October Revolution

2010:, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918 (a cause of dispute of the legitimacy of the returned seating of the Constituent Assembly, as the old lists, were drawn up by the old SR Party leadership, and thus represented mostly Right SRs, whereas the peasant soviet deputies had returned majorities for the pro-Bolshevik Left SRs). The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November (O.S.) 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January (O.S.; 18 January, N.S.) 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets. 1866: 1224:. Refusing to continue living as before, they increasingly took measures into their own hands, as can be seen by the increase in the number and militancy of the peasant's actions. Over 42% of all the cases of destruction (usually burning down and seizing property from the landlord's estate) recorded between February and October occurred in October. While the uprisings varied in severity, complete uprisings and seizures of the land were not uncommon. Less robust forms of protest included marches on landowner manors and government offices, as well as withholding and storing grains rather than selling them. When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments, it only enraged the peasants. In September, the garrisons in Petrograd, Moscow, and other cities, the Northern and Western fronts, and the sailors of the 4237: 1510: 1671: 73: 1256:"to a victorious conclusion", arousing broad indignation. On 1–4 May, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and, after them, the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "All power to the soviets!" The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government. 1 July saw more demonstrations, as about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated, again demanding "all power to the soviets," "down with the war," and "down with the ten capitalist ministers." The Provisional Government opened an 240: 1854: 1275: 843: 4256: 2419: 1487: 9476: 4431: 3930: 4069:

analytical focus away from larger events, notable revolutionaries, and overarching claims about party views. In 2006, S. V. Iarov employed this methodology when he focused on citizen adjustment to the new Soviet system. Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920. In 2010, O. S. Nagornaia took interest in the personal experiences of Russian prisoners-of-war taken by

818: 829: 1839: 3942: 9488: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 286: 274: 229: 218: 207: 195: 4042:, the Party led the "logically predetermined" events of the October Revolution from beginning to end. The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where monopolistic industrial capitalism had alienated the masses. In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first 1425: 4140: 2556: 1438: 366: 354: 3954: 253: 4054:

that the complex nature of the October Revolution "could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism". For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed "because it alone could solve the preponderance of 'general democratic' tasks the country faced" (such as the struggle for peace and the exploitation of landlords).

1600:, sailors announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection. In the early morning, from its heavily guarded and picketed headquarters in Smolny Palace, the Military-Revolutionary Committee designated the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized. The Red Guards systematically captured major government facilities, key communication installations, and vantage points with little opposition. The 990:, voted to back a military uprising. On 24 October (O.S.; 6 November, N.S.) the government shut down numerous newspapers and closed the city of Petrograd in an attempt to forestall the revolution; minor armed skirmishes broke out. The next day a full scale uprising erupted as a fleet of Bolshevik sailors entered the harbor and tens of thousands of soldiers rose up in support of the Bolsheviks. Bolshevik 1108:, which became increasingly unpopular. There was a nationwide crisis affecting social, economic, and political relations. Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. Gross industrial production in 1917 decreased by over 36% of what it had been in 1914. In the autumn, as much as 50% of all enterprises in the 1212:. The factory committees represented the workers and were able to negotiate better working conditions, pay, and hours. Even though workplace conditions may have been increasing in quality, the overall quality of life for workers was not improving. There were still shortages of food and the increased wages workers had obtained did little to provide for their families. 1643:, stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military-Revolutionary Committee. The proclamation was sent by telegraph throughout Russia, even as the pro-Soviet soldiers were seizing important control centers throughout the city. One of Lenin's intentions was to present members of the Soviet congress, who would assemble that afternoon, with a 1465:. The committee included armed workers, sailors, and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. The committee methodically planned to occupy strategic locations through the city, almost without concealing their preparations: the Provisional Government's President Kerensky was himself aware of them; and some details, leaked by 4097:'s timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as that of liberal and moderate socialists. According to Western historians, it was not popular support, but rather a manipulation of the masses, ruthlessness, and the party discipline of the Bolsheviks that enabled their triumph. For these historians, the Bolsheviks' defeat in the 1379:

army and convinced them to stand down. The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. The political right felt betrayed, and the left was resurgent. The first direct consequence of Kornilov's failed coup was the formal abolition of the monarchy and the proclamation of the

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and would even attack them in the factories. The workers blamed many rich and influential individuals for the overall shortage of food and poor living conditions. Workers saw these rich and powerful individuals as opponents of the Revolution and called them "bourgeois", "capitalist", and "imperialist".

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affected historical interpretations of the October Revolution. Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials has made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution. Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives, the effect of the

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and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory "was predetermined by the state of Russia's socio-economic development". These historians, who constituted the "New Directions Group", posited

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On 25 October (O.S.; 7 November, N.S.) 1917, the Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg, then capital of Russia) against the Provisional Government. The event coincided with the arrival of a pro-Bolshevik flotilla—consisting primarily of five destroyers and their

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has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky. On 27 August, feeling betrayed by the government, Kornilov pushed on towards Petrograd. With few troops to spare at the front, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the

4090:, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view. As a result, Western historians exposed what they believed were flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolsheviks' original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism. 4077:

despite being divided by class, political views, and race. Other analyses following this "anthropological turn" have explored texts from soldiers and how they used personal war-experiences to further their political goals, as well as how individual life-structure and psychology may have shaped major

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Anti-Bolshevik sentiment continued to grow as posters and newspapers started criticizing the actions of the Bolsheviks and repudiated their authority. The executive committee of Peasants Soviets " with indignation all participation of the organized peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of

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when the Bolsheviks formed a new government, after the October Revolution in 1917, and suggested Trotsky for the position. However, Trotsky refused the position and other Bolsheviks insisted that Lenin assume principal responsibility which resulted in Lenin eventually accepting the role of chairman.

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Throughout June, July, and August 1917, it was common to hear working-class Russians speak about their lack of confidence in the Provisional Government. Factory workers around Russia felt unhappy with the growing shortages of food, supplies, and other materials. They blamed their managers or foremen

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as a "fatal blunder" that signaled the final end of his government. Over the following days, the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued. The Red Guard fought against Cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the Cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind. On 31 October 1917 (13

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With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies—and, on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies—adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of

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Western historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as totalitarian. Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a totalitarian party which aborted Russia's experiment in democracy. Thus, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from

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After the success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic, a coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace

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on the outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse. Kerensky gave an ultimatum to the rifle garrison to lay down weapons, which was promptly refused. They were then fired upon by Kerensky's Cossacks, which resulted in 8 deaths. This turned soldiers in Petrograd against Kerensky as

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also claimed control of their government. The Bolshevik strongholds were in the cities, particularly Petrograd, with support much more mixed in rural areas. The peasant-dominated Left SR party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks. There were reports that the Provisional Government had not conceded

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While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations, cutting off the cabinet's communications with loyal military forces outside the city. As

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agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s plan. After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within "narrow guidelines" defined by the Soviet government. The

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regime. Bolsheviks were arrested, workers were disarmed, and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent to the war front. On 12 July, the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front. The second coalition government was formed on 24 July,

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and that it was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws. The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, as it exposes the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious "socialist" Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet. Guided by Lenin's

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voted 10–2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe." At the Committee meeting, Lenin discussed how the people of Russia had waited long enough for "an armed uprising," and it was the Bolsheviks' time to take power. Lenin expressed his

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Soldiers' wives were key players in the unrest in the villages. From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household. Often—when government allowances were late and were not sufficient to match the

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Vladimir Lenin, who had been living in exile in Switzerland, with other dissidents organized a plan to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with whom Russia was then at war. Recognizing that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to

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Following the turn of the 21st century, some Soviet historians began to implement an "anthropological turn" in their historiographical analysis of the Russian Revolution. This method of analysis focuses on the average person's experience of day-to-day life during the revolution, and pulls the

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Kerensky and the Provisional Government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance. Railways and railway stations had been controlled by Soviet workers and soldiers for days, making rail travel to and from Petrograd impossible for Provisional Government officials. The Provisional

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On 10 November 1917 (23 November, N.S.), the government applied the term "citizens of the Russian Republic" to Russians, whom they sought to make equal in all possible respects, by the nullification of all "legal designations of civil inequality, such as estates, titles, and ranks."

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and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin was depicted as the chief discipline during the revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event.

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dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of the latter. While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution. As

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By October 1917, peasant uprisings were common. By autumn, the peasant movement against the landowners had spread to 482 of 624 counties, or 77% of the country. As 1917 progressed, the peasantry increasingly began to lose faith that the land would be distributed to them by the

1987:, which criticized the Bolsheviks' lack of manpower and organization in running their party, let alone a government. Lenin confidently claimed that there is "not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd, Moscow and the rest of Russia" in accepting Bolshevik rule. 2440:

were largely successful in Russia proper—although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks—but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. For example, the Ukrainian

1804:, Leon Trotsky argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted historical events and the importance of Bolshevik figures especially during the October Revolution. He cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting 1751:, who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow, not Petrograd, and the number was much less than suggested above. As for the "several shots in the air", there is little evidence suggesting otherwise. 1950:

That same day, posters were pinned on walls and fences by the Socialist Revolutionaries, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland" and "revolution"; this signaled the next wave of anti-Bolshevik sentiment. The next day, the Mensheviks seized power in

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Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles. On the morning of the insurrection, Kerensky desperately searched for a means of reaching military forces he hoped would be friendly to the Provisional Government outside the city and ultimately borrowed a

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was staged in 1920. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made later, which showed fierce fighting during the storming of the Winter Palace, although, in reality, the Bolshevik insurgents had faced little opposition.

1116:, and other industrial centers were closed down, leading to mass unemployment. At the same time, the cost of living increased sharply. Real wages fell to about 50% of what they had been in 1913. By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion 1922:

and they walked out before the resolution was passed. As they exited, they were taunted by Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into the dustbin of history!"

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of Russia, and used machine-gun fire against demonstrators in Petrograd, killing about 100 demonstrators and wounding several hundred. Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as "several shots in the air". These are disputed by various sources, such as

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The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia had taken private land and redistributed it among themselves. The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants signified by the

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November, N.S.), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. Artillery had been freely used, with an estimated 700 casualties. However, there was continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces.

