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minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war. The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in
Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus. By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system. Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the
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Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this report, should not be taken to reflect upon the many thousands of honest, law-abiding men who came to
Washington with full right of presentation of their views to the Congress. This better element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain crime and violence, but after the adjournment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost control." In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Army were "ex-convicts and Communists."
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803:, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers. The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped. MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government. 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested. A veteran's wife miscarried. When 12-week-old Bernard Meyer died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of
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814:, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides. Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later. "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff." Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct.
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provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital. Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had done. The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands.
760:, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later. At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could issue necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or critical repercussions."
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533:. Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $ 500 (equivalent to $ 8,900 in 2023), and $ 1.25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $ 625 ($ 11,110 in 2024). Deducted from this was $ 60, for the $ 60 they received upon discharge. Amounts of $ 50 or less were immediately paid. All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years.
541:, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value. Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed.
833:, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the ground forces, all disputed Moseley's claim. They said the two orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons. The shacks in the Anacostia Camp were then set on fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear.
596:, Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks in the Capital, who promised to make no objection. The chosen site was located in the historically African American side of Anacostia; nearby were tennis courts and a baseball diamond, the latter of which was used by children of the camp. The War Department had refused a request by Senator
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Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a
Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $ 80.00 (2017: $ 1,968.51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha). In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant
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The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted. The practice derived from
English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for
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on
September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him. Patton, however, dismissed him quickly. This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned
536:
There were 3,662,374 Adjusted
Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $ 3.64 billion (equivalent to $ 65 billion in 2023). Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $ 112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $ 3.638
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and welcoming them home. The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created
Civilian Conservation Corps. One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife." In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous
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blog post asserted these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected by the Bonus Army marchers: "here were communists present in the camps, led by John T. Pace from
Michigan. But if Pace believed that Bonus Army was a ready-made revolutionary cadre, he was mistaken. The marchers routinely
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lending library, where marchers wrote letters home in its makeshift post office (postage stamps were more prized than cigarettes, it was said). To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged or provided a bonus certificate, at which point a
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An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the
Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities. It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence
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Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the
Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were received. Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment in Anacostia. This refusal to follow
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During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands. A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government
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of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest. The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash
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to set up billets, so veterans, women and children lived in the shelters they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw. The shack city was nicknamed Camp Marks, after the friendly Police
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In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described as communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal,
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Camp Marks was tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, set up an internal police force and held daily parades. A vibrant community arose revolving around several key sections, including the religious tent, where marchers could be heard expressing
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commanded by Patton, formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch. The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the
443:
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans. Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass
879:'s Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers. First Lady
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On May 11, 1933, Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25. Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the
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to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended. When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later.
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in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects. In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed
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The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the start, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:
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As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early as May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the movement, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington. As early as the edition of May 31, 1932, the
894:, tried to negotiate an end to the protest. Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied. She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs. She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to
423:, which most of the group accepted. Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home. In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early.
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503:, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus, although they took the sides of law enforcement against labor unions and were involved in attacks on Hoovervilles during the Great Depression.
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expelled avowed communists from the camps. They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature. And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Eyes front—not left!'"
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in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $ 2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure. The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19.
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Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the
370:, in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates. Organizers called the demonstrators the Bonus Expeditionary Force (B.E.F.), to echo the name of World War I's
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Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation. He soon resigned as superintendent.
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commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported by six tanks. The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned.
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expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia. Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836.
692:, who told MacArthur to take action to disperse the protesters. Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington.
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Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $ 528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years.
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Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon. The report of July 5, 1932, by Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991.
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near the Third Street SW. Although occupation of Anacostia Flats was against federal law, Glassford obtained permission off the record from his friend Major General
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vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism... bought and paid for is not patriotism." However, the Bonus Bill was endorsed by
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reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist cause.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
714:, a publication which is the central organ of the Communist party in the United States, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th.
