490:
1267:
201:
896:
657:
In the second half of the 14th century, emphasis in society shifted to
Brabant and so the Brabantian dialect became dominant. A migration to the north was occurring; the West Flemish dialect influenced the coastal area of the province of South Holland ('s-Gravenhage and Leiden), and migrants from
205:
731:
drew many people from other parts of the country, the dialect has been diluted by contact with
Standard Dutch. Because people tended to migrate towards the cities from the surrounding rural areas, Brabantian influence is still seen in some terms and in pronunciation (the "Brabantian accent" of
203:
209:
207:
202:
208:
706:
The early modern Dutch written language was initially influenced primarily by
Brabantian, with strong influence from the Hollandic dialect after the 16th century. Since then, it has diverged from Standard Dutch and evolved its own way, but it is still similar enough for both to be
714:
Berlin scientists point to a very important phenomenon in the 20th century in the south of the Dutch language area: there has been an expansion in the use of
Brabantian by the dominant presence of native Brabantian-speakers in the modern mass media like radio and television.
206:
633:
Over 5 million people live in the area where some form of
Brabantian functions as the predominant colloquial language; this compares with a total of 22 million Dutch-speakers across the Netherlands and Flanders.
718:
About one quarter of the Dutch-speaking population lives in the
Brabantian dialect zone. In the Netherlands, rural areas still retain some of their original Brabantian dialects. In large Dutch cities, such as
491:
204:
189:
866:. While the cases themselves have fallen out of use in modern language, the accusative form survives in Brabantian, rather than the nominative case of the more northern dialects (
942:
886:, which caused the importance of Brabantian to dwindle. Later attempts to establish a standard form of Brabantian have met little success. However, the new phenomenon of
1458:
689:
recognise the distinctive influence of
Brabantian on the first Dutch standardisation in the 16th century. The first major formation of Standard Dutch also took place in
673:. That made the cultural elite move from the oppressive Spanish and Roman Catholic region to the more liberal (and Protestant) north. Dutch linguistics historian
440:
2342:
133:
572:
Over the relatively-large area in which it is spoken, Brabantian can be roughly divided into three subdialects, all of which differ in some aspects:
128:
878:
The first attempts at standardising Dutch were in the 1540s and based on the
Brabantian dialect of Antwerp and its surroundings. However, after the
642:
Compared to the other dialects and sublanguages of Dutch, Brabantian has historically had a major influence on the development of Dutch. During the
1451:
677:
says that it is a popular myth that
Brabantian was a dominant influence during the standardisation of Dutch from the 16th century. She says that
1255:
1047:
2717:
1795:
1233:
2515:
870:). As the accusative case had different forms for masculine and feminine nouns, both genders have thus remained separate in Brabantian.
1444:
939:
433:
994:
787:. Moreover, the use of Dutch is reviving because of young Dutch-speaking families moving back from the suburbs to the old city of
3750:
426:
2332:
670:
3244:
693:, where a Brabantian dialect is still spoken. That made the standard language develop mainly from Brabantian influence.
1248:
1071:
3760:
1099:
1788:
193:
Brabantian dialectal region (blue, in the
Netherlands and northern Belgium), within the Dutch language area (grey)
1095:
853:
3745:
3611:
1241:
814:
Brabantian is rather close to and contributed to the development of Standard Dutch. A characteristic phrase,
1263:
3641:
2811:
2773:
2758:
1757:
1729:
1389:
414:
238:
2085:
1191:
3621:
3481:
2831:
2790:
2780:
1781:
1399:
1376:
654:
were the predominant literary languages, but there is no evidence of literary manuscripts farther north.
1997:
1544:
558:
3338:
958:
922:
791:, and an increasing number of non-Dutch-speaking families putting their children in Flemish schools.
