873:
173:
885:
and the artillerymen had no protection from enemy sharpshooters. The provincial troops accompanying the
British eventually broke ranks and ran into the woods to engage the French; confused by what they thought were enemy reinforcements, panicking British regulars started mistakenly firing on the provincials. After several hours of intense combat, Braddock was fatally shot off his horse, and effective resistance collapsed. Washington, although he had no official position in the chain of command, was able to impose and maintain some order. He formed a rear guard, which allowed the remnants of the force to disengage. This earned him the sobriquet
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834:. That evening, the Native Americans sent delegates to the British to request a conference. Braddock chose Washington and Fraser as his emissaries. The Native Americans asked the British to halt their advance, claiming that the French could be persuaded to peacefully leave Fort Duquesne. Both Washington and Fraser recommended that Braddock approve the plan, but he demurred.
869:, where two forces clash at an unexpected time and place. The quick and effective response of the French and Native Americans — despite the early loss of their commander — led many of Braddock's men to believe they had been ambushed. However, French battle reports state that while an ambush had been planned, the sudden arrival of the British forced a direct confrontation.
894:
about one thousand three hundred well-armed troops, chiefly regular soldiers, who were struck with such a panic that they behaved with more cowardice than it is possible to conceive. The officers behaved gallantly, in order to encourage their men, for which they suffered greatly, there being near sixty killed and wounded; a large proportion of the number we had.
689:
917:
Commissioned officers were prime targets and suffered greatly: out of 86 officers, 26 were killed and 37 wounded. Of the 50 or so women that accompanied the
British column as maids and cooks, only 4 survived. The French and Canadians reported 8 killed and 4 wounded; their Native American allies lost 15 killed and 12 wounded.
921:
British forces still outnumbered their opponents. The French and Native
Americans did not pursue; they were far too busy looting dead bodies and collecting scalps. The French commander, Dumas, realized Braddock's army was utterly defeated. Yet, to avoid upsetting his men, he did not attempt any further pursuit.
920:
Colonel Dunbar, with the reserves and rear supply units, took command when the survivors reached his position. He ordered that excess supplies and cannons should be destroyed before withdrawing, burning about 150 wagons on the spot. Ironically, at this point the defeated, demoralized and disorganised
846:
In the skirmish that followed between Gage's soldiers and the French, Beaujeu was among those killed by the first volley of musket fire by the grenadiers. Although some 100 French
Canadians fled back to the fort and the noise of the cannon held the Native Americans off, Beaujeu's death did not have a
916:
By sunset, the surviving
British forces were retreating back down the road they had built. Braddock died of his wounds during the long retreat, on July 13, and is buried within the Fort Necessity parklands. Of the approximately 1,300 men Braddock had led into battle, 456 were killed and 422 wounded.
880:
After an exchange of fire, Gage's advance group fell back. In the narrow confines of the road, they collided with the main body of
Braddock's force, which had advanced rapidly when the shots were heard. The entire column dissolved in disorder as the Canadian militiamen and Native Americans enveloped
752:
The expedition progressed slowly because
Braddock considered making a road to Fort Duquesne a priority in order to effectively supply the position he expected to capture and hold at the Forks of the Ohio, and because of a shortage of healthy draft animals. In some cases, the column was only able to
1720:
Some accounts state that
Washington commanded the regiment on the Braddock Expedition, but this is incorrect. Washington did command the Virginia Regiment before and after the expedition. As a volunteer aide-de-camp, Washington essentially served as an unpaid and unranked gentleman consultant, with
884:
Following
Braddock's example, the officers kept trying to form their men into standard battle lines so they could fire in formation - a strategy that did little but make the soldiers easy targets. The artillery teams tried to provide covering fire, but there was no space to load the pieces properly
893:
We marched to that place, without any considerable loss, having only now and then a straggler picked up by the French and scouting
Indians. When we came there, we were attacked by a party of French and Indians, whose number, I am persuaded, did not exceed three hundred men; while ours consisted of
842:
began to move ahead. Washington tried to warn Braddock of the flaws in his plan — such as pointing out that the French and the Native Americans fought differently than the open-field style used by the British -- but his efforts were ignored: Braddock insisted that his troops fight as "gentlemen".
