 80% of the Jews who lived in Slovakia immediately after the war had left by the end of 1949, mostly after the

873:, the government forbade informal agreements between former Jewish owners and national managers. It also suspended restitution on the grounds that it required an executive order, although the suspension was soon called off. Nevertheless, most Jewish property was not returned to the owners or heirs, a result which angered many Jews. In Frischer's words, "everything points to the conclusion that was the goal of the rioters, and the street won". In September 1946, the Ministry of the Interior announced that Jews who had declared German or Hungarian nationality on prewar censuses would be allowed to retain Czechoslovak citizenship, rather than 547: 1139:"Že v souvislosti s chystaným sjezdem partyzánů dojde k protižidovským demonstracím a výtržnostem, vědělo na Slovensku každé malé dítě. Ve vlacích, na nádražích a v hospodách se otevřeně agitovalo. Zdá se však, že to bylo zatajováno příslušným ústředním orgánům v Praze. Slovenské bezpečnostní orgány a organizátoři sjezdu byli na nebezpečí upozorňováni a sami na ně též varovně poukazovali. Isteže vedenie partizánov nielenže s týmito nekalými akciami nemalo nič spoločné, ale práve naopak, pracovalo proti nim. Ale všechno, co se tu podnikalo, bylo polovičaté, uskutečňované bez plného přesvědčení a zodpovědnosti." 641:, and anonymity due to the large number of visitors all played a role in the rioting. Thirty-one arrests were made, but most detainees were released quickly and without being charged. The police were reluctant to arrest partisans. Possible reasons for this include a belief that crimes committed by partisans should be dealt with internally, the difficulty of arresting armed persons, and the sympathy of some policemen with the rioters. Winterstein criticized the police response, arguing that law enforcement tended to arrive late and release detained persons quickly, who then went on to make additional attacks. 1153:"Príčiny vzplanutia antisemitizmu na Slovensku, ktoré boli ojedinelé, sú tieto: V prvom rade dedičstvo 6 rokov rozširovanej protižidovskej propagandy, silné protižidovské hnutie v Maďarsku a v Poľsku, nevyriešená otázka vlastníckeho práva arizáciou dotknutých poľnohospo-dárskych majetkov. Ďalej repatriovalo mnoho takých Židov, ktorí unás nikdy nebývali, neovládajú ani jeden zo slovanských jazykov, ako aj to, že sa všeobecne nezapojovali do všeužitočných prác pri rekonštrukcii vojnou zničených častí Slovenska. K tomu pristupuje i značne vysoká ich úč asť na čiernom obchode." 376:. From mid-July 1946, minor anti-Jewish incidents were occurring on an almost daily basis in Bratislava. For example, on 20 July, two men publicly hounded Jews on Kapucínska Street during the day, one of them "publicly calling all Hlinka Guardsmen, Hlinka Party members, and partisans to unite against the Jews". That night, Jews were assaulted on various streets, especially Kapucínska and Zámocká Streets. The SRP complained of systematically organized anti-Jewish demonstrations which pointed towards a future pogrom, which according to Šmigeľ was "not far from the truth". 650: 555: 364:

similarities in the leaflets imply that there was a coordinated campaign. In late July and early August, leaflets appeared with the phrases "Beat the Jews!", "Now or never, away with the Jews!", and even "Death to the Jews!". During the last week of July, posters were put up around Bratislava with slogans such as "Attention Jew, a partisan is coming to beat Jews", "Czechoslovakia is for Slovaks and Czechs, Palestine is for Jews", "Jews to Palestine!" "Jews out!" and "Hang the Jews!" In early July, two former partisans in

343: 637:

recorded. Along with anti-Jewish incidents, the Partisan Congress was accompanied by non-racially motivated fights and disturbances caused by persons under the influence of alcohol. Perpetrators included actual partisan veterans, people pretending to be ex-partisans, disgruntled residents of the city, and some who had come from elsewhere, including Aryanizers, peasants, national administrators, and supporters of the former HSĽS regime. Drunkenness, lax security,

700:, and other places. Some of the partisans who had been at the congress in Bratislava went to Nové Zámky on 4 August, attacking the Ungar café at 19:30, beating the owner so severely he was unable to work, and stabbing six Jewish patrons. Other Jews were beaten or stabbed in the streets of the town by a band of ten to twenty partisans or robbed at gunpoint in their apartments. The events continued the next day, with another five or six Jews injured. 925:) were the state-appointed managers of nationalized property Aryanized by the Slovak State regime, left behind by deported Jews, or confiscated from "traitors and politically unreliable people" (Germans and Hungarians) by the postwar Czechoslovak government. The administrators were required to be "nationally and politically reliable, with appropriate professional and practical knowledge", and benefitted economically from their appointment. 768:, "achieved by political negotiations and carefully crafted behind-the-scenes threats" by Frischer and the Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia to publicize the story in foreign media. Frischer considered the release of the story and the government's promise to protect Jews to be a victory. Hungarian newspapers also covered the riots. 530:, and received assurances from Lettrich that the situation was completely under control. However, after Winterstein's call, around 20:30, a group including former partisans stopped passersby to check their identification and beat Jews. Another group of former partisans and civilians gathered on a street in order to attack Jews. The 820:, asking him to investigate the allegations; Gottwald forwarded the request to his office. The resulting undated report, by Ján Čaplovič, quoted the Interior Ministry Commissioner of Czechoslovakia, Michal Ferjencik, who blamed Jews for not speaking Slavic languages, failing to reconstruct the country, and trading on the 812:, the official daily of the Communist Party of Slovakia, published an article on the events, blaming "various influential groups" for conspiring with "anti-state elements" and fomenting unrest. Both the Democratic Party and the Communist Party officially condemned antisemitism, blaming the other party for it. 816:

of Slovak Partisans in Dunajská Streda to other branches, calling for anti-Jewish actions and that the central leadership of the Union of Slovak Partisans knew of this circular but took no action. The Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia forwarded the article to Prime Minister