1225:
3616:
3570:
3565:
3489:
3099:
3083:
2962:
2821:
2712:
2707:
772:
175:
88:
83:
3740:
3555:
3499:
3494:
3414:
3087:
3037:
2337:
2155:
1911:
1839:
1827:
1762:
1173:
1131:
1115:
538:
78:
68:
3677:
3397:
2795:
3560:
3042:
3008:
2626:
2442:
2302:
2142:
2037:
1492:
347:
3718:
3682:
2950:
2943:
2895:
2665:
2636:
2605:
2568:
2493:
2250:
2163:
2024:
1986:
1739:
1708:
1667:
1591:
1384:
728:
708:
674:
619:
303:
3183:
2058:
3687:
3667:
3636:
3509:
3369:
3115:
2933:
2525:
2352:
2314:
2309:
2183:
2130:
1888:
1752:
1724:
1639:
1417:
1407:
1271:
278:
3343:
618:), the east of the Province of Antwerp and the northwestern edge of the Dutch Province of
8:
3626:
2862:
2816:
2750:
2503:
2150:
2063:
1861:
1734:
1562:
1536:
1351:
1323:
775:, but there are many cultural activities that use the Brussels dialect (sometimes called
740:
681:
is a standardised Hollandic dialect. However, researchers of variance linguistics at the
666:
611:
581:
409:
386:
283:
3173:
3018:
2265:
1653:
288:
3672:
3596:
3524:
3514:
3469:
3231:
3158:
3055:
2900:
2875:
2870:
2763:
2591:
2297:
2075:
2070:
2049:
2010:
1814:
1804:
1623:
1604:
1305:
1213:
542:
530:
379:
374:
266:
73:
2826:
167:
3646:
3445:
3361:
3354:
3309:
3253:
3013:
3003:
2986:
2981:
2885:
2647:
2447:
2408:
2388:
2226:
2118:
2100:
1952:
1499:
1343:
1201:
1189:
1028:
883:
761:
wrote in 2020 that "few people can still master it", with its city folk now speaking
550:
352:
1436:
569:
dialects are distinguished from Brabantian, but for no reason other than geography.
3755:
3601:
3392:
3326:
3282:
3277:
3237:
3226:
3218:
3023:
2991:
2938:
2927:
2840:
2549:
2488:
2278:
2260:
2095:
1856:
1848:
1660:
1630:
1583:
1569:
1366:
1159:
927:
AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology
682:
514:
362:
298:
271:
3438:
983:
732:
Dutch), but the original Brabantian city dialects have largely disappeared there.
3631:
3591:
3424:
3331:
3314:
3299:
3294:
3287:
2996:
2905:
2890:
2845:
2697:
2660:
2652:
2631:
2618:
2598:
2584:
2347:
2324:
2255:
2245:
2237:
2017:
1674:
1597:
1576:
1549:
1361:
1356:
1295:
946:
863:
859:
842:
595:
546:
534:
308:
123:
60:
3712:
3606:
3586:
3538:
3430:
3304:
2974:
2741:
2680:
2459:
2416:
2373:
2290:
2285:
2174:
2124:
1975:
1926:
1881:
1874:
1688:
1681:
1555:
1479:
1290:
1285:
1091:
1032:
970:
846:
780:
757:
678:
625:
South Brabantian is spoken in the province of Flemish Brabant and the south of
589:
510:
484:
478:
469:
332:
293:
243:
229:
93:
1164:
3734:
3662:
3504:
3260:
3211:
3028:
2967:
2880:
2785:
2723:
2670:
2554:
2481:
1698:
1515:
1205:
662:
599:
577:
566:
554:
522:
357:
1079:
557:
weakens toward the west. In a small area in the northwest of North Brabant (
3531:
2955:
2919:
2852:
2675:
2498:
2471:
2454:
2398:
2357:
1939:
1918:
1522:
1508:
1425:
1328:
1318:
879:
755:, the local dialect, known as "Antwerps" in Dutch, is Brabantian; however,
651:
337:
328:
3178:
882:, the Dutch economical and political focus shifted north to centre on the
3348:
3321:
3139:
3047:
2729:
2690:
2273:
1968:
1932:
1867:
1646:
643:
518:
51:
3193:
545:; where its native speakers have become a minority) and the province of
3188:
3168:
2533:
2203:
1904:
1703:
1617:
1612:
921:
Weijnen, A. (1979). Vos, P. H.; Janssen Steemberg, W. A. M. M. (eds.).
