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varying from 50 to 100 years old and more, and often composed of fragile, brittle paper. Although the monetary value for some collectors (and for most sellers of this sort of material) is destroyed by unbinding, it in many cases actually greatly assists preservation of the pages, making them more accessible to researchers and less likely to be damaged when subsequently examined. A disadvantage is that unbound stacks of pages are "fluffed up", and therefore more exposed to oxygen in the air, which may in some cases speed deterioration. This can be addressed by putting weights on the pages after they are unbound, and storage in appropriate containers.
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significant amounts of text there. Only when bound volumes of the original newspaper were meticulously unbound, and the opened pairs of center pages were scanned as a single page on a flat bed scanner was the center column content made digitally available. Alternatively, one can present the two facing center pages as three scans: one of each individual page, and one of a page sized area situated over the center of the two pages.
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759:. These cutters are only intended for a few sheets, with up to ten sheets being the practical cutting limit. A large stack of paper applies torsional forces on the hinge, pulling the blade away from the cutting edge on the table. The cut becomes more inaccurate as the cut moves away from the hinge, and the force required to hold the blade against the cutting edge increases as the cut moves away from the hinge.
498:. Alternatively, due to convenience, safety and technology improvement, many organizations choose to scan in-house by using either overhead scanners which are time-consuming, or digital camera-based scanning machines which are substantially faster and is a method employed by Internet Archive as well as Google. Traditional methods have included cutting off the book's spine and scanning the pages in a
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using heavy machine screws to provide the clamping force. The entire wood and book package is fed through the table saw using the rip fence as a guide. A sharp fine carbide tooth blade is ideal for generating an acceptable cut. The quality of the cut depends on the blade, feed rate, type of paper, paper coating, and binding material.
339:
non-destructive method is to hold the book in a V-shaped holder and photograph it, rather than lay it flat and scan it. The curvature in the gutter is much less pronounced this way. Pages may be turned by hand or by automated paper transport devices. Transparent plastic or glass sheets are usually pressed against the page to flatten it.
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Magazines can pose a bulk-scanning challenge due to small nonuniform sheets of paper in the stack, such as magazine subscription cards and fold out pages. These need to be removed before the bulk scan begins, and are either scanned separately if they include worthwhile content, or are simply left out
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More precise and less destructive than cutting pages is to unbind by hand using suitable tools. This technique has been successfully employed for tens of thousands of pages of archival original paper scanned for the
Riazanov Library digital archive project from newspapers and magazines and pamphlets,
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camera technology which allows detection and automatic adjustment of the three-dimensional shape of the page. Researchers from the
University of Tokyo have an experimental non-destructive book scanner that includes a 3D surface scanner to allow images of a curved page to be straightened in software.
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presented an automated book scanner with a book opening angle for scanning of 60°. Which is an improvement in the area of conservation of the books during scanning. The company was awarded with the
European Union "ICT Grand Prize 2007", for its development of the ScanRobot. This technology was also
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Software driven machines and robots have been developed to scan books without the need of unbinding them in order to preserve both the contents of the document and create a digital image archive of its current state. This recent trend has been due in part to ever improving imaging technologies that
809:
The coated paper of magazines and bound textbooks can make them difficult for the rollers in an ADF to pick up and guide along the paper path. An ADF which uses a series of rollers and channels to flip sheets over may jam or misfeed when fed coated paper. Generally there are fewer problems by using
338:
A problem with scanning bound books is that when a book that is not very thin is laid flat, the part of the page close to the spine (the gutter) is significantly curved, distorting the text in that part of the scan. One solution is to separate the book into separate pages by cutting or unbinding. A
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1950-1952) there are columns on the center of facing pages that run across the pages. Chopping off part of the spine of a bound volume of such papers will lose part of this text. Even the
Greenwood Reprint of this publication failed to preserve the text content of those center columns, cutting off
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Image scanners may be manual or automated. In an ordinary commercial image scanner, the book is placed on a flat glass plate (or platen), and a light and optical array moves across the book underneath the glass. In manual book scanners, the glass plate extends to the edge of the scanner, making it
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An alternate method of unbinding books is to use a table saw. While this method is potentially dangerous and does not leave as smooth an edge as the guillotine paper cutter method, it is more readily available to the average person. The ideal method is to clamp the book between two thick boards
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Unbinding techniques vary with the binding technology, from simply removing a few staples, to unbending and removing nails, to meticulously grinding down layers of glue on the spine of a book to precisely the right point, followed by laborious removal of the string used to hold the book together.