2778:Šmigeľ, Michal (2011). "Protižidovské výtržnosti v Bratislave v rokoch 1946 a 1948 (v kontexte povojnových prejavov antisemitizmu na Slovensku)" [Anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava in 1946 and 1948 (in the context of postwar manifestations of antisemitism in Slovakia)]. In Medvecký, Matej (ed.). 815:

On 5 September, the newsletter of the ÚSŽNO published an article on the riots, "What happened in Slovakia", which claimed that "every child in Slovakia" had known that there would be riots at the Partisan Congress. The article also stated that on 7 February 1946, a circular had been sent by the Union

502:

with a sign stating "Hang all Jews", while pedestrians on Kapucínska Street were assaulted. SRP reported that these attacks were carried out by men wearing partisan uniforms as well as soldiers, officers, and civilians. The police dispersed the crowd, but did not make any arrests. Later, an apartment

893:

Despite the government's security precautions, there were additional anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava on 20 and 21 August 1948. The riots originated in an altercation at a farmers' market in Stalin Square in which Emilia Prášilová, a pregnant non-Jewish Slovak woman, accused sellers of favoring Jews.

609:

addressed the demonstrators, ineffectually attempting to calm the situation. After their departure, the rioters were stopped by the police. At 16:00, a crowd—described as about fifty "radicalized partisans" in a police report—attacked Pavol Rybár's apartment on Laurinská Street after Ružena Dobrická

759:

denied the riots had occurred, claiming that foreign newspapers had printed incorrect information. The next day, the news agency released another report, accusing illegal organizations linked to foreign interests of conspiring to distribute anti-Jewish propaganda to partisans arriving in Bratislava

478:

The riots began close to midnight on 1 August, and bled into the early hours of 2 August. Several men identifying themselves as partisans showed up at František Hoffmann's apartment on Kupeckého Street and threatened to shoot him if he refused to open the door. The attackers beat him with canes and

848:

was ongoing "could harm Czechoslovakia". Jewish leaders argued that the riots were already causing bad publicity for Czechoslovakia, therefore making it an urgent matter to take action against them. On 7 August, Frischer and a group of SRP leaders met with officials in the Ministry of Information,

783:

had colluded with former Hlinka Guardsmen and HSĽS members to cause the riots. The article also claimed that the grenades used on the Komárno attack were of Hungarian make and that the anti-Jewish leaflets were written in poor Slovak, indicating that their authors were Hungarians. In fact, most of

636:

By the time the riots ended on 6 August, participants at the congress were reported to have robbed at least ten apartments and injured at least nineteen people (four seriously). The actual number of injuries was probably much higher than this, especially as minor injuries—probably dozens—were not

868:

To prevent a reoccurrence of the rioting, the commissioner of internal affairs of the autonomous Slovak government recommended dismissing or arresting members of the security forces who had participated in anti-Jewish actions, and a crackdown on public gatherings. The riots also caused a turning

279:

characterized postwar relations between Jews and non-Jewish Slovaks. For many Slovaks, restitution meant returning property that they had paid for under the then-existing law, developed, and considered theirs. From the perspective of Jews, however, it was the obligation of those in possession of

853:

opened investigations into the riots and the role of the police in them. In September, members of the security forces were threatened with dismissal if they did not act decisively against anti-Jewish riots, and they were ordered to seek out and punish the attackers in previous demonstrations.

307:(14 November). Former partisans were involved in some of these events. There were no major anti-Jewish incidents in Bratislava between the end of the war and the summer of 1946. Most of the culprits of the attacks were not prosecuted. Top officials in the Slovak autonomous government, such as 183:), 1887, and 1889. The Jewish community of the city numbered 4,500 in 1869 and expanded to its peak of 18,000 in 1940, 13 percent of the population. Many Jews in the city spoke Hungarian and considered themselves of Hungarian nationality. In 1918, Bratislava was included in the new country of 570:

According to a police report, violence continued until 01:30 on 3 August, when two grenades were thrown into Pavol Weiss' house, where three Jewish families lived, without causing injury. During the day, Jews were attacked on the streets, especially Leningradská and Laurinská Streets. In the

363:

In postwar Slovakia, anti-Jewish leaflets appeared regularly, despite mostly unsuccessful attempts by the state to seek out and prosecute their creators. Multiple leaflets gave Jews an ultimatum to leave the country by the end of July 1946; Slovak historian Michal Šmigeľ suggests that the

104:

Rioting began on 1 August with the robbery of František Hoffmann's apartment. A national congress of former Slovak partisans was held in Bratislava on 2–4 August 1946, and many of the rioters were identified as former partisans. Rioting continued until 6 August. Despite attempts by the

798:, referred to isolated incidents in its 6 August article on the rioting: "During the first congress of Slovak partisans, a few minor, insignificant incidents occurred in which the partisans showed their dissatisfaction with the resolution of pressing social issues." 885: 175:, the stereotypical view of Jews as exploiters of poor Slovaks. National antisemitism strongly associated Jews with the Hungarian state and accused them of sympathizing with Hungarian national aims at the expense of Slovak ambitions. Between the 515: 109:

to maintain order, ten apartments were broken into, nineteen people were injured (four seriously), and the Jewish community kitchen was ransacked. Additional attacks and riots were reported in other Slovak towns and cities, including

784:

the anti-Jewish rioters were Slovak, not Hungarian. Mlynárik points out that riots also took place in August 1946 in the northern and eastern parts of Slovakia, where Hungarians did not live, belying the official narrative.

