Puerto Ricans - Knowledge

2165:, among others. Though, over 95% of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico, live in the United States (US states), there is a significant and growing number of Puerto Ricans, mainly from Puerto Rico itself but to a lesser degree stateside Puerto Ricans as well, living outside the 50 States and the US territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican populations in other countries are very small, not large enough to have dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in Florida and the US Northeast. Unsurprisingly, Puerto Rico's neighbors have the biggest Puerto Rican communities outside Puerto Rico and the US mainland, to the west Dominican Republic with as high as 20,000 Puerto Ricans according to some sources, and to the east US Virgin Islands with 7,759, 8.9% of the territory's population, second highest percentage of any US state or territory, after Puerto Rico (95.5%) and before Connecticut (8.0%). There are small numbers of Puerto Ricans in other countries like Canada, Spain, Mexico, United Kingdom, and other countries in Europe and the Caribbean/Latin America. Due to Puerto Rico being a US territory, the vast majority of Puerto Ricans leaving the island go to the mainland United States, comprising Puerto Ricans of all income brackets and lifestyles. However, majority of the small number of Puerto Ricans living outside of the United States, including outside of Puerto Rico and other territories, are usually financially well-off and entrepreneurial, owning homes and businesses in the countries they choose to settle in. Statistical counts of Puerto Rican populations in other countries usually only center on ethnic Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico. Non-Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico and later moving to target country usually wouldn't be included in a Puerto Rican population count, especially if they have ancestry of at least one parent born in target country, for example people of Dominican, Cuban, or Mexican etc ancestry born in Puerto Rico and later returning to their ancestral country- wouldn't be counted in a Puerto Rican population count, but likely rather counted as a "returning emigrant". Similarly, Puerto Ricans born in the mainland United States would be counted under an 2052:

multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race", a similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population. Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Small amounts of Puerto Ricans may have additional ancestries from other parts of the world. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European dominant in ancestry, Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described "

2098: 1268: 1246: 1542: 1831:). The Canarian cultural influence in Puerto Rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants, which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond. Many Spaniards, especially Canarians, chose Puerto Rico because of its Hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparison with other former Spanish colonies. They searched for security and stability in an environment similar to that of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico was the most suitable. This began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last significant wave of Spanish or European migration to Puerto Rico. 2455: 457: 1707: 2083:, the Spanish province where most Puerto Ricans draw their European ancestry from, being of partial North African blood. Very few self-identified Black Puerto Ricans are of unmixed African ancestry, while a genetically unmixed Amerindian population in Puerto Rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self-identified Amerindian Puerto Ricans due to a minor Amerindian component in their ancestral mixture. Research data shows that 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin and the typical Puerto Rican has between 5% and 15% Native American admixture. 168: 2114:. Even after the attempted assimilation of Puerto Rico into the United States in the early 20th century, the majority of the people of Puerto Rico feel pride in their Puerto Rican nationality, regardless of the individual's particular racial, ethnic, political, or economic background. Many Puerto Ricans are consciously aware of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the island. This diversity can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many Puerto Ricans such as the profound Latin, African, and Taíno influences regarding food, music, dance, and architecture. 190: 211: 2907:, was held on June 11, 2017, and offered three options: "Statehood", "Independence/Free Association", and "Current Territorial Status." With 23% of registered voters casting ballots, 97% voted for statehood. Benefits of statehood would include an additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited. 2129:

migrated to these areas during these times, assimilated and intermixed with the local populations. In the early days of US rule, from 1900 to the 1940s, the Puerto Rican economy was small and undeveloped, it relied heavily on agriculture. At this time, Puerto Rican migration waves were mainly to Dominican Republic, the Virgin Islands, and US cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Miami, New Orleans, and most importantly metropolitan area surrounding New York City and North Jersey. Over 5,000

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this more Puerto Ricans started to look at the US more favorably and take full advantage of their US citizenship, huge flows of Puerto Ricans started to arrive in the United States, particularly industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest, coinciding with a strong decline in Puerto Ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the US like Baltimore, New Orleans, and Hawaii. From 1940 to 1960, the stateside Puerto Rican population rose from 69,967 to 892,513.

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there were 14 native women married to Spaniards, not to mention Spaniards with concubines." Under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, as epitomized by the

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United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".

2723: 725: 125: 78: 6867: 253: 1225: 2017: 232: 6877: 6163: 3808: 1489: 2783:. The Jones Act established that Puerto Ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of Puerto Rico, and anyone born after 1898 were U.S. citizens, unless the Puerto Rican expressed his/her intentions to remain a Spanish subject. Since 1948, it was decided by Congress that all Puerto Ricans, whether born within the United States or in Puerto Rico, were naturally born 5324: 3298: 5309: 5254: 2869:

at least one year residence in Puerto Rico. The citizenship is internationally recognized by Spain, which considers Puerto Rico to be an Ibero-American nation. Therefore, Puerto Rican citizens have the ability to apply for Spanish citizenship after only two years residency in Spain (instead of the standard 10 years).

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individuals, although often correlating with their self-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than 10% to over 50%, while European ancestry ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.

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the total of Puerto Ricans that self-identified as White was 17.1% or 560,592 out of the 3,285,874 people living in Puerto Rico, down from 75.8% in the 2010 Census, reflecting a change in perceptions of race in Puerto Rico. For every United States census until 2010, most Puerto Ricans self identified

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Puerto Rico's self-identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous-identified persons (oftentimes with predominant Indigenous ancestry, but not always) from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, even when most other Puerto Ricans

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Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is about 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with European ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and West African ancestry strongest on the east side, and the

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estimates give a total of 3,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified as "Native" Puerto Ricans. It also gives a total of 3,644,515 (91.9%) of the population being born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 (5.1%) born in the United States. The total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773 (8.1%). Of the 108,262

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Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican-born parent; or be an American citizen with

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Spanish and English are the official languages of the entire Commonwealth. A 1902 English-only language law was abolished on April 5, 1991. Then on January 28, 1993, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico approved Law Number 1 again making Spanish and English the official languages of Puerto Rico.