888:
763:
647:
585:
1006:
602:; in the middle and east of North Brabant (the area around the cities
188:
3374:
3122:
2768:
2685:
2466:
2421:
2393:
2219:
1773:
1529:
823:
799:
724:
607:
562:
342:
248:
160:
148:
3198:
3163:
2511:
1147:
1029:"Nieuw programma 'Hoe zegde da?' zet Antwerps dialect in de kijker"
852:
Brabantian dialects have a characteristic historic tendency toward
838:
788:
768:
743:, still have many people speaking the original Brabantian dialect.
501:
214:
1048:"Waarom het Nederlandstalige basisonderwijs uit zijn voegen barst"
795:
592:) and in the north and west of the Province of Antwerp in Belgium.
3204:
2800:
2702:
1468:
1333:
1266:
895:
834:
822:(literally, "keep yourself all right"), but colloquial Dutch and
752:
736:
690:
626:
615:
603:
526:
506:
47:
2507:
803:
776:
686:
391:
2425:
1051:
784:
720:
959:
Netherlands gouvernement CBS official demographic statistics
658:
Brabant came to the provinces of North Holland and Utrecht.
646:, manuscripts from the 10th to 15th centuries show that
576:
West Brabantian is spoken in the area west of the river
553:, and its strong influence on the Flemish dialects in
1466:
773:
French largely replaced Dutch in the mid-20th century
665:
were in turmoil, another migration occurred from the
549:. Brabantian expands into small parts in the west of
1200:. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 113â122.
1179:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
1148:"The FlemishâBrabant dialect of OrsmaalâGussenhoven"
1137:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
1121:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
1196:. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).
971:"ABN was vooral een Hollandse uitvinding from 2004"
809:
580:, in the west of North Brabant (around the cities
1152:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
3732:
1730:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
1187:
1069:
1026:
1789:
1452:
1249:
434:
1129:
1796:
1782:
1459:
1445:
1256:
1242:
1171:
1045:
441:
427:
187:
1163:
1113:
894:
598:is spoken in the area east of the river
199:
920:
3733:
1803:
1183:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 207â222
1145:
1141:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 301â315
1125:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 317â333
3467:
3081:
1825:
1777:
1440:
1237:
1027:Van Wynsberghe, Eline (4 July 2020).
669:(roughly what is now Belgium) to the
500:
483:
224:This article is a part of a series on
735:However, some large cities, such as
2358:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
1194:in Brabant Dutch and Limburg Dutch"
845:"Allez!" and "Salut!", is a common
671:United Provinces of the Netherlands
517:, which corresponded mainly to the
513:. It is named after the historical
16:Dialect group of the Dutch language
13:
3717:Languages between parentheses are
3082:
1106:
873:
14:
3772:
1046:De Sloover, Sara (10 June 2020).
837:), "Ale, salu(kes) e!", based on
213:A Brabantic speaker, recorded in
27:Brabantish, Brabantic, Brabantine
1265:
1078:. Streektaal.net. Archived from
1007:"Taal in Nederland .:. Brabants"
903:) among Dutch dialects in Europe
1062:
949:official demographic statistics
810:Differences from Standard Dutch
798:based fictional languages like
767:and Standard Dutch instead. In
565:is spoken. Conventionally, the
3721:of the language on their left.
1190:"The phonology of postvocalic
1039:
1020:
999:
988:
977:
963:
952:
933:
914:
701:
696:
661:In the 16th century, when the
1:
3612:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3468:
1725:Deutsche GebÀrdensprache, DGS
1188:van Oostendorp, Marc (2001).
907:
3751:Languages of the Netherlands
3642:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2333:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1758:Languages of the Netherlands
1735:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
1390:French Belgian Sign Language
973:(in Dutch). taalschrift.org.