757:— an important legacy of the march — as they went. To speed up movement, Braddock split his men into a "flying column" of about 1,300 men which he commanded, and, lagging far behind, a supply column of 800 men with most of the baggage, commanded by Colonel Thomas Dunbar. They passed the ruins of
796:, the Canadian commander, received reports from Native American scouting parties that the British were on their way to besiege the fort. He realised he could not withstand Braddock's cannon, and decided to launch a preemptive strike, an ambush of Braddock's army as he crossed the
837:
On July 9, 1755, Braddock's men crossed the Monongahela without opposition, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Fort Duquesne. The advance guard of 300 grenadiers and colonials, accompanied by two cannon, and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
704:
on May 29, 1755, the expedition faced an enormous logistical challenge: moving a large body of men with equipment, provisions, and (most importantly, for attacking the forts) heavy cannons, across the densely wooded
1636:
680:, remained neutral. Caught between two powerful European empires at war, the local Native Americans could not afford to be on the side of the loser. They would decide based on Braddock's success or failure.
31:
859:, was officially begun. Braddock's force was approximately 1,400 men. The British faced a French and Native American force estimated to number between 300 and 900. The battle, frequently described as an
418:
569:
on July 9 and forced to retreat; Braddock was killed in action along with more than 500 of his troops. It ultimately proved to be a major setback for the British in the early stages of the war;
1883:
843:
Then, unexpectedly, Gage's advance guard came upon Beaujeu's party of French and Native Americans, who were hurrying to the river, behind schedule and too late to prepare an ambush.
1578:, Duncan, Major Francis, London, 1879, Vol. 1, p. 58, Fifty Royal Artillerymen, 4 brass 12 pounders, 6 brass 6 pounders, 21 civil attendants, 10 servants and six "necessary women".
881:
them and began firing from the dense woods on both sides. At this time, the French marines began advancing from the road and blocked any attempt by the British to move forward.
527:
411:
1876:
1644:
2240:
847:
negative effect on French morale. Jean-Daniel Dumas, a French officer, rallied the rest of the French and their Native American allies. The battle, known as the
404:
1869:
780:, with about 640 Native American allies camped outside the fort. The Native Americans were from a variety of tribes long associated with the French, including
1052:
717:, who helped procure wagons and supplies for the expedition. Among the wagoners were two young men who would later become legends of American history:
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Washington the previous summer. Small French and Native American war bands skirmished with Braddock's men during the march.
17:
800:. The Native American allies were initially reluctant to attack such a large British force, but the French field commander
730:
1834:
Russell, Peter. "Redcoats in the Wilderness: British Officers and Irregular Warfare in Europe and America, 1740 to 1760",
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598:
148:
1696:
The Battle of the Monongahela was one of the bloodiest and most disastrous British defeats of the eighteenth century.
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Braddock's expedition was part of a massive British offensive against the French in North America that summer. As
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French and British forts in the region. The French forts were Fort Duquesne and the forts to the north.
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804:, who dressed himself in full war regalia complete with war paint, convinced them to follow his lead.
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with him led by George Croghan, serving as scouts. A number of Native Americans in the area, notably
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claimed it was one of the most disastrous defeats suffered by British forces in the 18th century.
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1981:
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Meanwhile, at Fort Duquesne, the French garrison consisted of only about 250 French marines and
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554:
713:, a journey of about 110 miles (180 km). Braddock had received important assistance from
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with a column some 2,100 strong. His command consisted of two regular line regiments, the
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easily, and then push on to capture a series of French forts, eventually reaching
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Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America
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876:
Plan of the Battle at the beginning of action on July 9, 1755 (1830 engraving)
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By July 8, 1755, the Braddock force was on the land owned by the Chief Scout,
605:, in all 1,400 regular soldiers and 700 provincial troops from several of the
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889:, by which he was toasted, and established his fame for some time to come.