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Bonus Bill (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus. Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the
560:", had marched on Washington, D.C., the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed.
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billion for the veterans. Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22.5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the
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Ortiz, Stephen R. 2006. "Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement".
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and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals.
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1055:"Pension Acts An Overview of Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Legislation and the Southern Campaigns Pension Transcription Project"
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1967:"FOR THE RECORD : From "My Search for Douglas MacArthur" by Geoffrey Perret in the February/March issue of American Heritage"
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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During a previous riot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops. Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War
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Stephen R. Ortiz, "The 'New Deal' for Veterans: The Economy Act, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of the New Deal,"
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forbearance, trust in God and gratitude for what they had compared to other victims of the Depression. Also popular was the
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to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House. Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by
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Shacks that members of the Bonus Army erected on the Anacostia Flats burning after attack by the regular army.
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1628:"Bonus Army Spectacle, U.S. Capital, 1932: What Really Happened. Section VI. Two Shootings at Glassford Camp"
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Hoover, Herbert (1952, 2011). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression, 1929–1941. Read Books,
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continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates.
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The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America—A Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders
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met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died. President
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A fictionalized version of the Bonus March is depicted in the opening scenes of the 1995 movie
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Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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499:, that became a political matter when they received only a $ 60 bonus ($ 1,050 in 2024). The
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Lisio, Donald J. “A Blunder Becomes Catastrophe: Hoover, the Legion, and the Bonus Army.”
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then ordered the U.S. Army to clear the marchers' campsite. Army Chief of Staff General
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Bylines in Despair: Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and the U.S. News Media
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Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of a "
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Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original photograph
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Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original photograph
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Members of the Bonus Army camped out on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol building
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1795:"#6: Hoover's Attack on the Bonus Army (Top 10 Mistakes by U.S. Presidents)"
1297:"The Last Time the U.S. Army Cleared Demonstrators From Pennsylvania Avenue"
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1035:"'Take Job in the Forest or Go Home' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys",
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in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president. Produced by
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Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the
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1039:, May 17, 1933, p. 1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps",
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membership card would be issued. The Superintendent of the D.C. Police,
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1730:(September 10, 1932). The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara
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665:. When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in
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807:, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good."
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William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from
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614:, worked with camp leaders to supply the camp with food and supplies.
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Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements & Rosters
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International Pamphlets No. 31. New York: International Publishers.
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The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877–1945
1489:"Senate Defeats Bonus Despite 10,000 Veterans Massed Around Capitol"
529:. Congress overrode Coolidge's veto of the Bonus Bill, enacting the
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When Dreams Come True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America
1728:
Statement on the Justice Department Investigation of the Bonus Army
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voted on the Bonus Bill. The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18.
475:, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the
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The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy, and the Bonus Riot
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administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the
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Demonstrators dispersed, demands rejected, Herbert Hoover loses
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Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
1658:"Bonus Expeditionary Force Martyrs Hushka & Carlson (1932)"
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judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's.
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Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. "Marching On History," in
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Suburban Emergency Management Project (SEMP), Biot Report #635
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The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
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List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
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orders was claimed by MacArthur's assistant chief of staff
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ordered the veterans removed from all government property.
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A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the
366:, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in
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Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
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Perret, Geoffrey (1996). "MacArthur and the Marchers" in
1463:"House passes bonus bill for WWI veterans, June 15, 1932"
1381:. Thomas B. Allen. : Dover Publications. pp. 95–96.
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Administration officials, led by presidential confidant
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was in session, and demanded back pay. Congress fled to
1765:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 226–230.
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List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C.
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2575:"Soldier Against Soldier: The Story of the Bonus Army"
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The Bonus Marchers are detailed in John Ross's novel
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Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site
2450:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
1442:. Chicago: M.A. Donohue & Company. p. 105.
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After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed
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disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers.
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The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression
1828:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 110–113.