610:

accused Rybár of abducting her husband. The police and a group of former partisans led by Anton Šagát intervened to stop the rioters, but not before Rybár's personal documents had been stolen along with 5,000 Kčs.

1076:"Polícia prichádza dosť neskoro, zatýka Tudí, ale prepúšťa ich za krátky čas a tieto osoby sa potom opäť vracajú k útoku. Nejde o pogrom, nie je hluk, nie sú veľké masy. Prepadávanie sa deje v malých skupinách." 2590: 534:Šimon Lebovič was beaten and robbed in his home. The Jewish kitchen was attacked again; Jews present were assaulted and 15,000 Kčs was stolen. After Winterstein notified Frischer of these events, the 1119:"Z príležitosti prvého zjazdu slovenských partizánov stalo sa niekoľko menší ch, bezvýznamných incidentov, v ktorých partizáni dávali najavo svoju nespokojnosť s riešením ich pálčivých sociálnych otázok." 3372: 841: 764:

reported the riots, but claimed that those responsible were supporters of the Hlinka party and not partisans. The more accurate coverage by the Czech News Agency was, according to Czech historian

862: 474:

is just to the left of the upper left corner of the map. Židovská Street (literally "Jewish street") was the heart of the historical Jewish quarter, dating from the end of the sixteenth century.

756: 2566: 857:

Due to the government's concern about disturbances during the second anniversary celebrations of the Slovak National Uprising later in August, hundreds of policemen were transferred from

739:. Anti-Jewish leaflets reappeared in Revúca, Michalovce and in several places in eastern Slovakia. One suggested that the last of the "Ten Commandmants of the brave Slovak Catholic" was " 503:

on Schreiberova Street was broken into, the residents beaten and the property vandalized. The Jewish community kitchen was also attacked, but the army intervened and dispersed the crowd.

613:

Throughout the evening, small groups of rioters robbed Jewish residences on Kupeckého, Laurinská, Svoradova, and Židovská Streets. A considerable number of police had been diverted to

727:, while in Čadca a bomb was thrown into the garden of a nationalized enterprise managed by a Jew. Minor anti-Jewish demonstrations took place over the following days in Topoľčany, 660:

In addition to the riots in Bratislava, other anti-Jewish incidents occurred in August 1946 in several cities and towns in northern, eastern, and southern Slovakia. These included

268:, and Jews. Altogether 69,000 of the 89,000 Jews in the Slovak State were murdered. About 3,500 Jews from Bratislava survived. After the war, Slovakia was reincorporated into 1006:"... výtržnosti, ktoré v Bratislave už zistiteľné sústavne organizované a môžu byť čoskoro koreňom ďalších a pozdejších protižidovských verejných demonštrácií, ba pogromov." 484: 844:

successfully pressured Frischer not to hold a press conference to inform journalists of the riots, on the grounds that the dissemination of information on the riots as the

774: 704: 272:; it retained a government in Bratislava with significant autonomy. By April 1946, 7,000 Jews were living in the city, only 1,000 of whom had lived there before the war. 228:, it enjoyed considerable latitude in domestic policy, including anti-Jewish actions. Anti-Jewish laws were passed in 1940 and 1941, depriving Jews of their property via 861:

to Slovakia. Ultimately, these disturbances did not materialize with the only antisemitic actions consisting of the distribution of leaflets. In a note dated 10 August,

3044: 3114: 2846: 1179:"Prehlasujem Vám, že ministerstvo vnútra podniklo a podnikne so všetkou rozhodnosťou všetky potrebné kroky, aby k takým a podobným výtržnostiam nikdy nedošlo." 2931: 256:. Thousands of people, including several hundred Jews, were murdered in Slovakia, and at least another 10,000 Jews were deported. Anti-regime forces included 507: 562: 453: 824:. Čaplovič said that the partisan villages destroyed during the Slovak National Uprising ought to be higher priority than restitution to Jewish survivors. 591: 3397: 1948:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

572: 464: 401: 877:. The government was seeking to counteract the negative coverage that it had received in the Western press, in part due to the riots in Bratislava. 934:

Many Jewish survivors from the countryside moved to the cities in search of greater protection, more anonymity, and access to Jewish organizations.

723:, a uniformed partisan threatened to shoot any Jews he saw in the street on 29 August. The windows of Jewish residences were broken in Šurany and 312: 3149: 3049: 2721: 3099: 703:

In Žilina, partisans returning from Bratislava shouted anti-Jewish slogans, assaulted Jews on the streets, and made a "partisan raid" on the

625:

On 4 August, former partisans held a parade at which anti-Jewish slogans were shouted, especially by the contingents from Topoľčany, Žilina,

393:), took place between 2 and 4 August 1946. The Slovak authorities had intelligence anticipating riots at the Partisan Congress. On 31 July, 2882: 323: 1983: 979:"Pozor žide, partisan ide židov biť" "ČSR pre Slovákov a Čechov, Palestína pre židákov" "Židia do Palestíny!" "Židia von!" "Židov obesiť!" 489: 143: 3086: 179:

and the end of the nineteenth century, Pressburg witnessed repeated and extensive anti-Jewish rioting, in 1850, 1882 (in response to the

334:. The SRP advocated for the rights of people persecuted for their Jewish ancestry who did not belong to the Jewish religious community. 3001: 3319: 535: 190: 3276: 874: 261: 86: 1968:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

789: 163:

towards the end of the seventeenth century. In the eighteenth century, Pressburg was the most influential Jewish community in the

3407: 3213: 3191: 747:

suggests that the occurrence of similar events in multiple locations in Slovakia may indicate that they were planned in advance.