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Braddock's Defeat: The Battle of the Monongahela and the Road to Revolution
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allies from those tribes not yet allied with the French; he had but eight
30:"Braddock's Defeat" redirects here. For the book by David L. Preston, see
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1730:
Similarly, Washington's report to Governor Dinwiddie. Charles H. Ambler,
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19th-century engraving of the wounding of Major-General Braddock at the
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653:(replaced by Fort Duquesne by the French), at the confluence of the
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progress at a rate of two miles (about 3 km) a day, creating
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629:, was then just 23, knew the territory and served as a volunteer
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1767:
Monongahela, 1754–1755: Washington's Defeat, Braddock's Disaster
1611:"The Braddock Expedition of 1755: Catastrophe in the Wilderness"
56:
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According to returns given June 8, 1755, at the encampment at
781:
1581:
1564:
French: 28 killed 28 wounded, Indian: 11 killed 29 wounded
912:
The mortally wounded Braddock retreating with his troops.
1829:
The Battle of the Monongahela and the Road to Revolution
1814:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1965.
1799:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973.
1734:, University of North Carolina Press, 1936, pp. 107–109.
1674:
Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer
1589:
Daniel Boone, the Life and Legend of an American Pioneer
772:
Braddock Road trace near Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania.
1008:
Capt. John Rutherford's Independent Company, New York
1475:
561:. The expedition, named after its commander General
725:. Other members of the expedition included Ensign
664:Braddock mostly failed in his attempts to recruit
2271:
1677:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 38.
1445:Capt. Edward Brice Dobb's North Carolina Rangers
27:Military expedition during French and Indian War
1752:The American Historical Association, pp. 86–91.
1671:(1993) . "Curiosity is Natural: 1734 to 1755".
641:of the Virginia Regiment. Fraser owned land at
549:military expedition which attempted to capture
154:
1721:little real authority, but much inside access.
1643:. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Archived from
761:along the way, where the French and Canadians
1877:
1641:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
924:
412:
1750:Military Affairs in North America 1748–1765.
1744:
1742:
1740:
1608:
1233:Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina Troops
899:George Washington, July 18, 1755, letter to
807:
733:. Among the officers of the expedition were
1769:. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, 2004.
1261:Capt. Robert Stewart's Virginia Light Horse
1884:
1870:
1576:History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
1305:Capt. William Polson's Virginia Artificers
419:
405:
1737:
1711:University of Virginia Press, 1999, p. 20
1405:Capt. William Perronée's Virginia Rangers
649:, and had served as Second-in-Command at
633:to General Braddock. Braddock's Chief of
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1547:
1365:Capt. Thomas Waggoner's Virginia Rangers
907:
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621:, promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel of the
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120:
1425:Capt. John Dagworthy's Maryland Rangers
14:
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1852:Braddock Road Preservation Association
1256:Wanting to complete the establishment
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959:Wanting to complete the establishment
943:
1865:
1629:
1543:
1541:
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1522:Braddock's Battlefield History Center
1385:Capt. Thomas Cocke's Virginia Rangers
1325:Capt. Adam Stevens's Virginia Rangers
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2280:Battles of the French and Indian War
1591:, Henry Holt and Company LLC, 1992,
1088:Detachement under Capt. Robert Hind
1709:The Invention of George Washington,
1345:Capt. Peter Hogg's Virginia Rangers
794:Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur
24:
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1534:
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430:Seven Years' War in North America:
25:
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1845:
1924:
1637:"PHMC Historical Markers Search"
1506:
1492:
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1253:Drummers and effectives present
1055:, commanded by Capt. Paul Demeré
1032:'s Independent Company, New York
956:Drummers and effectives present
593:led the main thrust against the
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61:Route of the Braddock Expedition
55:
1838:(1978) 35#4 pp. 629–652
1836:The William and Mary Quarterly
1732:George Washington and the West
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1602:
1569:
1053:Detachment from South Carolina
377:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
13:
1:
1527:
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1548:Borneman, Walter R. (2007).
741:, future American president
625:on June 4, 1754 by Governor
7:
1916:Battle of the Great Meadows
1797:Braddock at the Monongahela
1748:Pargellis, Stanley (1936).