1790:, in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, 1236:

rising costs of goods—soldiers' wives sent masses of appeals to the government, which went largely unanswered. Frustration resulted, and these women were influential in inciting "subsistence riots"—also referred to as "hunger riots", "

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claimed up to five million victims. The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the

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for over two years before finally withdrawing. By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. Millions became

1240:", or "baba riots". In these riots, citizens seized food and resources from shop owners, who they believed to be charging unfair prices. Upon police intervention, protesters responded with "rakes, sticks, rocks, and fists." 7825: 1773:

Later accounts of the heroic "storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. Grandiose paintings depicting the "Women's Battalion" and photo stills taken from

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saw it as a totalitarian coup, which used the democratic Soviet councils only until they were no longer useful. The event inspired many cultural works, and ignited communist movements across Europe and globally. Many

1204:, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines. In these months alone, more than a million workers took part in strikes. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a 1373:

to march toward Petrograd to restore order. According to some accounts, Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility that the army would stage a coup, and reversed the order. By contrast, historian

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confidence in the success of the planned insurrection. His confidence stemmed from months of Bolshevik buildup of power and successful elections to different committees and councils in major cities such as

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of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development. Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries. Bolshevik figures such as

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government. When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution.

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On 16 December 1917 (29 December, N.S.), the government ventured to eliminate hierarchy in the army, removing all titles, ranks, and uniform decorations. The tradition of saluting was also eliminated.

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With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government, garrison, and proletariat, the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day, while Trotsky dismissed the opposing

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were held on 12 November (O.S., 25 November, N.S.) 1917. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the

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These Western historians described the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents. Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included

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surrendered rather than resist the 40,000 strong attacking force. After sporadic gunfire throughout the building, the cabinet of the Provisional Government surrendered, and were imprisoned in

610: 1017:, and the triumph of the worker over capitalism. During Soviet times, revolution day was a national holiday, marking its importance in the country's founding story. On the other hand, the 4310:, for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. The choral finale of the work, "To October", is set to a text by Alexander Bezymensky, which praises Lenin and the revolution. The 1659:—against 3,000 cadets, officers, cossacks, and female soldiers—was not vigorously resisted. The Bolsheviks delayed the assault because they could not find functioning artillery. At 6:15 1918:

The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries, as well as the Mensheviks, believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had

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After the majority of the petrograd Soviet passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks, was elected its chairman and in that position organized and led the insurrection of October 25.

4338:, first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City, describes and glorifies the revolution, having been commissioned to commemorate the event. 7403: 4126:

argues, 1991 prompted "a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism, the interpretive view that, in different ways…revisionists sought to bury".

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The October Revolution also made the ideology of communism influential on a global scale in the 20th century. Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917.

3296: 3137: 953:) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. The provisional government remained unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in 7247: 1286:

provided leadership to the spontaneous movements. On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd, the so-called

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While the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance, Soviet historians and officials later tended to depict the event in dramatic and heroic terms. The

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There have been few events where the political opinions of researchers have influenced their historical research as significantly as the October Revolution. Generally, the

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of political events such as the October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication,

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Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes. Following Stalin's death, historians such as

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on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a

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and most of the city's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government. The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the

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In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow's working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. They were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in

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On 16 July, spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd, demanding that power be turned over to the soviets. The Central Committee of the

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released in 1981 was based on Reed's account of the October Revolution and featured interviews with historical contemporaries from the period for the film.

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The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) August 1917 – February 1918

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against the Central Powers on 1 July, which soon collapsed. The news of the offensive's failure intensified the struggle of the workers and the soldiers.

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p.m. the Military-Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd, giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city.

1541:), seizing and destroying printing equipment and thousands of newspapers. Shortly thereafter, the government announced the immediate closure of not only 1014: 4065:

sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism–Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact.

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How the Bolshevik party elite crushed the democratically elected workers and popular councils – soviets – and established totalitarian state capitalism

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The October Revolution marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first large-scale and constitutionally ordained

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p.m. that afternoon by ordering the raising of all but one of Petrograd's bridges, a tactic used by the government several months earlier during the

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and the Bolshevik government. To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of

3725: 1311:, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of 6154: 2034: 6626: 3823: 4710: 1742:

mariners were the force that took the power in Petrograd and put down the Provisional Government. The same mariners then dispersed by force the

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went down in history as the October Revolution. The interim government was toppled, the Soviets seized power, and Russia later terminated the

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were deeply unhappy with the government, and began spreading calls for a military uprising. On 10 October 1917 (O.S.; 23 October, N.S.), the

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Wade, Rex A. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917."

1934:), with Lenin as a leader. Lenin allegedly approved of the name, reporting that it "smells of revolution". The cabinet quickly passed the 1865: 8909: 8879: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 2490: 535: 4101:

of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks' revolution, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.

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was created by Lenin's decree. These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. The

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the working class". This eventually developed into major counter-revolutionary action, as on 30 October (O.S., 12 November, N.S.) when

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and Moscow. Membership of the Bolsehevik party had risen from 24,000 members in February 1917 to 200,000 members by September 1917.

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leaders of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets, ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators, killing hundreds.

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and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events. Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished.

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militias aligned with the Military-Revolutionary Committee and military units still loyal to the government. At approximately 5

1283: 949:, the younger brother of Nicholas II, declined to take power. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils ( 724: 528: 6566: 6096:

Raun, Toivo U. "The Emergence of Estonian Independence 1917–1920." Estonia and the Estonians, Hoover Inst. Press, 2002, p. 102

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on 24 February 1918; but Soviet Russia recognized the executive committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in

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Miljan, Toivo. "Historical Dictionary of Estonia." Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 169

4356:) has been used to signify the October Revolution. "Red October" was given to a steel factory that was made notable by the 3750: 3578: 3543: 3483: 3224: 3169: 3154: 2462: 39: 17: 5636: 4183: 9101: 8767: 8714: 8702: 7894: 7499: 7450: 4992: 4624: 4157: 3806: 3730: 3705: 3603: 3583: 2461:, established in April 1917, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the 1778:'s staged film depicting the "politically correct" version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth. 391:

Unknown number of workers (50,000 workers passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the

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Morozova, O. M. (2010). "Dva akta dreamy: Boevoe proshloe I poslevoennaia povsednevnost ' veteran grazhdanskoi voiny".

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Nagornaia, O. S. (2010). "Drugoi voennyi opyt: Rossiiskie voennoplennye Pervoi mirovoi voiny v Germanii (1914–1922)".

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The Bolsheviks created a revolutionary military committee within the Petrograd soviet, led by the Soviet's president,

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The date 7 November, the anniversary of the October Revolution according to the Gregorian Calendar, was the official

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Soviet historians of the Revolution interpreted the October Revolution as being about establishing the legitimacy of

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that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands.

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Service, Robert (1998). A history of twentieth-century Russia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

4393:. Communist parties both in and out of power celebrate November 7 as the date Marxist parties began to take power. 3640: 3563: 3421: 2060: 1565: 1013:

in late 1922. The historiography of the event has varied. The victorious Soviet Union viewed it as a validation of

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Kotkin, Stephen (1998). "1991 and the Russian Revolution: Sources, Conceptual Categories, Analytical Frameworks".

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began the occupation of government buildings on 25 October (O.S.; 7 November, N.S.), 1917. The following day, the

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A period of repression followed. On 5–6 July, attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of

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The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates: 300 were Bolsheviks and nearly 100 were Left

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The following day, 26 October, the Congress elected a new cabinet of Bolsheviks, pending the convocation of a

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of the Soviet Union from 1918 onward and still is a public holiday in Belarus and the breakaway territory of

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of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: Soviet-Marxist, Western-Totalitarian, and Revisionist.

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played a crucial role in the revolt and that the ten warships that arrived at the city with ten thousand

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and consisted mostly of Socialists. Kerensky's government introduced a number of liberal rights, such as

957:, and had ruled with an iron fist throughout the summer (including killing hundreds of protesters in the 895:. It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed 629: 72: 6793: 5614:

Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer's Account of Russia Before and During the Proletarian Dictatorship

1069:) or the "Uprising of the 3rd", as seen in contemporary documents, for example in the first editions of 9320: 9297: 9270: 8304: 8279: 7946: 7877: 5852: 4749: 3847: 3755: 3740: 3710: 3523: 3249: 1663:

p.m., a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace, taking their artillery with them. At 8:00

1165: 751: 685: 6750: 6744:. Vol. I: 1917–1918: From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks. 5563: 1981:

After the fall of Moscow, there was only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment, such as the newspaper

1104:. However, the provisional government was weak and riven by internal dissension. It continued to wage 9362: 9335: 9238: 8274: 7556: 7544: 7422: 7365: 6954: 6724: 5780: 5694: 3466: 1829: 1719: 1196:

by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in the Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in

930: 600: 323: 9330: 7178: 5612: 3039: 1168:

had spent around half a billion euros ($ 582 million) in today's money to weaken his wartime enemy.

1002:(the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia) was captured. 9443: 8289: 8269: 7691: 7681: 7475: 7232: 7035: 5594:"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА – [ Мемуары ] – Дыбенко П.Е. Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю" 4374: 3690: 3461: 3159: 2761: 2689: 2199: 2056: 766: 668: 6004: 5381: 5042:

The Petrograd workers and the Soviet seizure of power : from the July days, 1917 to July 1918

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a.m. on 26 October, Bolshevik forces had gained control. The Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the

1682:

the night progressed, crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace, and many infiltrated it. At 9:45

1369:, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under 9517: 8692: 7686: 7550: 7480: 7455: 7392: 6821: 6136: 4845:

The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture

4563: 4526: 4465: 4150: 4073:, examining Russian soldiers and officers' ability to cooperate and implement varying degrees of 3685: 3680: 3675: 3348: 3174: 3127: 2622: 2365: 2166: 2093: 1942:. This new government was also officially called "provisional" until the Assembly was dissolved. 1833: 1708: 7078: 5321: 4197: 9372: 8964: 8902: 8299: 7755: 7355: 6946: 4470: 4408:

groups across the world. This was given further credence with the Soviet Union supporting many

4291: 3715: 2934: 2849: 2704: 2380: 2304:(invasion of Ukraine by the Muravyov Red Guard forces, the establishment of Soviet Ukraine and 2029: 1974: 1781: 1760: 1687: 1429: 1056:. To avoid confusion, both O.S and N.S. dates have been given for events. For more details see 1027: 1018: 907: 6526: 6038: 5806: 5226: 5174: 2879: 1973:

being the Tsarist regime. Kerensky's failure to assume authority over troops was described by

1711:. The only member who was not arrested was Kerensky himself, who had already left the palace. 1164:

military alliance with France and Britain. For Russia, it was effectively the end of the war.