17: 3263: 2996: 327: 130:. In response, the government launched a crackdown on antisemitic incitement and simultaneously suspended restitution to Jews. 581: 3357: 3324: 3230: 2791: 2768: 2737: 2675: 2623: 2604: 2576: 2555: 3334: 3011: 214: 681: 526:

and an increase in antisemitic incidents on trains and at stations. The next day, Frischer called deputy prime minister

118:. The contemporary press played down the involvement of partisans and instead claimed that the riots were organized by " 3006: 2500: 265: 3377: 2756: 1017:

Equivalent to $ 8 stolen and $ 360 in damage in 1946 dollars, according to the official exchange rate of 50 Kčs/

795: 233: 148: 571:

afternoon, a crowd of up to a thousand people shouting anti-Jewish slogans tried to break onto Židovská Street from

32: 3069: 2875: 2633:

Lônčíková, Michala (2019). "Atrocities in the borderland: anti-Semitic violence in eastern Slovakia (1945–1946)".

3314: 3076: 469: 101:

leaflets and attacks on Jews—many of them initiated by former partisans—increased following the restitution law.

3382: 3367: 2963: 2664:

The Making of the Slovak People's Party: Religion, Nationalism and the Culture War in Early 20th-Century Europe

832: 804:

downplayed antisemitism among the partisans, instead blaming former members of the Hlinka Guard. On 11 August,

743:

against the Jews and Czechs". Police detained only a few people as a result of these attacks. Slovak historian

252:. The fighting, and German countermeasures, devastated much of the country; nearly 100 villages were burned by 845: 245: 577: 3387: 3298: 1975: 1955: 85:, leading to conflict with Jews seeking to regain their property. This conflict sporadically erupted into 2868: 269: 217:(HSĽS), declared its independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939. Although the Slovak State was an 52: 2926: 2783: 436: 232:

and redistributing it to Slovaks viewed by the regime as more deserving. The Slovak State organized the

281: 156: 518:, telling him that the Jews in the city feared an increase in the rioting. He also mentioned that two 180: 3392: 3362: 3271: 3059: 2891: 2701: 538:

assured Frischer that the incidents were not serious and would not reoccur due to security measures.

420: 139: 2811:"Anti-Semitism in Slovakia in Post-War Years 1945–1948: A Period of 'Common People's Anti-Semitism'" 1886: 494:. Later that night and the following day, Jewish apartments at 30–32 Židovská Street were robbed. A 3329: 3183: 3127: 3123: 3119: 2760: 350: 249: 229: 2936: 1192:"...celá táto akcia je riadená s úmyslom poškodiť čistý štít Republiky na mierovej konferencii..." 626: 992:"... verejne volal všetkých gardistov, hlinkovcov ako aj partizánov, aby sa spojili proti Židom." 630: 449: 3248: 3206: 1966: 1946: 780: 711:

on 4 August, partisans checked the identity cards of hotel guests and insulted two of them. In

237: 168: 123: 63: 2686: 373: 368:

repeatedly attacked Jews; an incident involving Jews and several former partisans occurred in

3281: 2667: 357: 172: 160: 3243: 600: 596: 458: 2748: 2596: 441: 322:, did not issue clear condemnations of the attacks and even blamed Jews. The organizations 2509: 546: 445: 36: 8: 3402: 2941: 895: 480: 412: 331: 176: 106: 2586: 765: 697: 499: 2968: 2650: 1243: 406: 164: 48: 1205:"... ž e vše poukazuje k tomu, že to byl účel demonstrací a že tudiž ulice vyhrála..." 728: 708: 673: 511: 2787: 2764: 2733: 2717: 2705: 2671: 2654: 2619: 2600: 2572: 2551: 2514: 1894: 1248: 807: 761: 744: 606: 317: 3196: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3039: 2946: 2825: 2642: 1962: 1942: 817: 638: 346: 67: 2810: 2646: 2503:[Anti-Jewish riots in Bratislava (August 1946) in the historical context] 955: 194:

A Slovak State propaganda poster exhorts readers not to "be a servant to the Jew".

93:

were exacerbated in May 1946 by the passage of an unpopular law that mandated the

3238: 3054: 2547: 918: 898:. The 1946 riots were one of the reasons that Bratislava Jews chose to emigrate. 870: 661: 380: 253: 203: 111: 850: 587: 396: 3218: 3109: 2530:[The image of Jews in the contemporary press from 1945 to 1948: Newspapers 719:, partisans returning by train attacked Jewish residences near the station. In 649: 308: 300: 184: 3144: 372:

on 27 July. The next day, provocateurs tried to incite anti-Jewish rioting in

55:

between 1 and 6 August 1946. Nineteen people were injured, four seriously, in

3351: 3253: 3201: 3104: 3094: 2907: 2830: 2709: 2544:

Forms of anti-Semitism in Czechia and Slovakia in the 20th and 21st centuries

2518: 1898: 1103: 740: 2860: 2501:"Protižidovské výtržnosti v Bratislave v historickom kontexte (august 1946)" 736: 554: 167:, with more than a thousand members. In the nineteenth century, traditional 70:

were often appointed as national administrators of businesses that had been

3139: 3064: 2592:

Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation

821: 519: 241: 225: 221: 199: 127: 82: 78: 1166:"...že roz šíř ení zprávy v době mírové konference by mohlo ČSR škoditi." 869:

point in the restitution process. Justifying its actions in terms of the

858: 416: 276: 257: 218: 119: 98: 94: 75: 2747:

Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In

707:. About fifteen people were injured as a result of the disturbances. In 629:, and Zlaté Moravce. There were also riots that morning in front of the 330:(Association of Racially Persecuted People) advocated for the rights of 304: 3134: 2528:"Obraz židov v dobovej tlači v rokoch 1945–1948. Denníky Čas a Pravda." 527: 342: 56: 689: 523: 483:(Kčs) in cash, causing 18,000 Kčs in damage. One left behind his 369: 2958: 1362: 1335: 716: 654: 207: 152: 71: 2616:

Arnošt Frischer and the Jewish Politics of Early 20th-Century Europe

2527: 1311: 965: 693: 685: 665: 415:

met with ÚSŽNO leaders and told them that he expected trouble from "

292: 288: 115: 97:

of Aryanized property and businesses to their original owners. Both

2973: 296: 2753:

Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

1089:"Ktorého Žida dňa 29. augusta 1946 uvidím na ulici, ho odstrelím." 1065:

Equivalent to $ 100 in 1946 dollars, or $ 1600 in current dollars.