1471:
1083:Royal Regiment of Artillery
10:
2321:
1784:. New York: Norton, 1988.
925:Strength of the expedition
811:
29:
2047:
2016:
1995:
1974:
1946:Battle of the Monongahela
1933:
1922:
1911:Battle of Jumonville Glen
1903:
1857:The French Army 1600–1900
1550:The French and Indian War
1157:
1093:
849:Battle of the Monongahela
824:Battle of the Monongahela
814:Battle of the Monongahela
808:Battle of the Monongahela
802:Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu
567:Battle of the Monongahela
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435:The French and Indian War
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374:
370:
353:
325:
199:Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu
185:
113:
105:French and Indian victory
65:
54:
46:
41:
2285:Battles involving Canada
1094:Military branch present
853:Battle of the Wilderness
528:Braddock's Military Road
2290:Battles in Pennsylvania
2029:Battle of Fort Ligonier
2024:Battle of Fort Duquesne
2008:Bloody Springs massacre
1982:Battle of Sideling Hill
1552:. Rutgers. p. 55.
887:Hero of the Monongahela
1285:'s Virginia Artificers
913:
906:
877:
832:Lieutenant John Fraser
827:
773:
693:
565:, was defeated at the
530:
186:Commanders and leaders
18:Braddock's defeat
2300:History of Pittsburgh
2295:1755 in North America
2227:Heinrich Zeller House
2117:Fort Juniata Crossing
1987:Kittanning Expedition
1966:Gnadenhütten massacre
1951:Penn's Creek massacre
1897:French and Indian War
1648:(Searchable database)
1178:Assistant Commissary
1158:Civil branch present
911:
891:
875:
821:
771:
691:
559:French and Indian War
525:
438:, Ohio Valley Theater
354:Casualties and losses
49:French and Indian War
2003:Hochstetler massacre
1587:John Mack Faragher,
1500:North America portal
937:His Majesty's Troops
589:in America, General
344:2,100 regular and
2252: /
1956:Great Cove massacre
1941:Braddock Expedition
1795:Kopperman, Paul E.
1780:Jennings, Francis.
1669:Faragher, John Mack
1617:on 31 December 2010
707:Allegheny Mountains
557:in 1755 during the
539:Braddock's Campaign
535:Braddock Expedition
459:Braddock Expedition
229:Charles de Langlade
42:Braddock Expedition
2192:Fort Prince George
1609:Frank A. Cassell.
1250:Sergeants present
953:Sergeants present
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878:
866:meeting engagement
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774:
694:
659:Monongahela Rivers
651:Fort Prince George
583:commander-in-chief
571:John Mack Faragher
531:
304:, formerly of the
2305:Conflicts in 1755
2256:40.433°N 80.000°W
2235:
2234:
2197:Redstone Old Fort
2187:Fort Presque Isle
2039:Forbes Expedition
1826:Preston, David L.
1812:Guns at the Forks
1810:O'Meara, Walter.
1765:Chartrand, Rene.