9491: 8463: 8294: 7971: 7778: 7715: 7460: 5122: 3735: 3358: 2994: 2612: 2602: 2494: 2486: 2040: 1853: 1097: 934: 736: 644: 6052:

In Defence of Terrorism in The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)

2904: 9253: 9116: 8936: 8734: 8448: 7436:

Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB "Moscow City Council

5695:"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction" 4896: 4718: 4603: 4357: 3429: 3353: 3323: 3054: 2694: 2555: 2547: 2469:, although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns. 2305: 1809: 1704: 1692:

fired a blank shot from the harbor. Some of the revolutionaries entered the palace at 10:25

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In the early morning of 24 October (O.S.; 6 November N.S.), a group of soldiers loyal to

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began in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin. The French

1930:. This new Soviet government was known as the council (Soviet) of People's Commissars ( 1911: 1821: 1321: 1257: 1039: 969: 942: 892: 847: 460: 358: 149: 56: 7172: 7161: 5449: 4921: 2919: 1584:. What followed was a series of sporadic clashes over control of the bridges, between 9455: 9395: 9174: 8960: 8656: 8458: 8443: 8385: 8176: 8105: 8022: 7999: 7698: 7671: 7609: 7191: 7118: 7088: 7039: 7029: 7016: 6972: 6962: 6928: 6903: 6878: 6871: 6857: 6833: 6805: 6774: 6763: 6728: 6701: 6682: 6632: 6607: 6597: 6572: 6536: 6410: 6305: 6284: 6272: 6187: 6111: 6055: 5929: 5895: 5875: 5831: 5786: 5753: 5714: 5530: 5520: 5344: 5232: 5205: 5180: 5153: 5128: 5103: 5093: 5055: 5045: 5020: 4965: 4876: 4849: 4822: 4690: 4663: 4480: 4325: 4050: 3333: 3239: 3024: 2969: 2889: 2869: 2786: 2699: 2639: 2617: 2515: 2431: 2423: 2079: 2052: 1952: 1886: 1775: 1325: 1209: 1205: 1006: 976: 919: 911: 805: 800: 595: 554: 509: 173: 64: 2844: 2117: 1919: 1157: 1052:. The event is sometimes known as the "November Revolution", after the Soviet Union 8204: 8100: 8070: 8037: 7820: 7750: 7745: 7574: 7134: 6950: 6398: 6264: 6167: 5745: 5706: 4578: 4554: 4541: 4517: 4272: 4030: 4022: 3958: 3934: 3889: 3313: 3094: 3074: 2929: 2924: 2909: 2580: 2575: 2498: 2068: 1882: 1632:

car from the American embassy, which he drove from the Winter Palace, along with a

1601: 1470: 1380: 1370: 1060:. It was sometimes known as the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Communist Revolution. 983: 950: 900: 771: 717: 520: 257: 211: 114: 110: 6959:

In Defence of the Russian Revolution: A Selection of Bolshevik Writings, 1917–1923

6389:

Smith, S. A. (2015). "The historiography of the Russian Revolution 100 Years On".

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As the Revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into the

836: 746: 489: 7466:

Moscow Military High Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

3014: 2418: 1252:, expressed the Provisional Government's desire to continue the war against the 9387: 9315: 8595: 8585: 8219: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8095: 8080: 8060: 8009: 7994: 7963: 7810: 6845: 6171: 4997: 4401: 4240: 4123: 4039: 4034: 4018: 3998: 3909: 3862: 3811: 3049: 3034: 2984: 2949: 2864: 2854: 2829: 2684: 2482: 2474: 2437: 2329: 2110: 1969: 1939: 1878: 1870: 1647:

and thus forestall further debate on the wisdom or legitimacy of taking power.

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A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters.

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Rewriting History in Soviet Russia: The Politics of Revisionist Historiography

4634: 9506: 9248: 8229: 8199: 8171: 8161: 8085: 8042: 8032: 8027: 8017: 7655: 7213: 7202: 7122: 7092: 7012: 6899: 6861: 6853: 6837: 6809: 6801: 6732: 6611: 6568:

Thinking Revolution Through Film: On Audiovisual Stagings of Political Change

6276: 6034: 5757: 5718: 5534: 5107: 4731: 4491: 4409: 4319: 4070: 3368: 3109: 3084: 3044: 3009: 2959: 2834: 2791: 2743: 2664: 2502: 2478: 2406: 2162: 2100: 1748: 1735: 1656: 1375: 1366: 1193: 1109: 999: 504: 370: 334: 301: 153: 78: 7020: 6976: 5228:

Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words: Fighting Words

2989: 914:. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on 9131: 8952: 8346: 8224: 8166: 8110: 8075: 7873:

Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia

7862: 7852: 7491: 7187: 7100: 7074: 7004: 5059: 4390: 4386: 4244: 3884: 3533: 3473: 3266: 3244: 3069: 2979: 2884: 2728: 2335: 2295: 2237: 2086: 2072: 1983: 1956: 1874: 1739: 1515: 1496: 1462: 1348: 1329: 1225: 1173: 1140: 1133: 1010: 896: 817: 479: 290: 6402: 5152:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 191, 193–194. 1486: 1139:

permit 32 Russian citizens, among them Lenin and his wife, to travel in a

828: 8994: 8956: 8948: 8570: 8554: 8468: 8410: 8234: 8214: 8065: 7989: 7110: 6924: 6424:

Iarov, S.V. (2006). "Konformizm v Sovetskoi Rossii: Petrograd, 1917–20".

5734:"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty" 5653: 4416: 4412: 4397: 4344: 4248: 4094: 3877: 3867: 3528: 3508: 3328: 3318: 3234: 3089: 2999: 2974: 2939: 2874: 2733: 2400: 2283: 1838: 1731: 1606:

Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

1466: 1229: 1105: 1009:, which would last until 1923 and ultimately lead to the creation of the 954: 312: 6002: 4922:"Russian Revolution | Definition, Causes, Summary, History, & Facts" 4579:[vʲɪˈlʲikəjəɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjəsətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjərʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə] 4026:

rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Stalin.

3941: 2028:

was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Trotsky had compared Lenin to

8984: 8052: 7922: 7917: 7710: 7523: 6942: 6179: 5665: 4405: 4369: 4164: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3788: 3773: 3303: 3099: 3059: 2839: 2353: 2312: 2044: 2021: 1715: 1221: 1180:

to take over the Provisional Government, usurp power, and end the war.

1177: 1121: 979: 884: 880: 605: 199: 131: 8315: 5765: 5733: 5365:

Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938

5295: 2315:(invasion of Crimea by the Red Guard forces, the establishment of the 1424: 9204: 9199: 9021: 8914: 8744: 8405: 7635: 5552:. Washington DC, London, Sydney: Dupont Circle Editions. p. 191. 5127:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 89. 4074: 3872: 3857: 3004: 2806: 2766: 2387: 2253: 2181: 2132: 2109:

Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter,

1931: 1843: 1597: 1581: 1455: 1400: 1295: 1287: 1269: 958: 915: 484: 428: 82: 7262: 4139: 4113:

Effect of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on historical research

2451:

Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918

1618:

Lenin on the organization of the October Revolution, Vol.XIV of the

1328:, equality before the law, and the right to form unions and arrange 9194: 8739: 8473: 8433: 7830: 7173:

1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7162:

1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

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under the White Guard forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the

1965: 1869:

The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The

1667:

p.m., 200 cossacks left the palace and returned to their barracks.

1519: 1408: 6528:

Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions

1437: 9086: 8590: 6920:

The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd

4461:

Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War

3670: 3615: 2964: 2811: 2454: 2393: 2341: 2301: 2259: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2125: 2118:

Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)

1805: 1629: 1396: 1388: 1340: 1316: 987: 392: 1861:

took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote.

1248:

In a diplomatic note of 1 May, the minister of foreign affairs,

1042:, the event is most commonly known as the "October Revolution" ( 7445: 6456:

Rostov-on-Don: Iuzhnyi Nauchnyi Tsentr Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk

6325: 6323: 6321: 5871:

The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record by N.N. Sukhanov

2796: 2372: 2277: 2227: 2189: 1787:

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

1303: 1237: 1117: 1113: 365: 353: 3953: 9009: 8887: 7907: 7388:

Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union

6151:

Schaufuss, Tatiana (May 1939). "The White Russian Refugees".

5571: 4629: 3441: 2323: 2243: 2233: 2221: 2158: 2148: 2136: 2017: 1791: 1568:

issued a statement denouncing the government's actions. At 10

1449:

On 10 October 1917 (O.S.; 23 October, N.S.), the Bolsheviks'

1404: 1315:, who was forced to go underground, as he had done under the 1070: 6721:

The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials

6469:

O. M., Morozova (2007). "Antropologiia grazhdanskoi voiny".

6335: 6318: 6132:"Russian Civil War – Casualties and consequences of the war" 5450:

Bard College: Experimental Humanities and Eurasian Studies.

5343:. Binghamton, New York: Yale University Press. p. 170. 4251:

celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution

1183: 9121: 8897: 6798:

The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman

4939: 4260: 3493: 3478: 3451: 2627: 2445:, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the 2442: 2436:

Bolshevik-led attempts to gain power in other parts of the

2247: 2203: 2170: 1336: 1197: 1063:

Initially the event was referred to as the "October coup" (

1533:

marched on the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper,

146:

proclaims itself the supreme governing body in the country

9106: 8926: 7409:

Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky

4961:

From a "Race of Masters" to a "Master Race": 1948 to 1848

4078:

decisions in the civil war that followed the revolution.

2154: 1572:

a.m., Bolshevik-aligned soldiers successfully retook the

6571:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 123–130. 5452:"From Empire To Republic: October 24 – November 1, 1917" 5202:

The Soviet colossus : the rise and fall of the USSR

4897:"Russian Revolution – Causes, Timeline & Definition" 4633:(in Russian). No. 1. September 2000. Archived from 5092:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 196–197. 5019:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 143–146. 4993:"How Germany got the Russian Revolution off the ground" 4396:

The Russian Revolution was perceived as a rupture with

2039:

Trotsky argued that the reign of terror began with the

1639:

As Kerensky left Petrograd, Lenin wrote a proclamation

925:

The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the

4570:

Velikaya Oktyabrskaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya

6873:

The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet seizure of power

6759:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924

6391:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

6003:

Jennifer Llewellyn; John Rae; Steve Thompson (2014).