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from 1900 to 1901. Puerto Rican migration to the US northeast started as early as the 1890s; however, it was a very, very small flow at the time. During the 1940s, Puerto Rican desire for independence slowly started to decline while desire for statehood and dependence on the US started rise, due to

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In genetic terms, even many of those of pure Spanish origin would have North and, in some cases, West African ancestry brought from founder populations, particularly in the Canary Islands. Along with European, West African, and Taino, many Puerto Ricans have small amounts of North African blood due

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A study of a sample of 96 healthy self-identified White Puerto Ricans and self-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on

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The native Taino population began to dwindle, with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, through disease and intermarriage. Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. "By 1530

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Public school instruction in Puerto Rico is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully

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occurred on November 6, 2012. The result a 54% majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island's territorial political status, and in favor of a new status. Of votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood. This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood

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Indigenous people make up the third largest racial identity among Puerto Ricans, comprising 0.5% of the population. Although this self-identification may be ethno-political in nature since unmixed Tainos no longer exist as a discrete genetic population. Native American admixture in Puerto Ricans

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The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with most living on the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. Within the United States, Puerto Ricans are present in all states of the Union, and the states with the largest

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The UN's Special Committee has referred often to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the

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Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed-race, few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so. They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as

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Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), p. 588-589. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial," 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and

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Puerto Rican Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island. The US Census Bureau's 2015 update provides the following: 94.1% of adults speak Spanish, 5.8% speak only English and little to no Spanish, 78.3% do not speak English "very well", 15.8% are fully

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During the Spanish colonial period, there was significant migration from Puerto Rico to Santo Domingo (DR), Cuba, the Virgin Islands, and Venezuela, and vice versa, because migration between neighboring colonies especially under the same European power, was common. Nearly all Puerto Ricans who

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has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. While the Spanish spoken in all Iberian, Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish Maritime Provinces was brought to the island over the centuries, the most profound regional

3732: 1583:. In fact, it was estimated that the majority of all the Amerindian inhabitants of the New World died out due to contact and contamination with those Old World diseases, while those that survived were further reduced through deaths by warfare with Spanish colonizers and settlers. 5320: 3294: 3633:

Via, Mark; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsey; Fejerman, Laura; Galander, Joshua; Choudhry, Shweta; Toro-Labrador, Gladys; Viera-Vera, Jorge; Oleksyk, Taras K.; Beckman, Kenneth; Ziv, Elad; Risch, Neil; González Burchard, Esteban; Nartínez-Cruzado, Juan Carlos (2011).

5410: 3749: 2822:, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The Resident Commissioner is elected by Puerto Ricans to a four-year term and does serve on 945:

natives that inhabited the island at the time European colonizers arrived in 1493. Recent studies in population genetics have concluded that Puerto Rican gene pool is on average predominantly European, with a significant Sub-Saharan African, North African

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ancestry, a North African Berber ethnic group who were the original inhabitants before Spanish conquest. This means that by extension, many Puerto Ricans have minuscule amounts of North African blood through the indigenous Guanches of the Canary Islands.

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advocates. In all earlier referendum, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum.

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article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent of identify themselves as Catholic". The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other.

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In 1998, a news report stated that "Puerto Rico no longer predominantly Catholic". Pollster Pablo Ramos wrote that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches. However, an

3190: 2806:, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with state-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in 5414: 3747: 5838: 5789: 2202:, the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source data. A 1986 estimate places the Puerto Rican deaf population to be between 8,000 and 40,000. Due to ongoing colonization from the US mainland, the larger 933:. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia as well as from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. Puerto Rico has also been influenced by 3523:

Indigenous Puerto Rico: DNA evidence upsets established history: DNA evidence shows that most Puerto Ricans are a blending of Taino (Indian), Spanish and African according to studies by Dr. Juan Martinez-Cruzado.

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during the 18th and 19th centuries, so many so that whole Puerto Rican villages and towns were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their descendants would later form a majority of the population on the island.

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The Puerto Rico of today has come to form some of its own social customs, cultural matrix, historically rooted traditions, and its own unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions within the

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statistic, so the Puerto Rican populations abroad may be slightly larger as some may be stateside-born and counted as "American" rather than "Puerto Rican" on local government statistics on immigrants.

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

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of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population.

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In the modern day, there are about 5.9 million Puerto Ricans in the US mainland. Large concentrations can be found in the Northeast region and in Florida, in the metropolitan areas of

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and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization." In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.

4911: 6822: 5166: 2075:, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA." 6375: 4784: 2978: 5484: 4994: 5955: 1633:(though the island was French since 1768 the population spoke an Italian dialect similar to Tuscan Italian) during the 19th century immigrated to Puerto Rico, along with 6832: 2973: 6033: 4715: 6395: 6005: 5842:

Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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Puerto Rico has held four referendums to determine whether to retain its status as a territory or to switch to some other status such as statehood. The fourth, the

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influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico has been from that spoken in the present-day Canary Islands. The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes occasional

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denominations has increased under U.S. sovereignty, making modern Puerto Rico an inter-denominational, multi-religious community. The Afro-Caribbean religion

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words, typically in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West

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who were foreign born outside the United States (2.7% of Puerto Ricans), 92.9% were born in Latin America, 3.8% in Europe, 2.7% in Asia, 0.2% in

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There are many religious beliefs represented in the island. Religious breakdown in Puerto Rico (as of 2006) is given in the table on the right.

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Tang, Hua; Choudhry, Shweta; Mei, Rui; Morgan, Martin; Rodríguez-Clintron, William; González Burchard, Esteban; Risch, Neil (August 1, 2007).

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of unmixed African descent are only a significant minority. Also present in today's Puerto Ricans are traces (about 10-15%) of the aboriginal

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levels of Taino ancestry (which, according to some research, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.

1559:; however, as in other parts of the Americas, the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of Spanish settlers. Besides 888: 4444: 3521: 5466: 3805: 2630: 2397:

has been the main Christian denomination among Puerto Ricans since the arrival of the Spanish in the 15th century, but the presence of

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populations of Puerto Ricans relative to the national population of Puerto Ricans in the United States at large are the states of

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https://www.americansall.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/ethnic-and-cultural/9.9_Puerto_Ricans_Immigrants_and_Migrants.pdf}

5009: 3115:, but the term is not considered offensive by Puerto Ricans. It has been most famously used by Puerto Rican musicians, including 2751: 753: 5874: 6921: 6754: 6167: 5948: 2846: 2811: 6097:, by Edna Acosta-Belen, et al. (Albany, New York: Center for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies, SUNY-Albany, 2000) 4329:"Latino populations: a unique opportunity for the study of race, genetics, and social environment in epidemiological research" 6023: 5896: 5854: 5805: 5096: 4647: 2858: 2823: 2195:

fluent in English. English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school.

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and have been included in the compulsory draft when it has been in effect. Puerto Ricans have fully participated in all

2826:. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.S. states have all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in the states. 6727: 6309: 6243: 5113:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 4135: 3358: 3243:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN - United States - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 3018: 3008: 2658: 2547: 2515: 2479: 2130: 1985: 1971: 1069: 851: 660: 549: 517: 481: 365: 3929: 6774: 6749: 6739: 6337: 6288: 6273: 6261: 4539: 4425: 4046: 3217:"B03001 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin - Puerto Rico - 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 2795: 2552: 2532: 2520: 2166: 1855: 1839: 1770: 1649: 1634: 1599: 1528: 554: 534: 522: 400: 385: 380: 5823: 3282:

El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana: Cuadro 2.4. Los Haitianos son el principal grupo de inmigrantes

3160: 895:. The population of Puerto Ricans is between 9 and 10 million worldwide, with the overwhelming majority residing in 6794: 6744: 6717: 6278: 5607: 5481:

Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.