818:("take care"), derives from
401:East Low Franconian dialects
320:West Low Franconian dialects
239:Languages of the Netherlands
7:
3622:High German consonant shift
1100:PDF archived at Archive.org
1076:Language in the Netherlands
940:Belgium FOD economy Statbel
10:
3777:
2160:WestlauwersâTerschellings
1813:According to contemporary
1467:Languages and dialects of
746:
637:
3704:
3655:
3579:
3548:
3480:
3476:
3463:
3412:
3385:
3339:Southern Schleswig Danish
3270:
3151:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3077:
2918:
2861:
2749:
2740:
2645:
2617:
2576:
2567:
2542:
2524:
2435:
2407:
2381:
2372:
2323:
2236:
2211:
2202:
2141:
2036:
1985:
1960:
1951:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1811:
1748:
1717:
1475:
1416:
1398:
1375:
1342:
1304:
1278:
1165:10.1017/S0025100310000083
498:Brabantian pronunciation:
186:
174:
158:
146:
141:
117:
57:
43:
36:
31:
26:
21:
3761:Culture of North Brabant
3617:West Germanic gemination
3571:Ancient Belgian language
3566:Germanic parent language
3510:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
2632:Austrian Standard German
1826:
1740:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
1172:Swanenberg, Cor (1999),
1130:de Schutter, G. (1999),
995:Het Nederlands in België
899:Position of Brabantian (
892:is becoming widespread.
1763:Languages of Luxembourg
1070:Jos Swanenberg (2002).
685:and Dutch linguists in
539:Brussels-Capital Region
3678:Preterite-present verb
3561:Proto-Germanic grammar
3515:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
2627:German Standard German
2303:East Frisian Low Saxon
1181:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
1139:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
1123:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
1114:Belemans, Rob (1999),
904:
473:
218:
3683:Grammatischer Wechsel
2666:Namibian Black German
2637:Swiss Standard German
2606:Early New High German
2164:Mainland West Frisian
2025:Harlingerland Frisian
1385:Flemish Sign Language
1146:Peters, Jörg (2010),
898:
833:In South Brabantian (
729:Industrial Revolution
709:mutually intelligible
675:Nicoline van der Sijs
620:Limburg (Netherlands)
212:
180:52-ACB-ak (varieties:
3746:Languages of Belgium
3688:Indo-European ablaut
3668:Germanic strong verb
3637:Germanic spirant law
2774:Southeast Limburgish
2270:Gelders-Overijssels
1899:Irish Middle English
1889:Early Modern English
1753:Languages of Belgium
1598:Standard High German
1408:German Sign Language
1272:Languages of Belgium
485:[ËbraËbÉnts]
415:Southeast Limburgish
84:WeserâRhine Germanic
3656:Synchronic features
3627:Germanic a-mutation
3580:Diachronic features
2930:in the broad sense
2863:East Central German
2817:Lorraine Franconian
2791:Transylvanian Saxon
2751:West Central German
2526:East Low Franconian
2436:West Low Franconian
667:Spanish Netherlands
502:[ËbrÉËbans]
3673:Germanic weak verb
3482:Language subgroups
2832:Pennsylvania Dutch
2781:Moselle Franconian
2759:Central Franconian
2592:Middle High German
2343:Central Pomeranian
2298:Northern Low Saxon
2011:Wangerooge Frisian
1805:Germanic languages
1624:Northern Low Saxon
1279:Official languages
1174:"'s-Hertogenbosch"
945:2016-06-04 at the
905:
267:Northern Low Saxon
258:Low Saxon dialects
219:
182:52-ACB-aka to-akk)
3728:
3727:
3713:extinct languages
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3647:Great Vowel Shift
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3408:
3407:
3254:Greenlandic Norse
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3004:Southern Bavarian
2987:Northern Bavarian
2963:Highest Alemannic
2914:
2913:
2648:standard variants
2563:
2562:
2409:Standard variants
2368:
2367:
2227:Middle Low German
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
1998:Saterland Frisian
1771:
1770:
1434:
1433:
1009:. Taal.phileon.nl
884:County of Holland
858:, the use of the
802:in his childhood
794:The comic artist
451:
450:
210:
198:
197:
3768:
3505:Elbe (Irminonic)
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3393:Mainland Gutnish
3283:Swedish dialects
3245:Middle Icelandic
3219:Middle Norwegian
3108:Historical forms
3105:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3079:
3078:
3038:South Franconian
3024:Hutterite German
2992:Central Bavarian
2812:Rhine Franconian
2747:
2746:
2577:Historical forms
2574:
2573:
2489:Surinamese Dutch
2382:Historical forms
2379:
2378:
2212:Historical forms
2209:
2208:
1961:Historical forms
1958:
1957:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
992:
986:
981:
975:
974:
967:
961:
956:
950:
937:
931:
930:
918:
741:'s-Hertogenbosch
683:Ghent University
612:'s-Hertogenbosch
515:Duchy of Brabant
504:
499:
495:
494:
493:
487:
482:
443:
436:
429:
363:Surinamese Dutch
221:
220:
211:
191:
170:
151:
63:
19:
18:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3692:
3651:
3632:Germanic umlaut
3597:Holtzmann's law
3575:
3544:
3472:
3451:
3404:
3381:
3315:South Jutlandic
3300:Danish dialects
3266:
3147:
3090:
3061:
3043:East Franconian
2997:Viennese German
2910:
2891:Silesian German
2857:
2846:Central Hessian
2736:
2661:Namibian German
2650:
2641:
2619:Standard German
2613:
2599:New High German
2585:Old High German
2559:
2538:
2520:
2431:
2403:
2364:
2348:East Pomeranian
2338:Brandenburgisch
2325:East Low German
2319:
2246:Dutch Low Saxon
2238:West Low German
2232:
2190:
2156:Schiermonnikoog
2137:
2032:
2018:Wursten Frisian
1981:
1947:
1830:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1772:
1767:
1744:
1713:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1622:
1603:
1596:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1435:
1430:
1412:
1394:
1371:
1338:
1300:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1176:
1134:
1118:
1109:
1107:Further reading
1104:
1085:
1083:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
989:
982:
978:
969:
968:
964:
957:
953:
947:Wayback Machine
938:
934:
923:" dialects ]. "
919:
915:
910:
876:
874:Standardisation
864:nominative case
862:instead of the
860:accusative case
812:
783:in a church in
779:), such as the
749:
704:
699:
640:
596:East Brabantian
547:Walloon Brabant
537:as well as the
535:Flemish Brabant
497:
489:
488:
477:
447:
200:
194:
181:
166:
147:
113:
64:
61:Language family
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Dutch dialects
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Proto-Germanic
3552:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3431:Crimean Gothic
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3305:Insular Danish
3302:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3288:Rinkebysvenska
3285:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3134:Old East Norse
3131:
3129:Old West Norse
3119:
3111:
3109:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:South Tyrolean
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2951:High Alemannic
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2742:Central German
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2681:Barossa German
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:French Flemish
2452:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2374:Low Franconian
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:Westereendersk
2169:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1976:Middle Frisian
1972:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:Modern English
1878:
1875:Middle English
1871:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1718:Sign languages
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1556:Belgian French
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1222:|journal=
1185:
1169:
1158:(2): 239â246,
1143:
1127:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1038:
1033:Het Nieuwsblad
1019:
998:
987:
976:
962:
951:
932:
912:
911:
909:
906:
875:
872:
847:parting phrase
811:
808:
758:Het Nieuwsblad
748:
745:
703:
700:
698:
695:
679:Standard Dutch
639:
636:
631:
630:
623:
593:
590:Bergen op Zoom
511:Dutch language
481:pronunciation:
479:Standard Dutch
449:
448:
446:
445:
438:
431:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
412:
404:
403:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
384:
383:
382:
377:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
345:
340:
335:
333:French Flemish
323:
322:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
276:
275:
274:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
244:Dutch dialects
241:
233:
232:
226:
225:
196:
195:
192:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
152:
144:
143:
142:Language codes
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
119:
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
89:Low Franconian
67:
65:
58:
55:
54:
45:
44:Native to
41:
40:
38:
34:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Germanic verb
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:Sievers's law
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:Reconstructed
3547:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:Middle Danish
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:Old Icelandic
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:Old Norwegian
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3029:Gottscheerish
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:Walser German
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:Low Alemannic
2932:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:High Prussian
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Erzgebirgisch
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Luxembourgish
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:Klezmer-loshn