5983: 5981: 4568: 4531: 4318:

and the Academy Capella Choir under the direction of

4057:

During the late Soviet period, the opening of select

1576:

printing house. Kerensky responded at approximately 3

1365:

In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General

824:

unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917

7604: 7131:

Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography

7055:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

4818:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

4686:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution

4445:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

4426: 4109:

and the Bolshevik party's tactics and organization.

1960:

defeat and were meeting with the army at the Front.

1898:

Lenin initially turned down the leading position of

550: 5617:. New York: George H. Doran Company. pp. 60–61 1228:declared through their elected representative body 6870: 6596:. Montpelier, VT: Russian Life Books. p. 44. 5978: 5666:Sergei M. Eisenstein; Grigori Aleksandrov (1928). 5077:. London: The Camelot Press ltd. pp. 859–864. 2106:Control of the factories was given to the soviets. 1596:crews, as well as marines—in Petrograd harbor. At 1290:. The Provisional Government, with the support of 30:"Red October" redirects here. For other uses, see 5857:. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 325. 5637:'The Mass Minority in Action: France and Russia'. 5224: 9504: 9195:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 7417:Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control 6155:American Academy of Political and Social Science 5547: 4415:movements with financial funds against European 2035:Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky 2016:On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918, N.S.), the 1387:power. The Bolsheviks were able to take over in 6649: 5785:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. 5517:Reaction and revolution : Russia 1894–1924 4279:, which later became part of the Soviet Union. 1696:p.m. and there was a mass entry 3 hours later. 1650: 1192:In September and October 1917, there were mass 7223:at time of October Revolution at omniatlas.com 6250: 6248: 6246: 6203:"Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921" 5868:Sukhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (14 July 2014). 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5367:(Oxford University Press: London, 1980) p. 46. 5314: 4559:Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция 4314:was first performed on 5 November 1927 by the 1900:Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars 8331: 7590: 7507: 7248: 5652:(See a first-hand account by British General 5487: 5485: 5280:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFService2005 ( 5172: 3978: 3746:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 1955:and declared it an independent republic; the 1893: 1064: 1043: 910:]. It was the precipitating event of the 536: 444: 7521: 7361:List of October Revolution Parades in Moscow 6714: 6659:Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution 5380:. Arte TV. 16 September 2007. Archived from 4945: 4038:leadership and his firm grasp of scientific 2096:(including bank accounts) were expropriated. 1048:) because at the time Russia still used the 762:Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army 85:, one day after the insurrection, 8 November 6961:. London: Porcupine Press. pp. 35–75. 6916: 6355:Writing History in Twentieth-Century Russia 6263:(2). University of Chicago Press: 384–425. 6243: 6054:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 158. 5874:. Princeton University Press. p. 266. 5503: 5437: 5416: 5300:Президентская библиотека имени Б.Н. Ельцина 1945: 1730:Some sources contend that as the leader of 1522:and a key figure in the October Revolution. 8338: 8324: 7597: 7583: 7514: 7500: 7255: 7241: 6739: 6668:The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide 6471:Rostov-on-Don: Iuzhnyi Nauchnyi Tsentr RAN 5670:(Motion picture). First National Pictures. 5519:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Education. 5482: 5412:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–67. 4766:"What Was the Bolshevik Revolution? | AHA" 3985: 3971: 3145:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 1910:, who also supported the overthrow of the 1725: 1208:. Workers organized these strikes through 543: 529: 451: 437: 7451:336th Marine Regiment of the Baltic Fleet 6844: 6816: 6788: 6438: 6297: 6150: 5987: 5923: 5850: 5338: 5147: 5087: 5014: 4659:Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal 4352:The term "Red October" (Красный Октябрь, 4224:Learn how and when to remove this message 4081: 3701:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1754: 1243: 1184:Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers 964:Events came to a head in the fall as the 6513:International Journal of Russian Studies 6453: 6213:International Committee of the Red Cross 5867: 5204:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 104. 4868: 4848:. Oxford University Press. p. 224. 4745: 4743: 4290:, a book written by American journalist 4254: 4235: 4004: 2417: 1864: 1852: 1837: 1669: 1436: 1423: 1273: 841: 827: 816: 27:Second of two 1917 revolutions in Russia 8345: 7858:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 7801:Provisional Committee of the State Duma 7428:Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy 7198:October Revolution and Logic of History 7099: 7073: 7052: 7027: 6779: 6674: 5778: 5668:October (Ten Days that Shook the World) 5491: 5471: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5322:"Central Committee Meeting—10 Oct 1917" 5275: 5251: 5072: 4841: 4814: 4682: 3726:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 1990: 1846:proclamation about the deposing of the 757:Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army 14: 9505: 8364:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 7913:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 7184:Let History Judge Russia's Revolutions 6895:Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution 6868: 6665: 6624: 6591: 6564: 6524: 6254: 6200: 5830:. New York : Knopf. p. 499. 5731: 5693:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2 January 2022). 5610: 5039: 4957: 4821:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. 4736:Section 6: The October Revolution 1917 4542:[ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjərʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə] 4335:October: Ten Days That Shook the World 3807:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 3133:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 2802:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 1549:, as well as the far-right newspapers 1284:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1081: 975:(SRs), controlled the government. The 458: 8319: 7578: 7495: 7236: 7106:The History of the Russian Revolution 7064: 7031:A history of twentieth-century Russia 7003: 6947:"The Paths of the Russian Revolution" 6941: 6891: 6755: 6656: 6495: 6483: 6468: 6423: 6388: 6341: 6329: 6301:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 6237: 6225: 6049: 5854:The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 5823: 5514: 5296:"Провозглашена Российская республика" 5263: 5120: 5010: 5008: 4872:The Russian Revolution: A New History 4740: 4689:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 21. 4577: 4540: 4380:1990 film adaptation of the same name 4259:Anniversary of October Revolution in 3309:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3230:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 3165:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 2633:Intensification of the class struggle 2457:, two rival governments emerged: the 1100:and replaced his government with the 1038:Despite occurring in November of the 941:. The provisional government, led by 524: 432: 9513:1910s coups d'état and coup attempts 7741:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 6992: 6983: 6695: 6625:Thorpe, Charles (28 February 2022). 6357:, (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 49–50. 6105: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5911: 5692: 5443: 5407: 5396: 5370: 5199: 4655: 4504: 4404:struggles and providing a space for 4364:that is well known in Russia, and a 4162:adding citations to reliable sources 4133: 3751:Sandinista National Liberation Front 3225:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 2413: 2396:(defeat of the Ukrainian government) 1968:, welcomed by church bells, entered 929:earlier that year, which led to the 891:that was a key moment in the larger 40:November Revolution (disambiguation) 7704:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 7404:Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy 6565:Berger, Hanno (20 September 2022). 6555:Litvin, Alter, Writing History, 47. 6298:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). 6201:Haller, Francis (8 December 2003). 4815:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). 4683:Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). 4656:Head, Michael (12 September 2007). 3706:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1026:parties around the world celebrate 918:occurred largely without any human 407:1,000 soldiers of women's battalion 169:held under heavy Bolshevik pressure 36:October Revolution (disambiguation) 24: 7826:Council of the People's Commissars 7265:Great October Socialist Revolution 7067:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution 7009:Year One of the Russian Revolution 6830:Foreign Languages Publishing House 6740:Chamberlin, William Henry (1935). 6533:University of North Carolina Press 5782:The Stalin School of Falsification 5475:The Stalin School of Falsification 5005: 4271:in world history. After this, the 3905:State ideology of the Soviet Union 3138:The History of the Communist Party 2511:occupied parts of the Soviet Union 1801:The Stalin School of Falsification 1354: 1143:carriage through their territory. 973:Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries 861:Great October Socialist Revolution 25: 9564: 9533:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 7169:July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire) 7145: 6379:Markwick, Rewriting History, 102. 6370:, (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 97. 5779:Trotsky, Leon (13 January 2019). 5478:. Pioneer Publishers. p. 12. 5124:The Finnish Revolution: 1917–1918 5090:The Russian Revolution, 1905–1921 5075:History of the Russian Revolution 4717:. 