1352:
The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression
2505:. Vol 8, No 2 American Historical Publication, Inc
1758:
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669:, and joined the army. After the war, he lived in
3827:History of veterans' affairs in the United States
2267:"House Swiftly Overrides Bonus Veto by Roosevelt"
2198:Salmond, John A. (1967). "The CCC Is Mobilized".
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2897:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt
695:
35:Bonus Army marchers (left) clash with the police
2413:Laurie, Clayton D. and Ronald H. Cole. (1997).
2365:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing.
1219:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
1124:Calvin Coolidge: The American Presidents Series
2503:MHQ: the Quarterly Journal of Military History
2462:An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover
1910:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 223.
1801:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from
1212:
3812:Aftermath of World War I in the United States
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1617:, 30 min. Retrieved from answer.com 2011-2-4.
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763:At 4:45 pm, commanded by MacArthur, the
677:a week after being shot and killed by police.
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2375:Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. (2004).
1945:. New York: Random House. pp. 109–113.
1873:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43.
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680:Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from
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222:First day: 2 dead; 55 injured, total unknown
3062:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2401:The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880–1941
2219:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 391.
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2021:. Harper Collins Publishers 2002. New York.
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324:Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow
3746:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
3731:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
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2201:The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933–1942
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648:On July 28, under prodding from President
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985:
3180:1928 United States presidential election
2555:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
2030:
1866:
1434:
1286:Donald L. McMurry, "Coxey's Army", 1930.
1167:
1147:
1102:
782:
640:
567:
505:
430:
3067:Hoover Institution Library and Archives
2971:Belgian American Educational Foundation
2425:
2197:
2185:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1793:Craughwell, Thomas (January 16, 2009).
1718:
1374:
1349:
1190:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
3794:
2624:Pritzker Military Museum & Library
2617:Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on
2214:
1756:
551:The first march of the unemployed was
3822:Great Depression in the United States
3270:
2664:
2317:
1937:
1823:
1487:Staff Correspondent (June 18, 1932).
1345:
1343:
1188:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1014:from the original on October 25, 2008
810:During the military operation, Major
448:that threatened the existence of the
241:
3726:Timeline of U.S. military operations
3160:Republican National Convention, 1920
2137:Staff Correspondent (May 15, 1933).
2050:
2033:"The 'Bonus Army' War in Washington"
780:spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"
743:
513:(US, 1932) supporting the Bonus Army
314:Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts
3837:Protest marches in Washington, D.C.
2716:United States Secretary of Commerce
1615:"The March of the Bonus Army" video
1086:. November 21, 2013. Archived from
531:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
383:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
13:
2762:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
2690:
2606:The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers
2592:Vets Owe Debt to WWI's "Bonus Army
2573:Sheilah Kast (February 13, 2005).
2509:
2464:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1587:
1561:
1340:
1052:
828:Assistant Secretary of War for Air
636:
495:did not receive a bonus and after
16:1930s US veterans protest movement
14:
3848:
3483:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
2566:
2318:Pohrt, Karl (November 12, 2009).
2139:"Bonus Army Row Finally Adjusted"
2107:"New Bonus March Starts Tomorrow"
2068:(NY: Viking, 1999), vol. 2, 44–46
1994:"My Search For Douglas MacArthur"
1706:The Wisconsin Magazine of History
1037:Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News
905:Adjusted Compensation Payment Act
652:, the D.C. Commissioners ordered
3250:
3249:
3116:The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue
2961:Commission for Relief in Belgium
2934:
2927:
2887:State of the Union Address, 1929
2619:The Bonus Army: An American Epic
2381:. New York: Walker and Company.
2378:The Bonus Army: An American Epic
1440:The Bonus March and the New Deal
1378:The Bonus Army: An American Epic
910:
108:
29:
2460:Smith, Richard Norton. (1984).