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as that is a right reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the District of Columbia through the

4403:"La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte" 3537:"La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte" 6789: 6181: 5821:

XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15.

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of 1917. Since this law was the result of Congressional legislation, and not the result of an amendment to the

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For its 2020 census, the U.S. Census Bureau listed the following groups to constitute "Asian": Asian Indian,

1699:, which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white, which was the opposite of " 496: 6901: 4082: 2838: 2653: 1779:, taken the year Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following its invasion and annexation in the 892: 655: 173: 4642:. middle of second paragraph under 'Africans in Puerto Rico': by Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 4014: 1645:, immigrated to Puerto Rico. They were followed by smaller waves from other European countries and China. 6332: 3824: 3194: 3164: 2943: 2744: 2639: 2222:

like ASL. Indeed, there is a hesitancy amongst Puerto Rican Deaf to even mention LSPR after heavy handed

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People of "Some other race alone" or "Two or more races" constituted 75.3% of the population in the 2020

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Francisco H. Vazquez. Page 372. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2012.

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The majority of the European ancestry in Puerto Ricans comes from southern Spain, more specifically the

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VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma," 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).

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in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, when thousands of

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Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-century Puerto Rico

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. 1986. Page 466. Retrieved December 4, 2012.

4442: 2983: 2625: 2580: 2542: 2214:). Although assumed to be a dialect or variant of ASL, it is currently unknown the degree of 1843: 1629:

with the intention of attracting non-Spanish Europeans to settle in the island, thousands of

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Boricua Hawaiiana: Puerto Ricans of Hawaii—Reflections of the Past and Mirrors of the Future

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The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

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The San Juan Star, Sunday, April 12, 1998: "Study reflects growing numbers of churchgoers".

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Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (May 8, 2012). Retrieved December 4, 2012.

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Crowd gathering on a street in Puerto Rico in 1939, photographed by Robert Yarnall Richie

1379: 1347: 1101: 602: 350: 82: 4686: 4270: 4217: 3651: 2772:, the current U.S. citizenship of Puerto Ricans can be revoked by Congress, as they are 6647: 6637: 6627: 6596: 6566: 6526: 6327: 6225: 5981: 5760: 5659:"Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation" 5606:. International Association for Language Education Policy Studies. 2013. Archived from 5116: 5047: 4854: 4829: 4353: 4328: 4236: 4201: 3989: 3959: 3670: 3635: 3610: 3585: 3246: 3220: 2727: 2510: 1912: 1891: 1603: 1506: 1363: 1132: 839: 729: 512: 355: 195: 6642: 6622: 6576: 6450: 6095:"Adiós, Borinquen querida": The Puerto Rican Diaspora, Its History, and Contributions 5870: 5850: 5801: 5574: 5562: 5269:"Empresarios de Puerto Rico buscan oportunidades de negocios en República Dominicana" 5092: 5051: 4859: 4643: 4358: 4241: 4131: 4090: 3675: 3615: 3375: 2764:

Puerto Ricans became citizens of the United States as a result of the passage of the

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The White House. Washington, D.C. Appendix E. December 2005. Retrieved May 17, 2012.

5028:"Building an Occupation: Puerto Rican Laborers in the Dominican Republic, 1916–1924" 3526:

Rick Kearns Updated: Sep 13, 2018. Original: Sep 6, 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

3116: 6632: 6405: 6126: 5084: 5039: 4849: 4841: 4348: 4340: 4231: 4221: 3951: 3927:

Dr. Lynne Guitar. KACIKE: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology.

3665: 3655: 3605: 3597: 3079: 2697: 2575: 2422: 2402: 2231: 2107: 2080: 2068:

very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and Dominican Republic. According to the

1812: 1554: 1003: 959: 780: 770: 699: 577: 6142: 6103:, by Blase Camacho Souza (Honolulu: Puerto Rican Heritage Society of Hawaii, 1982) 5181:"Puertorriqueños buscan nuevas oportunidades en República Dominicana | Video" 4828:

Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM (October 2009).

4200:

Via, Marc; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsay A.; et al. (January 2011).

3124: 2020: 1958:

of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed-race or even as white.

1318: 6483: 6064: 6009: 5840: 5827: 5791: 5746: 5725: 5636: 5519: 5488: 5374: 5354: 4543: 4448: 4226: 4068: 4050: 3933: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3771: 3753: 3660: 3461: 3409: 3328: 3100: 2146: 2142: 1993: 1863: 1820: 1816: 1804: 1615: 918: 858: 6353: 4559: 4184:"Cerca del 40% de los puertorriqueños con genes europeos descienden de Canarias" 4061: 4015:"Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland" 2829:

As statutory U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico may enlist in the

1954:

ranges between about 5% and 35%, with around 15% being the approximate average.

1550: 6028: 4607: 4377:"Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana" 2953: 2914:

would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the

2235: 2227: 2199: 2162: 2158: 1975: 1875: 1867: 1808: 1800: 1723: 1619: 1611: 1587: 930: 869: 420: 405: 395: 375: 6148: 5539: 5509: 5283:"Empresarios de Puerto Rico llegan a RD en busca de oportunidades de negocios" 5195:"U.S. Census Shows V.I. Aging, Growing More Hispanic | St. Thomas Source" 3963: 2810:

being held in Puerto Rico. U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect

6895: 5578: 5043: 4344: 4327:

González Burchard, E; Borrell, LN; Choudhry, S; et al. (December 2005).

4094: 3736: 3435: 3191:"Cumulative Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 for Puerto Rico" 3104: 2830: 2790:

Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in

2398: 2027: 1920: 1915:

taking place from many groups in the African continent, but particularly the

1879: 1828: 1726:, this is also true for many Dominicans and Cubans. Canarians are of partial 1700: 1653: 1560: 975: 332: 152: 3111:

to refer to Puerto Ricans or Puerto Rico. It is occasionally mistaken for a

3057:

are male-specific when ending in «o» and female-specific when ending in «a».

1749: 1710:

Two men sit by the side of a road with the ocean behind them in Puerto Rico.

4863: 4362: 4245: 4156: 3955: 3923: 3679: 3619: 3492:

Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española: Diccionario de Americanismos

3108: 1989: 1981: 1948: 1928: 1904: 1871: 1851: 1784: 1673: 1333:

Self-identified racial and ethnic composition in Puerto Rico - 2020 Census

971: 847: 843: 804: 4775:

U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.