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that screws down onto the stack and firmly secures it before cutting. A large sharpened steel blade which moves straight down cuts the entire length of each sheet in one operation. A lever on the blade permits several hundred pounds of force to be applied to the blade for a quick one-pass cut.
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Pages with a decorative riffled edging or curving in an arc due to a non-flat binding can be difficult to scan using an ADF, as they are designed to scan pages of uniform shape and size, and variably sized or shaped pages can lead to improper scanning. The riffled edges or curved edge can be
548:
to build and distribute collaborative documentation. Georgia's collaborative digitization program, the
Digital Library of Georgia, presents a seamless virtual library on the state's history and life, including more than a hundred digital collections from 60 institutions and 100 agencies of
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with light sources on either side of the camera mounted on some sort of frame to provide easy access for a person or machine to flip through the pages of the book. Some models involve V-shaped book cradles, which provide support for book spines and also center book position automatically.
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One of the main challenges to this is the sheer volume of books that must be scanned. In 2010 the total number of works appearing as books in human history was estimated to be around 130 million. All of these must be scanned and then made searchable online for the public to use as a
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and universities to improve the repository infrastructure that digitized information would be stored in. Some of these projects include, the ARROW (Australian
Research Repositories Online to the World) project and the APSR (Australian Partnership for Sustainable Repository) project.
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The first fully automated book scanner was the DL (Digitizing Line) scanner, manufactured by 4DigitalBooks in
Switzerland. The first known installation was at Stanford University in 2001. The scanner received a Dow Jones Runner-Up award under Business Applications Category in 2001.
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Hand unbinding will preserve text that runs into the gutters of bindings, and most critically allows more easy and complete high quality scans to be made of two-page-wide material, such as center cartoons, graphic art, and photos in magazines. The digital archive of
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These projects establish and publish best practices for digitization and work with regional partners to digitize cultural heritage materials. Additional criteria for best practices have more recently been established in the UK, Australia and the
European Union.
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as straight a paper path as is possible, with few bends and curves. The clay can also rub off the paper over time and coat sticky pickup rollers, causing them to loosely grip the paper. The ADF rollers may need periodic cleaning to prevent this slipping.
357:) is adequate for conversion to digital text output, but for archival reproduction of rare, elaborate or illustrated books, much higher resolution is used. High-end scanners capable of thousands of pages per hour can cost thousands of dollars, but
702:(ADF) and scanned using inexpensive and common scanning technology. The method is not suitable for rare or valuable books. There are two technical difficulties with this process, first with the cutting and second with the scanning.
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coating. Additionally, removing the binding of an entire hardcover book causes excessive wear due to cutting through the cover's stiff backing material. Instead the outer cover can be removed and only interior pages need be cut.
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For book scanning on a low budget, the least expensive way to scan a book or magazine is to cut off the binding. This converts the book or magazine into a sheaf of separate sheets which can be loaded into a standard
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to detect dual pages and prevent skipping of pages. With reports of machines being able to scan up to 2,900 pages per hour, robotic book scanners are specifically designed for large-scale digitization projects.
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After scanning, software adjusts the document images by lining it up, cropping it, picture-editing it, and converting it to text and final e-book form. Human proofreaders usually check the output for errors.
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487:. Currently, there are three main ways that large organizations are relying on: outsourcing, scanning in-house using commercial book scanners, and scanning in-house using robotic scanning solutions.
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photographed books in
Ethiopia that were subsequently destroyed amidst political violence in 1975. The library has since worked to photograph manuscripts in Middle Eastern countries.
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used in a mass digitization project from the
Bavarian State Library where 8,900 books from the 16th century were digitized in 18 months using three of these v-shape scanners.
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There are many collaborative digitization projects throughout the United States. Two of the earliest projects were the Collaborative Digitization Project in Colorado and
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1590:, Lefevere, Francois-Marie & Saric, Marin, "Detection of grooves in scanned images", issued March 24, 2009, assigned to Google
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issues, most scanned books are those that are out of copyright; however, Google Books is known to scan books still protected under copyright unless the
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allow a high quality digital archive image to be captured with little or no damage to a rare or fragile book in a reasonably short period of time.
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or other similar format, which reduces the file size and allows the text to be reformatted, searched, or processed by other applications.