1043:

Equivalent to $ 300 in 1946 dollars, or $ 4700 in current dollars.

669: 365: 2978: 2568:

Beyond Violence: Jewish Survivors in Poland and Slovakia, 1944–48

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Podoby antisemitismu v Čechách a na Slovensku v 20. a 21. století

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stolen property to return it. Former partisans, veterans of the

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Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia

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and other cities and towns in the autonomous Slovak region of

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Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946

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elements" at the congress. Masariak, a representative of the

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The first postwar anti-Jewish riots occurred in 1945, in

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European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

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Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia § Causes

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had been thrown into the Jewish community offices in

2538:]. In Vrzgulová, Monika; Kubátová, Hana (eds.). 2416: 2333: 2306: 2174: 2116: 2089: 2043: 1997: 1849: 1778: 1672: 1630: 1567: 1504: 1461: 1386: 1263: 1021:, or $ 120 stolen, $ 5600 damage in current dollars. 240:in 1942, which was carried out by the paramilitary 379:The First National Congress of Slovak Partisans ( 39:, where passersby were assaulted during the riots 3349: 234:deportation of 58,000 of its own Jewish citizens 1936: 1934: 1932: 159:in 1526, Jews began to settle in the suburb of 2890: 2876: 155:) since the medieval era. Although they were 1929: 1203: 1190: 1177: 1164: 1151: 1137: 1131: 1117: 1100: 1087: 1074: 1052: 1030: 1004: 990: 977: 959: 949: 943: 805: 799: 787: 772: 394: 388: 3398:Riots and civil disorder in Czechoslovakia 2883: 2869: 479:stole clothes, shoes, cigarettes, and 400 244:and regular policemen. On 29 August 1944, 89:. Tensions between Jewish and non-Jewish 3320:Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State 2829: 2724:[Pogroms in Slovakia 1945–1948]. 2632: 2571:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1546: 2751:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.). 2716: 2684: 2564: 2470: 2446: 2398: 2258: 2110: 1961: 1941: 1923: 1887:"Kam zmizlo Podhradie? – Židovská štvrť" 1812: 1728: 1624: 1597: 1534: 1522: 1498: 1486: 1440: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1380: 1356: 1329: 1305: 1293: 1226: 884: 831: 648: 644: 561: 553: 545: 435: 387:), also known as the Partisan Congress ( 341: 189: 31: 2613: 2585: 2434: 2231: 2214: 1984:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1269: 771:On 20 August, the government newspaper 755:On 6 August 1946, the state-controlled 14: 3350: 2808: 2777: 2661: 2525: 2498: 2482: 2458: 2422: 2410: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2344: 2327: 2315: 2300: 2288: 2273: 2243: 2202: 2187: 2168: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2083: 2054: 2037: 2014: 1872: 1855: 1843: 1797: 1772: 1755: 1740: 1705: 1693: 1681: 1666: 1645: 1609: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1510: 1474: 1455: 1392: 1281: 1237: 1235: 863:Main Headquarters of National Security 794:, the newsletter of the non-Communist 2864: 1982:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1884: 2732:] (in Czech). Prague: Academia. 1369:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 1342:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 1318:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 1232: 385:Prvý celoslovenský zjazd partizánov 74:, or confiscated, from Jews by the 24: 2847:"Footage of the Partisan Congress" 2802: 1241: 951:"Teraz alebo nikdy preč so Židmi!" 668:(4–6 August), Komárno (4 August), 550:Laurinská Street in the Inner City 27:1946 anti-Jewish riots in Slovakia 25: 3419: 2839: 2757:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 750: 2722:"Pogromy na Slovensku 1945–1948" 151:(then known by its German name, 3315:History of the Jews in Slovakia 2730:History of the Jews in Slovakia 2618:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 1878: 1197: 1184: 1171: 1158: 1144: 1124: 1111: 1094: 1081: 1068: 1059: 1046: 1037: 1024: 1011: 997: 984: 971: 937: 928: 275:Conflict over Aryanization and 3408:Jews and Judaism in Bratislava 215:Hlinka's Slovak People's Party 13: 1: 3214:Department of Special Affairs 2647:10.1080/13507486.2019.1612328 1214: 620: 431: 149:Jews have lived in Bratislava 133: 3358:August 1946 events in Europe 2759:. Vol. 3. Bloomington: 1976:American Antiquarian Society 1956:American Antiquarian Society 1885:Veres, István (6 May 2013). 