4536: 4429: 4043: 6428: 6206: 5820: 4995:"Teaching Guide for The History of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. - Part Two: 4845: 2406: 2039: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1580: 1568: 1152: 979: 896: 865: 823: 360: 327: 279: 130: 95: 6115:, by Frances Negrón-Muntaner (New York: New York University Press, 2004) 4799:"Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History" 3487: 2414: 6445: 6139:

Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City

5544: 5511:

Puerto Rican Sign Language: A Creole Language or an Endangered Dialect?

3112: 2998: 2370: 2279: 1997: 1602:

masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the

983: 967: 880: 6109:, by Lisa Sénchez González (New York: New York University Press, 2001) 4322: 4320: 3586:"Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans" 3362:(in Dutch). January 1, 2019. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022 1586:

Thousands of Spanish settlers also immigrated to Puerto Rico from the

77: 6498: 6145:

and Félix Matos Rodríguez (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004)

4293: 4291: 4018: 3132: 2948: 2374: 2303: 2016: 1630: 1576: 926: 917:

The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred to as a

808: 309: 258: 6024:"23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood" 4741: 4639:

A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents

3977: 3975: 3973: 3512:

The Atlantic. Ed Yong. September 18, 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

1900:, 7.0% of people self-identified as Black. Africans were brought by 1224: 937:, with many Puerto Ricans partially descended from Africans, though 6113:

Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture

6107:

Boricua Literature: A Literary History of the Puerto Rican Diaspora

4685:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. February 7, 2006. Archived from 4582:"MANUEL MORA MORALES: Canarios en Puerto Rico. CANARIAS EMIGRACIÓN" 4317: 4269:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. February 7, 2006. Archived from 3601: 2862: 2854: 2390: 2355: 2191:

bilingual in both English and Spanish, 0.1% speak other languages.

2060: 1727: 987: 947: 876: 827: 415: 410: 104: 6314: 5437:"Puerto Rico 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 4830:"The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)" 4288: 3083: 2557: 2247: 2004:, and Other Asian. Though, the largest groups come from China and 951: 854: 559: 27:

People from Puerto Rico or who identify culturally as Puerto Rican

6467: 6455: 5167:"En aumento emigración de puertorriqueños a República Dominicana" 4904:"Reconnecting The Circuit Of Puerto Rican Identity Through Music" 4772:

2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico.

3970: 3354:"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond" 2223: 2054: 2035: 1944: 1657: 1564: 1065: 1007: 963: 5897:"Puerto Rico votes for U.S. statehood in non-binding referendum" 4326: 6927:

Multiracial ethnic groups in insular areas of the United States

6162: 3950:(in Spanish). Vol. 54. Colegio de Mexico. pp. 79–82. 3719:

US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010

3466:

Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española

3440:

Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española

3414:

Diccionario de la Lengua Española por la Real Academia Española

2910:

Even with the Puerto Ricans' vote for statehood, action by the

2378: 2342: 2316: 1319:

Current population and its self-identified racial makeup (2020)

815: 237: 216: 5139:"Migración a la inversa: Boricuas se establecen en Dominicana" 4114:

Falcón in Falcón, Haslip-Viera and Matos-Rodríguez 2004: Ch. 6

5718:

Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status.

5077:

Thomas, Lorrin (2015). "Puerto Ricans in the United States".

2979:

List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

2382: 2329: 2183:

for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. The

2101:"A Puerto Rican family lives here" sign on a wall in San Juan 2005: 1901: 1595: 1572: 1267: 1245: 991: 942: 922: 6060:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood" 3806:

An Account of the Present State of the Island of Puerto Rico

2218:

between Puerto Rican Sign Language nor whether it is even a

4083:"Why Some Black Puerto Ricans Choose 'White' on the Census" 3721:

Retrieved March 25, 2012 - select state from drop-down menu

2974:

List of Puerto Rican Presidential Citizens Medal recipients

1799:

ancestry of Puerto Ricans comes primarily from one source:

1669: 1606:

and settled in the west coast of the island, especially in

1500:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

3161:"Nevada and Idaho Are the Nation's Fastest-Growing States" 6053: 6051: 5436: 4827: 2386: 1652:

began to settle in Puerto Rico. The first large group of

1622:

who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries.

1023:

The populations during Spanish rule of Puerto Rico were:

3741: 2872: 2254:

were adopted in the contexts of foods, music or dances.

1907:. The vast majority of the Africans who were brought to 2881: 6048: 5845:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 5796:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 5255:"De moda el que boricuas hagan negocios en Dominicana" 4152:"Mapping Puerto Rican Heritage with Spit and Genomics" 3632: 5970: 5403: 3583: 2429: 164: 5514:(Master of Arts). Northeastern Illinois University. 2925: 2916:

Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution

2000:, Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Taiwanese, Thai, 186: 5563:"Puerto Rican and Deaf: A View from the Borderland" 3946:Santullano, Luis A. (March 10, 2019). "El jíbaro". 3276: 3274: 2008:. These groups represented 0.1% of the population. 1758:

was a Puerto Rican military officer and politician.