1475:"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - British, Swedish and Austrian entrepreneurs win the EU's "Nobel prize" for ICT"
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Libraries in the twenty-first century: Charting new directions in information services. Edited by Stuart Ferguson, 2007, pg 84
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An example of a DIY non-destructive book scanner/digitizer, with the book downwards design, allowing gravity to flatten pages
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1092:"Libraries & Archivists Are Digitizing 480,000 Books Published in 20th Century That Are Secretly in the Public Domain"
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is a collaborative digitization project modeled after the Colorado Collaborative Digitization Project. Wisconsin uses a
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technology, while some use newer approaches such as bionic fingers for turning pages. Some scanners take advantage of
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demonstrates the quality of two-page-wide graphic art scans made possible by careful hand unbinding, then scanning.
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The advantage of this type of scanner is that it is very fast, compared to the productivity of overhead scanners.
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A clean cut through a thick stack of paper cannot be made with a traditional inexpensive sickle-shaped hinged
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Thus the book or magazine can be scanned as quickly as the operator can flip through the pages, about 200
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1622:""Superfast Scanner Lets You Digitize Book By Flipping Pages", IEEE Spectrum, March 17, 2010"
1198:"As of Aug 5, 2010, google estimates that there are 129,864,880 different books in the world"
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such as slick magazine paper dulls the blade more quickly than plain book paper, due to the
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The guillotine cutting process dulls the blade over time, requiring that it be resharpened.
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Once the paper is liberated from the spine, it can be scanned one sheet at a time using a
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is either entered manually or via OCR, another major cost of the book scanning projects.
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1126:"Mass book digitization: The deeper story of Google Books and the Open Content Alliance"
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361:(DIY), manual book scanners capable of 1200 pages per hour have been built for US$ 300.
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1347:"Wisconsin Heritage Online [licensed for non-commercial use only] / FrontPage"
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with automatic page-feeding capability, with subsequent rebinding of the loose pages.
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guillotined off to render the outer edges flat and smooth before the binding is cut.
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One way of cutting a stack of 500 to 1,000 pages in one pass is to use a guillotine
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There are techniques to minimise and to correct for distortion in the page gutter.
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As for outsourcing, books are often shipped to be scanned by low-cost sources to
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1223:"What Happened to Google's Effort to Scan Millions of University Library Books?"
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304:. Large scale book scanning projects have made many books available online.
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435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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In Australia, there have been many collaborative projects between the
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1303:"Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment"
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196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1167:"Transforming Our Libraries from Analog to Digital: A 2020 Vision"
532:– North Carolina Exploring Cultural Heritage Online, based at the
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In South Asia, the Nanakshahi trust is digitizing manuscripts of
327:(OCR) is used to turn book pages into a digital text format like
1400:"Codices decoded". The Economist. 18 December 2010. p. 151.
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1284:"North Carolina ECHO : Exploring Cultural Heritage Online"
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Non-destructive book scanner with Curve Flattening Technology
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1436:"Stanford University Libraries (SUL) Robotic Book Scanner"
1070:"DIY High-Speed Book Scanner from Trash and Cheap Cameras"
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initiative based at the University of Georgia Libraries.
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Digital books can be easily distributed, reproduced, and
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1052:"A Scanner for books with text VERY close to the gutter"
983:"6 Factors to Consider while Digitizing Books at Scale"
16:
Process of converting physical media into digital media
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Most high-end commercial robotic scanners use air and
1607:
The Secret Of Google's Book Scanning Machine Revealed
1021:"An 8-Step Guide to Digitization for Book Publishers"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
876:ScanRobot automated scanner with 60° opening angle
389:; these book scanners are usually a high quality
2297:
1254:"Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria"
582:
1703:
1586:
1422:"4DigitalBooks launches digital book scanner"
385:Commercial book scanners are not like normal
1542:
1450:"Technology Innovation Awards: Winners 2001"
1062:
1365:"Welcome to the Digital Library of Georgia"
817:
621:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
373:Sketch of a V-shaped book scanner from Atiz
364:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1647:Some Possible Book Scanning "Gutter Math"
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860:Video of the robotic book scanner DL mini
790:Turning the pages in between taking scans
685:Learn how and when to remove this message
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479:(est. 2005) scan books on a large scale.
451:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1666:Do It Yourself book scanner device forum
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276:) is the process of converting physical
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381:Sketch of a typical manual book scanner
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1671:Google Open Source Linear Book Scanner
1619:
1610:, by Maureen Clements, April 30, 2009.