2311:
2285:
2259:
2233:
2208:
2191:
2130:
2099:
2071:
2024:
2011:
1986:
1959:
1931:
1894:
1851:
1842:
1817:
1786:
1750:
1733:
1698:
1680:
1650:
1634:. July 18, 2009. Archived from
1620:
1607:
1581:
1555:
1527:
1480:
1454:
1428:
1403:
1368:
1314:
1289:
1280:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:Gross Domestic Product deflator
1126:. Times Books. pp. 77–79.
931:Unintended Consequences (novel)
483:, and several weeks later, the
467:. Two years later, hundreds of
386:payment of their certificates.
3761:List of anti-war organizations
2978:American Relief Administration
2707:President of the United States
2540:. Baltimore: Publish America.
2079:"Governor Lays Plans for Trip"
1857:Dickson and Allen, 170–74, 180
1708:, vol. 51, no. 1, 1967, p. 40
1322:"HEROES: Battle of Washington"
1203:
1115:
1072:
1046:
1029:
1002:"Heroes: Battle of Washington"
915:The shootings are depicted in
726:(1948) Benjamin Gitlow of the
1:
3673:War against the Islamic State
3108:Backstairs at the White House
2350:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2348:Herbert Hoover: A Public Life
2031:Kingseed, Wyatt (June 2004).
1221:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
1112:(NY: Henry Holt, 2006), 78–79
979:
696:Reports on communist elements
456:to become a strong advocate.
372:American Expeditionary Forces
2995:Commission for Polish Relief
2843:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
2814:Federal Home Loan Bank Board
2622:, a lecture recorded at the
2611:Memory: The Bonus Army March
2488:Bennett, Michael J. (1999).
2475:Liebovich, Louis W. (1994).
2403:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1907:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life
1799:Encyclopedia Britannica Blog
1182:American Antiquarian Society
1162:American Antiquarian Society
872:Gabriel Over the White House
836:
822:. However, MacArthur's aide
7:
2774:Reapportionment Act of 1929
2579:NPR: Weekend Edition Sunday
2399:James, D. Clayton. (1970).
2046:– via Historynet.com.
1943:Eisenhower in War and Peace
1826:Eisenhower in War and Peace
1824:Smith, Jean Edward (2012).
1275:Journal of Military History
946:
675:Arlington National Cemetery
619:US House of Representatives
563:
517:On May 15, 1924, President
417:Civilian Conservation Corps
309:Occupation of the Rhineland
10:
3853:
3663:War in North-West Pakistan
3513:Second Sumatran expedition
3478:American Revolutionary War
3082:Herbert C. Hoover Building
2809:Federal Home Loan Bank Act
2601:FBI file on the Bonus Army
2421:Center of Military History
2340:
1867:Wukovits, John F. (2006).
975:by Canadian veterans, 1935
427:Origin of military bonuses
227:At least 69 police injured
85:1932 presidential election
3708:
3508:First Sumatran expedition
3470:
3309:
3302:
3228:
3193:
3150:
3126:
3049:
3013:
2983:Russian Famine Relief Act
2943:
2925:
2779:Wall Street Crash of 1929
2726:
2698:
2536:Rawl, Michael J. (2006).
2531:Journal of Policy History
2446:Lisio, Donald J. (1974).
2432:. New York: Times Books.
2429:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2147:. No. LXXXII 27, 505
2037:American History magazine
1848:Dickson and Allen, 182–83
1757:Gitlow, Benjamin (1948).
1122:Greenberg, David (2006).
279:
216:
211:
171:
166:
134:
129:
95:
90:
79:
64:
48:
40:
28:
23:
3807:1932 in Washington, D.C.
3462:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
3422:Battle of Blair Mountain
2990:U.S. Food Administration
2848:U.S. occupation of Haiti
2361:Daniels, Roger. (1971).
2293:"Bonus Bill Becomes Law"
2241:"Bonus Bill Becomes Law"
2204:. Duke University Press.
1535:"Veteran dies of wounds"
1354:. Praeger. p. 106.