1689:. Under Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such as 5390:, Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998. 5297:"Boricuas viven su retiro en República Dominicana" 5153:"Puertorriqueños emigran en masa hacia Dominicana" 4513:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 4453: 4420: 4418: 4416: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 6383: 6135:, by Roberto Santiago (New York: One World, 1995) 5739:Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society. 5225:"Dominican Economy Lures Puerto Ricans in Crisis" 6893: 5978:"An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate" 5656: 5388:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 5321:"2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations" 5080:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 3758: 3380:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3295:"2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations" 3271: 2369:The majority of Puerto Ricans in the island are 1549:The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico are the 5996: 5105: 4944:"History of Puerto Ricans In the US - PART TWO" 4413: 4299:"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations" 3837: 3555:"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations" 143: 5411:"U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007" 4735: 4733: 4475: 4199: 3871:. Department of Commerce. 2016. Archived from 3834:Census of "Porto Rico" (Old Spelling) Page 57. 3209: 1703:" in US society after the American Civil War. 1029:Ethnic composition of Puerto Rico 1765 - 1897 6369: 6189: 2745: 1301:Indigenous: Taino people, Also Arawak people. 747: 270: 121: 63: 47: 6003:Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time 5949:"Puerto Rico vote could change ties to U.S." 5765:The North American Congress on Latin America 5705:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15% 4970:"Puerto Rican Migration Before World War II" 4896: 4007: 3529: 850:society, descending in varying degrees from 6133:Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings 4730: 4631: 4629: 3818: 3686: 249: 6376: 6362: 6196: 6182: 5600:"Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico" 4936: 4740:Rivera, Melvin Gonzalez (August 3, 2015). 4123: 4108: 3945: 3917: 2752: 2738: 2453: 1834:Other sources of European populations are 1428:Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 1013: 754: 740: 455: 76: 5889: 4853: 4352: 4235: 4225: 3939: 3925:Documenting the Myth of Taino Extinction. 3895:"Puerto Rico Virtual Jewish History Tour" 3669: 3659: 3609: 1783:, 61.8% of the people were identified as 1529:Learn how and when to remove this message 1018: 5980:. Let Puerto Rico Decide. Archived from 5507: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 4626: 3859: 3857: 3825:Report on the census of Porto Rico, 1899 3774:By Michael R. Haines, Richard H. Steckel 2096: 2015: 1705: 1540: 1478: 228: 207: 5508:Quiñones, Frances Michelle (May 2021). 5413:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from 5367:The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico. 4614:from the original on September 24, 2015 4081:Alford, Natasha S. (February 9, 2020). 3782: 3780: 3183: 3153: 1734: 1656:to settle in Puerto Rico were European 1594:In 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue ( 921:largely derived from the traditions of 785:, but also occasionally referred to as 14: 6894: 6021: 5954:. Associated Press. November 4, 2012. 5877:from the original on February 11, 2017 5771:from the original on February 22, 2017 5669:from the original on February 18, 2017 5560: 5447:from the original on December 27, 1996 5217: 5076: 5025: 4962: 4752:from the original on November 18, 2019 4739: 4635: 4383:from the original on December 16, 2018 4195: 4193: 4080: 3905:from the original on December 26, 2015 3696:. Medgar Evers College. Archived from 3590:The American Journal of Human Genetics 3171:from the original on December 20, 2018 2905:Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017 6357: 6177: 5903:from the original on November 4, 2013 5758: 5494: 5089:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.32 4793: 4791: 4124:Kinsbruner, Jay (February 22, 1996). 4062:Puerto Rico's Historical Demographics 3854: 3765:A Population History of North America 3060: 3041:is gender-neutral, whereas the terms 3031: 891:, and are considerably influenced by 812:archipelago and island of Puerto Rico 6876: 6057: 6036:from the original on August 13, 2017 4914:from the original on January 8, 2019 4803:National Geographic Society Newsroom 4742:"Spanish and English in Puerto Rico" 4656:from the original on January 2, 2016 4588:from the original on January 2, 2016 3777: 3089: 3014:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 2897:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 1482: 838:. Puerto Ricans are predominately a 116:Regions with significant populations 5761:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations" 5657:Associated Press (March 12, 2014). 5327:from the original on April 22, 2018 4870: 4608:"The Spanish Of The Canary Islands" 4190: 3887: 3301:from the original on April 22, 2018 2393:all have a small presence as well. 1941:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean 24: 6851: 6141:, edited by Gabriel Haslip-Viera, 6088: 5689:"Puerto Rico - People and Society" 5231:. January 25, 2016. Archived from 4948:Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños 4834:European Journal of Human Genetics 4788: 4718:from the original on April 4, 2019 4405:. February 6, 2010. Archived from 3539:. February 6, 2010. Archived from 3359:Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 3019:Puerto Ricans in the United States 3009:Puerto Rican migration to New York 2430:Political and international status 2377:have a large secondary following. 2086: 1972:Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico 25: 6938: 6338:Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico 6155: 6058:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). 6022:Robles, Frances (June 11, 2017). 5958:from the original on May 25, 2017 5873:. United Nations. June 20, 2016. 5604:Language Education Policy Studies 4997:Labor Migration and U.S. Policies 1771:Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico 1221: 974:, with large populations also in 6875: 6866: 6865: 6823:Stereotypes in the United States 6205: 6161: 6015: 5941: 5915: 5863: 5832: 5814: 5752: 5731: 5710: 5681: 5650: 5641: 5622: 5592: 5554: 5533: 5473: 5443:. Department of Commerce. 2016. 3815:By George D. Flinter (Page: 206) 3396:"Key findings about Puerto Rico" 2928: 2835:U.S. wars and military conflicts 2721: 2212:Lenguaje de Señas Puertorriqueño 2131:Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii 1748: 1487: 1266: 1244: 1223: 723: 272: 251: 230: 209: 188: 166: 145: 123: 6907:Cultural history of Puerto Rico 5459: 5429: 5393: 5380: 5359: 5339: 5323:. 2.statcan.ca. April 2, 2011. 5313: 5303: 5289: 5275: 5261: 5247: 5187: 5173: 5159: 5145: 5131: 5070: 5058: 5019: 5006:Center for Puerto Rican Studies 4987: 4926: 4821: 4805:. July 25, 2014. Archived from 4778: 4764: 4704: 4668: 4600: 4574: 4558:. March 3, 2016. Archived from 4548: 4530: 4505: 4436: 4395: 4369: 4252: 4176: 4144: 4117: 4074: 4055: 4037: 4025: 3983:"Puerto Rico's History on race" 3799: 3724: 3712: 3626: 3577: 3547: 3515: 3506: 3480: 3454: 3428: 3402: 3388: 3346: 3297:. 2.statcan.ca. April 2, 2011. 