1438:. Stanford University Libraries (SUL).
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1513:"Bavarian State Library VD16 project"
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1221:Howard, Jennifer (August 10, 2017).
1098:. September 27, 2019. Archived from
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619:adding citations to reliable sources
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433:adding citations to reliable sources
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335:easier to line up the book's spine.
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
880:Indus International, Inc, based in
747:, a large steel table with a paper
13:
1419:
1165:Kahle, Brewster (March 13, 2017).
562:Hill Museum and Manuscript Library
323:(TIFF). To convert the raw images
14:
2327:
1659:
1566:"Product Watch: Library Scanners"
907:Google's patent 7508978 shows an
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1645:Lancaster, Don (December 2009).
1563:
1545:"Meet the Library's New Scanner"
1499:"Treventus ICT Grand price 2007"
1252:Somers, James (April 20, 2017).
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1019:Harman, Mike (March 23, 2021).
989:. July 22, 2019. Archived from
534:State Library of North Carolina
420:needs additional citations for
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1301:Awre, Chris (April 30, 2005).
1196:Taycher, Leonid (2010-08-05).
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730:With some newspapers (such as
560:In the twentieth century, the
505:Once the page is scanned, the
1:
954:
939:Optical character recognition
576:National Library of Australia
520:specifically prohibits this.
325:optical character recognition
257:Internet Archive book scanner
2183:Conservation and restoration
1620:Guizzo, Erico (2010-03-17).
705:
583:Destructive scanning methods
7:
1543:Hope College (2012-09-06).
1518:. Treventus. Archived from
1452:. Dow Jones. Archived from
1200:. Googleblog.blogspot.co.at
922:
781:
249:Scribe book scanner in 2011
192:the claims made and adding
10:
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551:Digital Library of Georgia
311:. Common file formats are
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2006:
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1676:Stanford University video
800:automatic document feeder
721:Marxists Internet Archive
700:automatic document feeder
542:Wisconsin Heritage Online
1678:shows some book scanning
1333:"Recollection Wisconsin"
934:Institutional repository
818:Non-destructive scanning
365:Commercial book scanners
317:Portable Document Format
1841:Collection (publishing)
1765:Illuminated manuscripts
1124:Leetaru, Kalev (2008).
1652:(Report). Synergetics.
1139:10.5210/fm.v13i10.2101
1050:JThomas (April 2012).
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524:Collaborative projects
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300:(e-books) by using an
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2210:Intellectual property
1836:Volume (bibliography)
901:photoelectric sensors
882:West Salem, Wisconsin
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859:
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814:of the scan process.
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477:Open Content Alliance
475:(est. 2004), and the
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321:Tag Image File Format
274:magazine digitization
256:
245:
1309:(43). Archived from
864:In 2007 the company
615:improve this section
469:Million Book Project
429:improve this article
401:Large-scale projects
84:improve this article
1682:University of Tokyo
1335:. 29 November 2006.
1072:. instructables.com
1031:on January 22, 2022
993:on January 17, 2022
471:(est. circa 2001),
348:118 dots/centimeter
2247:World Book Capital
1684:high speed scanner
1233:on January 5, 2022
1102:on October 2, 2019
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177:possibly contains
2311:Digital libraries
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2125:Coffee table book
1956:Bookworm (insect)
1568:. Library Journal
1264:on April 20, 2017
1177:on March 15, 2017
944:Planetary scanner
886:interlibrary loan
857:
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485:universal library
465:Project Gutenberg
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270:magazine scanning
266:book digitization
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1056:DIY Book Scanner
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549:government. The
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247:Internet Archive
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634:"Book scanning"
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309:read on-screen
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1560:
1546:
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1525:on 2016-07-08
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719:1918-1924 on
718:
717:The Liberator
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636: –
635:
631:
630:Find sources:
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600:This section
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467:(est. 1971),
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418:This section
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302:image scanner
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286:digital media
283:
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262:Book scanning
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175:This article
173:
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101: –
100:
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95:Find sources:
89:
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79:
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73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2234:
2230:Preservation
2146:Book burning
2141:Banned books
1950:
1894:Bibliophilia
1879:Bibliography
1809:advance copy
1792:instant book
1760:Illustration
1743:dust jackets
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1601:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1507:
1501:. Treventus.
1493:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1444:
1430:
1424:. PrintWeek.