1054:"sfanatizovaných partizánov" 880: 836:Paris Peace Conference, 1946 506:In the evening on 2 August, 7: 2546:] (in Slovak). Prague: 1133:"Co se stalo na Slovensku". 827: 541: 485:Czechoslovak Medal of Merit 440:Clockwise from lower left: 10: 3424: 2685:Majerský, Radovan (2004). 2491: 337: 282:Czechoslovak armies abroad 137: 66:ended in May 1945, former 3307: 3299:Nation's Memory Institute 3262: 3229: 3182: 3085: 3060:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 3032: 3025: 2989: 2916: 2898: 2892:The Holocaust in Slovakia 2702:National Bank of Slovakia 1003:Full quote from the SRP: 948:(29 July in Bratislava), 917:National administrators ( 664:(2 August and 4 August), 421:Union of Slovak Partisans 356:After the September 1945 140:The Holocaust in Slovakia 3378:Antisemitism in Slovakia 3330:Slovak National Uprising 2831:10.13187/popul.2017.2.35 2761:Indiana University Press 2726:Dějiny židů na Slovensku 2513:(in Slovak) (3): 14–29. 901: 536:Ministry of the Interior 426: 351:Slovak National Uprising 250:Slovak National Uprising 246:Germany invaded Slovakia 3325:Presidential exemptions 3287:Partisan Congress riots 3045:Central Economic Office 2809:Šmigeľ, Michal (2017). 2662:Lorman, Thomas (2019). 2565:Cichopek, Anna (2014). 1032:"Všetkých Židov obesiť" 842:Ministry of Information 682:Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš 631:Slovak National Theater 510:, SRP chairman, called 181:Tiszaeszlár blood libel 45:Partisan Congress riots 18:Bratislava riots (1948) 3207:Michael Dov Weissmandl 2990:Massacres and roundups 2526:Bumová, Ivica (2017). 2499:Bumová, Ivica (2007). 1204: 1191: 1178: 1165: 1152: 1150:Quote from Ferjencik: 1138: 1132: 1118: 1106:proti Židom a čechom." 1101: 1088: 1075: 1053: 1031: 1005: 991: 978: 960: 950: 944: 922: 890: 846:Paris Peace Conference 837: 806: 800: 788: 773: 657: 567: 566:Sloboda Square in 1959 559: 551: 475: 395: 389: 384: 353: 238:German-occupied Poland 195: 169:religious antisemitism 64:World War II in Europe 40: 3383:Jewish Slovak history 3368:History of Bratislava 3012:Kremnička and Nemecká 2749:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 2668:Bloomsbury Publishing 2614:Láníček, Jan (2017). 889:Stalin Square in 1959 888: 835: 652: 645:Elsewhere in Slovakia 586:. Slovak politicians 565: 558:Židovská in the 1930s 557: 549: 439: 345: 193: 173:economic antisemitism 35: 3249:Karel František Koch 2818:Population Processes 2786:. pp. 251–273. 2763:. pp. 842–852. 1501:, pp. 105, 107. 303:(24 September), and 3388:Crime in Bratislava 3335:Tiso's Holíč speech 3070:Emergency Divisions 2784:Ústav pamäti národa 2550:. pp. 97–118. 2473:, pp. 228–230. 2461:, pp. 268–271. 2449:, pp. 120–121. 2401:, pp. 105–106. 2374:, pp. 266–267. 1758:, pp. 259–260. 1627:, pp. 102–103. 1612:, pp. 256–257. 1549:, pp. 938–939. 1242:Silber, Michael K. 896:1948 communist coup 508:Vojtech Winterstein 481:Czechoslovak koruna 413:Czechoslovak police 374:Trenčianske Teplice 332:Holocaust survivors 177:revolutions of 1848 107:Czechoslovak police 3244:Pavel Peter Gojdič 3026:Major perpetrators 3002:List of transports 2780:Fenomén Bratislava 2330:, pp. 21, 23. 2142:, pp. 18, 20. 1891:Bratislavské rožky 1489:, pp. 96, 99. 923:národní správcovia 891: 838: 757:Slovak News Agency 658: 568: 560: 552: 476: 354: 196: 165:Kingdom of Hungary 49:Jews in Bratislava 41: 3343: 3342: 3178: 3177: 2917:Camps and prisons 2793:978-80-893-3539-8 2770:978-0-253-02373-5 2739:978-80-200-1301-9 2677:978-1-350-10938-4 2625:978-1-4725-8590-5 2606:978-1-137-31747-6 2578:978-1-107-03666-6 2557:978-80-246-3461-6 2386:, pp. 28–29. 2303:, pp. 27–28. 2246:, pp. 23–24. 2154:, pp. 20–21. 1875:, pp. 19–20. 1696:, pp. 17–18. 1588:, pp. 14–15. 1332:, pp. 14–16. 1308:, pp. 90–92. 1296:, pp. 12–13. 1284:, pp. 47–48. 1249:YIVO Encyclopedia 1229:, pp. 94–96. 762:Czech News Agency 653:Train station in 446:Kapucínska Street 390:Partizánsky zjazd 37:Kapucínska Street 16:(Redirected from 3415: 3393:Slovak partisans 3363:1946 in Slovakia 3308:Related articles 3282:Topoľčany pogrom 3197:Gisi Fleischmann 3170:Dieter Wisliceny 3166: 3131: 3115:Augustín Morávek 3040:Abwehrgruppe 218 3030: 3029: 2997:1938 deportation 2904: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2835: 2833: 2815: 2797: 2774: 2743: 2713: 2691: 2681: 2658: 2629: 2610: 2582: 2561: 2522: 2506: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2172: 2166: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2087: 2081: 2058: 2052: 2041: 2035: 2018: 2012: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1979: 1973: 1959: 1953: 1938: 1927: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1816: 1810: 1801: 1795: 1776: 1770: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1664: 1649: 1643: 1628: 1622: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1239: 1230: 1224: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1130:Original