2721:
2719:
2718:Scots Yiddish
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2555:Meuse-Rhenish
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:Kleverlandish
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:Central Dutch
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Stellingwarfs
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:Wood Frisian
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2038:North Frisian
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Anglo-Frisian
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Luxembourgish
1697:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:Stellingwarfs
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
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555:East Flanders
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69:Indo-European
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37:Pronunciation
35:
30:
25:
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3708:
3592:Verner's law
3537:
3532:Gotho-Nordic
3530:
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3444:
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3398:FÄrö Gutnish
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3259:
3252:
3243:
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3217:
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3138:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3054:
2956:Swiss German
2920:Upper German
2853:Amana German
2827:Volga German
2796:HunsrĂŒckisch
2722:
2676:Unserdeutsch
2671:Berlinerisch
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2543:Cover groups
2499:Mohawk Dutch
2494:Jersey Dutch
2476:
2472:East Flemish
2455:West Flemish
2399:Middle Dutch
2353:Low Prussian
2225:
2218:
2184:Terschelling
2168:Clay Frisian
2143:West Frisian
2131:Wiedingharde
2123:
2111:
2071:Heligolandic
2048:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1987:East Frisian
1974:
1967:
1940:Middle Scots
1938:
1931:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1709:West Frisian
1523:West Flemish
1509:East Flemish
1485:
1426:Sinte Romani
1329:West Flemish
1319:East Flemish
1313:
1197:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1122:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1075:
1072:"Brabantish"
1063:Bibliography
1041:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1001:
990:
979:
965:
954:
935:
926:
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900:
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880:Dutch Revolt
877:
868:nominativism
867:
855:accusativism
854:
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734:
727:, where the
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652:West Flemish
641:
632:
571:
521:province of
465:
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453:
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400:
369:
338:East Flemish
329:West Flemish
319:
257:
176:Linguasphere
159:
98:
3607:Kluge's law
3587:Grimm's law
3370:Dalecarlian
3349:Perkerdansk
3322:East Danish
3140:Old Gutnish
3116:Proto-Norse
3056:Langobardic
3048:Vogtlandian
2876:Upper Saxon
2730:Lachoudisch
2691:Lotegorisch
2569:High German
2315:Westphalian
2310:Eastphalian
2274:Achterhooks
2151:Hindeloopen
2086:Bökingharde
2055:FöhrâAmrum
1969:Old Frisian
1933:Early Scots
1868:Old English
1647:Achterhoeks
1640:Westphalian
1592:High German
1400:Germanosign
1132:"Antwerpen"
929:(in Dutch).
820:houd u goed
702:Netherlands
697:Current use
644:Middle Ages
284:Achterhooks
279:Westphalian
52:Netherlands
3735:Categories
3439:Burgundian
3355:Old Danish
3344:GĂžtudanskt
3327:Bornholmsk
3189:Vestlandsk
3169:Kebabnorsk
2906:Halcnovian
2871:Thuringian
2534:Limburgish
2504:Stadsfries
2477:Brabantian
2204:Low German
2050:Eiderstedt
1905:Fingallian
1704:Papiamento
1618:Low German
1613:Limburgish
1563:Champenois
1537:Stadsfries
1486:Brabantian
1418:Indo-Aryan
1377:Francosign
1352:Champenois
1324:Limburgish
1314:Brabantian
1094:versions:
1086:2007-06-03
1013:2014-04-24
908:References
889:tussentaal
764:Tussentaal
648:Limburgish
586:Roosendaal
559:Willemstad
543:Brusselian
466:Brabantine
458:Brabantish
454:Brabantian
410:Limburgish
387:Stadsfries
380:Brusselian
375:Antwerpian
370:Brabantian
99:Brabantian
22:Brabantian
3719:varieties
3711:indicate
3525:Northwest
3470:Philology
3375:Elfdalian
3310:Jutlandic
3232:Icelandic
3207:(written)
3201:(written)
3179:TrĂžndersk
3159:Norwegian
3123:Old Norse
2944:Coloniero
2928:Alemannic
2901:Wymysorys
2769:Colognian
2764:Ripuarian
2686:Rotwelsch
2516:Midslands
2467:Zeelandic
2448:Hollandic
2422:Afrikaans
2394:Old Dutch
2220:Old Saxon
2119:Karrharde
2101:Goesharde
2082:Mainland
1815:philology
1605:Ripuarian
1530:Zeelandic
1500:Hollandic
1224:ignored (
1214:cite book
1206:0777-3692
1116:"Brussel"
839:loanwords
830:("bye").