1277:, vol. 70 (2006), 434–45
1255:Dickson and Allen, 37–38
1080:"Education and Training"
724:The Whole of Their Lives
546:Veterans of Foreign Wars
284:Revolutions of 1917–1923
271:Aftermath of World War I
3721:Wars involving the U.S.
3558:Philippine–American War
3442:1960s ghetto rebellions
3241:Franklin D. Roosevelt →
3139:English translation of
2819:Federal Home Loan Banks
2784:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
2588:(EyeWitness to History)
2515:Morrow, Felix. (1932).
2346:Burner, David. (1979).
1415:Eyewitnesstohistory.com
1350:Daniels, Roger (1971).
877:William Randolph Hearst
846:Meuse-Argonne offensive
820:George Van Horn Moseley
736:Encyclopedia Britannica
473:marched on Philadelphia
3766:Conscientious objector
3668:First Libyan Civil War
3538:Second Fiji expedition
3518:Ivory Coast expedition
3452:1992 Los Angeles riots
3412:Colorado Coalfield War
3304:Listed chronologically
3036:Lou Henry Hoover House
2320:"Barbara Kingsolver's"
2215:Brands, H. W. (2009).
1461:Glass, Andrew (2009).
1375:Dickson, Paul (2020).
788:
765:12th Infantry Regiment
645:
617:On June 15, 1932, the
573:
514:
436:
354:was a group of 43,000
329:Occupation of the Ruhr
3736:Territorial evolution
3716:Conflicts in the U.S.
3638:Intervention in Haiti
3528:First Fiji expedition
3221:(great-granddaughter)
3031:Hoover–Minthorn House
2966:University Foundation
2902:Judicial appointments
2875:Medicine Ball Cabinet
2647:38.86667°N 76.99806°W
2613:, Library of Congress
2551:Smith, Gene. (1970).
2533:. 18, no. 3: 275–303.
2426:Jenkins, Roy (2003).
2017:Hirshson, Stanley P.
1264:Dickson and Allen, 34
1209:Dickson and Allen, 29
858:Franklin D. Roosevelt
849:with past loyalties.
786:
769:Fort Howard, Maryland
644:
571:
509:
481:Princeton, New Jersey
459:In 1781, most of the
434:
391:U.S. Attorney General
358:– 17,000 veterans of
299:Conflict in Carinthia
212:Casualties and losses
3598:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3553:Spanish–American War
3523:Mexican–American War
3447:Kent State shootings
3437:Puerto Rican revolts
3367:American Indian Wars
2804:Mexican Repatriation
1998:Americanheritage.com
1084:History and Timeline
1043:, May 20, 1933, p. 1
812:Dwight D. Eisenhower
775:, supported by five
773:3rd Cavalry Regiment
748:At 1:40 pm, General
601:Captain S.J. Marks.
598:James Hamilton Lewis
594:Ulysses S. Grant III
493:Spanish–American War
72:veterans due to the
3613:Invasion of Grenada
3608:Dominican Civil War
3000:Finnish Relief Fund
2951:Sons of Gwalia mine
2855:London Naval Treaty
2799:Revenue Act of 1932
2794:Economy Act of 1932
2652:38.86667; -76.99806
2643: /
2062:Blanche Wiesen Cook
1972:The Washington Post
1242:figures follow the
940:In Pursuit of Honor
869:released the movie
728:Communist Party USA
682:Oakland, California
673:. He was buried in
654:Pelham D. Glassford
612:Pelham D. Glassford
590:Pennsylvania Avenue
421:Fort Hunt, Virginia
394:William D. Mitchell
294:Violence in Germany
289:Violence in Finland
3653:War in Afghanistan
3623:Invasion of Panama
3618:Lebanese Civil War
3543:Formosa Expedition
3503:Second Barbary War
3457:2020 racial unrest
3392:Johnson County War
3387:Lincoln County War
3362:American Civil War
3357:Harpers Ferry raid
3332:Turner's Rebellion
3207:Herbert Hoover Jr.