title: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1001: 995: 994: 988: 982: 981: 975: 969: 963: 953: 947: 941: 935: 932: 926: 915: 875:face deportation 818:Klement Gottwald 811: 803: 796:Democratic Party 793: 778: 696:(17–18 August), 627:Spišská Nová Ves 604: 585: 493: 473: 465:Svoradova Street 462: 454:Laurinská Street 410: 400: 392: 358:Topoľčany pogrom 347:Slovak partisans 321: 128:Hlinka Guardsmen 68:Slovak partisans 47:were attacks on 21: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3303: 3258: 3239:Giuseppe Burzio 3225: 3174: 3152: 3117: 3081: 3077:Slovak Republic 3055:Einsatzgruppe H 3021: 2985: 2912: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2845: 2842: 2813: 2805: 2803:Further reading 2800: 2794: 2771: 2740: 2689: 2678: 2626: 2607: 2579: 2558: 2548:Karolinum Press 2504: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2175: 2167: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2117: 2109: 2090: 2082: 2061: 2053: 2044: 2036: 2021: 2013: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1963:McCusker, J. 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3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105:Otomar Kubala 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095:Alois Brunner 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050:Department 14 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2908:The Holocaust 2906: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:Mlynárik, Ján 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2584: 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1970: 1969: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1926:, p. 24. 1925: 1924:Majerský 2004 1920: 1918: 1916: 1900: 1896: 1893:(in Slovak). 1892: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1858:, p. 24. 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1813:Cichopek 2014 1809: 1807: 1800:, p. 18. 1799: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1729:Cichopek 2014 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1684:, p. 17. 1683: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1648:, p. 21. 1647: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1626: 1625:Cichopek 2014 1621: 1619: 1611: 1606: 1600:, p. 96. 1599: 1598:Cichopek 2014 1594: 1587: 1582: 1576:, p. 15. 1575: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1535:Cichopek 2014 1531: 1524: 1523:Cichopek 2014 1519: 1513:, p. 16. 1512: 1507: 1500: 1499:Cichopek 2014 1495: 1488: 1487:Cichopek 2014 1483: 1477:, p. 27. 1476: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1443:, p. 90. 1442: 1441:Cichopek 2014 1437: 1431:, p. 53. 1430: 1429:Cichopek 2014 1425: 1418: 1417:Cichopek 2014 1413: 1406: 1405:Cichopek 2014 1401: 1395:, p. 14. 1394: 1389: 1383:, p. 19. 1382: 1381:Cichopek 2014 1377: 1370: 1365: 1359:, p. 21. 1358: 1357:Cichopek 2014 1353: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1330:Cichopek 2014 1326: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1306:Cichopek 2014 1302: 1295: 1294:Cichopek 2014 1290: 1283: 1278: 1272:, p. 35. 1271: 1266: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1228: 1227:Cichopek 2014 1223: 1219: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1090: 1084: 1077: 1071: 1062: 1055: 1049: 1040: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 987: 980: 974: 967: 962: 961:"Smrť Židom!" 957: 956:Zlaté Moravce 954:(1 August in 952: 946: 945:"Bite Židov!" 940: 931: 924: 920: 914: 912: 907: 899: 897: 887: 878: 876: 872: 866: 864: 860: 855: 852: 847: 843: 834: 825: 823: 819: 813: 810: 809: 802: 797: 792: 791: 785: 782: 779:claimed that 777: 776: 769: 767: 763: 758: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 692:(11 August), 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656: 651: 642: 640: 639:crowd effects 634: 632: 628: 618: 616: 611: 608: 602: 598: 593: 589: 583: 579: 574: 564: 556: 548: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520:hand grenades 517: 513: 509: 504: 501: 497: 491: 486: 482: 471: 466: 460: 455: 451: 450:Stalin Square 447: 443: 438: 424: 422: 418: 414: 408: 403: 399: 398: 391: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 361: 359: 352: 348: 344: 335: 333: 329: 325: 319: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 192: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 141: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81:known as the 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 38: 34: 30: 19: 3345: 3286: 3140:Vojtech Tuka 3065:Hlinka Guard 2923:In Slovakia 2850: 2821: 2817: 2779: 2752: 2729: 2725: 2697: 2693: 2663: 2638: 2634: 2615: 2595:. New York: 2591: 2587:Láníček, Jan 2567: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2510:Pamäť národa 2508: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2435:Láníček 2017 2430: 2418: 2406: 2379: 2367: 2323: 2296: 2239: 2232:Láníček 2013 2215:Láníček 2017 2210: 2147: 2135: 1987:. Retrieved 1967: 1947: 1902:. Retrieved 1890: 1880: 1851: 1736: 1701: 1689: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1542: 1530: 1518: 1506: 1494: 1482: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1407:, p. 3. 