9 November 2009. Archived from 3838:Criticism of communist party rule 3170:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 2608:Commanding heights of the economy 2530: 2317:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 1766:The Storming of the Winter Palace 1674:"Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by 1127: 9487: 9486: 9474: 7836:Military Revolutionary Committee 7399:Lenin Military-Political Academy 7152:free books on Russian Revolution 7087:. London: Thornton Butterworth. 5928:. Yale University. p. 251. 5179:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407. 5150:The Russian Revolution 1905–1921 5044:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5017:The Russian Revolution 1905–1917 4429: 4316:Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra 4138: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3731:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 3155:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 3140:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 2554: 2061:coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1566:Military Revolutionary Committee 1508: 1485: 1473:, were published in newspapers. 1172:Upon his arrival Lenin gave his 996:Military-Revolutionary Committee 388:20,000–30,000 Red Guard soldiers 364: 352: 339: 328: 317: 306: 295: 284: 272: 251: 238: 227: 216: 205: 193: 71: 9553:Russian Revolution in Petrograd 7731:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7471:2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division 7109:. Vol. III. Translated by 7059:articles by over 40 specialists 6999:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6917:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). 6618: 6585: 6558: 6549: 6518: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6462: 6447: 6432: 6417: 6382: 6373: 6360: 6347: 6291: 6231: 6219: 6194: 6144: 6124: 6108:With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia 6099: 6090: 6081: 6068: 6043: 6028: 6019: 5996: 5992:. Yale University. p. 257. 5966: 5954: 5942: 5917: 5905: 5888: 5861: 5844: 5817: 5799: 5772: 5725: 5686: 5674: 5659: 5646: 5629: 5604: 5586: 5556: 5541: 5508: 5497: 5465: 5357: 5332: 5288: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5218: 5193: 5166: 5141: 5114: 5081: 5066: 5033: 4985: 4951: 4914: 4889: 4862: 4835: 4808: 4783: 4450:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4149:needs additional citations for 4119:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2724:Theory of the productive forces 2032:as early as 1904. In his book, 1808:, and suppressed texts such as 893:Russian Revolution of 1917–1923 9543:Russian Provisional Government 8265:German Revolution of 1918–1919 7806:Russian Provisional Government 7179:The October Revolution Archive 6856:. New York City: Workers Age. 6628:Sociology in Post-Normal Times 6509:Revolution in Russia and China 5341:Voices of the Revolution, 1917 4875:. Basic Books. p. 1-496. 4869:McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). 4758: 4725: 4703: 4676: 4649: 4596: 4548: 4511: 4099:Constituent Assembly elections 3150:A Critique of Soviet Economics 1848:Russian Provisional Government 1102:Russian Provisional Government 420:Few wounded Red Guard soldiers 138:Russian Provisional Government 13: 1: 9027:Political abuse of psychiatry 8819:Congress of People's Deputies 7930:Socialist Revolutionary Party 7677:Ukrainian War of Independence 7441:98th Guards Airborne Division 7383:Moscow Military Music College 7053:Shukman, Harold, ed. (1998). 6996:Ten Days that Shook the World 6782:Art of the October Revolution 6304:. Verso Books. p. 1283. 6257:The Journal of Modern History 5711:10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740 5643:London: Penguin, pp. 167–185. 4662:. Routledge. pp. 1–288. 4498:Ten Days That Shook the World 4400:for various civil rights and 4287:Ten Days That Shook the World 2591:Soviet-type economic planning 2571:Administrative-command system 2008:Socialist Revolutionary Party 1414: 1292:Socialist-Revolutionary Party 1076: 1058:Old Style and New Style dates 851:headline from 9 November 1917 732:Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt 7841:Russian Constituent Assembly 7736:Red Army invasion of Georgia 7721:Estonian War of Independence 7413:Military Engineering Academy 7158:Revolutions (Russian Empire) 7079:"XXVI: From July to October" 7034:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 6650:General and cited references 6631:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5378:"1917 – La Revolution Russe" 4964:. A.E. Samaan. p. 346. 4589: 3696:Communist Party of Kampuchea 3339:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2670:Proletarian internationalism 2459:Estonian Provincial Assembly 1655:A final assault against the 1651:Assault on the Winter Palace 1263: 1033: 404:500–1,000 volunteer soldiers 32:Red October (disambiguation) 7: 9190:Academy of Medical Sciences 8285:Workers' Councils in Poland 7883:Ukrainian People's Republic 7726:Latvian War of Independence 6696:Bone, Ann (trans.) (1974). 6675:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). 6525:Hanson, Stephen E. (1997). 5988:Steinberg, Mark D. (2001). 5924:Steinberg, Mark D. (2001). 5148:Steinberg, Mark D. (2017). 4569: 4532: 4422: 4306:, Op. 14, and subtitled it 3721:Indochinese Communist Party 2739:Wars of national liberation 2520:Russian famine of 1921–1922 2463:Declaration of Independence 2447:Ukrainian People's Republic 1608:, which began on this day. 1419: 584:Central Powers intervention 10: 9569: 8305:Belarusian-Soviet conflict 7947:General Jewish Labour Bund 7816:Pro-independence movements 6984:Read, Christopher (1996). 6172:10.1177/000271623920300106 6110:. Dodo Press. p. 91. 6005:"The Constituent Assembly" 5926:Voices of Revolution, 1917 5807:"The Constituent Assembly" 5732:Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). 5225:Michael C. Hickey (2010). 5121:Upton, Anthony F. (1980). 4791:"Russian Revolution, 1917" 4366:fictional Soviet submarine 3848:Marxist schools of thought 3741:Party of Labour of Albania 3711:Communist Party of Vietnam 2429: 2392:8 February 1918: Kiev and 1894:New government established 1819: 1815: 1445:that fired the signal shot 1358: 1267: 1131: 1085: 903:) on 7 November 1917 [ 423:All imprisoned or deserted 144:Second Congress of Soviets 29: 9468: 9412: 9386: 9306: 9229: 9220: 9165: 9072: 9035: 8975: 8878: 8840: 8760: 8622: 8613: 8563: 8511: 8502: 8354: 8275:Hungarian Soviet Republic 8252: 8190: 8152: 8119: 8051: 8008: 7980: 7962: 7955: 7893: 7793: 7664: 7651:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising 7623: 7616: 7531: 7423:Gagarin Air Force Academy 7374: 7366:Moscow Victory Day Parade 7348: 7272: 7139:10.1163/22102388-00900003 6794:"The Years of Revolution" 6780:Guerman, Mikhail (1979). 6725:Stanford University Press 5851:Deutscher, Isaac (1954). 5548:Raul Edward Chao (2016). 5231:. ABC-CLIO. p. 559. 4558: 4533:Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya 4521: 4303:Symphony No. 2 in B major 4129: 2306:hostilities in the region 1908:Socialist-Revolutionaries 1873:is locked and guarded by 1830:Moscow Bolshevik Uprising 1826:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising 1720:Socialist Revolutionaries 1641:To the Citizens of Russia 1202:Central Industrial Region 1200:, textile workers in the 1065: 1044: 564: 500:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising 470: 414: 376: 264: 185: 89: 70: 54: 49: 8270:Bavarian Soviet Republic 8260:Revolutions of 1917–1923 7476:4th Guards Tank Division 7432:Naval Engineering School 7065:Swain, Geoffrey (2014). 7036:Harvard University Press 7028:Service, Robert (1998). 6670:. Oneworld Publications. 6666:Ascher, Abraham (2014). 6592:Ivanov, Mikhail (2007). 6050:Kline, George L (1992). 5641:The Unconquerable World. 5339:Steinberg, Mark (2001). 5088:Steinberg, Mark (2017). 5015:Steinberg, Mark (2017). 4946:Bunyan & Fisher 1934 4476:Revolutions of 1917–1923 4375:The Hunt for Red October 3691:Communist Party of India 2690:Socialism in one country 2645:Marxist–Leninist atheism 2422:European theatre of the 1946:Anti-Bolshevik sentiment 1782:Historical falsification 1476: 945:, had taken power after 767:Great Siberian Ice March 61:Revolutions of 1917–1923 9481:Soviet Union portal 7687:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising 7481:27th Guards Rocket Army 7456:Suvorov Military School 7393:Frunze Military Academy 6892:Pipes, Richard (1997). 6756:Figes, Orlando (1996). 6681:(2 ed.). Longman. 6515:6 (July 2017): 130–143. 6137:Encyclopedia Britannica 6076:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 5824:Pipes, Richard (1990). 5635:Jonathan Schell, 2003. 5611:Bryant, Louise (1918). 5515:Lynch, Michael (2015). 4926:Encyclopedia Britannica 4645:– via Azarov.net. 4627:[July Crisis]. 4466:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising 3900:State ideology of China 3826:under communist regimes 3824:Crimes against humanity 3784:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 3756:Workers' Party of Korea 3686:Communist Party of Cuba 3681:Chinese Communist Party 3349:Portuguese Colonial War 3175:The Governance of China 3128:Foundations of Leninism 2675:Protracted people's war 2623:Dialectical materialism 2527:(NEP) was implemented. 2094:Russian Orthodox Church 1834:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising 1726:Dybenko's disputed role 1709:Peter and Paul Fortress 1545:but also the left-wing 1156:On November 7, 1917, a 1054:modernized its calendar 9373:Stalinist architecture 9127:Science and technology 9037:Ideological repression 8965:Soviet Airborne Forces 8903:Destruction battalions 8300:Slovak Soviet Republic 8280:Hungarian–Romanian War 7982:Provisional Government 7381:Corps of Drums of the 7356:October Revolution Day 6869:Mandel, David (1984). 6850:The Russian Revolution 6826:Reminiscences of Lenin 6742:The Russian Revolution 6657:Acton, Edward (1997). 6039:The Russian Revolution 5827:The Russian Revolution 5472:Trotsky, Leon (1962). 5200:Kort, Michael (1993). 5176:The Russian Revolution 5173:Richard Pipes (1990). 5073:Trotsky, Leon (1934). 5040:Mandel, David (1984). 4795:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 4750:The Russian Revolution 4471:October Revolution Day 4264: 4263:, Soviet Union in 1988 4252: 4082:Western historiography 3716:French Communist Party 3626:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2935:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2850:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 2427: 2381:Odessa Soviet Republic 2379:(establishment of the 2111:eight-hour working day 2092:The properties of the 2030:Maximilien Robespierre 1920:illegally seized power 1890: 1862: 1850: 1761:historical reenactment 1755:Later Soviet portrayal 1678: 1615: 1499:and the leader of the 1446: 1434: 1309:Palace of Kshesinskaya 1279: 1244:Antiwar demonstrations 1218:Social Revolutionaries 1170: 1028:October Revolution Day 939:provisional government 937:and the creation of a 852: 839: 825: 701:Armenia and Azerbaijan 265:Commanders and leaders 9528:Communist revolutions 9155:List of metro systems 8708:Collective leadership 7972:Nicholas II of Russia 7461:Nakhimov Naval School 7219:21 March 2015 at the 7208:16 March 2015 at the 6986:From Tsars to Soviets 6877:. London: MacMillan. 