1559:978-0-06-076185-1
1469:
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1244:Officers present
1241:Troop or Company
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1228:
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947:Officers present
863:, was actually a
857:Braddock's Defeat
798:Monongahela River
743:George Washington
715:Benjamin Franklin
709:and into western
696:Setting out from
623:Virginia Regiment
619:George Washington
607:Thirteen Colonies
543:Braddock's Defeat
517:
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499:Forbes Expedition
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306:Virginia Regiment
302:George Washington
218:Jean-Daniel Dumas
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727:William Crawford
627:Robert Dinwiddie
537:, also known as
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340:Canadian militia
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684:Braddock's Road
666:Native American
637:was Lieutenant
591:Edward Braddock
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1961:Kobel massacre
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73:May–July 1755
72:
69:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
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2222:Fort William
2217:Fort Venango
2212:Fort Swatara
2207:Fort Shirley
2142:Fort Loudoun
2132:Light's Fort
2122:Fort Lebanon
2097:Fort Halifax
2082:Fort Deshler
2067:Fort Bedford
2062:Fort Augusta
1940:
1893:Pennsylvania
1835:
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1695:
1688:. Retrieved
1673:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1604:
1588:
1583:
1575:
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1563:
1549:
1164:Wagon master
1087:
931:Will's Creek
928:
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775:
763:had defeated
751:
719:Daniel Boone
711:Pennsylvania
695:
663:
643:Turtle Creek
631:aide-de-camp
615:Fort Niagara
595:Ohio Country
587:British Army
580:
542:
538:
534:
532:
469:Penn's Creek
458:
366:450+ wounded
271:
249:
204:
153:
119:
114:Belligerents
95:Ohio Country
91:Pennsylvania
47:Part of the
2259: /
2162:Fort McCord
2157:Fort Manada
2107:Fort Hunter
2072:Fort Bigham
1895:during the
1110:Bombardiers
840:Thomas Gage
790:Potawatomis
739:Charles Lee
735:Thomas Gage
639:John Fraser
464:Monongahela
364:500+ killed
346:provincials
320:Thomas Gage
288:Robert Orme
2274:Categories
2102:Fort Henry
2077:Fort Depuy
2057:Fort Allen
1707:Longmore,
1654:2014-01-25
1528:References
1187:Artificers
1182:Conductors
1174:Commissary
1105:Sergeants
901:his mother
855:, or just
577:Background
489:Kittanning
474:The Trough
384:Designated
361:57 wounded
144:New France
2182:Fort Pitt
1120:Matrosses
1099:Officers
987:48th Foot
965:44th Foot
944:Regiment
851:, or the
655:Allegheny
553:from the
359:30 killed
349:10 cannon
2048:Frontier
1840:in JSTOR
1690:18 March
1599:, p. 38.
1472:See also
1465:Source:
1225:Source:
1124:Drummer
1102:Surgeon
1075:Source:
897:—
702:Maryland
674:Delaware
545:, was a
326:Strength
87:Maryland
83:Virginia
78:Location
2247:80°00′W
2244:40°26′N
1115:Gunners
786:Ojibwas
782:Ottawas
678:Shingas
676:leader
585:of the
547:British
526:Map of
299:Colonel
272:†
250:†
205:†
1831:(2015)
1818:
1803:
1788:
1773:
1681:
1621:1 July
1595:
1556:
1281:Capt.
1194:Total
1127:Total
1028:Capt.
861:ambush
788:, and
745:, and
635:Scouts
555:French
268:
246:
201:
161:
130:France
127:
102:Result
2050:Forts
338:146
317:Capt.
285:Capt.
2017:1758
1996:1757
1975:1756
1934:1755
1904:1754
1816:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1692:2022
1679:ISBN
1623:2010
1593:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1191:N/A
1003:366
981:280
729:and
721:and
657:and
603:48th
601:and
599:44th
533:The
333:108
263:Col.
241:Gen.
93:and
70:Date
1460:28
1360:11
1300:11
1220:22
1217:n/a
1153:70
1067:102
1000:704
978:790
700:in
541:or
2276::
1739:^
1694:.
1639:.
1562:.
1536:^
1457:72
1440:–
1437:53
1420:1
1417:52
1400:6
1397:47
1380:–
1377:53
1357:42
1340:–
1337:53
1320:3
1317:50
1297:42
1276:–
1273:33
1214:12
1147:32
1144:18
1141:10
1070:–
1047:–
1044:93
1023:–
1020:93
997:30
991:34
975:30
969:33
933:.
792:.
784:,
749:.
737:;
661:.
617:.
89:,
85:,
1885:e
1878:t
1871:v
1822:.
1807:.
1792:.
1777:.
1657:.
1625:.
1454:3
1451:0
1448:3
1434:3
1431:0
1428:3
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1408:3
1394:3
1391:0
1388:3
1374:3
1371:0
1368:3
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1334:3
1331:3
1328:3
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1017:3
1014:1
1011:4
994:5
972:5
903:.
826:.
420:e
413:t
406:v
34:.
20:)
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