2994:Military history of Puerto Rico 2989:List of Stateside Puerto Ricans 2969:History of women in Puerto Rico 2886:political status of Puerto Rico 2798:system. Nevertheless, both the 2206:(ASL) is supplanting the local 1679: 889:birthright American citizenship 887:, Puerto Ricans have automatic 5899:. CBS News. November 7, 2012. 4676:"How Puerto Rico Became White" 4260:"How Puerto Rico Became White" 3333: 3313: 3287: 3261: 3235: 3082:» and «Borinquen», indigenous 2682:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 1648:During the early 20th century 1627:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 1304: 1294: 684:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 13: 1: 6922:Social history of Puerto Rico 6833:In the United States Congress 6385:Hispanic and Latino Americans 4584:. YouTube. January 20, 2008. 3146: 2179:All official business of the 2117: 1934: 4227:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 4071:Retrieved November 10, 2011. 3661:10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 2081:settlers from Canary Islands 1610:. Some Puerto Ricans are of 1281: 1276: 1259: 1254: 1237: 1232: 7: 6333:Demographics of Puerto Rico 3195:United States Census Bureau 3165:United States Census Bureau 2944:Demographics of Puerto Rico 2921: 2362: 2359: 2349: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2323: 2320: 2310: 2307: 2297: 2294: 2286: 2283: 2257: 2210:(PRSL, also known as LSPR: 2173: 1290:1765 Census. (First census) 954:inhabitants, respectively. 913:Demographics of Puerto Rico 906: 10: 6943: 5540:Puerto Rican Sign Language 5353:February 14, 2007, at the 3811:February 25, 2017, at the 3327:February 14, 2007, at the 2770:United States Constitution 2208:Puerto Rican Sign Language 2121: 2090: 2033: 1965: 1938: 1911:did so as a result of the 1889: 1764: 1598:), revolted against their 1306: 1296: 910: 779:), most commonly known as 29: 6846: 6815: 6710: 6684: 6658: 6615: 6554: 6509: 6476: 6421: 6391: 6323: 6297: 6252: 6234: 6218: 6008:November 3, 2013, at the 5635:November 2, 2014, at the 5373:October 10, 2017, at the 5347:Los extranjeros en México 4140:– via Google Books. 4130:. Duke University Press. 3770:February 3, 2017, at the 3321:Los extranjeros en México 2884:has been considering the 2226:of English, Spanish, and 1898:2020 United States Census 1789:2020 United States Census 1643:Great Famine of the 1840s 1641:who were affected by the 1465: 1455: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1426: 1421: 1410: 1405: 1394: 1389: 1378: 1373: 1364:Black or African American 1362: 1357: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1311: : Slave population. 1292:1802 Census. 1897 Census 1288: 1028: 1006:, and 0.1% in Africa and 999:American Community Survey 346: 341: 323: 318: 295: 290: 269: 248: 227: 206: 185: 163: 142: 120: 115: 94: 89: 75: 58: 5745:January 2, 2016, at the 5631:Retrieved June 9, 2009. 5487:August 31, 2012, at the 5044:10.1215/15476715-3595964 4636:Lipski, John M. (2005). 4345:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068668 3024: 3004:Puerto Rican citizenship 2964:History of Puerto Ricans 2011: 1984:, Bhutanese, Cambodian, 1961: 1885: 1739: 1553:, who called the island 925:, and more specifically 6343:Stateside Puerto Ricans 6121:United States of Banana 6012:, CNN, November 7, 2012 5952:San Francisco Chronicle 5561:Torres, Andrés (2009). 5550:(subscription required) 4878:"Explore all countries" 4542:March 24, 2011, at the 4034:Retrieved June 8, 2009. 3936:Retrieved May 23, 2010. 3787:HISTORIA DE PUERTO RICO 3559:The Genographic Project 2824:congressional committee 2234:between ASL, PRSL, and 2230:. Today, there is much 2124:Stateside Puerto Ricans 1850:(especially Azoreans), 1625:When Spain revived the 1614:heritage, most notably 1014:Number of Puerto Ricans 32:Stateside Puerto Ricans 6917:Society of Puerto Rico 6912:Culture of Puerto Rico 6129:(AmazonCrossing, 2011) 5759:López, Ana M. (2014). 5026:Wright, Micah (2016). 4447:June 28, 2012, at the 3956:10.2307/j.ctvbcd2vs.13 3932:June 27, 2009, at the 3899:Jewish Virtual Library 3830:July 16, 2017, at the 3792:March 4, 2016, at the 3735:February 10, 2020, at 3341:Estadísticas Venezuela 3086:names for Puerto Rico. 2959:History of Puerto Rico 2912:United States Congress 2876:and status referendums 2837:since 1898, including 2808:presidential primaries 2792:presidential elections 2785:United States citizens 2728:Puerto Rico portal 2485:Holyoke, Massachusetts 2243:Spanish of Puerto Rico 2216:mutual intelligibility 2204:American Sign Language 2102: 2093:Culture of Puerto Rico 2031: 1711: 1662:German–occupied Europe 1546: 1509:by rewriting it in an 1063:Other (incl: African, 1019:Population (1765–1897) 901:mainland United States 774: 730:Puerto Rico portal 487:Holyoke, Massachusetts 64: 48: 5467:"Explore Census Data" 5386:"Official Language," 5141:. September 30, 2013. 4712:"Explore Census Data" 4049:July 5, 2011, at the 4021:on December 12, 2012. 3752:June 6, 2011, at the 3167:. December 19, 2018. 2984:List of Puerto Ricans 2820:Resident Commissioner 2100: 2019: 1709: 1544: 1479:Ancestry and genetics 1443:Other races (838,316) 859:Southwestern European 342:Related ethnic groups 6434:Creoles of Louisiana 6170:at Wikimedia Commons 6151:, PR Taíno DNA study 6068:. DC. Archived from 5984:on February 16, 2012 5610:on February 22, 2017 5285:. November 30, 2021. 5205:on February 10, 2013 4910:. November 2, 2014. 4846:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46 4692:on November 23, 2017 4610:. Personal.psu.edu. 4493:on December 12, 2012 4461:"The World Factbook" 4409:on February 6, 2010. 4305:on February 27, 2017 4276:on November 23, 2017 3565:on February 27, 2017 3543:on February 6, 2010. 3436:"puertorriqueño -ña" 3410:"puertorriqueño, ña" 2936:United States portal 2812:U.S. representatives 2462:By region or country 2112:Puerto Rican Spanish 1781:Spanish–American War 1756:Ramón Power y Giralt 1735:Self-identified race 1556:Borikén or Borinquen 818:identified with the 464:By region or country 30:For other uses, see 6902:Puerto Rican people 6838:Women in journalism 6401:Hispanic and Latino 6168:Puerto Rican people 6119:Yo soy Boricua in " 6072:on February 4, 2017 5929:on November 7, 2012 4218:2011PLoSO...616513V 3995:on February 7, 2012 3875:on February 6, 2017 3652:2011PLoSO...616513V 2707:Spanish (Castilian) 2417:is also practiced. 2411:Jehovah's Witnesses 2292:Non-religious/other 2220:Francosign language 2198:Home to a sizeable 2181:U.S. District Court 2073:Genographic Project 2070:National Geographic 2023:is the first known 1996:, Korean, Laotian, 1968:Asian Puerto Ricans 1767:White Puerto Ricans 883:. As citizens of a 709:Spanish (Castilian) 174:U.S. Virgin Islands 83:Flag of Puerto Rico 55: 6328:Portal:Puerto Rico 5826:2009-07-31 at the 5724:2007-09-25 at the 5299:. August 31, 2018. 5229:Caribbean Business 5199:stthomassource.com 5169:. August 31, 2018. 5117:U.S. Census Bureau 5015:on April 20, 2021. 4333:Am J Public Health 4087:The New York Times 4067:2016-03-03 at the 4032:CIA World Factbook 3247:U.S. Census Bureau 3221:U.S. Census Bureau 2859:War in Afghanistan 2774:statutory citizens 2766:Jones–Shafroth Act 2688:Jones–Shafroth Act 2185:official languages 2103: 2032: 1892:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1712: 1604:Dominican Republic 1547: 1511:encyclopedic style 1498:is written like a 939:Afro-Puerto Ricans 690:Jones–Shafroth Act 196:Dominican Republic 42: 6889: 6888: 6550: 6549: 6351: 6350: 6166:Media related to 5856:978-92-1-810211-9 5807:978-92-1-810211-9 5548:(18th ed., 2015) 5235:on April 10, 2021 5155:. September 2018. 5098:978-0-19-932917-5 4950:. August 23, 2021 4809:on March 24, 2020 4649:978-0-521-82265-7 4426:"2010.census.gov" 3398:. March 29, 2017. 