3087:U.S. Postage stamp
3077:Hoover Institution
2767:Federal Farm Board
2419:. Washington, DC:
2299:. January 28, 1936
2297:The New York Times
2273:. January 25, 1936
2271:The New York Times
2247:. January 28, 1936
2245:The New York Times
2171:has generic name (
2144:The New York Times
2115:The New York Times
2087:. October 17, 1932
2084:The New York Times
1939:Smith, Jean Edward
1805:on January 4, 2015
1668:on August 22, 2011
1540:The New York Times
1519:has generic name (
1495:. No. 27, 174
1493:The New York Times
1010:. August 8, 1932.
917:Barbara Kingsolver
856:in a landslide to
789:
646:
629:on June 17 as the
584:(now Section C of
574:
515:
437:
389:On July 28, 1932,
68:Impoverishment of
3817:Conflicts in 1932
3789:
3788:
3751:Casualties of war
3583:Russian Civil War
3548:Korean Expedition
3493:First Barbary War
3372:Brooks–Baxter War
3327:Fries's Rebellion
3322:Whiskey Rebellion
3264:
3263:
3234:← Calvin Coolidge
3111:(1979 miniseries)
3005:Hoover Commission
2860:Hoover Moratorium
2066:Eleanor Roosevelt
1588:Hushka, William.
1562:Hushka, William.
1436:Bartlett, John H.
1108:David Greenberg,
1090:on March 27, 2014
1041:Milwaukee Journal
973:On-to-Ottawa Trek
881:Eleanor Roosevelt
831:F. Trubee Davison
824:Dwight Eisenhower
777:M1917 light tanks
750:Douglas MacArthur
744:Army intervention
690:Patrick J. Hurley
523:Henry Cabot Lodge
454:George Washington
406:Douglas MacArthur
398:Washington police
347:
346:
319:Violence in Italy
304:Adriatic question
236:
235:
232:
231:
207:
206:
195:M1917 light tanks
151:Douglas MacArthur
138:Walter W. Waters
125:
124:
3844:
3741:Military history
3700:Yemeni civil war
3633:Somali Civil War
3533:Second Opium War
3402:Homestead strike
3317:Shays' Rebellion
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3201:Lou Henry Hoover
3134:Freedom Betrayed
2956:Zinc Corporation
2938:
2931:
2914:Executive Orders
2865:Stimson Doctrine
2719:
2710:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2582:
2517:The Bonus March.
2443:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1754:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:Encyclopedia.com
1688:"The Bonus Army"
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:. Archived from
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:on July 30, 2009
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1590:"William Hushka"
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1564:"William Hushka"
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:. August 2, 1932
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1411:"The Bonus Army"
1407:
1401:
1400:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1328:. August 8, 1932
1326:Content.time.com
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
998:
758:George S. Patton
752:ordered General
539:Great Depression
511:Cinderella stamp
461:Continental Army
450:Continental Army
379:Great Depression
368:Washington, D.C.
360:U.S. involvement
274:
272:
262:
255:
248:
239:
238:
218:
217:
173:
172:
156:George S. Patton
113:
112:
97:
96:
74:Great Depression
54:Washington, D.C.
33:
21:
20:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3704:
3563:Boxer Rebellion
3466:
3347:Bleeding Kansas
3305:
3298:
3295:
3265:
3260:
3224:
3219:Margaret Hoover
3189:
3146:
3141:De re metallica
3122:
3045:
3009:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2789:National anthem
2730:
2722:
2713:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2569:
2538:Anacostia Flats
2512:
2510:Further reading
2440:
2396:, February 2003
2343:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
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2250:
2248:
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2090:
2088:
2077:
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2051:
2041:
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2025:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1936:
1932:
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1920:
1918:
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1204:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1169:McCusker, J. J.