6775:online free to borrow 6403:10.1353/kri.2015.0065 5811:jewhistory.ort.spb.ru 5410:The Soviet Experiment 5408:Suny, Ronald (2011). 4958:Samaan, A.E. (2013). 4842:Bergman, Jay (2019). 4522:Октябрьская революция 4362:Moscow sweets factory 4258: 4239: 4010:Soviet historiography 4005:Soviet historiography 3736:Nepal Communist Party 3359:Nicaraguan Revolution 2995:Mengistu Haile Mariam 2613:Democratic centralism 2603:Collective leadership 2421: 1868: 1857:The elections to the 1856: 1841: 1673: 1611: 1531:Kerensky's government 1440: 1427: 1277: 1154: 1098:Nicholas II of Russia 1066:Октябрьский переворот 1045:Октябрьская революция 883:in Russia led by the 865:Soviet historiography 845: 831: 820: 415:Casualties and losses 160:to retake the capital 97:7 November 1917 [ 9538:November 1917 events 9117:Net material product 9060:Censorship of images 8977:Political repression 8937:Soviet Border Troops 8870:First Deputy Premier 8454:1965 economic reform 8449:Soviet space program 8290:Polish–Ukrainian War 7692:Polish–Ukrainian War 7682:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6993:Reed, John (1997) . 6790:Kollontai, Alexandra 6717:Fisher, Harold Henry 5990:Voices of Revolution 5699:Revolutionary Russia 5550:Damn the Revolution! 4711:"Russian Revolution" 4604:"Russian Revolution" 4358:Battle of Stalingrad 4173:"October Revolution" 4158:improve this article 3959:Socialism portal 3935:Communism portal 3354:Black power movement 3324:Non-Aligned Movement 2695:Socialist patriotism 2001:Constituent Assembly 1991:Governmental reforms 1928:Constituent Assembly 1859:Constituent Assembly 1722:(SR) from Congress. 1411:, and other cities. 1351:, and other cities. 877:Bolshevik revolution 859:, also known as the 664:Ukrainian-Soviet War 164:Constituent Assembly 18:Bolshevik revolution 9523:Bolshevik uprisings 9185:Academy of Sciences 9000:Population transfer 8944:Soviet Armed Forces 8807:Congress of Soviets 8788:Presidium/Politburo 8752:Soviet anti-Zionism 8601:West Siberian Plain 8479:Revolutions of 1989 8416:Great Patriotic War 8401:New Economic Policy 7942:Union of October 17 7761:Kronstadt rebellion 7756:Workers' Opposition 7631:February Revolution 7375:Participating units 7156:Read, Christopher: 6818:Krupskaya, Nadezhda 6106:Ward, John (2004). 5564:"1917 Free History" 4456:February Revolution 4437:Soviet Union portal 4330:Grigori Aleksandrov 4298:Dmitri Shostakovich 4015:Anatoly Lunacharsky 3947:Politics portal 3853:National Bolshevism 3843:Cult of personality 3379:Revolutions of 1989 3374:Naxalite insurgency 3364:Cultural Revolution 3250:Great Patriotic War 3105:Wojciech Jaruzelski 3065:Nur Muhammad Taraki 2772:Ho Chi Minh Thought 2525:New Economic Policy 1564:a.m. the Bolshevik 1176:that called on the 1094:February Revolution 1088:February Revolution 1082:February Revolution 1073:'s complete works. 927:February Revolution 579:Allied intervention 574:Left-wing uprisings 475:February Revolution 136:Dissolution of the 9548:Russian Revolution 8830:Military Collegium 8698:Capital punishment 8576:Caucasus Mountains 8489:Post-Soviet states 8369:Russian Revolution 8210:Stepan Petrichenko 8134:Alexander Kerensky 7646:October Revolution 7606:Russian Revolution 7167:Peeling, Siobhan: 7133:9.1 (2016): 9–38. 6822:"The October Days" 6507:Norbert Francis, " 6153:The Annals of the 5738:The Russian Review 5574:on 8 November 2017 5440:, pp. 273–305 5384:on 1 February 2016 5001:. 7 November 2017. 4770:www.historians.org 4721:on 26 August 2023. 4637:on 20 October 2007 4486:Russian Revolution 4341:The Hollywood film 4265: 4253: 3384:Nepalese Civil War 3344:Great Leap Forward 3272:Chinese Revolution 2945:Kaysone Phomvihane 2660:People's democracy 2598:Collective farming 2428: 2405:25 February 1918: 2399:17 February 1918: 2364:29 January 1918: ( 2311:29 December 1917: 2300:24 December 1917: 2294:20 December 1917: 2288:15 December 1917: 2282:14 December 1917: 2276:11 December 1917: 2270:10 December 1917: 2252:27 November 1917: 2242:15 November 1917: 2232:14 November 1917: 2226:13 November 1917: 2212:12 November 1917: 2198:10 November 1917: 2145:Ivanovo-Voznesensk 2089:were expropriated. 2082:were nationalized. 2075:by the government. 1912:Alexander Kerensky 1891: 1863: 1851: 1822:Russian Revolution 1744:elected parliament 1679: 1602:Petrograd Garrison 1447: 1435: 1322:Alexander Kerensky 1280: 1210:factory committees 1040:Gregorian calendar 947:Grand Duke Michael 943:Alexander Kerensky 899:in Petrograd (now 857:October Revolution 853: 848:The New York Times 840: 826: 569:October Revolution 495:October Revolution 462:Russian Revolution 385:10,000 red sailors 359:Alexander Kerensky 126:Bolshevik victory 57:Russian Revolution 50:October Revolution 9500: 9499: 9464: 9463: 9456:Hammer and sickle 9398:and their groups 9396:Soviet dissidents 9175:Communist Academy 9092:Economic planning 9068: 9067: 8961:Soviet Air Forces 8880:Security services 8800:General Secretary 8783:Central Committee 8725:Political parties 8657:Brezhnev Doctrine 8652:Foreign relations 8609: 8608: 8550:Autonomous okrugs 8464:Soviet–Afghan War 8444:Sino-Soviet split 8386:Russian Civil War 8313: 8312: 8295:Polish–Soviet War 8248: 8247: 8182:Alexander Antonov 8177:Maria Spiridonova 8106:Felix Dzerzhinsky 8023:Alexander Kolchak 8000:Alexander Guchkov 7789: 7788: 7716:Polish–Soviet War 7699:Finnish Civil War 7672:Russian Civil War 7572: 7571: 7489: 7488: 7192:Project Syndicate 6951:Bukharin, Nikolai 6909:978-0-679-77646-8 6802:Herder and Herder 6688:978-1-4058-1252-8 6638:978-1-7936-2598-4 6603:978-1-880100-56-1 6578:978-3-11-075470-4 6311:978-1-78168-721-5 6061:978-0-7486-0317-6 5881:978-1-4008-5710-4 5837:978-0-394-50241-0 5792:978-1-78912-348-7 5681:Argumenty i Fakty 5568:Yandex Publishing 5526:978-1-4718-3856-9 5211:978-0-87332-676-6 5099:978-0-19-922762-4 5051:978-0-312-60395-3 5026:978-0-19-922762-4 4882:978-0-465-09497-4 4855:978-0-19-884270-5 4828:978-0-631-19525-2 4696:978-0-631-19525-2 4669:978-1-135-30787-5 4625:"Июльский кризис" 4567: 4530: 4505:Explanatory notes 4481:Russian Civil War 4326:Sergei Eisenstein 4234: 4233: 4226: 4208: 3995: 3994: 3334:Sino-Soviet split 3240:Spanish Civil War 3160:Guerrilla Warfare 3122:Theoretical works 3040:Władysław Gomułka 3020:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2970:Nikos Zachariadis 2890:Nikita Khrushchev 2870:Palmiro Togliatti 2640:Labor aristocracy 2618:Dialectical logic 2432:Russian Civil War 2424:Russian Civil War 2414:Russian Civil War 2386:7 February 1918: 2371:31 January 1918: 2358:27 January 1918: 2352:26 January 1918: 2346:22 January 1918: 2340:19 January 1918: 2334:17 January 1918: 2328:11 January 1918: 2264:8 December 1917: 2258:1 December 1917: 2176:9 November 1917: 2153:8 November 1917: 2131:7 November 1917: 2124:5 November 1917: 2063:. Other decrees: 2053:Hammer and Sickle 1999:The long-awaited 1810:Lenin's Testament 1776:Sergei Eisenstein 1705:Women's Battalion 1686:p.m, the cruiser 1560:In response, at 9 1518:, founder of the 1495:, founder of the 1451:Central Committee 1326:freedom of speech 1206:social revolution 1166:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1096:had toppled Tsar 1007:Russian Civil War 994:forces under the 912:Russian Civil War 814: 813: 556:Russian Civil War 518: 517: 510:Russian Civil War 427: 426: 324:Vladimir Ovseenko 181: 180: 174:Russian Civil War 172:Beginning of the 65:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 9560: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9227: 9226: 9135: 8990:Collectivization 8735:Marxism–Leninism 8620: 8619: 8509: 8508: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8205:Maria Nikiforova 8101:Nikolai Bukharin 8071:Grigory Zinoviev 8038:Nikolai Yudenich 7960: 7959: 7821:Petrograd Soviet 7751:Tambov Rebellion 7746:Left SR uprising 7621: 7620: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7565:(10–12 November) 7559:(10–14 November) 7516: 7509: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7186:, commentary by 7126: 7096: 7070: 7061: 7049: 7024: 7000: 6989: 6980: 6938: 6913: 6888: 6876: 6865: 6852:. Translated by 6841: 6813: 6785: 6773: 6745: 6736: 6711: 6692: 6671: 6662: 6643: 6642: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6594:Survival Russian 6589: 6583: 6582: 6562: 6556: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6522: 6516: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6441:Novyi Khronograf 6436: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6371: 6366:Roger Markwick, 6364: 6358: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6316: 6315: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6047: 6041: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5639:For example, in 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5570:. Archived from 5560: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5512: 5506: 5504:Rabinowitch 2004 5501: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5447: 5441: 5438:Rabinowitch 2004 5435: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326:www.marxists.org 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4600: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4273:Russian Republic 4229: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4166: 4142: 4134: 4095:World War I 4051:E. 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Burdzhalov 4031:Marxist ideology 4023:Dmitry Manuilsky 3987: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3956: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3890:State capitalism 3314:De-Stalinization 3095:Gennady Zyuganov 3075:Rohana Wijeweera 2930:Klement Gottwald 2925:Valko Chervenkov 2910:Lazar Kaganovich 2586:Central planning 2581:Anti-revisionism 2576:Anti-imperialism 2558: 2548:Marxism–Leninism 2535: 2534: 2322:4 January 1918: 2103:were repudiated. 2069:private property 1702: 1695: 1685: 1666: 1662: 1623: 1591: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1512: 1489: 1471:Grigory Zinoviev 1383:on 1 September. 