2796:Electoral College 2762: 2761: 2649:Roman Catholicism 2395:Roman Catholicism 2367: 2366: 2252:African languages 2224:oralist education 1635:German immigrants 1539: 1538: 1531: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1396:Two or more races 1316: 1315: 1312: 1302: 1291: 764: 763: 651:Roman Catholicism 434: 433: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6934: 6879: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6855: 6807:Washington, D.C. 6685:Religious groups 6510:Central American 6474: 6473: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6210: 6209: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6174: 6165: 6127:Giannina Braschi 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6055: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6019: 6013: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5925:. Archived from 5919: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5836: 5830: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5756: 5750: 5735: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5639: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5505: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5363: 5357: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5271:. December 2021. 5265: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5201:. Archived from 5191: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5008:. Archived from 5003: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4562:on March 3, 2016 4556:"Racial Amnesia" 4552: 4546: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4489:. Archived from 4487:www.mona.uwi.edu 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4432:on July 6, 2011. 4428:. Archived from 4422: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4301:. Archived from 4295: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4229: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4186:. July 19, 2017. 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164:on March 4, 2016 4160:. Archived from 4148: 4142: 4141: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4078: 4072: 4059: 4053: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4017:. Archived from 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3988:. Archived from 3987: 3979: 3968: 3967: 3948:Mirada al Caribe 3943: 3937: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3803: 3797: 3784: 3775: 3762: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3700:on June 11, 2010 3690: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3663: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3561:. Archived from 3551: 3545: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3462:"puertorriqueño" 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3140: 3093: 3087: 3064: 3058: 3035: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2880:Since 1953, the 2804:Republican Party 2800:Democratic Party 2754: 2747: 2740: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2457: 2434: 2433: 2423:Associated Press 2274:% of Population 2265: 2264: 2108:Spanish language 1752: 1696:Gracias al Sacar 1639:Irish immigrants 1534: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1271: 1270: 1249: 1248: 1227: 1026: 1025: 1004:Northern America 893:American culture 844:Spanish-speaking 756: 749: 742: 728: 727: 726: 459: 436: 435: 282: 278: 276: 275: 261: 257: 255: 254: 240: 236: 234: 233: 219: 215: 213: 212: 198: 194: 192: 191: 176: 172: 170: 169: 155: 151: 149: 148: 133: 129: 127: 126: 103: 90:Total population 80: 67: 56: 51: 41: 21: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6811: 6706: 6680: 6654: 6611: 6546: 6505: 6472: 6417: 6387: 6382: 6352: 6347: 6319: 6293: 6248: 6230: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6158: 6149:Taino-tribe.org 6091: 6089:Further reading 6086: 6085: 6075: 6073: 6065:Washington Post 6056: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6020: 6016: 6010:Wayback Machine 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5837: 5833: 5828:Wayback Machine 5819: 5815: 5808: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5747:Wayback Machine 5736: 5732: 5726:Wayback Machine 5715: 5711: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5637:Wayback Machine 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5506: 5495: 5489:Wayback Machine 5478: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5417:on May 16, 2013 5409: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5381: 5375:Wayback Machine 5364: 5360: 5355:Wayback Machine 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5257:. October 2013. 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5183:. May 16, 2019. 5179: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5038:(3–4): 83–103. 5024: 5020: 5012: 5001: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4840:(10): 1314–24. 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4738: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4650: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4544:Wayback Machine 4537:2010.census.gov 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4449:Wayback Machine 4441: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4325: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4198: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4079: 4075: 4069:Wayback Machine 4060: 4056: 4051:Wayback Machine 4044:2010.census.gov 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3971: 3944: 3940: 3934:Wayback Machine 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3832:Wayback Machine 3823: 3819: 3813:Wayback Machine 3804: 3800: 3794:Wayback Machine 3785: 3778: 3772:Wayback Machine 3763: 3759: 3754:Wayback Machine 3746: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3631: 3627: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3488:"puertorro, -a" 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3329:Wayback Machine 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3129:En Mi Puertorro 3094: 3090: 3065: 3061: 3036: 3032: 3027: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2878: 2758: 2722: 2720: 2432: 2260: 2176: 2126: 2120: 2095: 2089: 2087:Modern identity 2042: 2034:Main articles: 2014: 1978: 1966:Main articles: 1964: 1951: 1939:Main articles: 1937: 1894: 1888: 1773: 1765:Main articles: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1742: 1737: 1691:Regla del Sacar 1687:Regla del Sacar 1682: 1676:came to power. 1616:Scottish people 1579:, and even the 1535: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1507:help improve it 1504: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1457:Total:3,285,874 1448: 1435: 1419: 1412:American Indian 1403: 1387: 1371: 1355: 1321: 1265: 1243: 1064: 1021: 1016: 935:African culture 919:Western culture 915: 909: 870:Central African 776:Puertorriqueños 760: 724: 722: 430: 337: 314: 273: 271: 252: 250: 231: 229: 210: 208: 189: 187: 177: 167: 165: 146: 144: 134: 124: 122: 102: 85: 71: 70: 54: 49:Puertorriqueños 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6555:South American 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6422:North American 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6157: 6156:External links 6154: 6153: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6047: 6029:New York Times 6014: 5995: 5969: 5940: 5914: 5888: 5862: 5855: 5831: 5813: 5806: 5782: 5751: 5730: 5709: 5680: 5649: 5640: 5621: 5591: 5567:Centro Journal 5553: 5532: 5493: 5472: 5458: 5428: 5402: 5392: 5379: 5358: 5338: 5312: 5302: 5288: 5274: 5260: 5246: 5216: 5186: 5172: 5158: 5144: 5130: 5119:. July 1, 2019 5104: 5097: 5069: 5057: 5018: 4986: 4974:Lehman College 4961: 4935: 4925: 4895: 4869: 4820: 4787: 4777: 4763: 4729: 4703: 4667: 4648: 4625: 4599: 4573: 4547: 4529: 4504: 4474: 4452: 4435: 4412: 4394: 4368: 4339:(12): 2161–8. 