1157:
1149:McCusker, J. J.
1145:
1141:
1134:
1120:
1116:
1110:Calvin Coolidge
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1015:
1000:
999:
986:
982:
949:
913:
839:
746:
698:
639:
637:Police shooting
582:Anacostia Flats
572:Bonus Army Camp
566:
519:Calvin Coolidge
501:American Legion
429:
348:
343:
334:Klaipėda Revolt
275:
270:
268:
266:
228:
223:
203:
202:
180:
178:
177:17,000 veterans
162:
161:
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140:
121:
107:
102:
60:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3850:
3840:
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3809:
3804:
3787:
3786:
3784:
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3758:
3756:Peace movement
3753:
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3743:
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3705:
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3459:
3454:
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3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Pullman Strike
3404:
3399:
3397:Coal Creek War
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Dorr Rebellion
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
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2752:Foreign policy
2749:
2744:
2738:
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2724:
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2711:
2699:
2696:
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2692:Herbert Hoover
2688:
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2673:
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2627:
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2603:
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2589:
2586:The Bonus Army
2583:
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2567:External links
2565:
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2546:978-1413797787
2534:
2527:
2511:
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2019:General Patton
2010:
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1244:MeasuringWorth
1238:United States
1226:MeasuringWorth
1211:
1202:
1186:1800–present:
1139:
1133:978-0805069570
1132:
1114:
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1053:Graves, Will.
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722:In his memoir
716:
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694:
686:
685:
678:
650:Herbert Hoover
638:
635:
607:Salvation Army
586:Anacostia Park
565:
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527:Charles Curtis
444:desertions at
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2188:, p. 63.
2187:
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2118:. May 9, 1933
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2014:
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1989:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
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1902:D'Este, Carlo
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911:In literature
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854:1932 election
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623:Wright Patman
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477:U.S. Congress
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179:26,000 others
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58:United States
55:
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44:July 28, 1932
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3588:World War II
3431:
3382:Hamburg riot
3248:
3239:
3232:
3213:Allan Hoover
3140:
3133:
3114:
3106:
3102:Hoover Field
3097:Hoover Chair
3092:Hoover Medal
3072:Hoover Tower
3057:Bibliography
3041:Rapidan Camp
2944:Other events
2830:
2747:Inauguration
2628:
2618:
2596:military.com
2578:
2552:
2537:
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2516:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2461:
2447:
2428:
2414:
2400:
2393:
2376:
2362:
2347:
2327:. Retrieved
2324:AnnArbor.com
2323:
2313:
2303:September 3,
2301:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2277:September 3,
2275:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2251:December 20,
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2193:
2186:Jenkins 2003
2181:
2169:|last1=
2151:December 26,
2149:. Retrieved
2142:
2132:
2122:December 26,
2120:. Retrieved
2113:
2101:
2091:December 18,