1400: 1388: 1376: 1364: 1337: 1325: 1313: 1301: 1289: 1277: 1270:Láníček 2013 1265: 1253:. Retrieved 1247: 1244:"Bratislava" 1222: 1199: 1186: 1173: 1160: 1146: 1136:Full quote: 1126: 1113: 1096: 1083: 1070: 1061: 1048: 1039: 1026: 1013: 999: 986: 973: 939: 930: 892: 867: 856: 851:Václav Nosek 839: 822:black market 814: 786: 770: 754: 745:Ján Mlynárik 702: 672:(5 August), 659: 635: 624: 612: 607:Gustáv Husák 588:Karol Šmidke 573:Župné Square 569: 505: 498:was hung at 477: 397:podplukovník 378: 362: 355: 286: 274: 242:Hlinka Guard 230:Aryanization 226:World War II 222:client state 200:Slovak State 197: 147: 126:, or former 103: 83:Slovak State 79:client state 61: 44: 42: 29: 3153: [ 3145:Anton Vašek 3118: [ 3100:Izidor Koso 3087:Individuals 2483:Bumová 2007 2459:Šmigeľ 2011 2423:Bumová 2007 2411:Šmigeľ 2011 2384:Bumová 2007 2372:Šmigeľ 2011 2360:Šmigeľ 2011 2345:Bumová 2007 2328:Bumová 2007 2316:Bumová 2007 2301:Bumová 2007 2289:Šmigeľ 2011 2274:Bumová 2017 2244:Bumová 2007 2203:Šmigeľ 2011 2188:Bumová 2007 2169:Šmigeľ 2011 2152:Bumová 2007 2140:Bumová 2007 2128:Bumová 2007 2084:Šmigeľ 2011 2055:Bumová 2007 2038:Šmigeľ 2011 2015:Bumová 2007 1989:29 February 1960:1700–1799: 1940:1634–1699: 1873:Bumová 2007 1856:Bumová 2007 1844:Šmigeľ 2011 1798:Bumová 2007 1773:Šmigeľ 2011 1756:Šmigeľ 2011 1741:Šmigeľ 2011 1706:Šmigeľ 2011 1694:Bumová 2007 1682:Bumová 2007 1667:Šmigeľ 2011 1646:Bumová 2007 1610:Šmigeľ 2011 1586:Bumová 2007 1574:Bumová 2007 1562:Šmigeľ 2011 1511:Bumová 2007 1475:Bumová 2007 1456:Šmigeľ 2011 1393:Bumová 2007 1282:Lorman 2019 766:Jan Láníček 698:Veľká Bytča 595: [ 576: [ 488: [ 468: [ 457: [ 417:reactionary 405: [ 349:during the 316: [ 313:Ján Beharka 299:(22 July), 277:restitution 260:defectors, 258:Slovak Army 122:elements", 120:reactionary 99:antisemitic 95:restitution 3403:1946 riots 3352:Categories 3135:Jozef Tiso 3007:Bratislava 2955:Elsewhere 2666:. London: 1215:References 781:Hungarians 737:Želiezovce 662:Nové Zámky 621:4–6 August 528:Petr Zenkl 432:1–2 August 266:Communists 134:Background 124:Hungarians 112:Nové Zámky 57:Bratislava 3264:Aftermath 2959:Auschwitz 2710:1335-0900 2704:: 23–26. 2655:198704493 2519:1336-6297 1899:2585-7762 881:Aftermath 717:Leopoldov 655:Leopoldov 301:Topoľčany 291:(2 May), 262:Agrarians 208:far-right 161:Podhradie 153:Pressburg 72:Aryanized 3277:Violence 3254:Oľšavica 3231:Rescuers 2974:Majdanek 2937:Patrónka 2854:archives 2720:(2005). 2597:Springer 2589:(2013). 1965:(1992). 1945:(1997). 1104:Na stráž 828:Reaction 741:To guard 542:3 August 305:Trebišov 297:Bardejov 295:(July), 157:expelled 2979:Sobibor 2903:Part of 2492:Sources 859:Czechia 690:Tornaľa 524:Komárno 411:of the 370:Humenné 338:Lead-up 224:during 212:fascist 206:of the 91:Slovaks 59:alone. 3294:Aliyah 3033:Groups 3017:Zvolen 2969:Lublin 2964:Bełżec 2942:Poprad 2932:Nováky 2790: 2767: 2736: 2708: 2694:Biatec 2674: 2653: 2622: 2603: 2575: 2554: 2536:Pravda 2517: 1904:7 July 1897: 1255:21 May 966:Žilina 958:) and 919:Slovak 808:Pravda 733:Trnava 725:Levice 694:Šurany 686:Beluša 666:Žilina 605:, and 496:effigy 381:Slovak 293:Prešov 289:Košice 116:Žilina 62:After 3165:] 3130:] 2947:Vyhne 2927:Sereď 2824:(1). 2814:(PDF) 2728:[ 2700:(1). 2690:(PDF) 2651:S2CID 2542:[ 2505:(PDF) 1972:(PDF) 1952:(PDF) 902:Notes 721:Nitra 713:Zbehy 670:Čadca 615:Modra 603:] 584:] 532:rabbi 492:] 472:] 461:] 427:Riots 409:] 366:Bytča 324:ÚSŽNO 320:] 2852:ČT24 2788:ISBN 2765:ISBN 2734:ISBN 2706:ISSN 2672:ISBN 2620:ISBN 2601:ISBN 2573:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2534:and 2515:ISSN 1991:2024 1906:2020 1895:ISSN 1257:2020 840:The 715:and 678:Šahy 311:and 219:Axis 202:, a 198:The 142:and 114:and 76:Axis 43:The 3272:SRP 2826:doi 2698:XII 2643:doi 2532:Čas 1019:USD 801:Čas 790:Čas 328:SRP 236:to 3354:: 3163:sv 3161:; 3159:fr 3157:; 3155:de 3128:sk 3126:; 3124:de 3122:; 3120:cs 2849:. 2820:. 2816:. 2755:. 2696:. 2692:. 2670:. 2649:. 2639:26 2637:. 2599:. 2507:. 2391:^ 2352:^ 2335:^ 2308:^ 2281:^ 2266:^ 2251:^ 2222:^ 2195:^ 2176:^ 2159:^ 2118:^ 2091:^ 2062:^ 2045:^ 2022:^ 1999:^ 1974:. 1954:. 1931:^ 1914:^ 1863:^ 1820:^ 1805:^ 1780:^ 1763:^ 1748:^ 1713:^ 1674:^ 1653:^ 1632:^ 1617:^ 1554:^ 1463:^ 1448:^ 1349:^ 1246:. 1234:^ 968:). 921:: 910:^ 731:, 688:, 684:, 676:, 601:sk 599:; 597:cs 590:, 582:sk 580:; 578:cs 490:cs 470:sk 463:. 459:sk 452:, 448:, 444:, 407:sk 383:: 318:cs 264:, 210:, 187:. 2884:e 2877:t 2870:v 2856:. 2834:. 2828:: 2822:2 2796:. 2773:. 2742:. 2712:. 2680:. 2657:. 2645:: 2628:. 2609:. 2581:. 2560:. 2521:. 2113:. 1993:. 1978:. 1958:. 1908:. 1259:. 20:)

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