1381:Russian Republic 1371:Aleksandr Krymov 1068: 1067: 1047: 1046: 1024:Marxist–Leninist 984:Petrograd Soviet 901:Saint Petersburg 559: 557: 545: 538: 531: 522: 521: 465: 463: 453: 446: 439: 430: 429: 369: 368: 357: 356: 344: 343: 342: 333: 332: 331: 322: 321: 320: 311: 310: 309: 300: 299: 298: 289: 288: 287: 277: 276: 275: 258:Russian Republic 256: 255: 254: 243: 242: 241: 232: 231: 230: 221: 220: 219: 212:Petrograd Soviet 210: 209: 208: 198: 197: 196: 115:Russian Republic 91: 90: 75: 47: 46: 21: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9475: 9473: 9460: 9408: 9382: 9302: 9216: 9161: 9133: 9107:Internet domain 9102:Five-year plans 9064: 9031: 8971: 8874: 8836: 8768:Communist Party 8756: 8715:Passport system 8605: 8581:European Russia 8559: 8498: 8439:Khrushchev Thaw 8418:(World War II) 8396:Creation treaty 8350: 8344: 8314: 8309: 8244: 8240:Peter Kropotkin 8186: 8148: 8115: 8091:Semyon Budyonny 8047: 8004: 7976: 7951: 7889: 7878:Tsentralna Rada 7785: 7660: 7641:Kornilov affair 7612: 7603: 7573: 7568: 7553:(8–13 November) 7547:(7–15 November) 7527: 7520: 7490: 7485: 7370: 7344: 7268: 7261: 7221:Wayback Machine 7210:Wayback Machine 7148: 7143: 7046: 6969: 6935: 6910: 6885: 6846:Luxemburg, Rosa 6770: 6715:Bunyan, James; 6708: 6700:. 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Alpha History 6001: 5997: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5822: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5730: 5726: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5647: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5598:militera.lib.ru 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5546: 5542: 5527: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5417: 5406: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5363:Stephen Cohen, 5362: 5358: 5351: 5337: 5333: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5100: 5086: 5082: 5071: 5067: 5052: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5013: 5006: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4901:www.history.com 4895: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 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1936:Decree on Peace 1896: 1836: 1818: 1757: 1728: 1700: 1693: 1683: 1676:Ivan Vladimirov 1664: 1660: 1653: 1625: 1620:Collected Works 1617: 1589: 1577: 1569: 1561: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1501:Bolshevik party 1490: 1479: 1441:Forward gun of 1422: 1417: 1363: 1361:Kornilov affair 1357: 1355:Kornilov affair 1345:Nizhny Novgorod 1272: 1266: 1246: 1186: 1136: 1130: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1050:Julian calendar 1036: 885:Bolshevik Party 837:Boris Kustodiev 815: 810: 669:Western Ukraine 611:Eastern Karelia 560: 555: 553: 552:Theaters of the 551: 549: 519: 514: 490:Kornilov affair 466: 461: 459: 457: 410: 398: 363: 362: 351: 340: 338: 337: 329: 327: 326: 318: 316: 315: 307: 305: 304: 296: 294: 293: 285: 283: 282: 273: 271: 252: 250: 239: 237: 236: 228: 226: 225: 217: 215: 214: 206: 204: 203: 194: 192: 117: 101:25 October] 76: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9518:1917 in Russia 9515: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9484: 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6644: 6637: 6617: 6602: 6584: 6577: 6557: 6548: 6541: 6517: 6511:: 100 Years," 6500: 6498:, pp. 7–9 6488: 6486:, pp. 6–7 6476: 6461: 6446: 6431: 6416: 6397:(4): 733–749. 6381: 6372: 6359: 6353:Alter Litvin, 6346: 6334: 6317: 6310: 6290: 6269:10.1086/235073 6242: 6240:, pp. 5–7 6230: 6218: 6193: 6143: 6140:. 29 May 2024. 6123: 6116: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6067: 6060: 6042: 6027: 6018: 5995: 5977: 5965: 5953: 5941: 5935:978-0300101690 5934: 5916: 5904: 5887: 5880: 5860: 5843: 5836: 5816: 5798: 5791: 5771: 5750:10.2307/126074 5724: 5685: 5673: 5658: 5645: 5628: 5603: 5585: 5555: 5540: 5525: 5507: 5496: 5481: 5464: 5442: 5415: 5395: 5369: 5356: 5349: 5331: 5313: 5287: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5237: 5217: 5210: 5192: 5185: 5165: 5158: 5140: 5133: 5113: 5098: 5080: 5065: 5050: 5032: 5025: 5004: 4998:Deutsche Welle 4984: 4971:978-0615747880 4970: 4950: 4948:, p. 385. 4938: 4913: 4888: 4881: 4861: 4854: 4834: 4827: 4807: 4782: 4757: 4754:britannica.com 4739: 4724: 4702: 4695: 4675: 4668: 4648: 4594: 4593: 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2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2880:Võ Nguyên Giáp 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865:Maurice Thorez 2862: 2857: 2855:Ehmetjan Qasim 2852: 2847: 2845:Ernst Thälmann 2842: 2837: 2832: 2830:Vladimir Lenin 2826: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2692: 2687: 2685:Social fascism 2682: 2680:Self-criticism 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2532: 2531:Historiography 2529: 2491:United Kingdom 2483:Ottoman Empire 2475:Central Powers 2438:Russian Empire 2430:Main article: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2369: 2368:again in Kiev) 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2330:Yekaterinoslav 2326: 2320: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2246:, Moscow, and 2240: 2230: 2224: 2210: 2196: 2174: 2165:, and Narva; ( 2151: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2026:Jacobin Terror 1992: 1989: 1970:Tsarskoye Selo 1947: 1944: 1940:Decree on Land 1895: 1892: 1871:Tauride Palace 1817: 1814: 1756: 1753: 1727: 1724: 1652: 1649: 1610: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1493:Vladimir Lenin 1491: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1313:Vladimir Lenin 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1254:Central Powers 1250:Pavel Milyukov 1245: 1242: 1194:strike actions 1185: 1182: 1162:Triple Entente 1149:Deutsche Welle 1129: 1128:German support 1126: 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1035: 1032: 1019:Western Allies 1015:their ideology 889:Vladimir Lenin 873:Bolshevik coup 812: 811: 809: 808: 803: 798: 792: 791: 785: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 728: 727: 721: 720: 715: 714: 713: 708: 698: 693: 688: 686:South Caucasus 683: 678: 673: 672: 671: 666: 655: 654: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 621: 620: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 592: 591: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 565: 562: 561: 548: 547: 540: 533: 525: 516: 515: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 468: 467: 456: 455: 448: 441: 433: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 412: 411: 409: 408: 405: 401: 399: 397: 396: 389: 386: 382: 379: 378: 374: 373: 348: 346:Yakov Sverdlov 279:Vladimir Lenin 267: 266: 262: 261: 247: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 170: 161: 158:failed attempt 147: 140: 134: 123: 119: 118: 109: 107: 103: 102: 95: 87: 86: 68: 67: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9565: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9493: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9457: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9353:Printed media 9351: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9286:Cyrillisation 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:Working class 9252: 9250: 9249:Soviet people 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9097:Energy policy 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8825:Supreme Court 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8427:The Holocaust 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253:International 8251: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230:Viktor Bilash 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8200:Nestor Makhno 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8172:Mark Natanson 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8162:Yakov Blumkin 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8086:Joseph Stalin 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8043:Lavr Kornilov 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8033:Pyotr Krasnov 8031: 8029: 8028:Anton Denikin 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8018:Pyotr Wrangel 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7656:Junker mutiny 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7595: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532:November 1917 7530: 7525: 7517: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7101:Trotsky, Leon 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7075:Trotsky, Leon 7072: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7045:0-674-40347-9 7041: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7013:Penguin Press 7010: 7006: 7005:Serge, Victor 7002: 6998: 6997: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6934:9780745322681 6930: 6926: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6900:Vintage Books 6897: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6884:9780312603953 6880: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6854:Bertram Wolfe 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6769:9780805091311 6765: 6761: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6723:. Palo Alto: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6678:The Great war 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6552: 6544: 6542:9780807846155 6538: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6473:(in Russian). 6472: 6465: 6458:(in Russian). 6457: 6450: 6443:(in Russian). 6442: 6435: 6428:(in Russian). 6427: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6356: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6239: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6035:Richard Pipes 6031: 6022: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5975:, p. 565 5974: 5969: 5963:, p. 410 5962: 5957: 5951:, p. 369 5950: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5914:, p. 217 5913: 5908: 5901: 5900:0-674-40347-9 5897: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5600:(in Russian). 