2089:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2065:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1942:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1906:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1869:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1798:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1760:
1752:
1735:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:the original
1662:DC Labor Map
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1631:
1622:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1517:|last1=
1499:December 26,
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:
1472:December 20,
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1377:
1370:
1351:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1301:Politico.com
1300:
1291:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1243:
1232:November 30,
1230:. Retrieved
1224:
1214:
1205:
1195:February 29,
1193:. Retrieved
1173:
1153:
1142:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1083:
1074:
1064:November 29,
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1016:. Retrieved
1005:
953:Coxey's Army
938:
936:
929:
927:
920:
914:
901:
889:
885:
870:
865:
862:
851:
840:
816:
809:
790:
762:
747:
734:
732:
723:
721:
717:
712:Daily Worker
703:
699:
687:
647:
627:U.S. Capitol
616:
603:
575:
553:Coxey's Army
550:
543:
535:
516:
489:
469:Pennsylvania
458:
446:Valley Forge
442:
438:
410:
388:
376:
351:
349:
338:
187:500 infantry
137:
130:Lead figures
106:
18:
3643:Bosnian War
3603:Vietnam War
3578:World War I
3568:Banana Wars
3498:War of 1812
3119:(1996 film)
2919:Hoover desk
2838:Banana Wars
2826:Hooverville
2718:(1921–1928)
2709:(1929–1933)
2650: /
2394:Smithsonian
2042:January 31,
2003:December 8,
1978:December 8,
1809:October 30,
1778:October 30,
1672:February 8,
1642:February 8,
1599:October 20,
1573:October 20,
1420:December 8,
1332:December 8,
1306:December 8,
1166:1700–1799:
1146:1634–1699:
896:World War I
631:U.S. Senate
621:passed the
578:Hooverville
497:World War I
465:demobilized
364:World War I
190:500 cavalry
80:Resulted in
70:World War I
3796:Categories
3781:War crimes
3648:Kosovo War
3593:Korean War
3573:Border War
3432:Bonus Army
3427:Tulsa riot
3417:Red Summer
3337:Mormon War
3021:Early life
2880:Hooverball
2831:Bonus Army
2757:Hoover Dam
2742:Transition
2728:Presidency
2638:76°59′53″W
2635:38°52′00″N
2497:157488218X
2484:0275948439
2470:067146034X
2456:082620158X
2387:0802714404
2371:0837151740
2356:0394461347
1917:0805056874
1880:0230613942
1870:Eisenhower
1772:0836980948
1745:1447402472
1547:August 30,
1397:1201836137
1361:0837151740
1018:August 30,
980:References
958:Fry's Army
922:The Lacuna
892:Louis Howe
842:Joe Angelo
771:, and the
558:Cox's Army
352:Bonus Army
339:Bonus Army
101:Bonus Army
24:Bonus Army
3488:Quasi-War
3377:Range War
3152:Elections
2161:cite news
1509:cite news
919:'s novel
837:Aftermath
805:enteritis
667:St. Louis
663:Lithuania
580:" on the
485:U.S. Army
419:(CCC) at
413:Roosevelt
115:U.S. Army
65:Caused by
3771:Cold War
3688:Cameroon
3658:Iraq War
3628:Gulf War
3352:Utah War
3310:Domestic
3255:Category
2733:timeline
2525:12546840
2409:36211265
1941:(2012).
1923:June 15,
1904:(2002).
1886:June 15,
1467:Politico
1438:(1937).
1246:series.
1171:(1992).
1151:(1997).
1094:March 8,
1012:Archived
947:See also
801:adamsite
797:tear gas
793:bayonets
564:Campsite
49:Location
3709:Related
3471:Foreign
2870:Cabinet
2341:Sources
2329:May 29,
1714:4634286
733:A 2009
671:Chicago
91:Parties
3203:(wife)
3194:Family
3050:Legacy
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381:. The
167:Number
3693:Libya
3683:Syria
3215:(son)
3209:(son)
3127:Books
2594:from
2561:76078
2110:(PDF)
1710:JSTOR
1178:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
3678:Iraq
3185:1932
3175:1940
3170:1932
3165:1928
3014:Life
2892:1930
2714:3rd
2704:31st
2557:OCLC
2542:ISBN
2521:OCLC
2493:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2405:OCLC
2383:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2331:2022
2305:2011
2279:2011
2253:2010
2221:ISBN
2173:help
2153:2018
2124:2018
2093:2010
2044:2018
2005:2021
1980:2021
1947:ISBN
1925:2011
1912:ISBN
1888:2011
1875:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:2022
1780:2022
1767:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1674:2011
1644:2011
1601:2020
1575:2020
1549:2011
1521:help
1501:2018
1474:2013
1444:OCLC
1422:2021
1393:OCLC
1383:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1334:2021
1308:2021
1234:2023
1197:2024
1128:ISBN
1096:2021
1066:2017
1020:2011
1007:Time
795:and
544:The
525:and
463:was
452:led
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