4316: 4287: 4251: 4189: 4175: 4143: 4137:978-0822318422 4136: 4116: 4107: 4073: 4054: 4036: 4024: 4006: 3969: 3964:j.ctvbcd2vs.13 3938: 3916: 3886: 3853: 3836: 3817: 3798: 3776: 3757: 3740: 3723: 3711: 3685: 3625: 3602:10.1086/520769 3596:(3): 626–633. 3576: 3546: 3528: 3514: 3505: 3479: 3453: 3427: 3401: 3387: 3345: 3332: 3312: 3286: 3270: 3260: 3249:. July 1, 2022 3234: 3223:. July 1, 2022 3208: 3197:. July 1, 2017 3182: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3117:Bobby Valentín 3088: 3059: 3043:Puertorriqueño 3029: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2954:Criollo people 2951: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2923: 2920: 2877: 2874:Decolonization 2871: 2779:14th Amendment 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2428: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2236:Signed Spanish 2228:Signed English 2200:deaf community 2175: 2172: 2119: 2116: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2013: 2010: 1992:, Indonesian, 1976:Indo-Caribbean 1963: 1960: 1936: 1933: 1890:Main article: 1887: 1884: 1754: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1724:Canary Islands 1681: 1678: 1620:English people 1588:Canary Islands 1537: 1536: 1495: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1328:(2020 Census) 1327: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 997:For 2009, the 931:Canary Islands 911:Main article: 908: 905: 885:U.S. territory 807:native to the 762: 761: 759: 758: 751: 744: 736: 733: 732: 719: 718: 717: 716: 711: 703: 702: 696: 695: 694: 693: 686: 678: 677: 671: 670: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 645: 644: 638: 637: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 572: 571: 565: 564: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 531: 530: 520: 515: 507: 506: 502: 501: 500: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 466: 465: 461: 460: 452: 451: 445: 444: 432: 431: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 347: 344: 343: 339: 338: 336: 335: 330: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 313: 312: 307: 302: 296: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 267: 266: 263: 246: 245: 242: 225: 224: 221: 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4010: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:"Quick Facts" 3860: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3737:archive.today 3734: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3694:"2010 Census" 3689: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646:(1): e16513. 3645: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3253:September 21, 3248: 3244: 3238: 3227:September 21, 3222: 3218: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3125:Andy Montañez 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:spontaneously 3102: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3078:derive from « 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2926: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:U.S. military 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2654:Protestantism 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 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2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2028:visual artist 2026: 2022: 2021:José Campeche 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:West Africans 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:Conquistadors 1903: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1757: 1751: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1701:one-drop rule 1698: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:miscegenation 1558: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1522: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1496:This article 1494: 1485: 1484: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1384: 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Retrieved 3155: 3136: 3131:(2006), and 3128: 3120: 3119:in his song 3097:Puertorro -a 3096: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2879: 2867: 2843:World War II 2828: 2789: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2686: 2495:Philadelphia 2446: 2419: 2368: 2261: 2240: 2211: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2177: 2147:Philadelphia 2136: 2127: 2104: 2077: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2043: 2025:Puerto Rican 1988:, Filipino, 1979: 1956: 1952: 1949:Taino people 1929:Kongo people 1895: 1833: 1794: 1792:as "white". 1774: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680:Ethnogenesis 1674:Fidel Castro 1647: 1624: 1593: 1585: 1555: 1548: 1525: 1519:October 2019 1516: 1497: 1456: 1305: 1295: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1022: 996: 972:Pennsylvania 956: 916: 820:Commonwealth 805:ethnic group 798: 792: 786: 781: 766: 765: 688: 497:Philadelphia 448: 108: 99: 39:Ethnic group 36: 6828:In politics 6517:Costa Rican 5962:November 8, 5933:November 8, 5923:"CEE Event" 5907:November 8, 5695:. CIA. 2015 5693:CIA Library 5584:January 25, 5525:January 24, 5209:January 13, 5123:February 4, 4566:October 14, 4522:October 14, 4497:January 27, 4309:October 26, 4168:October 26, 3569:October 26, 3498:January 19, 3472:January 19, 3446:January 19, 3420:January 19, 3201:January 13, 3121:Soy Boricua 3072:Borinqueños 2851:Vietnam War 2839:World War I 2407:Pentecostal 2110:, known as 2040:Multiracial 1982:Bangladeshi 1913:slave trade 1909:Puerto Rico 1825:Andalusians 1803:(including 1777:1899 census 1637:as well as 1581:common cold 1569:chicken pox 1398:(1,635,791) 1273:Puerto Rico 1251:Puerto Rico 1229:Puerto Rico 1055:Population 1046:Population 1037:Population 980:Connecticut 897:Puerto Rico 881:free Blacks 824:Puerto Rico 788:Borinqueños 361:Amerindians 328:Catholicism 280:Netherlands 131:Puerto Rico 6896:Categories 6770:New Mexico 6765:New Jersey 6723:California 6692:Christians 6607:Venezuelan 6592:Paraguayan 6587:Ecuadorian 6542:Salvadoran 6537:Panamanian 6532:Nicaraguan 6522:Guatemalan 6446:Floridanos 6429:Californio 6040:August 12, 5545:Ethnologue 5520:2529375168 3147:References 3113:pejorative 3076:Borincanos 3066:The terms 3047:Borinqueño 2999:Nuyoricans 2903:The fifth 2861:, and the 2847:Korean War 2712:Vocabulary 2631:Television 2611:Literature 2399:Protestant 2375:Spiritists 2371:Christians 2167:"American" 2122:See also: 2118:Emigration 2066:Tri-racial 2002:Vietnamese 1935:Indigenous 1927:, and the 1848:Portuguese 1813:Castilians 1666:Cuban Jews 1070:Indigenous 984:California 968:New Jersey 852:Indigenous 840:tri-racial 800:Puertorros 794:Borincanos 714:Vocabulary 633:Television 613:Literature 426:Portuguese 6728:San Diego 6711:By region 6602:Uruguayan 6582:Colombian 6572:Brazilian 6562:Argentine 6499:Nuyorican 6489:Dominican 6477:Caribbean 6305:Dominican 5988:March 29, 5629:Religions 5579:1538-6279 5441:US Census 5421:April 18, 5052:156241283 4813:March 24, 4463:. Cia.gov 4095:0362-4331 3869:US Census 3704:April 13, 3366:April 19, 3133:Bad Bunny 3101:popularly 3095:The term 3055:Puertorro 3051:Borincano 3037:The term 2949:Hispanics 2596:Education 2503:Subgroups 2391:Buddhists 2304:Spiritist 2284:3,752,544 2280:Christian 2271:Adherents 1998:Malaysian 1836:Corsicans 1821:Asturians 1817:Galicians 1805:Canarians 1801:Spaniards 1787:. 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