824:Hollandic
800:Syldavian
725:Eindhoven
650:and then
608:Eindhoven
563:Hollandic
462:Brabantic
353:Hollandic
343:Zeelandic
299:Sallaands
249:Afrikaans
161:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
3446:Vandalic
3389:Gutnish
3194:VikvĂŠrsk
3174:SognamÄl
3164:Bergensk
3014:Cimbrian
2982:Bavarian
2939:Alsatian
2886:Lusatian
2822:Palatine
2512:Amelands
2389:Frankish
2279:Sallaans
2261:Gronings
2112:Southern
2105:Northern
2096:Halligen
2045:Insular
1862:dialects
1661:Sallands
1631:Gronings
1306:Germanic
1198:'r-atics
1096:Brabants
984:Brabants
943:Archived
789:Brussels
769:Brussels
505:), is a
474:Brabants
272:Gronings
215:Slovakia
168:brab1243
134:Southern
118:Dialects
74:Germanic
32:Brabants
3756:Brabant
3709:Italics
3332:Scanian
3278:Swedish
3227:Faroese
3205:Nynorsk
3184:Valdris
3019:MĂČcheno
2975:Swabian
2841:Hessian
2801:Hunsrik
2713:Western
2708:Eastern
2703:Yiddish
2653:creoles
2550:Bergish
2266:DrĂšents
2256:Tweants
2108:Central
2090:Mooring
1953:Frisian
1912:Kildare
1857:English
1675:Tweants
1654:DrĂšents
1584:Walloon
1570:Lorrain
1545:English
1469:Benelux
1367:Walloon
1357:Lorrain
1344:Romance
1334:Yiddish
835:Belgium
753:Antwerp
747:Belgium
737:Tilburg
691:Antwerp
638:History
627:Antwerp
616:Helmond
604:Tilburg
551:Limburg
531:Antwerp
527:Belgian
507:dialect
460:, also
309:Tweants
289:DrĂšents
129:Western
124:Eastern
48:Belgium
3425:Gothic
3295:Danish
3199:BokmÄl
2698:Yenish
2508:Bildts
2291:Veluws
2286:Urkers
2125:Strand
1849:Anglic
1689:Veluws
1682:Urkers
1577:Picard
1550:French
1362:Picard
1296:German
1291:French
1204:
1098:or as
901:yellow
843:French
816:houdoe
804:Marols
777:Marols
687:Berlin
525:, the
392:Bildts
294:Veluws
3539:South
3490:North
3100:North
3084:North
2426:Kaaps
2417:Dutch
2064:Amrum
2005:Weser
1927:Scots
1480:Dutch
1286:Dutch
1177:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1092:Dutch
1052:Bruzz
841:from
796:Hergé
785:Jette
721:Breda
600:Donge
582:Breda
578:Donge
519:Dutch
470:Dutch
230:Dutch
94:Dutch
3500:West
3495:East
3415:East
3271:East
3261:Norn
3152:West
3088:East
3086:and
2651:and
2646:Non-
2076:Sylt
2059:Föhr
1994:Ems
1919:Yola
1828:West
1226:help
1202:ISSN
828:doei
826:use
781:Mass
739:and
723:and
614:and
588:and
533:and
1192:/r/
1160:doi
751:In
561:),
464:or
456:or
3737::
1218::
1216:}}
1212:{{
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