5599: 5595: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5505: 5500: 5494:, p. 528 5493: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5254:, p. 526 5253: 5248: 5240: 5238:9780313385247 5234: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5186:9780307788573 5182: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5159:9780199227624 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5134:9781452912394 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4732:Orlando Figes 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4534: 4528: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4492:Soviet Decree 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4427: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410:anti-colonial 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4320:Nikolai Malko 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4225: 4217: 4214:November 2018 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: – 4174: 4170: 4169:Find sources: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4147:This section 4145: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831:Mass killings 3829: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3817:Mass killings 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3665:Organizations 3662: 3661: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369:Prague Spring 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3110:Todor Zhivkov 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085:Harry Pollitt 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Samora Machel 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:Hardial Bains 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960:Deng Xiaoping 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905:Mátyás Rákosi 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2835:Joseph Stalin 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2792:Khrushchevism 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2744:Unified power 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2665:Popular front 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 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2084: 2081: 2080:Russian banks 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1798:In his book, 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1749:Louise Bryant 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:Pavlo Dybenko 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1657:Winter Palace 1648: 1646: 1645:fait accompli 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:Worker's Path 1536: 1532: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1376:Richard Pipes 1372: 1368: 1367:Lavr Kornilov 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1330:labor strikes 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1146:According to 1144: 1142: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1074: 1072: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 1000:Winter Palace 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 978: 974: 971: 968:, led by the 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 850: 849: 844: 838: 834: 830: 823: 819: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789:Central Asian 787: 786: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 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Routledge. 7066: 7058: 7054: 7030: 7008: 6994: 6985: 6958: 6919: 6894: 6872: 6849: 6825: 6800:. New York: 6797: 6781: 6758: 6751:online vol 2 6747:online vol 1 6741: 6720: 6697: 6677: 6667: 6658: 6627: 6620: 6593: 6587: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6470: 6464: 6455: 6449: 6440: 6434: 6425: 6419: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6375: 6367: 6362: 6354: 6349: 6337: 6300: 6293: 6260: 6256: 6233: 6221: 6206: 6196: 6159: 6152: 6146: 6135: 6126: 6107: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6070: 6051: 6045: 6030: 6025:Figes, 1996. 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 5998: 5989: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5925: 5919: 5907: 5890: 5870: 5863: 5853: 5846: 5826: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5781: 5774: 5744:(1): 24–35. 5741: 5737: 5727: 5705:(1): 11–14. 5702: 5698: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5661: 5648: 5640: 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5613: 5606: 5597: 5588: 5576:. Retrieved 5572:the original 5567: 5558: 5549: 5543: 5516: 5510: 5499: 5492:Beckett 2007 5474: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5445: 5409: 5386:. 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Retrieved 4607: 4598: 4550: 4513: 4496: 4395: 4391:Transnistria 4387:national day 4384: 4373: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4296: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277:Russian SFSR 4266: 4220: 4211: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4168: 4156:Please help 4151:verification 4148: 4116: 4103: 4092: 4085: 4067: 4056: 4048: 4028: 4008: 3996: 3885:Second World 3599:Turkmenistan 3534:Soviet Union 3474:East Germany 3297:2002–present 3267:Eastern Bloc 3245:World War II 3193:Soviet Union 3070:Alfonso Cano 3025:Gustáv Husák 3015:Sanzō Nosaka 2980:Fidel Castro 2885:Earl Browder 2729:Third Period 2471: 2467:the province 2435: 2336:Petrozavodsk 2073:nationalized 2049: 2041:White Terror 2033: 2015: 2012: 1998: 1994: 1984:Novaya Zhizn 1982: 1980: 1962: 1957:Don Cossacks 1949: 1925: 1917: 1905: 1897: 1799: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1740:Baltic Fleet 1729: 1713: 1698: 1688: 1680: 1654: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1634:Pierce Arrow 1626: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1594: 1574:Rabochiy put 1573: 1559: 1554: 1551:Zhivoe slovo 1550: 1546: 1543:Rabochiy put 1542: 1538: 1535:Rabochiy put 1534: 1528: 1516:Leon Trotsky 1497:Soviet Union 1463:Leon Trotsky 1460: 1448: 1442: 1430: 1385: 1364: 1349:Ekaterinburg 1334: 1302: 1300: 1281: 1247: 1234: 1226:Baltic Fleet 1214: 1191: 1187: 1174:April Theses 1171: 1155: 1147: 1145: 1141:sealed train 1137: 1134:April Crisis 1091: 1062: 1037: 1011:Soviet Union 1004: 963: 924: 897:insurrection 876: 872: 869:October coup 868: 860: 856: 854: 846: 832: 782:Yakut revolt 676:South Russia 601:North Russia 568: 494: 480:April Crisis 350: 291:Leon Trotsky 270: 249: 191: 186:Belligerents 125: 55:Part of the 44: 9348:Phraseology 9293:Prohibition 9281:Linguistics 9266:Drug policy 9259:1989 census 9180:Cybernetics 9082:Agriculture 8995:Great Purge 8957:Soviet Navy 8949:Soviet Army 8821:(1989–1991) 8815:(1938–1991) 8809:(1922–1936) 8793:Secretariat 8664:Gun control 8571:Caspian Sea 8555:Closed city 8484:Dissolution 8469:Perestroika 8411:Great Purge 8235:Fanya Baron 8215:Lev Chernyi 8066:Lev Kamenev 7990:Georgy Lvov 7964:Monarchists 7111:Max Eastman 6943:Radek, Karl 6925:Pluto Press 6762:. Pimlico. 6707:0-902818546 6344:, p. 8 6332:, p. 7 6228:, p. 5 5457:24 February 4715:history.com 4413:third world 4398:imperialism 4275:became the 4086:During the 3868:Red fascism 3529:South Yemen 3509:North Korea 3402:Afghanistan 3329:Vietnam War 3319:Warsaw Pact 3235:Great Purge 3220:Great Break 3090:Harpal Brar 3030:János Kádár 3000:Kim Il Sung 2975:Che Guevara 2940:Enver Hoxha 2875:Ho Chi Minh 2734:Vanguardism 2655:Partiinost' 2401:Arkhangelsk 2284:Novorossisk 1732:Tsentrobalt 1467:Lev Kamenev 1320:chaired by 1307:and on the 1230:Tsentrobalt 1158:coup d'état 1106:World War I 966:Directorate 955:World War I 935:Nicholas II 313:Lev Kamenev 130:End of the 9507:Categories 9388:Opposition 9378:Television 9358:Propaganda 9331:Literature 9205:Naukograds 9200:Sharashkas 9134:(currency) 9112:Inventions 9055:Censorship 8985:Red Terror 8669:Government 8543:Autonomous 8526:Autonomous 8459:Stagnation 8422:Evacuation 8192:Anarchists 8053:Bolsheviks 7923:Mensheviks 7918:Bolsheviks 7868:Red Guards 7711:Heimosodat 7624:Revolution 7113:. London: 7011:. London: 6968:1899438017 6828:. Moscow: 6496:Acton 1997 6484:Acton 1997 6342:Acton 1997 6330:Acton 1997 6238:Acton 1997 6226:Acton 1997 6117:1409906809 5621:5 December 5578:8 November 5388:25 January 5350:0300090161 5306:6 November 5264:Pipes 1997 4977:9 February 4931:15 October 4906:15 October 4370:Tom Clancy 4308:To October 4300:wrote his 4184:newspapers 3789:Trotskyism 3774:Bolshevism 3641:Montenegro 3621:Yugoslavia 3609:Uzbekistan 3594:Tajikistan 3569:Kyrgyzstan 3564:Kazakhstan 3544:Azerbaijan 3504:Mozambique 3396:By country 3304:Korean War 3100:Xi Jinping 3060:Siad Barre 2990:Lúcio Lara 2840:Mao Zedong 2518:, and the 2354:Simferopol 2313:Sevastopol 2045:Red Terror 2022:Red Terror 1842:Petrograd 1820:See also: 1716:Mensheviks 1555:Novaia Rus 1415:Revolution 1222:Mensheviks 1178:Bolsheviks 1132:See also: 1122:bankruptcy 1077:Background 992:Red Guards 980:Bolsheviks 931:abdication 920:casualties 908:25 October 881:revolution 835:(1920) by 706:Azerbaijan 681:Bessarabia 606:Heimosodat 245:Anarchists 234:Red Guards 200:Bolsheviks 132:dual power 9449:Republics 9437:Republics 9425:Republics 9276:Languages 9140:Transport 9022:Holodomor 8915:Militsiya 8853:President 8745:Stalinism 8647:Elections 8521:Republics 8504:Geography 8494:Nostalgia 8406:Stalinism 8121:Right SRs 7846:elections 7665:Civil War 7636:July Days 7610:Civil War 7563:Vinnytsia 7539:Petrograd 7526:uprisings 7524:Bolshevik 7123:605191028 7093:181719733 7007:(1972) . 6945:(1995) . 6862:579589928 6848:(1940) . 6838:847091253 6810:577690073 6733:253483096 6612:191856309 6411:145202617 6285:145291237 6277:0022-2801 6188:143704019 6166:: 45–54. 5973:Reed 1997 5961:Reed 1997 5949:Reed 1997 5912:Reed 1997 5758:0036-0341 5719:0954-6545 5683:newspaper 5535:908064756 5108:965469986 4641:23 August 4616:23 August 4590:Citations 4564:romanized 4527:romanized 4406:oppressed 4292:John Reed 4075:autocracy 3873:Red Scare 3858:New class 3676:Comintern 3636:Macedonia 3579:Lithuania 3426:Cambodia 3292:1989–2002 3287:1976–1989 3282:1949–1976 3213:1982–1991 3208:1964–1982 3203:1953–1964 3198:1927–1953 3005:Chin Peng 2860:José Díaz 2807:Stalinism 2767:Guevarism 2762:Castroism 2717:Socialist 2473:with the 2388:Astrakhan 2360:Nikolayev 2254:Tsaritsyn 2182:Yaroslavl 2133:Petrograd 2004:elections 1975:John Reed 1932:Sovnarkom 1887:Lashevich 1844:Milrevcom 1598:Kronstadt 1586:Red Guard 1582:July Days 1456:Petrograd 1401:Tsaritsyn 1296:Menshevik 1288:July Days 1270:July Days 1264:July days 1258:offensive 1034:Etymology 986:, led by 970:left-wing 959:July Days 916:Petrograd 833:Bolshevik 822:Red Guard 747:2nd Kazan 742:1st Kazan 640:Petrograd 635:Lithuania 485:July Days 111:Petrograd 83:Petrograd 9492:Category 9045:Religion 8932:Chairmen 8778:Congress 8740:Leninism 8720:Propiska 8615:Politics 8474:Glasnost 8434:Cold War 8374:February 8154:Left SRs 7935:Left SRs 7831:Red Army 7779:Siberian 7557:Tashkent 7217:Archived 7206:Archived 7115:Gollancz 7103:(1932). 7077:(1930). 7021:15612072 6977:33294798 6957:(eds.). 6820:(1930). 6792:(1971). 6719:(1934). 6208:Le Temps 4423:See also 4419:powers. 4417:colonial 4378:and the 4368:in both 4332:'s film 4107:Leninism 4088:Cold War 4063:glasnost 3801:See also 3779:Leninism 3651:Slovenia 3549:Byelarus 3499:Mongolia 3479:Ethiopia 3467:Slovakia 3422:Bulgaria 3262:Cold War 3080:Gus Hall 2787:Kádárism 2782:Husakism 2777:Hoxhaism 2756:Variants 2705:Yugoslav 2565:Concepts 2540:a series 2538:Part of 2481:and the 2377:Orenburg 2348:Zhitomir 2290:Kostroma 2272:Kishinev 2218:Smolensk 2214:Voronezh 2141:Novgorod 2085:Private 2059:and the 1966:Cossacks 1938:and the 1883:Zinoviev 1879:Sverdlov 1718:and the 1520:Red Army 1428:Cruiser 1420:Planning 1409:Tashkent 1407:, Kiev, 1220:and the 977:far-left 879:, was a 806:Basmachi 777:Mongolia 752:1st Perm 652:Southern 590:Northern 377:Strength 223:Left SRs 167:election 150:Kerensky 106:Location 63:and the 9413:Symbols 9326:Fashion 9308:Culture 9222:Society 9167:Science 9132:Rouble 9074:Economy 9050:Science 8860:Premier 8841:Offices 8703:Leaders 8623:General 8591:Siberia 8564:Regions 8538:Oblasts 8379:October 8356:History 7956:Figures 7895:Parties 7349:Related 7273:By year 7263:Annual 7084:My Life 6749:; 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