1415:
1406:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:the original
1306:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1258:The Atlantic
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1226:
1202:. Retrieved
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1170:
1143:. Retrieved
1130:First Monday
1129:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1096:Open Culture
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
987:hurixdigital
986:
918:
906:
890:
879:
863:
833:
829:
812:
808:
804:
793:
776:
764:Coated paper
761:
757:paper cutter
754:
745:paper cutter
742:
732:Labor Action
731:
729:
725:
716:
713:
709:
696:
681:
675:January 2016
672:
662:
655:
648:
641:
629:
613:Please help
601:
573:
566:
559:
538:
527:
511:
504:
489:
481:
473:Google Books
462:
447:
441:January 2016
438:
427:Please help
422:verification
419:
396:
384:
346:Scanning at
345:
341:
337:
333:
306:
273:
269:
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261:
260:
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208:
202:January 2016
199:
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140:January 2016
137:
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106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2163:Book curses
2039:Netherlands
1909:Bookselling
1884:Bibliomania
1867:Bestsellers
1855:Consumption
1846:Book series
1831:Typesetting
1351:pbworks.com
1317:October 19,
1268:October 19,
1237:October 17,
1181:October 19,
1145:October 19,
1106:October 19,
1035:October 17,
997:October 17,
319:(PDF), and
2316:Publishing
2300:Categories
2108:audiobooks
2007:By country
1960:Furniture
1951:Digitizing
1946:Collecting
1936:Censorship
1919:book towns
1804:Publishing
1787:incunabula
1726:Production
1631:2014-08-08
1588:US 7508978
1550:2020-05-21
1529:2019-06-04
1484:2019-06-04
1460:2017-08-07
1288:ncecho.org
1204:2014-08-08
1076:19 January
955:References
897:ultrasonic
645:newspapers
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2178:Book tour
2151:incidents
2083:miniature
2078:fictional
1964:bookcases
1904:Bookmarks
1819:paperback
1814:hardcover
1479:europa.eu
1383:"GALILEO"
949:Europeana
866:TREVENTUS
768:kaolinite
706:Unbinding
602:does not
518:publisher
514:copyright
282:magazines
190:verifying
45:talk page
2275:Category
2188:Dog ears
2104:Formats
2100:Grimoire
2093:textbook
2044:Pakistan
1991:literacy
1969:bookends
1888:tsundoku
1772:Printing
1171:Educause
923:See also
909:infrared
782:Scanning
387:scanners
288:such as
2265:Outline
2225:Outline
2134:Related
2074:Genres
2024:Germany
1998:Reviews
1986:Reading
1976:Library
1924:history
1782:history
1777:edition
1755:Editing
1733:Binding
1387:usg.edu
1369:usg.edu
1307:Ariadne
1227:EdSurge
1025:Kitaboo
893:suction
802:(ADF).
739:Cutting
659:scholar
623:removed
608:sources
555:GALILEO
530:NC ECHO
512:Due to
500:scanner
268:(also:
184:Please
124:scholar
2285:Portal
2198:scroll
2113:Ebooks
2088:pop-up
2019:France
2014:Brazil
1914:blurbs
1862:Awards
1750:Design
1738:Covers
1594:
1572:11 May
661:
654:
647:
640:
632:
290:images
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2220:Novel
2203:codex
2118:Folio
2068:Other
2049:Spain
2034:Japan
2029:Italy
1941:Clubs
1719:Books
1650:(PDF)
1523:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
666:JSTOR
652:books
553:is a
496:China
492:India
329:ASCII
296:, or
284:into
278:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
2215:ISBN
2156:Nazi
1929:used
1872:list
1826:Size
1626:IEEE
1574:2014
1319:2022
1270:2022
1239:2022
1183:2022
1147:2022
1108:2022
1078:2014
1037:2022
999:2022
771:clay
749:vise
638:news
606:any
604:cite
546:wiki
507:data
352:300
313:DjVu
280:and
103:news
1134:doi
899:or
798:or
617:by
494:or
431:by
354:dpi
272:or
264:or
188:by
86:by
2302::
1624:.
1477:.
1385:.
1367:.
1349:.
1305:.
1286:.
1256:.
1225:.
1213:^
1169:.
1155:^
1132:.
1128:.
1116:^
1094:.
1054:.
1023:.
1007:^
985:.
962:^
916:.
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315:,
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1080:.
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1001:.
688:)
682:(
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673:(
663:·
656:·
649:·
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611:.
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350:(
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209:(
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200:(
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153:)
147:(
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138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
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